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NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI PHAN HOA GIAU NGHEO mpt thdch thuc doi voi qud trinh thi hoa ff cdc tinh mien Trung • Tdy Nguyen PGS,TS HO TAN SANG* D d thi hda la mdt qua trinh ta't ye'u cua bat ky qud'c gia nao, dd ed Viet Nam Tuy nMen, dd thi hda tur phat, tMeu quy hoach khoa hpc se lam sinh va de lai nhieu hau qua tieu cue va lau dai, can trd sir phat trie'n cua da't nudc Chi'nh vi vay, chie'n lupc dd thi hda cua Viet Nam phai hudng tdi muc tieu ben virng giira tu nMen, ngudi va xa hpi De Men thuc hda chie'n lupc ddi hdi cac cap lanh dao, quan ly ciing mpi ngudi dan nhan thirc va phdi hpp hanh ddng tren ta't ca cac van de cd lien quan Bai vie't de cap nhiing tac nhan dan den sir phan hda giau ngheo, qua trinh dd thi hda va nhung gpi y de giai quye't van de d khu vuc mien Trung va Tay Nguyen Phan tang xa hoi, phan hoa giau ngheo hien tuong co tinh quy luat nen kinh te thi trudng, mot thach thiic cua qua trinh thi hoa d Viet Nam hien * Hoc vien Chfnh trj - Hanh ehfnh khu vuc III nude ta, qua trinh dd thi hda da trai qua nhieu gim doan, bi cM phdi bdi rat nMeu yeu td khach quan va chu quan khac Ben canh nhirng bie'n dd'i, phat trie'n thuan chieu ciing da xua't Men khdng ft "nghich ly" Tirnhiing thap men eudi cua the'ky XX, mdt xu hudng dd thi hda mdi da Mnh d Viet Nam (de'n nam 1990 ca nudc mdi ed khoang 500 dd thi, ty le dd thi hda vao khoang 19-20%) Nhiing nam tiep theo, dudi tac dpng cua cac ye'u td cd tfnh thdi dai va nude, dac Met la su chuye'n dd'i vai trd cua khu vuc Ddng Nam A, dat Viet Nam vao mdt vi tri cMen lupc cd giao thuong md va xu the dd Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam da thuc Men cM'nh sach phat trie'n Mnh te'thi trudng, md cua hdi nhap qud'c te, thu hiit dau tunudc ngoai de tie'n hanh cdng ngMep hda Men dai hda (CNH, HDH) da't nude Tie'p den, viec Viet Nam trd thanh vien chinh thiic cua To chuc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO) Tat ca dieu dd da mang lai nhirng anh hudng manh me dd'i vdi tien trinh CNH, HDH dd tM hda dat nude 45 NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOT Theo sdlieu thd'ng ke nudc, ty le dd thi hda d Viet Nam tang nhanh chdng tur 19,51% (12,88 trieu thi dan) nam 1990 len 27,77% (23,37 trieu thi dan) vao nam 2007 Sd Iupng dd thi tang len hang nam, dupe phan loai De'n nam 2007 cd phd loai dae biet citng vdi phd khac true thudc trung uong, 40 phd va 48 thi xa true thupc tinh, 614 thi tran true thudc huyen Cimg vdi qua trinh dd, ty le dan sd dd thi da Hen tuc gia tang Neu theo dur bao cua Bd Xay dung, ty le dd thi hda eiia Viet Nam vao nam 2020 se dat khoang 40%, tuong duong vdi sddan cu sinh sd'ng tai dd thi chiem tren 45 trieu dan Vdi tdc dp phat trien cac khu dd thi va dan sd dd thi nhuvay, Viet Nam ndi chung va cac vitng ca nudc ndi rieng se phai dd'i mat vdi cang nhieu van de phirc tap phat sinh tur qua trinh dd thi hda Dd la van de di dan tir ndng thdn thi, lam eho mat dp dan sdd thi tang cao; van de giai quyet edng an viec lam, that nghiep tai chd, nha d va te nan xa hdi lam cho trat tu xa hdi dd thi va ven