SINH Kf CUA NGirdl MANG VIET NAM \6l PHAT TRIEN B^N V U N G TOC NGU6I (Qua nghien cttu trudng hpp tai xa Nam Ban, huyen Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau) NGUYfiN VAN THANG* Nhumg van de chung Ndm Ban la xa thudc huydn Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau, phia Bdc giap Trung Qud'c, phia Nam giap Chan Nua, phia Ddng giap sdng Nam Na, phia Tay giap xa Hun Bum cua huydn Mudng Te Toan xa cd didn tich ty nhidn la 2.950 ha, v d dd cao trung binh Id 500m so vd mat nudc biln, hau nhidt d d gid mia va cd hai mia rd rdt, mua mua bat ddu ttt ddu thdng dd'n cudi thang duong Ijch, mia khd bat ddu ttt thang din thdng nam sau Nhidt dd trung binh hang, nam d Nam Ban vdo idioang 25"c, cao nhdt la 35''c, thdp nhd't Id 14"c, dd dm khdng vao khoang 80%- 85% Lupng mua trung binh ttt 2000mm din 2500mm/nam, tap trung nhilu vdo thdng vd thdng hang nam Khu vyc xa Ndm Ban cd sudi Ndm Ban, nhimg ddn d ddy gpi la sudi Gium Bai^ va sudi Ndm Vang thudng dupc gpi la Gium d Ldng chay theo hudng Tdy Bdc - Ddng Nam, hai sudi gap tai ban Nam Nd va dd sdng Nam Na Giao thdng di Iai ttt dudng qude Id td cdc ban cia xa hit stte khd khan, t d nay, hdu hit vdn la dudng ddt di xuydn qua cdc cdnh rijfng, thdm chl nhilu n d khdng cd dudng cho xe mdy vao ban (ban Hua Pang) Ndm each tiling tdm huydn Sin Hd 70 km, each dudng d td 16,6 km (td van chua cd dudng d td vao trung tdm xa) Nudc sinh boat dupc ngud ddn ldy ttt cdc khe nui vd ttt hai sudi chay qua ban, 100% cac hd ngud Mang d ban ttong xa khdng cd didn lud quoc gia^ La tdc ngud thudc nhdm ngdn ngtt Mdn Khomer sinh sd'ng d Tdy Bdc, thudc ving van hda Tdy Bdc va miln nui Bdc Trung Bo' Ndm Ban ludn dupc coi Id dia bdn gd'c cua ngud Mang d Vidt Nam V d nam ban thudn ngud Mang (Nam Ndl, Nam Nd 2, Nam , Ndm Sao va Hua Pang) ttdn 12 ban cia toan xa Do cd nhilu phong tuc chua tiln bd, dd, cd tuc sinh de, ndn dan sd cia tdc ngud rdt It Theo tai Udu dilu tra dan sd thi tdc ngud Mang cd ti Id tang dan sd ty nhidn thudc Ioai chdm Nam 1969 cd 1.398 nhan khdu, nam 1979 dan sd la 2.434 nhan khdu, tang 1.036 nhan khdu, ty Id tang trung binh la 103,6 ngud/nam Dd'n nam 1989 dan sd tdc ngud la 2.247 nhan khdu, tang am 187 nhan khdu Theo kit qua dilu tra ddn sd nam 1999 thi dan sd tdc ngud Mang la 3.133 nhan khdu, tang 886 nhan khdu, ty Id tang trung binh la 88,6 ngud/nam Din nay, dan sd tdc ngud Mang Id 3.700 nhan khdu'*, tang 567 nhan khdu, ty le tang mdt thap ky qua la 56,7 nhan khdu/nam Kit qua trdn cho thdy ty Id tang trudng dan sd bang nam cia tdc ngud Mang khdng dlu va khdng Udn tuc, cd ca giai doan tang trudng am Ridng d Nam Ban cd 13 i hd va 818 nhan khdu^ Nguydn nhan cia tinh trang mdt phdn nhiing yd'u td khach quan nhu: ddng bao sdng d khu vuc khd khan, mang lud giao thdng va y t l kem phdt ttiin, song nguydn nhdn co ban Id trinh dp ddn tri cia tdc ngud Mang rdt thdp, cdng vd vide cham sdc stte khoe ban ddu khdng tdt ndn ty Id chd't cia tre em cao * NCS Nguyin Van Thing, NCS Hoc vien Khoa hpc Xa hoi Viet Nam Tpc ngudi Thdi gpi nudc Id Nam cdn ngudi Mdng gpi nudc Id Gium Sd lieu UBND xa Nam Ban cung cdp, ti'nh din hit nam 2008 NgO Diic Thinh (2004) Van hoa vung va phan viing van hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa, Hd Ndi Sd lieu Ban Ddn tdc tinh Lai Chdu cung cd'p thdng 12 ndm 2009 Ngoc Hai (2003), Bdn sdc vdn hda ddn tdc Mdng, Nxb Van hoa dan tdc, Hd NOi Nguydn Van Thing - Sinh kecda ngudi Ming d Viet Nam BANG 1: Ty le tang trudng dan sd cua tdc ngudi Mang giai doan 1969 - 2009 Dan vi tinh: Ngudi j • Dan so _ Nam 1969 3133.0 2434.0 2247.0 •Jam 1979 Nam 1989 Dilu kidn ty nhidn va mdi trudng sd'ng da gdp phdn hinh phuong thttc san xudt, phong tuc tap qudn, d d sdiig tinh thdn cia hp Ddng tlidi, nd cflng hinh ndn ban linh cia mdt nln van hod thdng qua bl day lich s i chd'ng Iai cdc thi lyc dp btte, d day, tdc ngud Mang bj anh hudng chi yd'u b d van hda Thai (td trudc giai phdng) va van hda Mdng ttt giai phdng t d Tuy vay, ngud Mang vdn gitt dupe nhttng net van hda truyin thd'ng ridng cd cia minh, dac bidt la cac hoat ddng muu sinh Dd sdng sinh ke ciia ngudi Mang Hoat ddng kinh t l bdt ky hoan