NGHIEN CVU - TRAO o d l Lf Glil Tip (UM DI Cir CUA NGUM MONG a MI£N NUI N6H£ AN • Dao Khang Trwcyng Dai hgc Vinh Dat van de Nghien ciiu ve ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An - tdc ngudi cd ngudn gdc xa xdi, cd lich su bi gan vdi nhiing cudc thien di tren cac dinh niii cao, mdt thdi gan vdi chdn tham son cung cdc pha rimg lam ray, canh tac cay anh tiic (de che luyen thudc phien), cd tap quan hay di cu - da dugc mdt sd tac gia thudc nhieu ITnh vuc nhu Khdng Dien, Nguyen Van Huy (Dan tdc hgc), Ninh Viet Giao (Van hgc), Hoang Lan, Nguygn Dinh Ldc (Lich sii), Hoang Van Luong (Kinh te), Dao Khang (Dia ly) d6 cap cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ddc lap hay cac luan an tien si Tuy nhien, vh nguyen nhan di cu (tu do) cua tdc ngudi van dang rat can nhirng cdng trinh nghien ciru cd tinh he thdng Nguyen nhan di cir cua ngiroi Mong ff mien niii Nghe An (J Viet Nam, dan tdc Mdng cd nhilu ten ggi khac, gdm nhdm: - Mdng Do (Mdng/ Meo/ Man Tring) - Mdng L6nh (Mdng/ Meo Hoa, Mdng Sy) - Mdng Den (cd noi ggi la Mdng Dd) - Mdng Siia (Mdng Han) Trong nhdm ngudi Mdng d Viet Nam, tren dia ban mien mii Nghe An cd nhdm la Mong Do va Mdng Lenh Tinh din thang 8/2005, ngudi Mdng d Nghe An cd 4.053 hd, 28.488 khau [1], sdng tai huyen reo cao dgc bien gidi Viet - Lao la: Ky Son, Sd 6/2010 Tuong Duong va Que Phong Ky Son cd xa thuan Mdng la Mudng Ldng, Hudi Tu, Nam Can, Tay Son, Doge May va xa gan thuan Mdng la Bac Ly, Na Ngoi, Mudng Tip Tuong Duong cd xa cd ngudi Mdng la Nhdn Mai, Tam Hgp, Mai Son, Luu Kien, Xa Lugng va Hiru Khudng Ngudi Mdng d Que Phong chi cd d xa Tri Le [6] Hay di ddi chd d (tu day ggi la di cu) la tap quan rat dac trung cua ngudi Mdng d Viet Nam ndi chung, Nghe An ndi rieng, ngudi Mdng cd lich sii cu trii mudn hon cac dan tdc khac Qua trinh phat trien va tdn tai ciia ngudi Mdng ludn gan vdi cac cudc thien di lich su Tap quan hay di ddi ciia ngudi Mdng d mien niii Nghe An, ngoai nguyen nhan mang tinh "truyen thdng" cdn nhiing nguyen nhan sau: 2.1 Di cir lien quan den nhu cau cir tru Ngudi Mdng cd ngudn gdc tu mien dn ddi, quen vdi hau lanh Khi den Viet Nam, vdi truyen thdng san xuat tren rudng nude, le hg da dinh cu tren dia hinh ddng bang Tuy nhien, dieu da khdng the dugc vi vao thdi diem ngudi Mdng den Viet Nam, ddng bang la noi da cd ngudi Kinh ddng diic Ngudi Mdng chi cdn each lira chgn noi cu tni la mien niii Bac Bd Viet Nam, noi cd hau tuong ddi mat me Tai day, cac thung lung mau md hay tren cac sudn mii, noi dat tdt, giau dinh dudng ciing da cd chii la cac dan tdc Kho Mii, Thai , chi cdn lai cac dinh niii cao Vi tri khdng tuong thich vdi tap quan san xuat tren rudng nude ciia td tien hg nhung lai phu hgp vdi tinh each can trgng, ludn canh giac ciia mdt tdc ngudi ludn bi xua dudi qua khii Tuy nhien, giiia hai each lira chgn: mdt la dau tranh vdi cac tdc ngudi khac de cd dit tdt tai cac thung lung, cac sudn mii va Thang tin KH-CN Ngh$ An (38) NGHIEN CVU - TRAO D | hai la chip nhan sdng tren cac dinh niiij;ao dit ngheo dinh dudng, dia hinh ddc, de bi xdi mdn, cd the vi sg dung cham hoac sg bi ddng hda vdi cac tdc ngudi khac nen ngudi Mdng da chgn each thii hai: lin theo dinh mii cao, tiSp tuc truyin thdng di - song - di dl tdn tai cho din tan Dilm dung chan cudi cung ciia hg ve phia Nam la mien mii Nghe An Chgn cac dinh mii cao, ngudi Mdng vua khdng phai tranh gianh dat vdi cac tdc ngudi khac vua chgn dugc noi cd nen nhiet thap, hau mat me quanh nam Mien niii Nghe An la gidi han cudi cung dap ling dieu kien sdng ciia hg Ha TTnh it cd cac nggn niii cao, hau ndng, la biic chan tu nhien budc chan quen di ddi ciia ngudi Mdng d Viet Nam ve phia Nam 2.2 Di cir lien quan den nhu cau tim dat san xuat 2.2.1 Di cir tim ddt sdn xudt lieffng thuc, thuc pham Tren dudng di ddi, liic dau ngudi Mdng lgi dung nhirng dam chay rung vdn khdng qua hiem tu nhien, nhat la vao mua khd, de gieo trdng Dan sd tang len, nhu cau luong thuc, thuc pham tang theo, hg ddt them rung ben canh ray cii Dia ban cu trii ciia ngudi Mdng d mien niii Nghe An la cac nggn niii cao Noi day, hau nhiet ddi am gid mua, mua nhieu va tap trung theo mua, dia hinh ddc, miic phong hoa da me thd nhudng kem, dat thudng cd hat thd, phi khdng cao, de bi xdi mdn, nia trdi nhanh chat dinh dudng nen sdm bi bac mau, nang suat giam, khdng dii luong thuc, khien hg phai di cu den vimg dat mdi Nhu vay, viec di cu ciia ngudi Mdng lien quan mat thiet den viec tim dat/ rung lam nuong ray san xuat luong thuc, thuc phim 2.2.2 Di cu tim dat cdy anh tiic Ngudi Mdng sdng tren mii cao, giao thdng di lai khd khan Met mdi, gia lanh, benh tat ludn ddng hanh cudc sdng, nen hg can mdt thii thudc dl giai quylt nhanh nhung thacli thiic dd, dd la thudc phien (dugc che luyen tii nhua cay anh tiic) Sd 6/2010 - thii thudc hiit vao xua tan met mdi, day lui gia lanh, tam thdi lam bien mit cac benh thdng thudng Cay anh tiic non la ngudn rau xanh Hoa anh tiic nhieu mau, dep, gidng mau chi theu vay ao cua phu nii Mdng Cay anh tiic di trdng, thu hoach nhanh, san pham ggn nhe, hieu qua tiln cao, lgi nhuan budn ban ldn, dau de dang, van chuyen thuan tien, cd the trdng d ray rat xa ban, tham chi tren dat ban (khi d dd chua bi cam trdng, thudc phien mdi bi cam trdng tu nam 1989) Trudc dd, nhieu tinh (trong cd Nghe An) cdn giao chi tieu thudc phien cho cac hgp tac xa ngudi Mdng nhu la mdt thii thue Lenh cam den vdi nhiing dan tdc sdng biet lap cac khu rimg cao, xa cd hieu qua thap va cham, den cudi nam 2006, tai xa Mudng Tip, huyen Ky Son, van cdn nhiing Ngyai Mong cay thudc phien rirng sau nuong thudc phien bi phat hien nam khdng qua xa tru sd UBND xa (tin da dua tren Dai Phat - Truyen hinh Nghe An) Cay anh tiic chi trdng dugc tren mii cao - thoang am - lanh mien mii Nghe An, loai cay la ddc quyen san xuat cua ngudi Mdng Mdt thdi, thudc phien the hien su giau cd, quy md riy thuoc phien la bieu tugng siic manh ddi vdi cac gia dinh ciia cac dan tdc Mdng, Dao va Ha Nhi d Viet Nam Dd la ly ma ngudi Mdng d mien niii Nghe An trdng nhieu cay anh tiic de che luyen thudc phien cho den bi cim vao nam 1989 Tu sau nam 1989, mdt so gia dinh ngudi Mdng da di cu sang Lao hoac tai cac khu rung gan bien gidi Viet - Lao de trdng loai cay Cay anh tiic can trdng tren dat tdt d nhung vu diu ciia chu ky luan chuyen cay trdng cua ngudi Mdng Vi vay, ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An ludn cin ray mdi de trdng loai cay nay, cac riy cQ dung dl san xuit Ilia, khoai, san