Quản lý phát triển xã hội vùng tây nguyên

Quan ly phat trien xa hoi vung Tay Nguyen Tnnmg Minh Dye' ' Hpc vien Chfnh trj khu virc III Email: minhducl952@yahoo.com.vn Nhdn ngdy thdng 10 nam 2016 Chdp nhdn dang 21 thing 11 nam 2016 Tdm tat: Trong suit chilu dai ljch sft phat triln, nhat la 545 nam qua kl tft nam 1471 trd mgt phan lanh tiio Viet Nam, Tay Nguyen trai qua sir quan ly ciia nhilu thl chl chuih trj khac nhau: tft cdc trilu dgi phong kiln Vift Nam den chinh quyln thugc dia cua Phap, Vift Nam Cgng hoa va chinh quyln Cach mang Vift Nam (tu nam 1945 -1954 la Vift Nam Dan chu Cgng hda, tu 1954 1975 Id vung gidi phdng, tu nam 1975 din la Cdng hoa xa hgi chii n ^ a Vift Nam) Qudn ly phat trien xa hgi cd vai trd quyet dinh gdp phan tgo sir phat triSn dn djnh viing Tay Nguyen Tcr khoa: Phat trien xa hgi, cac tfadi 1^ ljch su, quan ly, Tdy Nguyen Abstract: During its course of development history, especially over the past 545 years, since it became part of Vietnam's territory in 1471, the Tay Nguyen, or Central Highlands, has been under various types political institutions - from Vietaamese feudal dynasties to the French colonial government, the Saigon govenunent, and the Vietnamese revolutionary governments (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionaiy Government of the Republic of South Vietnam from 1945-1975, and since 1975: the imified Socialist Republic of Vietnam) The management of social development has made contributions to the stable development of the region Keywords: Social development, historic periods, management, Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands) Mff dau Phdt triln kinh t l - xd hgi Tay Nguyen nhanh va bin vting la mfii quan tdm eua Dang va Nhd nude ta Tuy nfaien, pfadt triln xa fagi bin vfing d mgt nude hay mflt vftng pfau thuOc nhilu ylu to, nfau ylu tfl dia - idnfa t l ; dja - cfainfa tri; truyin tfafing van fada; cdc ngufln lyc, ttong dd nguon lyc ngudi la quan ttgng nhdt Vi vdy, viec nghien cftu kinh nghiem qudn ly phdt trien xa hgi vftng Tdy Nguyen qua cdc giai dogn Ijch sft cfl y nghTa dfli vfli viec xay dyiig chinh sdch phat triln phft hgp hem nhdm thyc hien mye tieu phdt trien kinh t l - xd hfli vimg Tay Nguyen nfaanfa vd bfin vihig Bdi viet trinfa bdy tdc dgng cfta cac chinfa sdcfa quan 1^ phdt trien xd fagi dfli vdi cgng dflng cdc tgc ngudi Tay Nguygn qua cdc tfadi ky ljch sft, tii dd dira nhftng ggi y cd tinh phuang pfaap luan cfao vifc hoacfa dinh chinh sdeh qudn 25 Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, so (111) - 2017 if phdt triln xa hgi phft hgp voi vung ndy ttong giai dogn hifn Tk cfairc quan ly pfadt trien xd hgi d Tay Nguyen trudc nam 1975 2.1 Td chiic qudn ly phdt trien xd hdi cd truyin a Tdy Ngtiyin Nfaung cflng trinh dd cflng bfl cfta cdc nhd nghien cftu Vift Nam va Phs^ eho thay [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18], trudc thl kf XX, d vung cdc dan tgc thieu sd Tdy Nguygn, buon lang (plei, plai, byfln, Idng ) Id hinfa tfauc tfaiet chfl xa b^i cua cflng xd nfing thfin kieu phuemg Dflng dya trgn nln ndng nghiep nuong ray Day Id t l chftc xd hfii cao nhdt, mang tinh tu quan, tuong dfii hoan cfainfa, tuong dfii dgc lap vd kfaep kin ve kfau vuc eu trft vd canh tdc Sy thn tai cua bufin lang theo mft thilt chl, gflm: thl chl quyln lyc, ca che dan chft, ludt tuc - quy tdc vgn hdnh xa hgi vdi nfaftng d^c digm sau: Thiet chl quyln lye eiia budn idng Tay Nguygn cd tfae duge thl hifn bSng ba vdng ttdn dflng tdm: vdng ttdn trung tam Id tii tiiflng buon, hay Id chft ldng; vflng ttfln tilp den Id tap the cac gid ldng (nhu hfli dflng bfi ldo); vflng trdn cufli cimg Id todn ddn bufin I^g, Id nhung dgi difn cua mgi gia dmh Cfaii lang cfl till eac gid ldng chi djnh gifta hg voi chu ldng cu vfta qua ddi, hodc cd bufln ldng eft len; hodc theo chl dg thl tyc [2], Qyyin lyc nfli bg tftng byfln ldng deu van