canh nao cflng la nhan td quan ttpng tdc ddng tryc tilp t d d d sd'ng cia cu dan vd chi phdi nhilu boat ddng tin ngudng, phong tuc cia cac tdc ngird dd cd tdc ngud Mang Do cu tru d mdt dja vyc khd khdn, ndn ngud Mang qua nhilii dd da tich Ifly dupc cho minh nhfltig kinh nghidm quy ban de dp dung vao thyc tidn, nhttng kinh nghidm dy qua thdi gian da trd nhttng tri thttc cd gid trj, tdi nay, nd vdn dupc gin gitt va phat huy dem lai cho cdng ddng nhttng kit qua dang ghi nhdn, dac bidt la san xudt kinh tl 2.1 Sdn xudt ndng nghiep Nhu cdc don vj khdc cung tdc ngud, ngud Mang d Ndm Ban ludn coi san xud't ndng nghidp chi'nh la ylu td quan trpng bdc nhd't ddi vd vide sinh tdn cua minh Trong dilu kidn thidn nhidn khdng uu dai nhu cac vung Nam 1999 3700.0 , Nam 2009 khdc, ngud Mang cung nhu cdc tdc ngud anh em cdng cu xa ludn dya vao ngudn luong thyc ttdng cdy dupc d cdc nuong va rudng ttdn dja ban, song hang nam, d Nam Ban tinh trang thilu ddi vdn didn ra, vide tham canh cia ba xa cdn lac hau, nang xudt luong thyc thdp Trong nhung nam gdn ddy, tinh Lai Chdu va Nha nudc da cd nhilu chinh sach hd trp d d sd'ng cho ngud ddn tdc nhu: cdp gao, bd, mdi tdn, cay gidng, * nham ndng cao d d sd'ng va phdt triin kinh tl Tuy nhidn, day chi la giai phap tinh thi, mdt mat da giai quyet td't vide thilu ddi cho ba con, song mat khac, nd cflng dang tao tam ly trdng chd, i lai cho Nha nude cia mdt bd phan dan cu Dd'i vdi ITnh vyc sinh kl, cdn thilt chi nhttng diim manh, dilm ylu san xudt truyin thdng, ap dung khoa hpc cdng nghd phi hpp vao san xudt, nhu vay mdi la bidn phdp phat ttiln bin vttng thay vi phdt triin kilu trdng chd va phat triin theo dy an nhu hidn 2.1.1 Cdng cu eanh tde Cdng cu canh tac cia ngudi Mang rdt don gian, t d nay, vdn chua cd nhttng cdng cu hidn dai nao dupc dua vao san xudt Qua khao sat chung tdi thdy rdng, hdu hit ndng cu di san Hien nay, ngucri Mang la mOt 05 tOc ngucri duoc tinh va Nha nudc c6 chinh sach uu dai dac biet, theo dilu ua nam 2010 tai ban PS Bon, xa Chan Nua, huyen Sin H6 mOi nhan khdu dupc cdp lOkg/nhan khiu/thang Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vitng, si (36) - Thang 9/2012 NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh ke cda ngudi Ming d Viet Nam xuit vin la nhttng ndng cu truyin thdng ma hp da sft dung nhilu d d nay, cd chang chi la su cai tao don gian Cdng cu lao ddng chlnh chi ylu Id: riu, dao qudm, dao ngdn, cdy, btta, ma Ip, cudc, gui, gay chpc Id va mdt sd cdng cu don giam khdc Hp ding nu dl chat cay to, ding dao qudm de phdt cdy nhd va day rttng, ma Ip dl gat lua, gui dl gui lua, gay dl chpc Id tta hat, Gdn day, chlnh quyln dja phuong da cung cdp miln phi cho ngud Mang cudc, dao, cdy, btta va hudng ddn hp s i dung, nhidn, vide khai thdc cdng nang cia nhttng cdng cu thi vdn cdn ban chd b d nhttng tap tuc canh tac truyin thdng T d nay, nuong rdy vdn Id ngudn sd'ng chlnh cia ddng bao, hdu hit cdc gia dinh vdn dya vao ngudn luong thuc thu hoach dupc ttt nuong rdy cia minh bdn canh sd gao ma nha nudc tdi trp, nhidn, vd ndng cu lac hdu va trinh dd canh tdc ban chl thi nang xudt ma hp thu dupc la rdt kim 2.1.2 Ky thudt canh tdc Ngud Mang d Nam Ban ndi ridng va d Vidt Nam ndi chung dya vao kinh nghidm cia minh dl san xudt Trong tu cia hp, nhung tilng chim kdu, nhflng bdng boa no, Id dau hidu cho vide bat ddu thyc hidn mdt cdng doan ndo dd mia mang, nhu vide tria, dd't nuong, thu hoach, Ngud Mang thudng chpn nhttng nd ddt dai mdu md, ven nhihig cdnh riJfng gia, ven sudi, ven sdng, trdn mat ddt nhilu phen, nhilu giun, dl lam nuong rdy canh tdc It chpn nhiing n d cd cd tranh, vi dd Id nhiing chd dd't dd sdi mdn bode dd't bac mdu, ndng xudt cdy trdng khdng cao Khi chpn dupc dd't lam riy, ngud Mang tiln hanh dpn rdy, ddy la cdng doan vdt va, nang nhpc Hp bat ddu phdt cdy, dpn cay, lam sach riy, hp rdt chu ttpng t d vide bao vd nhung cay to, nhijng cay cd ong lam td, ria rdy bao gid cung dl nhflng vat cdy di chd'ng xdi mdn va ddt Ifta khdng ben khu vyc bdn canh Hp cung tranh chpn dd't lam rdy d nhflng ving ddu ngudn nudc, nhu vay, ngudn nudc se khdng bj bdn Vao cudi thdng ddu thdng thi hp bat ddu ddt rdy chudn bj cho