dd cang them phuc tap; van de nha d va quan ly trat tur an toan xa hdi d dd thi; van de d nMem mdi trudng, d nMem ngudn nudc Nd'i len dd la tinh trang phan tang xa hdi, phan hda giau ngheo ndi chung va khu vue dd thi ndi rieng - mdt Men tupng dupe xem la cdti'nhtat ye'u nhung ciing la mdt lue can, mdt thach thiic dd'i vdi qua trinh dd thi hda Thue te dnudc ta nhirng nam qua cho thay, kM Mnh te'thi trudng phat trie'n, nhiingtienbd nen san xuat ta't yeu dua den viee miic sd'ng cua dai da sd cac tang ldp nhan dan nudc ta tang len dang ke, nhung ddng thdi su chenh lech ve miie sd'ng giiia cae tang ldp cu dan ciing cang tang, tao nen mdt sir phan tang xa hdi (PTXH) rd net hon giiia va cac nhdm xa hpi Sdlieu cua cac cupe dieu tra cho thay, chenh lech ve chi tieu giira nhdm 20% giau nha't va nhdm 20% ngheo nha't la khoang 4,58 lan vao nam 1993 va 5,52 lan vao nam 1998, cdn chenh lech theo thu nhap thi cao Hon Nam 1998, chenh lech ve thu nhap giiia nhdm 20% giau nhat va nhdm 20% ngheo nhat la 11,26 lan, giiia nhdm 10% giau nhat va nhdm 10% ngheo nha't la hon 20 lan, cdn giira nhdm 5% giau nha't va nhdm 5% ngheo nha't la hon 40 lan Trong nhirng nam 2001 2002, thu nhap binh quan ngudi thangti'nhchung 46 ca nudc (theo gia Men hanh) dat 356 nghin ddng, tang 20,6% so vdi nam 1999 Thu nhap binh quan ngudi/ thang d khu vuc thi dat 622 ngMn ddng, tang 18,4%; d khu vuc ndng thdn dat 275 nghin ddng, tang 22,3% so vdi nam 1999 Tuy nhien, thu nhap eua hd gia dinh thi vin cao hon nMeu ndng thdn Thu nhap binh quan ngudi/thang nam 1993,1999 va 2001 - 2002 dkhu vuc thmih thi tuong iing hon khu vuc ndng thdn 2,34; 2,30 va 2,26 lin Tdng cue Thd'ng ke tfnh toan, ne'u chia cac hp dieu tra 10 nhdm thu nhap, mdi nhdm 10% sdhd theo dp ddc di len ciia thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi, thi thu nhap giiia nhdm cd thu nhap eao nha't va nhdm cd thu nhap thap nha't cd khoang each ldn va tang theo cac nam Nam 1999, thu nhap binh quan cua nhdm hd giau nha't (nhdm 10) ldn gap 12 lan nhdm hd ngheo nha't (nhdm 1) Nam 2002, ty le tang len 13,75 lan Hd giau chi cho giai tri gap 95,4 lan hp ngheo khu vuc thi, cM tieu cho giao due binh quan ngudi di hpc/nam dat 1,255 trieu ddng, gap lan so vdi ndng thdn Chi tieu cho giao due binh quan mpt ngudi di hpc nam cua nhdm hd ngheo nha't cM cd 236 ngMn ddng, kM nhdm hd giau nha't la 1,418 trieu ddng, gap lan CM tieu binh quan ngudi/nam cho giao due cao nha't d mien Ddng Nam bd (1,139 trieu ddng) va thap nhat la vilng Tay Bac (278 nghin ddng) Cdng them ye'u tdtiencdng binh quan cua lao ddng thi cao hon lao dpng ndng thdn khoang 44% (sdHeu dieu tra nam 1998) la nguyen nhan din de'n thu nhap tha'p va su phan hda giau ngheo giua thi va ndng thdn, giira eac hd giau va ngheo Su chenh lech ve muc sdng va phan hda giau ngheo dan cu cdn dupe nhan biet quatieuchuan "40%" cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) Qua dd, xet ty trpng thu nhap ciia 40% dan sd cd thu nhap tha'p nhat td'ng thu nhap eiia toan bd dan cu Neu ty trpng dudi 12% la cd subat binh dang cao ve thu nhap, nam khoang 12-17% la cd subat binh dang vita, tren 17% la tuong dd'i binh dang Ty