hdnh tiieo co chl dan chft Chft Iteg Id ngufli cd quygn lyc vd uy tin, khflng ph^ la ngufli dfc quyen, chuyen quyen dfli vdi mgi vifc to nhd cfta ldng, md chi Id ngudi dfln doc mgi nfaa bufln thyc hifn nhfing quylt djnh cua t|ip till cdc gid ldng 26 Trong nhihig trudng fagp phftc tap, hay nhftng vdn de trgnp dgi, cdc gid ldng khflt^ cfl y kiln thong nfadt (nhu dfli Idng di xa, gdy ehiln faay gidngfaflavdi bgn ngodi ) tfai chii ldng phdi hgp vd xin ^ kiln cfta mgi ngudi ttong bufln, hay dgi difn cfta cdc gia finh Vifc lya chgn ngufli thft ITnh (gid Idng, chii lang, truflng bufln) cfta tiing dan tflc cd khdc nhau, nhimg cd nhftng tigu chuin chung Ngudi phai cd uy tin Ion, dugc cgng dong tin nhiem, tufli tdc cao, cfl cflng lao, dgo dftc, cd tri tfaftc, am failu rfing, ddy dan kinh nghiem sflng vd sdn xudt, cd ndng lyc th$t sy de d§n ddt, cfl tinh than dodn ket bO nidy ty qudn bufln ldng, cfl nang lyc vd tu cdch cfta ngudi dftng ddu budn Lu$.t tue la quy tdc de giai quyet mpi cfing vifc cfta bufln ldng Ddy Id nhftng quy djnh vl ea cfag van hdnfa ttong xa hgi dl dieu ehinh mgi quan fag ttong mft cgng dong nhat djnh (quan hf gifta eon ngufli va ngudi; gifia ngudi vd thign nhign, mfli truomg; gifta ngudi dang sing vdi vd gifia ngudi vfli till gidi thdn linfa; gifia ngudi mgt tgc va gifla ngudi tfauge cdc tOc khdc nhau) Luat tue cd sftc mgnh xd hgi to ldn, bufc mgi ngudi ttong edng dflng phdi tu3n thu nghiem ngdt Cdeh gidi quyet eua ludt tyc khflng phdi ndng v l triing phgt, ma cfl cudng ehl, cd trimg phgt, nhung bgn canh dfl lu$t tyc thudng thien vg hda gidi, bao ddm doan kit, hftu nghi, tri sy on dinh dk eOng ding tilp tuc phat triln Tda dn pfaong tyc hoat dgng theo luat tuc (hay tgp qudn phdp), nghia Id hinh thftc lu^t khfing thdnfa van efta xd fagi cfaua cd cfafi viet, dugc truyen mifng tft ddi trudc sang ddi sau Nfau vdy, cdc ddn tdc tfaieu so Tay Nguygn cd trinh phdt triln xd hgi cao thap khdc nhau, nhung ve ca bSn cdc huih thftc to chftc quan ly x3 hgi cdn dang d giai dogn tiiap, chua xudt hien fainh tiiftc qudn Iy nha nude Trdi qua nfaihig bien dgng tfadng trdm cfta ijch sft, thilt chi xd hgi co tiuyin ndy Truong Minh Dye khflng phdi nop tfagm gi nfta [12, tt.l 96,197,199] Chinh sdch efta Bui Td Han d6i vdi eac ddn tgc thilu sfi Tay Nguyen Iftc bdy gid chi gidi hgn ttong phgm vi tfaue kfada vd thucmg mgi; vifc phan chia dja gidi hanh chinh vdi mgt vdi chuc quan eting chi hudng den mye tigu ndy Tren thyc te, trieu dinfa Dgi Viet kfaflng can tfaifp vao co cdu 2.2 Td chiec qudn lyphdt trien xd hgi a Tdy xa fagi cua cgng dflng cdc dan tgc tai chfl Nguyin dudi chi phong kien Tdy Nguyen Nhfing bufin lang nai day vdn sfing vfli vdn hoa, tin nguong, pfaong tyc va Ndm 1471, Le Thanh Tflng chiem vimg dat kit cdu xdfagingdn ddi cua minh Hg cfai cd Ddng Trong, ddnh ddu mdc ljch sft Tdy tfaem trdcfa nhiem thul khda voi trilu dinh Nguygn ttd thdnh mgt phdn lanh thfl Dgi vd dugc hudng cdc ngufin lgi tft vifc ti^o Vift Dgn ndm 1545, vua Le Trang Tflng bfl dfli mua bdn vdi ngufli Kinh nhifm Biii Td Han gift chftc Trdn quan Voi cfainh sdch dfl, Bfti Ta Han dd tgo cflng, cai tri vftng phign trdn d phia Nam mft giai dogn yen fln, hfla binh voi vung ddt Trong bfli cdnh mdi tilp can vung dat nay, Tdy Nguyen, ddc bift Id dfli voi cdc bfl lgc ehinh sach qudn ly eua Nha nude phong hiem chju khudt phye d kfay vyc tilp kiln Viet Nam d Tdy Nguyen man^ gidp vdi Qudng Ngdi tinh chdt tham dd dl ddn ddn cimg cfl the Ndm 1558, Nguyen Hodng md cude Nam dftng va timg budc md rgng tam dnh hudng tiln vdo Ddng Trong, nhung thdi gian ddu, cfta trilu dinh Bfti Ta Hdn khflng dp dat chfta Nguyen vd hgu dug chua quan tam mgt bg may cai trj can thifp sdu vdo ddi nfaieu din vimg ddt Tay Nguyen md tdp sflng xa hgi ma tfln trgng tinh ty trj d mftc trung md rgng khfing gian smfa tfin ve dflng cao cfta cdc dan tgc thigu sfi Tdy bdng ven bien vd vimg