mdt mua vu md, cay dai chat xudng dupc de nguydn tai chd cho khd, ddt rdy, ngud Mmig thudng dot gdc rdy ngupc chilu gid thoi trudc, tranh cho ngpn lia chay Ian vao rttng Khi chim "Banh bong banh bgc" kdu la bao hidu mia dd't nuong da td Vide chpc Id tra hat cia tdc ngud Mang cflng cd net ridng so vd cdc tdc ngud khac, hp thudng tiln hanh timg ddi tumg cap vp chdng Ngud dan dng di trudc ding gay (pia d) di chpc Id va ngud dan ba di sau bd hat vao Id, cdng vide dy dupc tiln hanh nhjp nliang, tuan ty ttt chan nuong dd'n dinh nuong Cd the khai qudt chu trinh lam nuong cia ngud Mang la: Ddt nuang- tra hgt- ldm ed- thu hogch, khdng nudc, khdng phan, khdng chd'ng lai sau bdnh, va ta't yd'u nang sudt cia hp cung khdng cao Vide thu hoach cia hp cung kha dac bidt, hp ding ma rd ip di cdt tttng bdng lua (ngudi Thai gpi cdng cu la Mahep) chtt khdng cat bang lilm, rd ip la mieng kim loai mdng (thudng la bdng sdt) hinh thang, rdng khoang cm, dupc mai sdc d phdn ludi, phdn day nhd hon dupc gdn chat vd mdt doan gd lam can Khi cat, phdn lam can ndm Idng ban tay, phdn ludi quay ngoai va dupc kep chat d ngdn trd va ngdn gitta, cdt, bdng lua nao thi ngud cat tilp xuc bdng lua dd vd lud rd ip ding ngdn tay cai kep vao lud rd ip cd tay hd gap lai va Idc nhe bdng lua se dttt Ndng san thu hoach dupc hp dlu de d "Ian nuong", ndo nha he't thdc thi gui (ddng bud) ve ding chtt khdng Id'y hit vl nha Tdi nay, gii vdn la cdng cu van chuyin quan trpng khdng thi thidu cia ngud Mang ddi sd'ng sinh boat Ky thuat xen canh cflng dupc ngud Mang dp dyng trdn nuong rdy cia minh, nhdm tang gid tri trdn mdt quy ddt Hp thudng ttdng xen ngd, lua, dau, bl, day Id mdt each canh tac phi hpp v d dia hinh dat dai d ving Nam Ban, ky thudt ddi hdi hp phai biet tinh todn hpp ly sy phat triin cua cdy trdng m d mong dem Iai hidu qua nhu y Hp chi tria hat cdy ngd dupc Id, ddu va lua tria chung, nhieu nd tria lua va ngd chung, nhidn, qua thyc te tria lua va ddu chung cd kit qua td't hon Ngd, ddu Id cdy ngdn (thudng la - thang) ndn dupc thu hoach thi liia m d dang da phat Nghiin cdu Phil triin bin vihig, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 m NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Ming d Vidt Nam triln (ba khdng tria lua ngdn ngay, thudng la thang), nhu vay, cay ngd, dau cd thi lam phan cho cdy Itta, ddng thd, vide trdng xen canh cdc loai cay khac cia ddng bao cho thdy, hp da y thttc rdt cao vide khai thac gid trj sft dung trdn mdt don vj didn tich ddt, ddng thd, vide trdng xen canli cung cd tac dyng gitt cho dat khdng hi xdi mdn, gitt dd dm Ky thuat trdng trpt va thu hoach cia tdc ngud Mang cdn kem phat triln Cdc Ioai cay trdng nhu: lua, bdp, lac, dau, bdu, bl, dua, hp thudng dung gdy chpc Id, ngud dan dng di ttudc cdm gdy chpc Id, ngud phy ntt theo sau bd hat gidng vao hdc da dupc ttpc va ding chdn gat ddt ldp hd, v d trdng sdn, hp thudng dttng cudc, cudc hdc va bd doan than cay sdn vdo Vide cham sdc va lam cd, cdng cu chlnh la cudc, dao phdt, nhidn, vide lam cd cho cay trdng cung It dupc thyc hidn, vay ndn, khdng chi cho san lupng thdp md nhiiu didn tich trdng ttpt cdn mat ttang sau bdnh va thidn tai 2.1.3 Lieh ndng nghiep cua ngUdi Mdng d Nam Ban Ttt xa xua ngud Mang dya vao tudn ttang, mua hoa nd va tid'ng mudng thu kdu dl xac djnh ndng lich cia minh Tuy vay, hp cung dua nhilu vao each tinh lich cia cdc tdc ngud khdc dl tinh toan mua vu Theo ngud Mang mdt nam cd 12 thdng, mdi thdng cd 30 ngdy va cflng dupc tinh theo 12 gidp Mdi thang nam dlu gdn vd cdc boat ddng san xudt ridng nhdm dam bao cho mua vu thu hoach dupc nang xudt cao nhdt theo kinh nghidm dan gian truyin thdng cia hp B A N G 2: Ndng lich cua ngudi M a n g Thang Stt Gieng Hai Ba Tu Nam sau Bay Tam chin Mujyi Mudi m6t Mujyi hai Ml hem Ml vay Ml Pi Ml Puon Ml Han Ml Rdm Ml Puy Ml Ham Ml Xin Ml Di Ml Dap Ml Xu6ng Cong vile Phat nuong, tr6ng bl Don, ddt, don, trdng ngO, dau Ghi chu Nam sau mdi thu hoach bl Thu hoach bl cua nam trudc Tieng Mang Lam Tria hat Tr6ng sdn 2.1.4 Nuang rdy San xudt nuong rdy la mdt nhttng co sdt nln tang ttong san xud't ndng nghidp cia ddng bao thiiu sd vung Tdy Bdc td qud'c va ngud Mang cung