trpng d Viet Nam tfnh theo sdhd M 20% nam 1994; 21,1% nam 1995; 20,97% nam 1996; 18,7% nam 1999 va 17,98% nam 2001-2002 Theo tieu chua'n nay, Viet Nam phan bd thu nhap dan cu tuong dd'i binh dang nhung dang ed xu hudng tang len muc bat binh dang vira Cd the ndi, su phan tang xa hdi nhiing nam qua d Viet Nam phan anh net dac trung cua qua trinh NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI chuye'n dd'i tir the che'Mnh tetap trung-bao cap sang the ehe Mnh te thi trudng Bdi le, song hanh vdi qua trinh dd thi hda, d Viet Nam thdi ky dd'i mdi ciing diin qua trinh phat trien Mnh te'thi trudng, hdi nhap, dua tranh Trong nen Mnh te'thi trudng (eho du la dinh hudng XHCN) thi phan phdi tat ye'u phai theo nguyen tic "lam theo nang lire, hudng theo lao ddng" la chu ye'u Mpi cdng dan cd quyen lam viee (Mnh doanh, lam giau ) blng tat ca nhung each thiic ma Mat phap khdng cam va dupe hudng thu tuong ling Mpi ehu tnrong, cM'nh sach can trd nang luc san xua't, Mnh doanh, lam giau cua mpi cap dp chu the phai dupe ddbd Mac dil Viet Nam da dat dupe nhiing qua nha't dinh ve xda ddi giam ngheo, phat trie'n Mnh te di Hen vdi cham lo ngudi va phat trie'n xa hdi, ti le ddi ngheo d Viet Nam b'nh bang sdngudi sd'ng dudi muc USD/ngay da giam tir 58% nam 1993 xudng cdn 16% nam 2006,14% nam 2007 va 13% nam 2008 (ne'u nhu khdng cd khung hoang Mnh te the gidi diin ra), nhung kM dau giau dupe giai phdng, dau giau se cang giau, se bd xa dau ngheo Mdt bd phan ngudi ngheo vin tdn tai va nhirng hoan canh nhat dinh, ngudi lao ddng, ngudi san xua't Mnh doanh cd the gap rui ro, that bai canh tranh va din den pha san Ndi each khac, cho dit cd nMeu cM'nh sach de giam dan ty le ngheo, nhung khoang each giau ngheo se khd ma thu hep, ngupe lai dang cd xu hudng cang gian Do thi hoa va nhibig tac nhan lam phan hoa giau ngheo d cac thi mien Trung va Tay Nguyen Cac tinh mien Trung - Tay Nguyen (tfnh tir Quang Binh de'n Binh Thuan) cd dienti'chtu nMen tren 82.000 km^, dan sdkhoang hon 16 trieu ngudi nam 2008 (khu vuc Tay Nguyen cd hon 5,0 trieu nguM, ddng bao dan tdc tMe'u sdcMem khoang 1,5 trieu, dd ddng bao dan tdc tMe'u sdtai chd cd hon 1,2 trieu), cMe'm hon 25 % ve dien tfch tur nMen va 14 % dan sd ca nudc Tdm lai Men trang PTXH d nude ta phan anh dae Day la khu vuc cd vi tri dia ly kha ly tudng vdi hon trung cua thdi ky dau chuye'n dd'i tir nen Mnh te ke 1.000 km chieu dai ven bie'n, each deu hai trung tam hoach hda tap trung sang Mnh te'thi trudng Miie chenh cM'nh tri, Mnh te ldn ciia ca nudc va nam tren true lech giira cac tang ldp chua ldn, tdc dp tang chenh lech giao thdng qud'c gia Bac - Nam ve dudng sat, dudng bd, chua cao nhung ed mdt sddac diem can luu y la cac tang dudng bie'n va dudng hang khdng Ngoai ra, mien ldp trung luu va trung luu tren thudng gan vdi khu vuc Trung Viet Nam cdn la die'm cud'i cua tuye'n Hanh nha nudc, khu vuc Mnh te cM'nh quy Hai nhdm lang Mnh te Ddng - Tay, dai 1.450 km nd'i tir Myanmar ciing dupe hudng lpi nMeu hon tirviec phan phdi phiic lpi qua Thai Lan va Lao, day chi'nh la cua ngd quan trpng xa hdi so vdi cac nhdm cdn lai KM su phan hda dd dien bien Ddng cho cac qud'c gia