cho den dit ngheo kiet chit dinh Theng tin KH-CN Ngh$ An [39] NGHIEN CUU - TRAO o l dudng thi chuyen sang dot khu riing mdi Cho nen, tim dat de trdng cay anh tiic ciing la mdt nguyen nhan di cu ciia ngudi Mdng 2.2.3 Di cu tim nffi sdn bat Khi chua bi cam, mdt ngudn sdng rat quan trgng ciia ngudi Mdng la thii rung San ban, bay thii dem lai ngudn thuc pham cao cap nhanh hon nhieu so vdi chan nudi nen rat dugc ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An chii trgng Dan dng Mdng phai biet lam va su dung siing, nd Den bay thii can dan thi hg ddi gia dinh/ ban den vung dat mdi cd nhieu thii de san bat 2.2.4 Di cu tim bdi chdn thd gia sue Vdi ngudi Mdng, vat nudi cho ngudn thuc pham ldn dap ling nhu cau nhiing liic can nhieu thuc pham (trau, bd), phuong tien van tai (ngua), le vat ciing ma (lgn, ga) Trau, bd, ngua dugc ngudi Mdng nudi theo each thiic chan tha tu rung Khi ngudn thiic an cho gia siic can din, hg phai chuyen gia siic den bai chan tha mdi De tien theo ddi, sau dd hg chuyen gia dinh den gan bai chan tha 2.3 Di cir lac hau, trinh nhan thirc ban che cay pomu cd thu dl lam nha Tai ban Mudng Ldng, xa Tri Le, huyen Que Phong, sd go pomu dugc bd lai rung sau lam mdt ngdi nha cua ngudi Mdng dii de lam rndt ngdi trudng Idp hgc 10 gian Trong tiem thiic ciia ngudi Mdng, mudn tdn tai thi phai ddt rimg lam riy, khdng cd khai niem can bang sinh thai, can kiet tai nguyen rung, xdi mdn dinh dudng dat Khi ray kiet que dinh dudng thi hg di cu di noi khac tim noi phat ray mdi Tu tudng coi rung la vd tan, thdi quen lang phi tai nguyen riing lam cho ngudi Mdng khdng ngan ngai dua ca gia dinh di cu tu sang nude ban hay vao Tay Nguyen Mau xanh ciia rung dai ngan khoi len hg su them khat tim am no bang "each di cu den noi mdi 2.3.2 Thiiu diiu kien tiep xiic v&i kinh ti thi tric&ng Sdng tren dia hinh mii cao hiem trd, it cd dieu kien tiep can vdi xa hdi hien dai nen ngudi Mdnp d Nghe An van nang ve phuang thiic san xuat tu cap tu tiic, chua quen vdi san xuat hang hda ciia kinh te thi trudng O mien mii Nghe An, rat it thay cd chg tai cac ban ciia ngudi Mdng Chg huyen d xa, ngudi Mdng di chg, mang theo ngua cd the chd dugc nhieu hang nhung hg chi mua dii dung, khdng mua nhieu de ve ban ban lay ldi Trao ddi budn ban cac ban Mdng deu ngudi Thai dua hang den tan nha 2.3.1 Thieu hiiu biet ve sit dung hffp ly Ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An chi tap trung vao tdi nguyin rieng san xuat liia nuong Du an trdng liia nude d Ban Canh Do thieu hieu biet ve tai nguyen va sii (xa Ta Ca, huyen Ky Son), d Ban Mudng Ldng (xa Tri dung hgp ly tai nguyen, coi rung la vd tan Le, huyen Que Phong) cho thu hoach cao gap 2-3 lan nen ngudi Mdng rat lang phi su dung so vdi liia nuong nhung viec md rdng dien tich liia tai nguyen rung Hg sin sang triet nhiing nude tai nhiing dia hinh tuong tu ciing rat khd khan Nguyen nhan ciia nhiing tap quan ciia ngudi Mdng d Nghe An la sdng tren dia hinh mii cao hiem trd nen quan he giao luu han che, ham mudn vat chat ndi that, phuang tien hien dai khdng cao, tham chi "nhieu tien khdng biet de lam gi" Ngudi Mdng chua dugc thu hudng tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat phuc vu nhu cau cudc sdng cd chat lugng