ndm ttong sd dd Day la ngudn sd'ng chlnh cua ddng bao - nhihig tdc ngud an nuong Nuong rdy cia ngud Mang thudng la d nhttng sudn ddi, sudn niii cd dd ddc tuong ddi cao, hp thudng phat riing lam nuong sau ttt CO cho cay trdng Thu hoach ngO, dau Thu hoach Ilia Mittig com mdi dd'n nam canh tdc hp lai bd di phdt, ddt chd khdc lam nuong m d , va din ndm sau hp m d quay Iai, day la hinh thttc ludn canh phd biln cua nhihig tdc ngud an nuong fuy nhidn, nhiing nam gdn day, vide luan canh da bj ban chl nhilu, phdn vi quy ddt da bj thu hep, phdn vi Nha nudc da khdng cho khai thac, chat pha rimg ttdn lan di lam nuong rdy Dilu dl nhan thdy di thyc dia tai Nam Ban la chung tdi It thdy cd nhttng caiih riiig Nghien aiu Phat triin bin vOng si (36) - Thing 9/2012 NguySn Vdn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Mang d Viet Nam gid, chi ydu rttng da bi ddt lam nuong va chi cdn lai nhttng khu cidi cd gianh, cay thdp, rimg non, ritng m d tai sinh Kit qua lao ddng san xudt cua hp la dya hodn todn vao ty nhidn, dupc mua hay mdt mia la trd, ddt, ndng, mua quyet dinh, vay, vd ky thuat lac hau, dilu kidn canh tdc khd cdn ndn nang xudt, chdt lupng cia cac Ioai cdy luong thyc khdng cao, san lupng thu hoach bdp bdnh Ngud Mang d Nam Ban vdn phai chju ddi ttt din thdng nam (tinh td Nha nudc va tinh chua cd nhung chuong trinh hd ttp gao) Ngodi lua nuong ngudi Mang cdn ttdng thdm cdc loai cdy ci, qua khac nhu Dua, BI, Du di, Khoai sp, Ddu tuong, thu hoach xong hp thudng dl cac ndng san dd d ngoai lan va gui vl nha di sft dung ddn cudc sdng hdng cia ho Vdi quan nidm "van vat bun linh" ndn ngudi Mang cd nhilu dilu kidng ky, thd cung Udn quan tdi vide lam nuong rdy Hp dac bidt tdn sung Hoang (Ma Chuc) va dupc gpi la me lua Truyin thuylt ke lai rang ngttd Mang khdng bilt lam lua nuong va chlnh Hodng da day cho hp (xin dupc trinh bay ky d chuydn khao khac), vi vay ngud Mang rdt tdn trpng va khdng bao gid an thjt Hoang Nhfltig tin ngudng va phong tuc Udn quan t d vide lam nuong rdy cia ngudi Mang phan anh kha sinh ddng d d sdng cia tdc ngud dn nuong nhu.ld cung hdn lua (tung phgc nhdy ldm), cung com m d (xa xd ldm rudng), Trong qua trinh lam nuong, ngud Mang kidng ky nhdt la khdng dupc chat pha thtt cay ddc, hp gpi la "cay ma" (Pa Ldng Nodng) ddy la Ioai cdy cd nhya ddc, neu bdn vao mdt se mi, hode chit ngudi, trudc ddy ngud Mang thttdng dung nhya cdy tdm vao tdn bdn ding cho cac cudc di san Cdng vide thu hoach nttong rdy chu yd'u ngud phu ntt gdnh vdc, ngudi dan dng chi hd trp chtt khdng tryc tid'p tham gia vao qua trinh thu hdi, ddc bidt la cac nghi Id lidn quan t d vide thu hoach mua mang nhu Id cung hdn lua (tung phgc nhuy Idm), cung com m d (xa xd ldm rudng), cung chtta bdnh cho lua, 2.1.5 Lua nudc Kinh t l ttuyin thdng cua tdc ngud khdng trdng lua nudc, gdn day, nhan duac su hd trp cia can bd khuydn ndng, va hpc tap dupc each lam rudng nudc cia cdc tdc ngudi cdn cu, mdt sd gia dinh ngud Mang d Nam O, Nam Ndl, Nam Nd da budc ddu ldm mOng bac thang Khi lam lua nudc, ngud Mang da bidt sft dyng ttau, bd dl cay btta, song chu ylu vdn dung cudc lam cdng cu chlnh cho vide san xudt Tuy nhidn, vd nhilu ban chl ve ky thuat ndn nang sudt cflng chua cao, thdm ntta Id, ngud Mang d day thudng khai phd rudng nudc d nhttng bai bdi nhd ven sudi gium bai va gium d lung ndn thudng xuydn bi nudc lfl lam ngap hoac cudn trdi, anh hudng tryc tid'p t d mia vu cia ba Song phai nhin nhan rdng, vide chuyin ddi tu ttt chd chi thudn canh tac nuong rdy dan sang canh tdc lua nudc la mdt budc tiln quan trpng cia tdc ngud san xudt ndng nghidp, dam bao luong thyc sinh boat Day m d chi la budc ddu chuyin ddi ndn cdn nhilu ban chl, nhung chung ta cdn nhin nhan rang, nd la bieu hidn tich eye cia vide djnh canh djnh cu dd'i vd ngud Mang d Nam Ban ndi ridng va tdc ngud Mang ndi chung 2.1.6 Mgt sd'logi edy trdng khdc Bdn canh nhttng cay luong thyc chi dao nhu lua, ngd, sdn, thi ngud Mang cdn trdng thdm mdt sd cay khac nhu: Lua te (Lam ca du), lua nep (Lam hd), ngd te (Poeng meo), ngd nip (Poeng xodm), dau tuong (Pnde), sdn (Dd ho), hi dd (Pdc Igu), hi dao (Pdc plod), khoai sp (Dd hu), thudc lao (Pldng can mdng), 