tieu vitng sdng Me Kdng den mdt dp nhat dinh tM cac van de xa hpi, tham cM mdrdng cac tinh hud'ng cM'nh tri - xa hdi cd the xay va anh Trong nhirng nam qua, co sd tang dam bao cho hudng, tac ddng nhat dinh dd'i vdi su on dinh va phat dau tu phat trie'n kinh te dang tren da phat trie'n trie'n ndi chung va qua trinh dd thi hda ndi rieng Ddi nhanh chdng He thd'ng san bay ndi dia va qud'c te sd'ng dd thi ndi chung va dd thi d mien Trung - Tay dang dupe dau tunang cap gdm san bay qud'c te'Da Nguyen cung khdng nam ngom qua trinh cd ti'nh quy Nang, san bay Phii BM (Hue), Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Mat ndi tren Duong nMen, vdi tu each la mdt khdng Phu Cat (Binh Dinh), Cam Ranh (Khanh Hda), ^an dac thii, diin bien ciia qua tiinh ciing cd nhiing Pleiku (Gia Lai) va Budn Me Thupc (Die Lie) He bie'u Men dactinmgriengciia khu vuc thd'ng cang bie'n ciing dupe phat trie'n nhanh chdng 47 NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI nhu Chan May (Thira TMen Hue), Tien Sa (Da Ning), Ky Ha (Quang Nam), Dung Quat (Quang Ngai), Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh) va cang trung chuye'n qud'c te Van Phong (Khanh Hoa) Theo Trung tam Xiic tien dau tu mien Trung (Bd Ke hoach - Dau tu), de'n khu vuc mien Trung - Tay Nguyen da cd 353 du an dau tu true tie'p nudc ngoai (FDI) dupe cap phep vdi td'ng vd'n dang ky dat tren ty USD, cMem 6,3% td'ng vd'n dau tudang ky ciia ca nudc Quy md duan dat gan 11,4 trieu USD/duan, cao hon binh quan quy md du an FDI cua ca nudc (khoang trieu USD/dur an) Hien cd 34 qud'c gia va vung lanh thd dau tu vao khu vuc mien Trung - Tay Nguyen Trong dd Dm Loan dang la nha dau tu dung dau bang xep hang Giu vi tri thur hai la Hoa I^, mpt nha dau tu cd tiem lire manh ve tai ehfnh va cdng nghe ngudn Rieng thang dau nam 2007 da cd 19 duan FDI dupe cap phep dau tu tai khu vuc vdi td'ng vd'n dang ky 426,6 trieu USD, tang hon 1,5 lan so vdi citng ky nam ngoai Theo danh gia ciia Trung tam Xiic tie'n dau tu mien Trung, linh vuc dau tunudc ngoai da gdp phan quan trpng qua trinh phat trie'n kinh te - xa hdi ciia khu vuc mien Trung - Tay Nguyen, tao viec lam cho hon 40.000 lao ddng true tiep, chua ke hang tram ngan lao ddng giantie'ptrong cac nganh xay dung va dich vu khac Ngoai ra, linh vuc cdn ddng gdp khoang 5% vao td'ng san pha'm qud'c ndi cua toan viing Ciing theo Trung tam Xiic tien dau tumien Trung, khdng cd dupe nMeu lpi the nhu hm dau da't nude nhung mien Trung - Tay Nguyen lai la noi kha day dac cac khu kinh te, khu cdng ngMep (KCN) tap trung Hien khu vue da cd khu Mnh te, gdm: Chu Lm (Quang Nam), Dung Qua't (Quang Ngai), Bd Y (Kon Tum), Nhon Hdi (Binh Dinh), Chan May - Lang Cd (Thita TMen Hue) va Lao Bao (Quang Tri), ciing gan 20 KCN De'n cud'i thang 03 - 2007, cac KCN da thu hiit 71 du an vdi td'ng vd'n dau tu dang ky dat 505 trieu USD, chie'm 12,6% td'ng vd'n dau tucua toan mien Trung Tay Nguyen Rieng cac khu Mnh te thu hilt dupe 37 du an vdi td'ng vd'n dau tu dang ky dat khoang ty USD, chie'm 25% td'ng vd'n dau tu cua toan khu vuc Viec trien khai cac du an da gdp phan lay day 25% dien tfch cac KCN, khu Mnh te khu vuc Ta't ca nhiing