Hoi D i a ly Viet N a m Dai hoc T h a i Nguyen K H A N A N G T I ^ P CAN TAI SAN SINH K E CUA H Q N O N G DAN K H M E R V U N G VEN DO T R O N G C H I E N L l / p C SINH K E BEN V I T N G : TRUcnsiG H O P TAI QUAN M O N - TP CAN THO T r a a n g Thj Kim C h u y e n ' , H o Kim Tin Abstract This study describes the niral-urban linkages and sustainable livelihood strategies of Khmer fanii households in the context of rapid urbanization of Can Tho city Oman district is about 21 km away from center qfCantho City This district has 1.072 Khmer households and in which about 50 percent of the total households are poor and marginal poor This paper aims to analysis the livelihood assets of Khmer farm households and livelihood strategies in context of peri-urban region The data for my study was gathered from some PRA tools through focus group meetings and discussions- such as Venn diagram, resource maps social maps, seasonal calendars, historical profiles, time lines ; deep interviews (including some Khmer households and local government), questionaire (120 Khmer households with the different economic groups at two ward Chau Van Liem and Truong Lac) and was cross-checked through field observations and secondary data in the form of relevant studies and reports This Sustainable Ln>elihood Framework shows how, in different contexts Khmer farm households access to multi-level capitals for sustainable livelihood Through a case study ofO Mon district Can Tho city, this framework examined the challenges for Khmer farm households m pen-urban regions tn the future Keywords: sustainable livelihood; livelihood strategies; livelihood assets, pen-urban region I.GlOlTHIEU Ngheo v i n g h e o kinh nien d cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd, tiong dd cd dan tdc Khm^^r, da la van d i dang quan nggi sau Bdo cdo ddi ngheo cua Ngdn hdng Thi Gidi vao ndm 2012 Mac du, dan tpc thiiu sd d Viet N a m chi e h i i m k h o i n g % n h u n g ty Ie ngheo p h i n i n h mire sdng nam 2010 igi chiem h a n 6 % tiong tong dan so dan tdc thieu sd^ Vi vgy, de hudng den myc tieu v i sinh k i ben viing cho ngudi K h m e r l i m d t thach thiic lau d i i bdi sinh ke chinh eua hp hien van la s i n xuat nong nghiep Tuy nhien, tinh trgng khdng dat s i n xuat dang gia tang tiong bdi c i n h m d rpng dd thi va qua trinh cdng nghiep h o a d a tgo t h e m su cang t h i n g tiong smh k i cua cac hd ndng dan Khmer tgi c i c viing ven dd^ Toe dp dd thj h o a nhanh da gay nen n h u n g i p luc dang ke cho vung ven dd ciia Can T h o sau quyit dinh nang Ien dd thj logi I true thupc Trung u o n g cua Chinh p h i v i o nam 2009 Qugn O Mdn each trang t a m 21km I i m p t nhiing quan cd mgt dp dan sd t u o n g ddi cao, 1.039 ngudi/kin2, v i cd nhirng bieu hien k h a ro net ciia vung ven Vdi dan so dong b a o dan tdc K h m e r 4.985 ngudi, chiem ty le 3,77 % dan sd; sinh sdng dan xen 111 phudng Hien toan qugn cd 392 hd ngheo ddng b a o dan tpc thieu sd thi hp ngheo K h m e r da chiem 386 hd, c h i i m ty I? 36 % tdng so hp Khmer N g o i i sd hd K h m e r cgn ngheo hipn cdn 168 hd'' Mgc dii, hp K h m e r d qugn O Khoa Dia Ly, Tradng Dgi hpc KHXH v i NV TP.HCM Ngan hing The gjdi, 2012, Bao cio D i n h g i i Ngheo Vigt Nam: Khdi d i u tdt, nhung chua phii da hoan thanh: Thinh tyu an mpng ciia Vigt Nam giira nghgo v i nhihig thich thirc mdi, trang ii Vimg ven (peri-uiban) dupc sii dyng nhieu cic tii hgu hpc thuit gin day tir cac nha nghien cim vi thi Ii6a Viing ven mang y nghia la "khu vyc qua dp, hogc giao thoa, li noi cac hogt dpng '."jng thj v i nong thon diln dan xen nhau, v i nhiing net dgc trung ciia khu vyc bien ddi nhanh chong tic dgng •cua ngudi".