2.2 Chdn nudi Chan nudi la cdng vide cd tdm quan trpng va mang nhilu y nghla vd ngud Mang Tdc ngud Mang d ddy thudng chan nudi mdt sd loai gia sue, gia cam nhu trau, ga, Ipn, bd, de, chd Ngoai vide sft dung lam thttc an hang cdn di lam vat t l Id va ddi cd trao ddi vd ddng bao vung Vide dung vat te Id dyoc thi hidn kha rd cac budi hanh II ca trudc day va bay gid vdn didn Nhu ll cung com md, cung nuong, cud, hdi, tang ma, dac bidt ta thdy rd thdng qua huyen thoai dupc luu truyin cfta ngud Mang vl Nghiin aiu Phit trien bin vihig, si (36) • Thing 9/2012 gs NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Ming d Vidt Nam ngud ti trudng dung cam Ly Po Gia da md trdu lam Id t l trd ddt, cdu xin nudc udng cho qudn linh bj giac vay ham V d cac tdc ngudj khdc nhu HMdng, Ha Nhi, Thai, thi vat nudi dupc coi la vat cd gid tri gia dinh, nhu ngud HMdng gdn nhu nha nao cflng phai cd Bd de ldy stte keo (Cdy Nuong) V d ngud Mang, hp khdng dung trau bd dl ldy stte keo, ma chi coi dd la hang hda, cac loai gia sue, gia cdm thudng dupc chan nudi ty do, khdng chudng trai, khdng chan ddt, khdng tidm phdng, va kit qua la dan gia sue kem phdt triln BANG 3: Sd lupng dan gia sue, gia cdm cua xa Nam Ban^ SU Gia sue, gia cam So luong Trau 59 B6 102 Ngua 108 De 133 Lon 207 Giacfai 2831 Ghi chu , — Trong dd, sd hd cd chdn nudi dai gia sue chu ylu la cdc hd ngud Mdng, Thai va cd t d 157 hd xa khdng cd Trdu Bd, sd da sd hd la ngud Mang 2.3 Sdn bdn, hdi lugm, ddnh bdt Ngud Mang d Nam Ban cung nhu cac tdc ngud sdng ttong riimg khdc thi vide san bdn, hai lupm, ddnh bat cia hp Id vide lam khdng thi thilu Tuy mdi tdc ngud cd phuong thttc ridng, cdng cy ridng nhdm dat dupc muc dich cia minh va cai thidn cho chlnh btta an cia hp, cho tinh thdn cdng ddng lang ban va gdn kit hp vd thdn linh, ta nhidn Hp khai thdc ngudn Ipi ttt thidn nhidn ngoai vide ddp utig cho nhu cdu cudc sd'ng cia hp ma cdn dem ttao ddi vd tdc ngttd khac, nhdm khac dl cd dupc nhttng nhu ylu phdm ma dd khdng phai la thi manh khai thdc cia hp 2.3.1 Sdn bdn Vide san ban vd ngudi ddn ban la khd quan ttpng, ngoai vide hp se thu dupc ngudn Ipi tryc tid'p ttt san phdm ma hp san bdn dupc, Ngoai vide san bdn cdn giup hp bao m vd dupc nuong rdy, mua mdng, ttdnh dupc phdn nao su phd hoai cia thu rihig Ngud Mang thudng td chttc di san ngud tham tri la din ngud Ngud Mang d Nam , Nam Nd 1, Nam Nd ddi cdn di vd ca ngud HMdng Nam Vang, Chung Chai Khi hdi thi dupc tta Id la " ngudi H'Mdng co chd khdn " Nhu vay, san bin cung khdng phai la thi manh vupt trdi cia ngud Mang Mia san bdn thudng dupc td chttc vao ddu xuan cd ndng dm va day cung Id luc ranh rdi mua mang hp da thu xong Trong qua trinh san bdn nhimg thu, chim san dupc cd the thudn dudng lam vat nudi cflng cd thi lam vat trao ddi va lam thyc phdm Ngud Mang sft dyng cdc loai vu cdn mang dam nit so khai, vu ty tao va It c6 sung san (sung kip) Cdc Ioai vu ty tao nhu cdy lao, nd bdn tdn, bdn dd, bdy up, bdy sap, bay thdng Ipng, bay ldng, bdy treo, bdy hd', V d nhutig loai thu dtt to, hp thudng dung bdy hd dl bat hoac bdn tdn cd tdm thudc ddc Vide san ban cflng phai cd kinh nghidm ho thudng xem rdt ky dudng di lai cia thu, ngdi rinh trai hudng gid trdnh hi thu phat hidn thdy h d ngud Khi lam bdy xong hp thudng ding Ifta dd't xung quanh di tat hit hd ngud Khi thu xudt hidn thi hp se nhanh chdng lam cac thao tac bdt, gitt thii Khi cudc san kd't thuc thi hp se tdp trung an udng (vd vide sdn tdp thi) va cd thi chia cho mpi ngud ban din cung chia vui An xong hp ldy phdn xuong ddu cia cdc thu to nhu Khi, Sdc, Cdy, Cd chidn, ldy lat xdu lai vd treo ldn mai nha chd gian khdch Lam nhu vay hp tin la se may mdn bdt dupc nhilu thu d Idn sau 2.3.2 Hdi lugm Sdng gitta nui rttng, vdi nhttng dac thu cia dia ban cu tru thi vide hai lupm la rdt quan trpng v d ngudi Mang d day, cung gidng nhu cdc tdc ngud khdc sdng chung dilu kidn Ngudi Mang ludn Idy ngudn Ipi thidn nhidn Sd lieu xa Nam Ban cung c^p tinh din hit nam 2007 Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vOng, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Ming d Vidt Nam ldm thttc an chlnh cho minh Cd thi vide lam nuong rdy Id