chuye'n ddng ndi tren kMen qua trinh dd thi hda diin kha sdi dpng d cac tinh mien Trung Ve danh nghia, cac dd thi da lan lupt dupe nang cap 48 hoae tir thi tra'n len thi xa hoae tu thi xa len phd hoae tir dd thi loai len loai l Ve thuc chat, khdng gian dd thi dang dupe md rdng mdt each nhanh chdng, bd mat dd thi da khang trang Men dai hon nMeu lan, tang ciing va mem deu cd nhiing tie'n bd vupt bac neu so vdi nhirng nam trudc Tuy nhien, tien trinh cung da va dang bdc Id nhung da'u Meu dang lo ngai the Men tinh thie'u ben viing ca ve phuong dien kinh te'lln xa hdi, ca ve mdi trudng tu nMen lin dm sd'ng ngudi Tir phuong dien nhirng nhan td anh hirdng den phan hda giau ngheo cua dan cudd thi va tac ddng ciia nd ddi vdi qua trinh dd thi hda d cac tinh mien Trung va Tay Nguyen, phai chang can quan tam den cac kM'a canh sau: Tha nhdt, qud trinh phdt trien ndi chung vd thi hda ndi rieng a mien Trung -Tdy Nguyen cdn mdt cdn ddi, ddn den tinh trang ddt ndng nghiep bi thu hep, ldm tdng ddng ngudi tit ndng thdn den thi, tdng sd luang lao ddng chuyen doi ngdnh nghe, trd thdnh dp luc ldn doi vdi cdc thi Sir cdng cua dudng ldi dd'i mdi, dac biet la nhiing quye't sach cd Hen quan den viec thao gd nhiing ach tic ve ca che, giai phdng va thu hut cac ngudn luc cho su phat trie'n da thuc surmang de'n nhiing xung luc mdi cho qua trinh phat trie'n cua ca nude NMeu duan dau tu phat trie'n cua cac nha dau tu va ngom nude thuc sir cd chat luong Nhd dd, d khu vuc da hinh mdt he thd'ng dd thi, dd cd cac dd thi ldn (thanh phd Da Nang, Hue, Nha Trang), hang loat cac khu cdng nghiep, cac khu Mnh te nhu Chan May Lang Cd, Chu Lai, Dung Quat, Nhon Hdi, Van Phong, cua kha'u qud'c te'Bd-Y (Kon Tum) Tuy nhien, nMeu nguyen nhan khach quan va chii quan khac nen tren thuc te sir phat trien van cd xu hudng tap trung vao mdt sd vitng cd lpi the, cac khu vuc dd thi Su phat trien khdng deu giira cac viing - sir mat can dd'i khdng chi giiia khu vuc mien Trung - Tay Nguyen vdi hai dau da't nudc ma cdn dien viing, giira dd thi va ndng thdn lam cho qua trinh dd thi hda roi vao tinh trang mat can dd'i Trong mdi khu vuc dd thi, tinh trang mat can blng sinh thai dd thi, nhat la giiira dan sd va viec lam, giira dan sd va thu nhap, giira dan sdva ke't ca'u tang da lam cho dan cu dd thi bi phan hda sau sic, mdtbd phan dan eugiau len nhanh chdng ben canh tang ldp ngheo, lang thang conhd, sd'ng tam bp NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI cac khu nha d chupt, tMeu cac dieu Men td'i tMeu, ke (nam 1996, d Ble Trung bd la 6,96%; duyen hai khdng cd cahdi dupe hudng day dii cac chfnh sach an Nam Trung bd la 5,57%; nam 2003 eac sdHeu tuong sinh xa hdi Va mdt nhung he qua dang quan ling la 5,45% va 5,46%) Dieu hue xiic nha't sau kM tai tam la viec mdrdng khdng gian dd thi dang ed nguy co dinh cula ngudi lao ddng thie'u viec lam, khdng cd viec lam giam dien tfch ndng ngMep, lam tang ddng ngudi lam, that ngMep, vi vay, thu nhap giam siit, ty le hd di dan tirndng thdn thi ciing nhu sdlupng lao ngheo gia tang He thd'ng ke't ca'u tang dd thi mien ddng chuye'n dd'i nghanh nghe cua eu dan ndng ngMep Trung va Tay Nguyen ciing