Nam Bg mau md de Nguygn, vi the, tgo sy phdt trign fin djnh "vgn dai dung tfadn" Sau dd cd mgt the d vftng ndy dftng vftng cfadc d viing ddt mdi, cdc chfta Biii Ta Han thyc hien nhfing ehinh sdch vl Nguyen bdt ddu danh nhieu sy chft y hem hanfa cfainh vd kinh tl cho Tay Nguygn, gfim: din Tay Nguygn, tao digu kifn ddy mgnh chia vimg ddt mfli bfin nguygn (Da qud trinh tilp xftc giiia ngudi Kinh vd ngudi Bflng, Cft Ba, Phu Bd, Ba Ta); thay mgt tiilu dan tfc tgi cho tfadng qua trao dfii san vdt, dinh ban hdnfa chinh sach ttgng dung edc faang hfla Tiep tue thye hien cac chinh sach vj tft truflrng; ddt chfte danh giao djch cho cua Biii Td Hdn trudc ddy, cdc cfaiia Nguyin cdc thft ITnh dl ttfing coi, qudn 1^ hanfa thilt lap djnli udc chu hdu vfli cdc tgc ngufli chinh timg vftng; din nam 1558 tfau phyc tfailu so, trung tiiu thul khda, cfing vat Nhd va tan phong cho cdc thu ITnh cd uy tin cao dfl, vung Tdy Nguyen phdt trifin 6n djnh mft nhu Hda Xa, Thfty Xa (Sadet Lfta vd Sadet tiidi k^' ddi khoang 200 ndm [12, ti.i96-199] Nude); ddt chftc cai quan vd cfin quan Ndm 1802, sau thiet lap sy thong trj cho mSi nguygn, rieng nguyen Da Bflng cd ttong pham vi cd nude, nhd Nguyen tien hai cai quan vd hai cdn quan dg thyc thi hanfa qudn ly sdu faan vung ddt Tay Nguygn nfaiem vu thu thue; djnh mftc thue khda cfao vfli nhimg chinh sach sau: mSi nguygn bdng tign thay cho sdn vat, cdc - Coi tfaudng, mift tfaj cac ddn tfic thilu bufln ldng chi nop dft djnh mftc thul, ngodi sfl: cdc vdn bdn, chieu chi ggi cac dan tgc van t i n tgi vd pfadt fauy tdc dyng Chinh vi vdy, mOt mdt, xd hgi cdc ddn tgc thilu s6 Tdy Nguyen phat trien tri tif; mat khdc, trudc nfafing biln dgng dfi dgi tft ben ngodi thi xd hfi Tdy Nguygn vdn gift dugc bdn sde vdn fada, phong tue, tap qudn, Ifii song ciia minh 27 Khoa hgc xa hpi Vift Nam, so (111) - 2017 thieu sfl la "mgi rg" vdi ham y khinh thudng; vua Tbifu Trj tftng tmyln Ca mat dgi tiian rdng: "Phdn phuc khflng tfaudng Id tiifli quan mgi " [3,q.IV,tt.l44] - Dflng hda bdng cdc bifn phdp xda bd vdn hda, phong tyc cfl trayen ciia cae dan tgc thilu sfl: Ta tudng qudn Le Van Duyft tftr^ tau len Minh Mgng: "Xm dgt tgn hg cho chiing nd, dl biln dfli thdi mgi" [3, q.IIl, tt.64]; Nguygn Cdng Trft lgi tiing dang sd: "Phai fliay ddi ke dau mye, phu tri cho ldu, Idiiln nd noi tiieo khudn phdp, tgp nluem lan Idn chdc rdng chdng din ba ndm, cd thl tiidi mgi d6i lam tfafli minfa, sS kfadi lo vifc bign cdnh nfia" [3, (^.IV, tt.92]; cdn Trilu (finh nhd Nguyin cho rSng: "Bgn man mgi ngu dgi chua thdm nhudn pfaongfada,can hugefagcdt tdc, an m^c va sinh hogt giong nhu ngudi mign xufli " [16, fr.221] - Thilt Idp chl dg ttan quan true tiep cai trj bdng bao lyc, danh tfaue cao Chinh sdch ciia vd quan Nguyen Tan dfln qudn ly vting cao nguyen tilp gidp Quang Ngdi; "Ddnh thue chu dftng cfao chiing tich trft v^it thyc, bdi vi neu tich trfi duge luong thyc thi chftng dg be Idm phdn Neu bgn chting cdn ngoan cfi khflng chju nap thue thi ta phai qudn Ign ^dt fagt lua ciia chiing ma dn, ldn thft hai ngy cfln khflng cfaiu nap tM ddnh" [16,tt.221] Voi ehinh sdch phan bift d6i xft vdi eac tgc ngudi thieu so, nhd Nguyen da gap pfadi sy pfadii khang quylt lift tft phia fag Tft nfta sau thl ky XVIII, cdc tgc ngufli d Tdy Nguygn boat dfng qudy nhilu lign tuc, cd Iftc cfln tiln xuong ca vftng dflng bdng ven biln Qudng Ngai [12, tt.224] Vi vay, ndm 1819 tiilu dinh nha Nguyin phdi Ifnh cho tuong Lg Vdn Duyft xdy dyng Trudng Luy tft Binh Djnh din Qudng Nam dl ngan chdn [3] Thl nhung, tinh Wnh vdn rdt nghigm ttgng vdi nhieu cugc n6i day cfta cdc dan t^c tliigu so, nhu cae cugc nfii day cfta ngufli Hre (sft nhd Nguyen ggi Id "mgi Da Vdch") keo ddi tft ndm 1803 din 1885, 28 kfaien qudn trilu dinh chju tfin that ndng nl Sftc mgnh quan sy, tai muu luge eua cac tudng qudn nha Nguyen chdng nhftng khfing khuat pfauc dugc cdc cugc noi ddy cfta