phdn quan ttpng dl bao dam luong thyc cho gia dinh thi hai lupm dem lai cho hp sy an toan vl thyc phdm ttong btta an Hp thudng vao rttng hai cdc loai cay rau qua nhu Tam Thdt, Thao qua, Sa nhan, Nim Huong, Mdc nhi, Mang rttng, rau Xdng, day cung la nhflng loai thudc dung di chiia bdnh md ngud Mdng thu dupc ttt thidn nhidn Sdng cttng cdc loai cay, qua ndn hp rdt hiiu chu ky sinh trudng cia cdc loai cdy rau qua va cdy Idm thudc Hp ndm bdt kha chmh xdc thd gian thu hdi cac load, vd hp cdn bilt each tdy ddc cho mdt «d Ioai rau, qua nhdm chl^ biln cho btta an cia rninh Ngoai vide hai lupm, ngud Mang cdn ttdng cdc Ioai rau qua trdn nuong rdy, hp ttdng theo mua vu nhu bl ngd, bl xanh, khoai sp, dl cai thidn btta an cia gia dinh, song dd chi mang tinh bd ttp, cdn cac Ioai hoa qud chlnh btta an cua hp cho t d vdn Id cdc Ioai rau riing 2.3.3 Ddnh Bdt Cd thi ndi rdng ngud Mang d Nam Ban dupc thidn nhidn uu dai vd hai ddng sudi chay qua Id Gium Bai va Gium d Ldng, vd ngudn ca ddi ddo quanh ndm Vide khai thdc tai nguydn thiy sdn vd ngud Mang cung la khd quan ttpng di cai thidn ngudn thyc phdm cho cudc sdng cia hp Bd phdn ngud Mang smh sdng d ving thdp (Mang Ld) thudng cu tiii canh cac sudi nhu ban Ndm , Ndm Nd 1, Ndm Nd 2, dja hinh ddc va nhilu chd ngoat ndn hai sudi ndy da tao nhilu vflng Idn va nd dy thudng cd nhilu cd Dung cu ddnh bdt cia ngud Mang cung kha don gian nhu Rp, Dd, Ld (ma dd) Xuc (ma chp), Chai (de) va ddi hp cdn ngup ldn bat cd bang tay Sud Gium Bai va Gium Lung ehdy qua Ndm Ban rdt nhilu ca, thudng la ca den vd cd trdng (theo each gpi cia ddng bao), ddnh bdt dupc nhilu hp thudng phd khd di ding gdp luc khdng thudn lpi vl thd tilt, hode dem bdn ttao ddi hang hda Ca trdng It hon vd khd bdt hon ndn bdt dupc hp thudng di danh Idm vdt cung II, hoac dd tiiach cud Dya vdo kinh nghidm, sy hiiu bilt va cac quy ludt ty nhidn, thd gian vd dac diim sdng, hp hiiu kha rd thd ky sinh de cia cdc Ioai cd, tdm, ttdn co sd dd hp thudng ddnh bat rdt hidu qua Qua cac boat ddng San ban hai lupm ddnh bdt da tao cho cu dan Mang d day ngudn tiiyc phdm kha ddi dao, phong phtt ^io la ngudn thyc phdm chinh ttong nln kuih t l ty cdp ty tuc cia tdc ngud Mang ndi chung va ngud Mang d Nam Ban ndi ridng Tuy nhidn, cdn thdy rang, each khai thdc ty nhidn cia ngud Mang ludn mang tinh ehilm doat chi chua cd 5^ thttc ve vide khai thac bin vttng ti: nhidn 2.4 Nghi thu cdng truyin thdng cua nguoi Mdng dNdm Ban Trong qua trinh nghidn cttu va khao sdt thyc dia tai Ndm Ban, chung tdi da thu thdp dupc khd nhilu ctt Udu di cd dupc cdi nhin tdng thi vl ngud Mang Ngud Mang rdt kem ttong nhilu nghl thi cdng ndi chung nhu nghl ddt vai, mdc, ren die, chi cd nghl dan lat la phat ttiln, ky nang cia hp la khd tinh xao, nd dupc thi hidn qua nhung hoa van ttdn cac san phdm s i dung bang 2.4.1 Nghe dit vdi Nghl ddt vai cia tdc ngud Mang d Nam Ban ndi ridng va d Lai Chau ndi chung kem phat triln Ky nang ddt, cdng cy ddt vai cung rdt thd so, cdng vide chi didn nhd le vd dudng nhu hp khdng coi vide ddt vai, khdu ttang phuc la cdn thilt, hp chi ddt nhihig milng vai rdt nhd thudng thi khoang 25 din 30 cm ding di may ttti la chi ylu Dung cy ddt cflng nhu hinh thttc ddt khd thd so, mdi ddt hp thudng ding mdt doan gd hoac tre, ntta to bdng chudi dao budc vao trudc bung, ddu cac spi ddy ddt dupc budc vdo ddu dng dd, cdn ddu budc vao gdc cdy, cdt nha, cac spi vai ddt ngang dupc mdt chile thoi nhd dua qua va ludn Iai qua cac khe cia spi dpc theo hai nhd da dan cai san d phdn spi dpc V d each lam thd so va khdng cd sy hd trp nao cua khung efti hay phuong tidn gi khdc, ndn cdc san phdm ddt cua hp chi la nhflng tim vai nhd, dung di ttang tri trang phuc, may tui nhd, qudn ao cd be, gdi cd nhdn Cdng vide keo dai t d tdn hdm Tdt ca trang phyc, qudn do, chan ddm, hp thudng sft dung ndng san, thuy san, cdc san phdm ttt dan lat de ttao ddi vd cac tdc ngud khac vung Nghiin aiu Phit triin bin vihig, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Ming d Vidt Nam 2.4.2 Nghe mdc Nghl mdc cia ngud Mang cdn kim phdt triin hon nghl ddt cia'hp Dilu dd ta cd thi thdy rd qua vide lam nha hay ddng cac dd dac nhd, lam quan tai cho ngud