nhutinh trang dd thi ca ven dd Day la luc Iupng lao ddng ma thudng d thdi nudc Men cdn rat yeii kem, lac hau, khdng dam bao ky dau cua qua trinh chuyen dd'i cd the roi vao tinh cac tieu chua'n dd thi Men dai thm ky edng ngMep hda trang hoae la ed viec lam nhung mirc thu nhap tha'p, Men dai hda, nhat la he thd'ng cap thoat nudc, giao hoae ban that ngMep, that ngMep va ke't cue la "ngudn thdng dd thi va van de nha d Suye'u kem, bat cap bd sung" vao dien ngheo, ddi d khu vuc dd thi, trd tac ddng trudc he't dd'i vdi nhdm cu dan cd thu mdt ap lure thue su dd'i vdi qua trinh dd thi hda nhap tha'p vi hp la nhiing ngudi khdng ed dieu Men tai Thit hai, su bung no he thdng khu thi mdi sdmcM'nh de sdng d khu vue cd nMeu uu trdi Den lupt nd, nhiing nhan td'nay anh hudng ldn den tinh trang sue han tdc tdng cdng nghiep, dich vu da ldm ndy sinh khde, chat Iupng sd'ng cua nhdm ngudi ngheo nhieu vdn de lien quan den bdo ddm viec ldm vd chdt lugng sdng cua mdt bdphdn ddn cudd thi Thii ba, cdng tdc quy hoach vd qudn ly qud trinh d Dd thi hda thudng dien dudi su tac ddng khach ddi gidi tda vd tdi dinh cud cdc thi vdng chua quan eua qua trinh CNH, HDH Nhuvay, tdc dp phat that su dap ung yeu cdu qud trinh dd thi hda cd ke trien cua cdng ngMep va dich vu thudng dupe uu tien hoach Id cdn nguyen ldm cho thi trudng ddt dai khd quan tam hang dau quan ly dd thi Ndi each kiem sodt, gdp phdn gia tdng phdn hda gidu ngheo khac, dieu tie't tdc dp gia tang cua dan cu dd thi phai cdc tdng lap ddn cu tren co sd tdc dp, kha nang phat trie'n cdng nghiep va Di ddi, giai tda, tai dinh cu, cMnh trang dd thi, dich vu, tao lap co sd san xua't, phat trie'n nganh nghe thue Men cac du an la mdt bd phan eua qua trinh va chua'n bi ngudn nhan lure cho cac trung tam cdng CNH, HDH, dd thi hda Tren thuc te, day la mdt quye't ngMep phai dupe tfnh toan va thuc Men ddng bd sach ldn da dupe gidi lanh dao va quan ly ciia nhieu khu vuc mien Trung nhirng nam qua, dudi tac tinh, mien Trung va Tay Nguyentie'nhanh kha ddng cua cac chinh sach CNH, HDH, thu hiit dau tu quye't liet Nhd cd quye't sach tao bao va Men tri thuc phat trie'n, cac khu cdng nghiep mdi dupe hinh thanh, Men quyet sach da de nen thdi gian qua khu nhd dd Mnh te ciia cac tinh, deu tang len dang vuc da xuat Men nMeu tuyen dudng, cMec cau, khu dd ke', CO sd san xua't Mnh doanh cdng nghiep, dich vu va thi mdi, mang tam vdc Men dai, van minh Quan trpng thuang mai khdng ngung dupe md rdng va phat trie'n hon, viec thuc Men chi'nh sach da tao nen mdt su CO sd kinh te - ky thuat Tuy vay, ddng luc phat trie'n thay dd'i edti'nheach mang long xa hdi va dd thi cdn yeu, tdc dp tang trudng Mnh te'eham hon so tu eua mdi ngudi Chi'nh qua trinh di dan, tai vdi ty le tang dan sddd thi, ty le dan sd dp tud'i dinh cutrong cac du an phat trien da thiic ep, tao dieu lao ddng khdng cd viec lam d khu vuc dd thi edn cao Men, cahdi, tao tinh the bat budc ngum dan thoat Trong kM van de lao ddng, viec lam d dd thi chua dupe khdi thdi le cii, tuminh chuye'n dd'i nghe ngMep cho giai quyet, thitinhtrang dd thi hda nhanh da day mdt thfch ling vdi mdi trudng mdi, dieu Men mdi va muu bd phan lao ddng duthura