ngudi Hre, ma cdn kfadng djnfa ro hoa sai ldm ttong clunh sdch va thai dg cua trilu dinfa bdy gid dfii vdi vdn dl dan tfc 2.3 Td chuc qudn lyphdt triin xd hgi d Tdy Nguyen dudi thai Phdp thugc Ve qudn Iy hdnh cfainh: ndm 1898, sau hodn thdnh cfing cufic "binh djnfa" Tay Nguyen, de tfayc faifn chinh sdch chia dl tri, thyc dan Phap da truat quyln cua trilu dinfa Hug va dp dung cfae true trj va tryc tigp khai thdc viing Todn quyen Dfing Duong Pierre Pasquier chft truong chia cdt Tay Nguyen khdi Chinh phu Nam trigu, xdy dyng cfainh quyln Tay Nguygn thugc Phdp [9] Dting dau cdc dai ly la edc Tda Dgi ly hdnh chinh, sau dugc dfii thdnh Tod Cdng sft mfit vien cfing sft Phap dftng ddu cd nhifm vy giai quyet tat cd cfing vifc hanfa chinh, tu phap vd chuygn mfin Cfainh phu Nam trieu duge ldp eac don vj hdnh chinh song song vdi bf mdy hanh chinh cfta Pfaap, ldy tfin Id ede dgo Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Ddk L ^ vd bd nhifm mgt vien quan cai trj bfin cgnh cflng xft Phdp, ggi li qudn dgo dl qudn Iy bg phan ngudi Kmh, thflng qua cac chanh, phd tong va dudi s\r dieu khign chung cita vien Cflng sft Phdp Cling voi vifc thanfa lap chinfa quyen cap tinfa, Pfadp thilt I^ip bO mdy cai tri xuflng dm cdc qudn, tong Tuy nhien, ngufli Pfadp chi ndm dugc din quan, t6ng vd mgt sd bufln ldng chft kfaong ndm duge todn bO hf thong bufln ldng d Tay Nguyen Ve th chftc tu phdp: d cdc bufin lang cda diing bdo ddn tgc tiiigu s6 chft ldng ciing gid lang ^idi quylt vy vifc xdy theo lu§t tyc cdp huyfn hay hat cfau hgt kigm Twang Minh Dye chft dfln dign giai quyet nfafing vy viee cd dinfa ddng den chinh trj C) cdp tinfa cd loai tod dn: Tod dn Thugng Du hay cdn ggi Id tod an phong tyc xft tfaeo phong tyc tgp qudn efta ngufli tfailu s6; tfla dn sft xft nhihig viec xay gifta nhftng ngudi Chdu Au va ngudi bdn xft; tod dn Vift - Thugng Du xft nhftng vifc xay gifia ngudi Vift va ngudi dan tfic thilu s6 Thft nhdt, chinfa sdch tfayc dan ttong qudn ly vd khai thdc Tay Nguyen Da so ngudi Phdp mang tu tuflng cfta cua kd xam luge, faudng din mye dicfa kmh te, bdng each va vdt, bdc lgt bdng suu thul vd kfaai thac tdi nguyen Tay Nguygn Id vftng ddt thugn lgi de xay dyng cdc d^n dien cao su, cd phe kfafing Io, cung cdp nguyen lifu cfao nganfa cfing ngfaifp che bien, dem lgi nhftng Vao nhung nam 1940-1941, Nfadt ngudn lgi to ldn cho chinh qufie Vi vgy, tft nfady vdo Dflng Duong, kfadm sft Pfadp d dau thl ky XX, ngudi Phap ddy manh khai Tnmg Ky la Graffeuil muon tfaflng nfadt cac thac vftng dat (nfau md duflng 14, cudp tinh Tay Nguyen dudi mgt to chtic cai trj ddt cfta cac bufln lang de lap cac don dien cua chiing - dfl Id Tod Thanh tra vg thugng ttong cao su, ca pfag, cfae) bat chdp nhftng du, nfadm biln kfau vye ndy thdnh mgt cdn ton that kfafing it v l ngudi ttong giai doan ddu dgt dch thong trj len vung dat cao cft chinh tri, qudn sy d Trung Bg nguyen nhift dfli, vdi sy chflng trd quyet Sau chiem Tdy Nguyen ldn thft lift cfta cdc bf lgc Tdy Nguygn bdng nfailu (tfaang 11/1945), Phdp da de mflt ehinh cugc kfadi nghia, cfl cufc khfli sdch thflng trj ldu dai d l lam bd cfaft vimg nghTa No Trang Long lanh dgo kdo ddi dat bang cdch tdch Tdy Nguygn khfli 23 nam tft ndm 1912 din 1935 Cdc cugc Viet Nam Tai Hgi nghj tru bj d Dd Lgt kfaoi ngfaia ehong Phap cfta No Trang Long, ngdy 8/5/1946, ttong ban de nghj vfli phdi Y Jut cfaiing minfa cfao sy kfaao kfaat ty trj dodn Vift Nam, phai doan Phdp ndi rfl y dfl cfta cac dan tge bdn dja Tay Nguyen, cfaong taeh Tay Nguygn kfaoi Vift Nam de lap lai sy can tfaifp tfad bao tft bgn ngodi xft Tay Ky ty tri Ciing voi viec lap Lien Thft faai, quan diem bdo tfin sy phdt triln bang Thai (vftng Tdy Bdc), xft Nung tu trj ty nhien va de cao tinh ty tri cua Tay (viing Dfing Bdc), de hflng ldm suy yeu lyc Nguygn Dai difn cho quan dilm ndy Id lugng khang ehiln etia Vift Nam, Sabachig - vign Cfing sft Phdp