chit, tdt ca dlu dupc lam khd so sai Quan tai cia hp dupc lam ttt mdt cdy to dai khoang 2m, hp dung riu di chat cay va chpn doan nao dep nhdt (thudng la doan gdc) ding nu deo, chat, due, cho rdng cay dl cho ngud chit vao, d day ta khdng gap bdt ky ky thuat lam mdc nao ddng kl Lam nha la cdng vide ldn ttong bdt ky gia dinh ndo, hp thudng chpn lya kha cdn than nhflng nguydn Udu cho ngdi nha cia hp Nhung vd ngud Mang ddi nha cia ho cflng kha don gian, ky thuat cua nghl mdc cflng khdng xudt hidn rd net cac cdng ttinh 2.4.3 Nghe ren due Cd thi ndi rang nghl ren due cia ngud Mang chua hinh thanh, ca nam ban cia xa Nam Ban thi khdng cd ban ndo cd ngud bilt lam nghl Cac ndng cu va dyng cu sft dung hang dlu mua cia cac tdc ngud khac hoac gdn day nhilu du an cia Nha nudc, tinh, huydn cdp miln phi cho hp V d tdc ngud Mang thi nghl ren due la kem nhdt song ddi Iai hp lai khd tai hoa ttong nghl dan lat 2.4.4 Nghe dan Idt Cic nghl thi cdng khac cia hp kem bao nhidu thi nghl dan lat cia hp Iai phat ttiln bdy nhidu Nghl dan lat cia hp da dat t d trinh dd tinh xao, vd ban tay kheo leo va kinh nghidm dupc trao ttuyin qua nhilu thi hd ma cdc san phdm ttt dan lat cia hp da trd san phdm dem ttao ddi vd cac tdc ngud khac, da dang vl mdu ma kilu dang, hoa van ty mi, cdc san phdm dan cia ngud Mang da chinh phuc dupc cdc tdc ngud anh em va dupc hp chdp nhdn Nd ddy ttt ngud gia t d tte, ttai, gdi cflng bilt dan Idt Nguydn lidu cia nghl dupc Idy ttt rimg gdm cac Ioai tte, ntta, mdy, rimg d Ndm Ban khd phong phu vl nhung Ioai nguydn Udu hon ntta cdc san phdm ttt dan Idt cia hp cung thuc ddy qud trinh ttao ddi, mua ban vd tdc ngud khac San phdm ttt dan Idt cua ngudi Mang rd't phong phu, da dang, nhu cai Bem (Pd Ong) di dyng qudn do, cai Mam ding dl an com, cdi Ta (Pd), Gid (Lap) dyng com, dyng kim chi, Chilu ndm Met, Sang, Nong rdt dep, khio leo va bin day chinh la uu dilm vupt ttdi cia dd thu cdng may tte ngud Mang Ngoai ra, hp cdn dan nhihig dung cu dl ddnh bdt cd nhu Rp, Dd, Ld, qua dd, cd thi thdy dupc sy da dang ttong san phdn cia tdc ngud Nghl dan lat la thi manh cia ngud Mang qua thyc t l nd da dem lai nhttng ngudn lpi ddng kl cho hp Nd'u bilt khai thac td't va nhan dupc sy djnh hudng, quan tam cia huydn, tinh phdt trien lang nghe truyin thd'ng thi rdt cd thi ngud Mang se thoat khdi tinh ttang kem phat triln kinh t l nhu hidn nay, dua nghl dan lat cia ngud Mang ttd nilm ty hao cia hp nhu nghl ren due cia ngud Mdng, ddt thd cdm cia ngud Thdi gdp phdn tao thu nhdp cho ngud dan, tao thdm cdc san phdm tmyln thdng cia khu vyc Tay Bdc Ket ludn va kie'n nghj nhdm da dang sinh ke' ciia ngud Mang hudng t d phdt trien ben viimg Ngud Mang d xa Nam Ban, huydn Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau cd mdt hd thd'ng tri thttc dia phuong phong phu vl khai thdc, sft dung va quan Iy cdc ngudn tai nguydn Nhung kiln thttc da phdt huy hidu qua xa hdi truyin thd'ng va dem Iai mdt sd Ipi Ich nhdt dinh cho d d sd'ng hidn tai cia ngud dan Tuy nhidn, ngud dan tai day nhin chung cdn gap nhilu khd khan ttong ddi sdng kinh tl, dac bidt la vide khai thac va phdt huy ndi lyc, sft dung tdi dja nhutig Ipi Ich, the manh cia tri thttc dja phuong dl phat triin kinh t l gdp phdn gin gitt cac gid tri truyen thdng, tao ndn sy kit hpp hai hda gitta ky thuat hidn dai vd phuong phdp cd truyin, tang chat Iupng cudc sdng cia ngud ddn bang each cing cd va da dang cdc ngudn sinh k l hidn tai, cd vay, d d sdng ngud dan tai ddy m d dupc cai thidn theo hudng mdt td't hon - Tang cudng giao dye tuydn truyin dl ngud dan hilu, ndm vflng cdc chi truong, kl hoach phdt ttiin kinh te - xa hdi cia Dang va Nha nudc, ttt dd, gia tang sy ung hd cia ngud dan ddi vd nhflng chuong trinh nay, dac bidt la cdc chuong ttinh phat triln kinh t l xa hdi Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vitng, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Mang d Viet Nam Ddng thd, dam bao sy tham gia tich eye cia ngud dan vao qud trinh phat triln chung Ttt dd, khai thdc cac thi manh cia dja phuong, kit hpp vd cac chlnh sach uu dai cia Nha nudc dl tang cudng san xudt va da dang hda cdc phuong thttc san xudt - Ddy manh