tir ndng thdn thi cau mdt tuong lai cd cudc sd'ng td't hon Cai dupe ldn Cling vdi hang chuc ngMn lao ddng mat viec lam nhat ciia chu truong quy hoach, chinh trang dd thi, tai phai di ddi giai tda theo cac du an quy hoach, chinh dinh cu chi'nh la chd tao dieu Men, tien de cho sir on trang dd thi da tao them ganh nang cho khu vuc dd thi dinh va phat trie'n lau dm, viing chac eho timg ca nhan (theo tinh toan tM hang namriengkhu vuc duyen hai gia dinh va toan xa hdi mien Trung phai giai quyet viec lam cho 240 - 250 Trong Mc m ciing Meu rang, viectiepcan vdi nha d ngan ngudi) Dd la nguyen nhan kMen cho ty le that ddi vdi ngudi ngheo la nhan tdcan ban cho cudc sd'ng nghiep dkhu vuc thi cd giam nhung khdng dang tur chu cua cu dan dd thi, nhung tren thuc te cdng tac 49 NGHIEN CTJU-TRAO DOT quy hoach va quan ly chua dupe chii trpng diing mure va chua that su bao dam chat Iupngti'nhkhoa hpc, tfnh tudng minh, kip thdi ) kMen eho qua giai tda, di ddi diin kha tran lan d mpi nai (tinh, huyen, xa), khdng bao dam tien dp (quy hoach treo, thay dd'i quy hoach) Cai each dd'i da't lay tang dd thi la phii hpp vdi mdt nhirng dia phuong ma nen Mnh techua du tiem lire, nhung each lam tMe'u phan bien va su tudng minh ay mdt mat lam "bung ra" quy da't dai dd thi, nhung mat khac lam eho thi trudng dat dai trd nen khd Mem soat, ket hop vdi tinh trang ddc quyen thdng tin cd lien quan khien eho ehi phi dat dai trd nen dat dd hon, cMtieucua khu vuc tuvao bat dpng san bao gdm nha va dat trd nen ldn hon, lam giam cau tieu dimg nhirng hang hda khac va giam tfch My cua dan cu Dd la chua ndi den Men tupng mdt sd gap thm, cd lpi the thdngtinphat len nhanh chdng, mdt sd khac khdng may roi vao np nan, pha san gidi kinh doanh bat ddng san Nhihig van de can nhan thiic va hanh dong Nudc ta dang pha'n da'u de sdm trd qud'c gia cdng nghiep hda Men dai hda vao nam 2020 Tai thdi diem dd, du bao ty le dd thi hda cua nudc ta khoang 35-40% He thd'ng dd thi nudc ta khdng chi tang trudng ve dan sd', da't dai va kinh tema cdn can dupe phat trie'n ve chat Iupng, cd mdi trudng sd'ng td't dep, ft chenh lech giau ngheo, cd nang luc canh tranh cao, tuc la theo dinh hudng phat trie'n dd thi ben virng tren ca phuong dien Mnh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng, dat eon ngudi vao vi tri trung tam cua mdi giai doan phat trie'n, lay phat trie'n lam trpng tam va lay hai hoa lam phuong cham: hai hoa ngudi va thien nMen, hai hoa lpi fch giiia cac vimg mien, hai hoa lpi fch cua the'he Men tai vdi the he tuong lm Phat trien dd thi ben viing theo muc tieu chie'n lupc phat trie'n dd thi d nudc ta dang dat nhieu viec phai lam Xuat phat tir nhung ndi dung da trinh bay, d mien Trung - Tay Nguyen, can tap trung vao cac loai cdng viec cap thie't sau: - Tang cudng cdng tac giao due nham nang cao nhan thirc cua ngudi dan ve phat trie'n va dd thi hda ben virng Dieu trudc tien phai the Men la viec thira nhan tinh ta't yeu cua Men tupng dd thi hda va nhirng lpi ich nd mang lai, ciing nhu thira nhan quyen cua ngudi ngheo dupe hudng lpi tur nhung qua ma cudc sdng dd thi cd the va se mang lai 50 - Tie'n hanh quy hoach phan bd ddng deu