ddu tien cua 27/6/1946, cao uy d Dflng Duong luc dd Id vung Ddk Ldk Ong la mgt nha khoa fagc Ddc Gianglia ky Ifnh hgp nfadt cdc tinfa Tay am failu ngdn ngft, pfaong tyc cae ddn tfc Nguygn tfaanh mgt don vj hdnfa chinh Id xft bdn dja Tdy Nguygn Suit thdi gian cai tii, Tdy Ky ty tri Sabachie lufln the hifn mong mufln gin gift v l tfl chftc bO may hanfa cfainh: Pfaap cfau nguyen bdn Tay Nguyen, chfing lai mgi dnh truong tri bg mdy cai trj tfaeo kieu cu tft hudng tft bgn ngodi bdng viec sft dyng luat bufln ldng din tinh giflng nhu thfli ky thugc tyc, tda dn phong tyc dg qudn Iy, xet xft; dja, chi kfaac d ten ggi vien tmh kien tri thuyet phyc vd tgo mfli fada failu vfli trudng, trufl'c day ggi cflng sft, dfli lai Id cdc thft ITnh ldn tiong vftng Sabachie da cd dgi ly hanh chinfa Viec dugc tien hanh nhihig ddng gdp tao lap mfit giai dogn phat nfaanfa chflng, vi bf mdy cai trj ndy chi cd triln hn djnh cho vung ddt DT nhign, mye dich bdt xau, thu thul, bdt Iinh cfaft chinh sacfa cfta fing khflng lam chinh quyln thyc ddn hdi Iflng, bfli nd hoan toan khdng khflng chu ttgng nhieu ve chieu sdu Ve chinh sach phdt triln vimg edc dan phuc vy mye dfeh etia nfaftng kg xam luge tflc tfailu sfl Tdy Nguygn: ngudi Pfadp cd faai la bdc lft, va vgt tdi nguyen tfaien nhien cdng nfaieu cdng tot [15] quan diem kfaac nhau: 29 Khoa hgc xdhgi Vift Nam, so (111)-2017 Chinfa vi vgy, ttong thap nien 1930, khu vyc Tdy Nguyen cd mft giai dogn pfadt trien fln djnfa nhung ngdn ngui Ngudi Phap tign hdnfa xay dung faf thdng duflng bg, tmong hgc, CO sd hanh chinh phye vy vifc khai tfaac viing ddt ndy, nhung dhng thfli van bdo ddm cfao cdc dan tge tgi efaS dugc ty sinfa sflng vfli vdn fada, pfaong tyc, tap qudn eua mhifa Viec khai thdc cdc ngufln lgi tft Tdy Nguygn ciing dugc xem xet cung vdi vdn de dan tgc, bdng chiing la vao nhftng ndm 1937-1938, chuih quyln Phdp d chinfa quflc dd thdnh ldp mft Uy ban Kilm tra tmh ttang ddt dai d Tdy Nguyen vd ban hdnh cdc cfainfa sdch quan trgng: gidi han so difn ticfa ddt giao cho cdc cfing ty nflng nghifp; han cfal sfi ngudi Kinfa len cao nguygn ldm viee; ddnh nhieu khu ddt dy trft cho ngudi dan ede dan tfic thieu sfi tgi cho Nfad ed sy am faieu nen van fada bdn dja ddc tnmg ciia Tdy Nguyen thdng qua nghien cftu mgt cdch nghiem tuc [12], chinh quyen thugc dja Phdp da cflng vifc thiet Igp sy fln djnh cho Tdy Nguygn vd ddc biet han Id chinh sdch eiia hg dgu ddm bao tinfa ty trj d mftc d$ nfadt djnh cfta cOng dong cdc dan tgc thilu sfl vftng ndy 2.4 To chuc qudn lyphdt triinxd hgi d Tdy Nguyin dudi thdi Viet Nam Cdng hda (1954 -1975) Theo quy djnh cua Hiep djnh Gianeva vl Vift Nam 20/7/1954, MJ thay chdn Phap thyc hifn chft nghia thye ddn moi bdng each dyng len ehinh thl Vift Nam Cgng hda d mien Nam Viet Nam Cfainfa sdcfa cfta My - Ngyy la tfayc faifn chia re dan tgc, dflng hda nfaan ddn cdc dan tgc thilu so Tay Nguygn Ve chinfa trj, hiiy bd Hodng trieu cuong thfi; chia Tdy Nguygn thdnh don vj hanh chinfa cap tinh: Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Ddk Ldk, Phu Bdn, Ldm Dflng, Tuygn 30 Dftc va Gia NghTa, vfli bg mdy kim kep tir tinh din huyfn, xd vd den tan bufin Idi^ v l xd hgi, lap cdc "khu tru mdt", khu "dmh diln", dua ngudi Kinh len Tdy Nguyfln mft cdch d gt dl ldp cac hdng rdo pfaflng tfau cho cdc thanfa phfi, thi xa va cdc can cu qudn sy Dfli vdi cgng dflng edc ddn tfc thilu sl Tay Nguyen, cfainfa quygn Ngfi Dinh Difm dd thyc thi chinh sach dhng hda vd mang tinh pfadn biet dfli xft nhu: ve kinfa te, phd nhgn quygn sd hftu dat dai (polan) cfta cac ddn tOc thigu sfl; ve vdn hda, gido dye, cdm dgy tiing th6 ngft, huge dn mac cfainfa te vdo ca quan cfing quyln (kfafine mac ttang pfayc truygn tfadng nhu ddng kho ); vg tu phap, bdi bd tda an phong tyc [ I I ] Cfainfa quyen Tfaifu va Ky dd tfauc hifn chinfa sdcfa my dan: tuyen bo nang dd dflng bdo cac dan tgc thieu sd ve mgi mdt, phyc