cao Dii ldn, thieu nien Mdng d mien mii Nghe An mdi di den chg huyen cd noi xa hang dudng de thay dugc nhip sdng thdi kinh te thi trudng 2.3.3 Lgc hgu, thieu hiiu hiit - Thieu hieu biet phdp lugt: Nhieu ngudi Mdng van chua coi viec ddt rung la hoat ddng bi Ngoi tripo-ng 10 gian b^ng gd pa mu nghiem cam nen cii thay rung gia, nhieu cay Sd 6/2010 Thdng tin KH-CN Ngh$ An [40] NGHIEN Clhl - TRAO D | hiia hen cho nhilu tro dl cay tdt la dot Ddt rung lam riy d dau thi hg di cu din diy sinh sdng Ngudi Mdng coi viec qua lai ben bien gidi la duong nhien, mdt sd nien di cu sang Lao cdn di nghia vu quan su d Lao - Thiiu binh ddng giai: Trong gia dinh ngudi Mdng sir.thieu binh dang gidi rat rd net Khi cd khach, nam gidi va khach an com trudc, phu nii phai an sau Neu la com tdi, phu nil diing vdng phia sau lung nhiing ngudi ngdi an com, quay mat ngoai, tay cam dude, tay cam gay dudi chd vdn dugc nudi rat nhieu de di san cac gia dinh ngudi Mdng Hg phai chd chdng, trai va khach an xong mdi dugc an [6] Dan dng Mdng den van cd ngudi lay nhieu vg Mdt sd noi cdn giii tap tuc "cudp vg" Tuc chdng chet thi lay anh/ em trai thinh thoang van xay Nan tao hdn cac ban du canh du cu la phd bien Phu nu Mdng d mien mil Nghe An it tham gia cdng tac xa hdi hon so vdi phu nii cac dan tdc khac Tai nhieu ban, khdng phai tat ca tre em gai Mdng deu dugc di hgc: Mgi viec ldn nhd gia dinh Mdng deu dan dng quyet dinh Khi di ddi, phu nil rat vat va: giii nhieu dd dac, diu nhd (ngudi Mdng cd truyen thdng sinh nhilu con), dudng chenh venh, cd mat vai Ngudi phu nil diu khdng muon di ddi ciing phai phu thudc vao dan dng 2.3.4 Ngheo, khong co diiu kien quan tdm din viec hgc hdnh ciia cdi Ddi sdng khd khan, hoat ddng chii yeu la tim dii com an ao mac, nen nhilu gia dinh ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An chua coi trgng viec hoc hanh Khi di cu, hg khdng tinh den su that hgc cua cai Vdi hg, khdng hgc ciing chang chua dii cam an Nhieu hgc sinh Mdng lap 3, lop van chua ndi sdi tieng phd thdng Tai cac trudng dan tdc ndi tni, nhieu hgc sinh Idp 5, Idp da bd hgc de ve ban lap gia dinh, ngoai tu tudng sg "I", cdn ve de lam riy, tao lap cudc sdng (vdi ngudi Mdng d miln mii Nghe An, trai din 17, 18 tudi, gai din 16, 17 tudi chua lap gia dinh da bi coi la "I") Sd 6/2010 Trong cac phien cho', ngu'O'i Mong chi mua lu'O'ng hang du dung cho gia dinh 2.4 Ngiroi Mong khong so" di cir 2.4.1 Khong sg" di cu it moi quan he rupt thit v&i bin ngogi Den ngudi Mdng d mien niii Nghe An van giii quan he hdn nhan theo nguyen tac "ndi hdn tdc ngudi, ngoai hdn ddng hg" (chi lay ngudi cung dan tdc Mdng va lay ngudi khac hg cha, du xa den may ddi (Phap luat Viet Nam quy dinh sau ddi dugc lay nhau) Theo ngudi Mdng, dieu gdp phan tao nhiing the he khoe manh, chdng chiu mgi trd ngai ciia tdc ngudi sdng noi reo cao (khi hau lanh, dia hinh hiem trd, nhieu thii dil) lai hay di ddi Nguyen tac ndi hdn tdc ngudi lam cho ngudi Mdng khdng cd quan he rudt thit ben ngoai vdi ngudi dan tdc khac Khi di ddi, ngudi Mdng di ma khdng bi rang budc, khdng phai ban khoan ve viec phai xa anh em hg hang ben ngoai, chua ke lich sii tdn tai va phat trien cua tdc ngudi da tao cho hg tu tudng phai ludn canh giac ddi vdi cac tdc ngudi