cdng tac nghidn cttu co ban, thdng kd dung, d i va chinh xac cdc ngudn sinh kl cia ngud ddn n d day, ttt dd, dua nhttng k l hoach hd trp ngdn ban va dai ban phi hpp vd hiiu bilt va tdp tyc canh tac truyin thdng cia ba con, bdn canh dd, ddn ddn tttng budc dua khoa hpc va ky thuat vao san xudt nhdm tang nang xudt cdy ttdng vat nudi - Td chttc cac dpt tap hudn, hpc hdi kinh nghidm cia cdc dia phuong khac, dac bidt Id vide xem xet va dp dyng cdc md hinh kinh t l da cdng vdo dia phuong Cdn bd khuyin ndng, khuyin ldm la ngud tryc tilp Idm vide vd ba vdi phuong cham "cdm tay chi vide", ttdnh vide ndi khdng cd thyc tiln lam ngud dan khdng hilu, khdng biet phai thyc hidn thi nao cho dung - Khuydn khich ngud dan chuyin ddi md hinh kinh t l nuong rdy sang kinh t l vudn ddi, ttdng cdc Ioai cay lau nam cho hidu qua kinh t l cao d nhttng n d It cd thi manh dl trdng lua, ddng thd, hudng ddn ngud dan vl ky thuat vd tidu thy ndng san sau thu hoach, khdng chi don thudn la lam rdy nhu trudc day - Phdt triln kinh t l hd gia dinh, d nhttng nd cd thi ddp bd ao (nhu doan cudi ban Nam Nd 2), cho tiln hanh vide khai thdc thdnh ao nudi ca, da dang thdm cdc ngudn thu nhdp cho cdc hd gia dinh - Phdt triin thuong mai, hidn nay, d ca ndm ban ngud Mang chi cd mdt hd ngud Kinh cd cfta hang budn ban nhd Cac hd cd kha ndng cd thi md cfta hang nhd di ban cdc mdt hdng tidu ding va thu mua cdc loai ndng san, giup cho ngud ddn bdt dupc vide phai di xa dl tidu thu ndng san Ngudn vd'n cd thi vay ttt Ngdn hang chinh sach Ddc bidt, Nha nudc, tinh phai cd chinh sach thdng tin uu dai ddi vd dja bdn Cu thi, cdn cho hp thdng tin vi gii ndng san, nd tidu thu ndng san, n d cung cdp cac nhu ylu phdm, n d tidu thu cac mat hang ma hp cd the lam nhu cac san phdm ttt dan lat, tham chl cd thi bao tidu mdt sd mat hang dl kich thich phdt triln - Phdt huy thi manh cua nghl dan, xay dyng lang nghl, hoac chl It cun^ la td nghl (cd thi dat co sd tai ban Nam O hoac Nam Nd 1, vi day la hai dilm thuan Ipi hon so vd cac dilm cdn lai cia xa) dl phdt huy hit nhflng gid tri truyin thd'ng, bien cac san phdm thi cdng thdnh hang hda phuc vu rdng rai d d sdng ngud ddn tai tinh vd cd the la cdc tinh ban, tao cdng an vide lam cho ddng bao Mang, tttng budc nang cao d d sdng gia dinh - Td chttc md hinh quan ly va khai thdc tai nguydn rimg dya vao cdng ddng, day la md hinh cd tac dung thuc tidn Md hinh mdt mat tan dyng ngudn nhan lyc dja phuong dl quan ly ring, mat khdc nang cao nhan thttc cia ngudi dan vl lpi Ich bao vd tai nguydn rttng vtta tao co hdi cho hp cd the khai thdc nhiing ngudn lpi ttt rttng pham vi cho phep, tao dupc thu nhap chlnh dang Qua dd, giup hp gdn bd vd rttng, vdi lang ban vdi vung bidn cia td qud'c./ TAI LifiU THAM KHAO Mac Dinh DT, Chau H6ng Thuy, Ly A San (1985), Truyen co Mdng, Nxb Van Hoa, Ha NOi Nguyen Trie DT (1972), DSng bdo cdc ddn tpc thieu sd Viet Nam (NguSn gd'c vd phong tuc), Nxb Sai Gon Khdng Diln (1995), Ddn sd vd ddn sd tpc ngudi d Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hOi, Ha NOi Ngoc Hai (2003), Bdn sdc vdn hod ddn tpc Mdng Nxb Van hoa dan tOc, Ha NOi Vien Dan tOc hoc (1979), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi d Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha NOi NgO Dttc Thinh (1974), Qud trinh tan rd gia dinh Idn cia ngudi Mdng hien imy, Dan tOc hpc (2), tt 53- 64, Ha NOi NgO Dttc Thinh (2004), Vdn hda vung vd phdn vdng vdn hda d Viet Nam, Nxb Van hOa, Ha NOi Nghiin aiu Phit triin bin vQng, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 ... Thing - Sinh kecda ngudi Ming d Viet Nam BANG 1: Ty le tang trudng dan sd cua tdc ngudi Mang giai doan 1969 - 2009 Dan vi tinh: Ngudi j • Dan so _ Nam 1969 3133.0 2434.0 2247.0 •Jam 1979 Nam 1989... Ngud Mang thudng td chttc di san ngud tham tri la din ngud Ngud Mang d Nam , Nam Nd 1, Nam Nd ddi cdn di vd ca ngud HMdng Nam Vang, Chung Chai Khi hdi thi dupc tta Id la " ngudi H'Mdng co chd... Ipi thidn nhidn Sd lieu xa Nam Ban cung c^p tinh din hit nam 2007 Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vOng, si (36) - Thing 9/2012 NguySn VSn Thing - Sinh kecQa ngudi Ming d Vidt Nam ldm thttc an chlnh cho