hoi tod an pfaong tuc, dam bdo quyln binh ddng gifta dong bao Kinfa vd ddng bao cdc dan tgc thilu sh Nhung tdt ca nhung chuih sach dd ehi tfln tgi mgt each hinh thtic ttong cdc vdn ban, khong bao gid duge thyc hifn ttong thye tiea Vi vdy, ddy Id mgt giai dogn cyc ky bat on cfta Tay Nguyen Nhilu phong trdo ddu ttanfa cfta cdc ddn tOc Tdy Nguyen cfaong che dg Sdi Gdn, gidnh quyen ty tri dd nl nfau phong ttdo BAJARAKA Mat ttgn ^ai phdng cao nguygn FLHF, Mdt tran thflng nhat gidi phdng cdc sdc tgc bj dp b ^ FULRO Cdc pfaong trao ndy keo dai mai din sau 1975 To cfairc quan ly pfaat trien xa hgi d Tdy Nguygn dudi cfauih t h l Vift Nam mdi Tfadng Tam ndm 1945, cftng vdi ding bao cd nude, nhdn dan cdc tftc ngudi tfaieu so d Tdy Nguyen dftng lfin lgt dfl cfal df th\rc ddn phong kiln, tfaiet lap hf tfadng cfainh quyln each mgng tii thih din huyfn vd bufln Truang Minh Dye ldng Cdc tfic ngudi thilu so cd dai bilu tfaam gia cac cdp cfainfa quyln Cfainfa quyln cdch mgng d cdc tinh Tay Nguyen dd tien hdnh cai c ^ h dan chft, tfl chftc ddi s6ng vd chien dau chflng Pfadp xdm luge Vifc xdy dyng chinfa quyln cdc cdp d tinfa Tdy Nguygn cung tiiih din ddc dilm vdn hfla, ljch sft cfta dfing bdo cae ddn tfc thilu sfl nhu: xdy dyng cdc to cfafte chuih quyln tfaeo timg khu vyc dl trye tilp tfayc hifn cdc mat cong tdc phu fagp voi tinh hinh cu thl ttong tiing thdi ky Chu y xdy dyng cdc tfl chftc qudn chiing, cdc ngdnh d cdp kfau vyc vd cdc dja phuemg gdn vfli dilu kifn, phong tuc, tdp quan cua timg noi dk tifin hdnh faoat dfing cd faieu qud Cflng tdc xdy dyng kfafii dodn kit gifta edc tgc ngudi, gifia tgc Kinh vd cac tgc ngudi thigu sfl dugc quan tdm Ngdy 19/4/1946, Dgi hfi cdc dan tgc tiiilu sfl mien Nam dugc tfl chftc tai Pleiku cd sy tham dy cfta 1.000 dai bieu !a cdc nhan sT, tri thftc, pfay ldo nguoi dan tge tfailu sfl d Tdy Nguyen vd cdc huyen miln nfti vung duyen hdi mign Tnmg Ve tfl chiic qudn Iy xa hgi, ehinh quyen cdch mgng van tfin ttgng tuih ty qudn cfta bufln lang, xdy d\mg ca cdu thdnh phdn tfaam gia cfainfa quyen mgt cacfa fagp I^, diu ddt vd kem cap cdn bg dja pfauong Chdng hgn, ttong Oy ban nhdn dan cdc cdp bao gid ciing cd ca cau: chft tjch va thu k^ Id ngudi Kinfa, pfad chft tjch Id ngudi dan tgc tfailu sfl Chft y den vifc xay dyng dgi ngfl cdn b^ tuyen tmygn, lyc lugng dan qudn, bg dfli la ngufli dan tgc thieu so de dua hg ve hoat dgng va lanh dao d6ng bao tgi dja bdn minh sinh sflng [5, tt.79] Trong kfaang cfailn chflng My, d cac cdp tinh, huyen, chmh quyen cdeh mgng dugc Igp song song vdi bg may cfla chuih quyln Ngyy (Vift Nam Cgng hda) d cdc vung gidi phdng, chinfa quyen ca sd, ve Unh thiic, t6 chftc bg mdy co ban giflng thdi ky khdng cfai&i cfaong Phap Cac budn ldng Id dia b ^ de xay dung ca sd cdch mgng, xay dyng cdn cft dja efta cufc khdng chien, ti^ hdnh ddu tranh chflng My - Ngyy d DSk Ldk, thdi k^ 1955-1956 dd xay dyng d i ^ ea sd each mang d 521 Idng, tfing sfl 556 Idng cfla tinh [14, tt.3] Sau dai thdng mfla Xudn ndm 1975, de phdt triln kinh te - xa hgi Tay Nguyen, Ddng vd Nha nude ta thiet ldp bf may qudn ly (cap uy ddng, chinh quyen vd tfl chftc dodn thl) kfadp tft tinh din xd Mflt sfl chinfa sacfa kinfa te, van fada, xa fagi, gido due de cfaua pfafl hgp, khflng dap ftng dugc ygu cau vd long mong dgi cfta nhan ddn Chdng faan, d l kfaai thdc tilm ndng, tfag mgnfa ve kinfa tg cfla Tdy Nguygn, cfaung ta dd thdnh ldp hf tfaflng nflng, lam trudng vdi difn ti'cfa rgng Ion, bdng cdcfa dua fadng vgn dan tft d6ng bdng Ign Tdy Nguygn; nfln ndng cdi tgo cac quan hf sdn xuat eu bdng each day mgnh phong trao hgp tdc hda md thuc chat Id tdp thl hfla Hdu qud Id san xudt kfafing itiiftng khfing pfaat triln md cfln phd vd mfli tmong ty nhien, mfii tmdng xa hfii, gdy xung dot xa hgi md cho den cfaua tfag kfadc phyc dugc Quan I^ phat trien xd hgi Tdy Nguyen theo h u ^ g ben vihig Ljch sft phdt trien d Tdy Nguyen