cac khu cdng ngMep, khu dd thi tai cac tinh, Phat trie'n va hoan thien mang ludi ea sd tang dd thi, giao thdng dudng bd thuantien,khdng ach tic va han che gay d nMim mdi trudng Uutienphat trien giao thdng cdng cdng, dae biet la cac phuongtiengiao thdng cdng cdng Men dai khdng gay d nhiim - Xay dung va kip thdi hoan tMen mang ludi dich vu, dac biet la dich vi cham sdc sue khde va chira benh cho edng ddng, cd che dp uu tien nhirng ngudi thupc dien chi'nh sach va chi'nh sach hd trp cho ngudi ngheo - Tie'n hanh dieu tra, danh gia xa hdi ban dau de nam dupe chfnh xac dac die'm cdng ddng dan chuye'n cu, ngudn lao ddng cua cdng ddng ngudi se bi anh hudng bdi du an Thd'ng ke, phan tfch thuc trang ca caii va chat Iupng ngudn lao dpng cua nhdm dan cu dd theo tud'i, theo trinh dp hpc, theo nghe nghiep, theo dac diem gia dinh va theo muc sd'ng - Can cd ke hoach cu the chitie'tde dao tao nghe, tim Mem viec lam cho cdng ddng dan tai dinh cu Can ngMen curu cocau nghe ngMep trude kM chuye'n cu, ty le lao dpng hoat dpng timg nganh nghe Tir dd se du bao sdnganh nghe cd kha nang tiep tuc tri va phat trie'n, ddng thm duHeu dupe so'ngudi mat viec lam d nhirng nganh nghe khdng cd dieu Men tdn tai sau tai dinh cu - Han cheva quan ly td't hon dd'i vdi dan nhap cu, gdp phan lap lai trat tu xa hdi dam bao cho viec xay dung xa hpi dd thi on dinh, ben vung Tai lieu tham khio: Nhdng van de kinh te-xa hdi niy sinh qua trinh dd thj hda vung ven dd dnudc ta Chu nhiem Vuang Cudng Co quan chu tri: Hge vien Chfnh trj Quoc gia Ho Chf Minh, 1997 Dd Thien Kfnh: Phan hda giau - ngheo va tac ddng cua yeu tdhgc van de'n nang cao mdc sd'ng cho ngudi dan Viet Nam (qua hai cudc diiu tra mdc sdng dan cd Viet Nam nam 1993, 1998), Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi, 2003 Bui Kim Dfnh: Tac ddng eua qua trinh edng nghiep hda hien dai hda dat nude ddi vdi suphan tang xa hdi - giai cap d ndng thdn nude ta hien nay, Tong luan phan tfch, 1995 Dd Thien Kfnh: Tim hiiu phan tang xa hdi lich sdva ap dung vao nghien cdu phan hoa giau ngheo d nddc ta hien Tap ehf Xa hdi hge, sdl, 2002 Pham Xuan Hio: Phan tang xa hgi, phan hda giau ngheo d nudc ta hien - thuc trang va giii phap, www.cpv.org.vn, -5-2005 Phan tang xa hdi a Viet Nam hien - phuang phap tiep can va ket qua nghien edu, www.tchdkh.org.vn, 14 - 6-2006 Nguyin Duy Thing: Tac ddng eua dd thj hda den ngheo kho va phan ting xa hdi: nghien edu tmdng hgp vung ven dd Ha Ndl, Tap ehfXa hdi hgc, 2004 ... Ngai), Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh) va cang trung chuye'n qud'c te Van Phong (Khanh Hoa) Theo Trung tam Xiic tien dau tu mien Trung (Bd Ke hoach - Dau tu), de'n khu vuc mien Trung - Tay Nguyen da cd 353 du... theo Trung tam Xiic tien dau tumien Trung, khdng cd dupe nMeu lpi the nhu hm dau da't nude nhung mien Trung - Tay Nguyen lai la noi kha day dac cac khu kinh te, khu cdng ngMep (KCN) tap trung. .. vi tri dia ly kha ly tudng vdi hon trung cua thdi ky dau chuye'n dd'i tir nen Mnh te ke 1.000 km chieu dai ven bie'n, each deu hai trung tam hoach hda tap trung sang Mnh te'thi trudng Miie chenh
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