khac 2.4.2 Khdng sff di cu co nhiiu kinh nghiem ve dieu Khi di ddi, ngudi Mdng mang theo thudc phien (trudc day), cdng cu lao ddng, dd dung sinh hoat, cac loai hat gidng, vat nudi, khdng mang nhieu luong thuc (di ddi dugc tien hanh luong thuc khdng cdn nhieu) Den noi mdi, thudc phien cd gia tri trao ddi cao vdi cac dan tdc khac de lay luong thuc Luang thuc dugc bao dam nen ngudi Mdng it gap khd khan ban dau hon mdt sd dan tdc khac ciing cd tap quan di cu Dd la mdt nhiing nguyen nhan tao tap quan hay di cu ciia ngudi Mdng Viec di cu ciia ngudi Mdng dugc tien hanh vao mua khd, khoang tu cudi thang 11 din thang nam sau Trudc mudn chuyen den vung mdi, ngudi Mdng cii mdt sd ngudi khde manh gia dinh din trudc, lam Th6ngtinKH-CNNgh$An(4i] NGHIEN CUU - TRAO o l Ngoai nhung nguyen nhan tren, viec di cu cua ngudi Mdng cdn mdt sd nguyen nhan khac nhu: Khdng thich d canh cac dan tdc khac (huyen Que Phong lap khu kinh tl gdm khu cho dan tdc Mdng va Kho Mii, ngudi Mdng kien quylt ddi d tach biet, khdng d gin ngudi Kho Mii - neu UB huyen khdng dap ling yeu ciu dd, hg se di); Bi xiii due, lua phinh; Dich benh; Tim din gin ngudi anh em; Khdng bi xu ly di cu trai phep (sang Lao) bi tra ve; Hieu qua ciia cac du an thap (kinh phi cac chuong trinh/ du an cho mien mii bi chia deu, dd ddi vdi cac ban Mdng, mgi cdng viec deu tdn kem hon Vi du, cung lam dudng ve ban nhung kinh phi ve ban Mdng tdn hon nhieu Nha tam tai riy mci lan so vdi ve ban Thai) ; Ngudi Mdng thudng chi tin can bd nao hieu ve hg, ndi tieng ciia hg, nhung sd nha tam, phat ray, trdng luong thuc, rau mau, CO dem theo mdt sd vat nudi Neu chuyen rat hiem ca nha den thi toan bd luang thuc de lai Trudc day, ngudi Mdng chi di ddi ndi tinh, ndi nha tam Neu sau mdt vai nam mdi chuyen ca vung hay sang nude ban Ngay nay, hg cdn vao tan Tay nha den ray mdi thi mdt phan luong thuc Nguyen, lam thay ddi co cau dia ban cu tni cac dan tdc dugc chuyen ve nha cii Sau thay thu it ngudi d Viet Nam hoach d cac ray mdi cd the cung cap dii Ket luan luong thuc cho gia dinh thi mdi chuyen han Di cu la tap quan lau ddi cua ngudi Mdng Viec di nha cii den noi cd ray mdi Du canh theo kieu cu cua ngudi Mdng d Trung Qudc cd dai la bi xua nay, an ninh luong thuc dugc dam bao nen dudi, nguyen nhan mau thuan chinh tri ddi khang ngudi Mdng khdng sg di cu vdi chinh quyen phong kien trung uong 2.4.3 Khong sg' di cu nhiiu rung Di cu tu ciia ngudi Mdng d Viet Nam ndi chung, didot d mien mii Nghe An ndi rieng la de tim dat san xuat, ve ban chat la nguyen nhan kinh te Tuy nhien, Viec quan" ly dat/ rung vung diu ngudn khdng cd ke sach kiem soat tuong thich, ban chat di cu gap khd khan dia hinh hiem trd; phia nude ciia ngudi Mdng d mien mii Nghe An cd the bi bien ban Lao cdn nhieu canh rung gia cd dit tdt, tudng dia hinh tuong ddi bang (day Trudng Son cd sudn Ddng phia Viet Nam ddc, sudn Tay Mien mii Nghe An la diem dung cudi cung ciia cac cudc di cu theo chieu Bac Nam ciia ngudi Mdng Den phia Lao thoai), quan ly ldng la dia ban mien mii Nghe An, cac cudc di cu ciia ngudi Mdng ngudi Mdng d mien niii Nghe An hay di cu chuyen hudng tu chieu Bac - Nam sang chieu Ddng den Tay./ 2.5 Cac nguyen nhan khac Tai lieu tham kbao Chi cue Dinh canh dinh CLP va Vung l