cho thdy, qudn ly phat trien xd fagi (tfailt chl quyln lyc, chitih sdch phdt triln) ddng vai ttd quyet djnh Dieu ddi hdi phai xem xet mgt cdch cdn than den nhftng hdng sfl vdn hda chinfa trj md mgt ttong so dd la ti'nfa ty trj cfla cgng dfing cdc ddn tge tgi cfao Tay Nguyen ttong qudn ly phdt triln xd hgi Nhfing thdnh cong vd that bgi ttong qudn ly phdt trien xdfaflid Tdy Nguyen qua cdc chl dg cfainh tii kfaac nfaau, cdc giai doan ljch sft Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, so (111) - 2017 khac cho thdy, ndo tuih ty trj ay hdm chfta ttong chhifa sacfa cho Tdy Nguygn tfai vung ddt ndy s6 yen binh, nguge lgi, ,sg bdt fln nlu cdc tfc ngufli tai cho noi ddy cam tfady vdn fada, pfaong tyc, ca cdu xd fagi cfta minh khfing dugc tfln ttgng Mye tigu phdt triln xd fagi theo huflng nhanh vd bin vfing d Tdy Nguygn dgt ygu edu dii moi nhdn thftc ve ehinh sach phat triln vd tfl chftc qudn Iy pfau hgp voi d ^ diem vdn hda, ljch sft, dd, cdn luu y din nhftng dilm sau: - Tinh toan ddy dft cac ylu t l dja - kinh tl, dia - chinh trj vd cdc dilu kifn d§c thft efta Tdy Nguyen ttong faogcfa djnfa cfainfa sdcfa pfadt trien Trong luih vyc kinh te, can xft ly mfii quan hf giira Nhd nuflrc va nfaan ddn quan ly vd sft dyng ddt dai, thyc hifn giao ddt, giao rftng cho nhdn ddn qudn If, bao ve vd khai thdc Cdn nghign cftu ^ dyng nhflng hmh tiiftc kmh tl phu fagp vdi trinfa dg cfta lyc lugng san xudt efta ding bdo cdc tgc ngudi tiiigu sfl nhu: phdt triln kinfa tl fag gia ^nfa, kinfa te trang trgi Cdn ddu tu xdy dyng ket cau hg tdng kinh te vd dfli s6ng, tao mfli tmong tfauan lgi cfao kinfa tg tfaj truong timg budc phdt trien Cdn tranh tu tudng ndng vgi, mudn ddu tu Ifln dk khai thdc Tdy Nguygn nfaanh vd hifu qud, khflng tinfa din faifu ling xd fafii Id sy phdn hfla giau nghgo cai^ tdng, gay mdu tiiuan vd xung dft xdhgi Trong ITnh vyc vdn hda vd xa fagi, cdn xdy dyng ddi sflng vdn hda mdi ldnh mgnh phft fagp vfli dilu kifn Tdy Nguyen tten ca sd bdo t6n vd phdt huy edc gid trj vdn hda ddn tfc boi cdnh cflng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda va hgi nhap quflc tl Cdn pfadt trien gido due - ddo tgo nhdm ndng cao ddn tii, xdy dung dfi ngfl tri thftc cdc tgc ngudi thieu sfl de hg ldm ttdn sft mfnfa vinh quang Id kfaai sdng cho dan tfc minh ttgn dudng pfadt ttiln Trong dfl, mdu chot cfla qudn Iy phdt triln xa hgi d Tdy Nguygn id tich cyc xay dyn^ dgi ngu can bO cfla cac tgc ngudi Ihieu sfl cfl ndng lyc t l chftc vd v ^ dfing nhan ddn thyc hifn duflng ldi cfta Ddng, phdp ludt cfta Nhd nude ttong tfayc tien Ve thiet che qudn ly xd hgi, can phdi cdn cft vao cdc thiet che chinfa trj, xd hgi co tmyen de xdy dyng mfl hinh, thilt cfal cda bf may qudn Iy phft hgp vdi dieu kifn miln niii cd nhieu dan tgc tfailu so sinfa song Tren ca sd cfafte nang, nhifm vy cfta tiing bg pfadn cdu tfadnfa eua bg may ldnh dgo, quan ly (to chftc ddng, chinh quyln, m$t trgn vd cdc dodn the nhdn dan), cdn xac djnh phuemg thftc hogt dgi^ cfta bf mdy chinh quygn eho phu hgp - Tfln ttgng ti'nh ty trj cfla dong bdo cdc tfc ngudi thilu sd; coi trgng vai trfl ciia thiet ehe bufln ldng; d l cao vai ttfl cfla gid ldng, h0i dong gia lang ttong vifc tgo lap va thyc tiii cdc chinh sdcfa bdng cdcfa the che fafla vai ttd nay; d l cao kinh nghifm ciia ding bdo cdc tfic ngufli thilu so ttong vifc lya cfagn ngudi thfl linh; sft dyng nfaftng yiu th tieh cyc cua luat tyc ve quan if xdfafiide Inat tyc trd tfaanfa mft bf pfalin hfiu ca cdu thanfa luat pfaap mfli, nfau vgy mfli th|t sy di vdo cugc s6ng cfta nhdn ddn cdc tfc ngudi Tdy Nguyen Nghign cftu vifc xay dyng tfla dn phong tyc hodc nhftng digm danfa rieng cfao cdc tgc ngudi ttong cdc bf luat Dfl Id nfaftng vifc tfayc t l cdn dugc ti'nh todn cdn th$n qud tiinh "day mgnfa cdi cdcfa to cfafte va faogt dgng cua Nfad nuflrc, phdt huy ddn chti, tdng cudng phdp chl" hifn Xdy dyng hf thflng qudn ly^ xdfagi,nhdt 1^ hf tii6ng qudn ly ca sd phu hgp cd y nglfa quan trgng dfli vfli sy phdt triln d Tay Nguygn faifn Cdn ngfaifin cftu ting tfae hf thong bufln Idng dl xdy dyng t6 chftc bg mdy va co chl boat dfng cfao phft hgp Tinh chdt phiic tgp va bin vung nfaung tri trf cfla cdc quan hf tinyln thflng ddi hdi nhifm vu cdi tao no khflng thl mft sflm, mgt chieu md can ph3i Tmong Minh Dye kien tri ttong thfli gian ddi Vi vdy, de sft dyng cdc thilt chl xd hfli truyin tfaong ed faifu qud, cdn tfauflng xuyen rd soat lgi cac pfaong tyc, tip qudn ttong qudn ly xd fafii cfta dflng bao cdc tgc nguoi thieu sfi dl xac djnfa edi ndo cdn logi bfl, cai ndo edn pfaai cai biln, phdt huy ttong dilu kifn mdi Cac chinh sdch can duge gidi hgn pham vi tae dgng nhihig IThfa vuc cu tfag (nfau kinfa tg, an ninh, quoc phdng ), han che dnh fauflng den vdn hda, pfaong tue, tin nguong cfla edc tfic nguoi Cdn thudng xuygn ddnh gid sy tae dgng vd biln dfii efta thiet che xa hgi ttong qud trinh phdt trien Thuflng xuygn tuygn tmyln gido dye nhan ddn edc tgc ngudi Tay Nguygn vg tmyen thflng binh dang, dodn ket, tuang tig vd giftp gifta ngudi Kinfa va ede tgc ngufli tgi chfi, gifta cdc dan tai cho vd cae tgc ngudi mfli din; xdy dung kfafii dai dodn ket ddn tfic ttfin ca sd binh dang, tfln ttgng tmyln tfaong, van fada cfta nfaau, thuc hien tuong ttg, giftp ciing phat trien Ket ludn Tfln ttgng dgc dilm vdn hfla, Ijch sft cfta cac tfc ngudi thieu sfi, dfl, bdo dam tinh ty trj tuong ddi cho cgng dflng cac tge ngudi tgi cfafl ttong chinh sach phat trign la cdcfa flng xft dl Tdy Nguyen phat trien 6n djnfa vd bin viing ttong giai dogn ddy mgnh cfing nghiep hda, hifn dgi hda va hgi nhap quflc t l hifn Tdi lifu tfaam khao [I] Ban Chi d£io Tdy Nguyen (2013), Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hign ede ehtiyen de ndm 2013 vd ddng ky ehuang trinh cdng tdc ndm 2014, Bu6n Me Thuft [2] Phan Hftu Dgt (2004), Gdp phdn nghien cuv ddn tpc hgc Viit Nam, Nxb Chfah tri quic gia, mmi [3] Cao XuSn Due (1998), Qudc triiu ehinh bien todt yiu, Nxb T h u ^ H6a, Hul [4] Tmong Minh Dgc (2005), Mgt sd vdn di lp ludn vd thttc tiin vi ddn tge vd quan hi ddn tpc & Tdy Nguyin, Nxb Chinh trj quic gia, Hd N6i [5] Tnrong Minh Dye (2008), X^ dung vd edng cd khdi dgi dodn kit ddn tgc & Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Chfah trj quoc gia, HdNOi [6] Tnrong Minh Due (2016), Quan hf tdc ngu&i & T^ Nguyin thai ky ddi m&i, Nxb Chmh trj qu6c gia Hi Nfi [7] N | u y l n Chl DOng (Chii bien) (2010), Mdt sd vdn di cdp thiit phdt triin xd hgi vd qudn lp phdt triin xd hdi & ndng thdn nude ta hign nay, Nxb Chlnh Ui - H^nh chlnh, Kk Npi [8] Dourisboure (2010), Ddn ldng Hd, Nxb Dd Ning, D4 Ning 19] M?c Duimg (Chu bien) (1983), Vdn di ddn tpc & Ldm Ddng, So VSn h6a tfah Lam Ding xuit bin [10] Pham HSo, Tnrong Mmh Dye (E)ong chii bien) (2003), Mgt sd vdn di ve x^ dimg hg thdng chinh tri & Toy Nguyin, Nxb Chlnh tri qu6c gia, HSNQi [11] Nguyin van Huy, "Nhin l^i phong trao BAJARAKA", BBC Vietnamese oline [12] Henri Maift^ (2008), Les Jungles Moi/Rimg ngu&i Thugng, Nxb Tri thilc, Hi N§i [13] Ljch sd- Ddng bg Ddk Ldk Bu6n Me Thu6t, 1983 [14] Ljch su Ddng bg tinh Ddk Ldk (1954 - 1975), BuonMeThuOt, 1994 [15] Nguygn Ngpc (2010), "Phdt trien ben vftng cf TSy Nguy6n", Khai thdc bd xit vd phdt triin bin vdng & Tdy Nguyin, Nxb Tri thftc, Hi NOi [16] Nguyin Phan Quang (2002), Vigl Nam thi ley 19 (1802 - 1884), Nxb Tp H I Chi Minh, Tp H i Chf Minh [17] Quoc sil quin trieu Nguyen (1997), Khdm dinh Vigt su thdng gidm cuang mifc chinh bien, quyln XXVIII, Nxb T h u ^ H6a, Hue [18] Quic su quSn tri^u Nguyin (1997), Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi, Nxb Thu&n H6a, Hui [19] Som Tung (1946), "Cdi mfng "TSy - KJ" cua thyc dSn Phip", Bio Su thgt, s6 39 [20] Thi xd Pleiku - 60 ndm ddu tranh vd xdy dftng (1930 - 1990) Nxb Chfah trj quoc gia, Hi Noi, 1994