- Hogc-^^vung ven n i m ngoii ranh gidi v i phgm vi thj chinh thuc dang qua tiinh thj hoi, dd ngiy cing tiep nhgn nhieu die diem cOa khu vyc thi" "Do thj hoa viing ven do" mot cich chinh xic ban d i chi sy song hanh va tipn Ian giiia thj va nong thon, him chi tiem nang xuat hign cic hinh thuc hoin toin mdi c i a sy tuong tic x i hpi, kinh ti v i moi tnrdng [Trich Miceal Leaf, 2008 "Nhiing bign gidi dd thi mdi: q u i trinh thj h o i vimg ven v i (tai) lanh thd hoi is D N A " , K J yeu hdi tiiio qudc te Vigt Nam hoc lin thii ba, tiiu ban Do tiu v i tiij hoi, H i Npi.] UBND Q u i n Mdn, Bao cao K i t q u i thyc hign Quyit dinh 74/2008/QD -TTg cua Thii tudng Chinh phii ve niQt sd chinh sach h5 trp giii quyit dat d, dit s i n xuat va giii quyet vigc l i m cho dong b i o dan tdc thieu •jgjghgo, ddi sdng khd khin vimg ddng bing song Ciiu Long giai dogn 2008-2010 tren dja ban qugn M a ~ Kpyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd Hgi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hpc Thii Nm Mdn van cdn gin bd vdi nghe ndng nhung cung dang qua trinh chuyen dich manh mc s S hogt ddng phi ndng nghiep Dd thi hoi vLing ven dd tao nen nhiing thach thiic ciing nhu ca hpi dc chuy en ddi loai hij sinh kg, luy nhien, hd ndng dan Khmer cd nhimg dgc thii dan tdc rieng nen each thiic va khanjl^ tiep can tai san sinh kc, ciing nhu cac y cu td can trd cung cd die diem khac bict nhat dinh Dieu t\Q doi hoi cac chinh sach ho tro ciing can bim sat vao nhung dae thii di dgt dupc cong hijti' Do vay, bai viet niy se nhin mgnh den (i) nhiing rao can tigp can cac tai sin sinh ke (von coil ngudi, vdn xa hdi, vdn vat chat, vdn tai chinh, von ty nhign) cua hd ndng dan Khmer bdi canli biin ddi nhanh ciia vimg ven dd, (ii) kien nghi mdt sd giai phap xay dung chiin lupc sbhk^ bin viing cho hd ndng dan Khmer tuong lai PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUlI Dia bin nghien cim Dia ban nghien ciiu dupc chpn la phudng cd ddng dio hd ndng dan Khmer smh sdngtM trang lau ddi, phudng Chau Van Ligm (CVL) va phudng Tradng Lgc (TL), Phudng CVL liquar ly cua quan Mdn, npi cd mat dp dan so tip trang cao nhit ciia quan, 633 ngudi/km^ Day cun? dia ban cd hogt ddng kinh te phi ndng nghiep li chu dao, Phudng TL cd dien tich g ^ ddi nhimj mat dp dan sd khdng cao, chi 682 ngudi/km^, vdi hoat dpng kinh ti chinh van la ndng nglii$p Thinh phan dan tdc chinh cua phudng la Kinh, Khmer va Hoa Phudng CVL cd 752 hd vdi 53( nhan khiu ngudi Khmer, chiem 15,1% dan so toan phudng Phudng TL hien cd 191 hp vdi 87! THAI™ PHO CAWTHd Quan O Mon So dd dia bdn nghiin cuu Qudn Mdn TP Cdn Tha [Ngudn: Sd TNMT Cdn Tha, 2012] nhan khiu.' Neu nhu ngudi Khmer d phudng TL chu yiu van sinh sdng bing nghi ndng thi nguoi Khmer d phudng CVL da cd nhung chuyen djch dang ki sang budn ban nhd, lim thue Nhin ehung ddi sdng ciia hd ndng dan Khmer d phudng cdn khd khan, nhieu ngudi mil chii va khdng cd tu lieu sin xuat Nhung^ biin ddng tiong qua trinh dd tiij hoi nhanh da lim cho nhieu hp ndng dan Khmer khdng cdn dat sai xuit Mpt sd ngudi sd hiru dat ndng nghiep noi khac haac thug mudn dat Ben cgnh dd, viec tiiieu ving lap dpng nhieu tiianh nign Iam vipc d cac xi nghiep xung quanh dja bin j hogc d eac tinh miin Ddng Nam Bd da gay nen nhiing khd khan khdng nhd din vi^c tri sin xuat ndng nghipp d vung ven dd niy Ca^so ligu niy dupc tdng hpp mdi nhit tu Thdng ke ciia Ban Dan Tpc qugn Mon, nim 2012 _ Kp yeu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc D{a Iptodn qudc ldn tha Hpi Dia ly Vigt Nam Bai hoc Thai Nguyen Phuang phdp thu thgp vd xii- li da lieu Tren ca sd cich tiip cin sinh ke ben virng (Sustainable Livelihoods Approach-SLA) va khung Phan tich sinh ke ben vung (Sustainable Livelihoods Framework-SLF)', cac dii lieu ciia nghien ciru dupc thu thap tir cac hp ndng dan Khmer, can bp quan li dja phuong bing cic phuang phip khac Dinh gia ndng thdn cd sy tham gia (Participatory mral ^praisal-PRA) bang cac cudc thao luan nhdm vdi mdt sd cdng cu nhu sa Venn, so dd di Igi, ban tii nguyen, lieh thdi vy, bang phan edng lao dpng theo gidi, Phuang phap dieu tra Bing hdi dupc thyc hien tign 120 hd ndng dan Khmer d phudng, theo each chpn mau ngau nhien phan tang dya trgn thdng tin ve hp ngheo, hp cd dit va khdng dit sin xuat ^ Phuang phap phong van sau ddi vdi cic can bd quan Iy cd lien quan va mdt sd tradng hpp hp ndng dan Khmer tigu bigu, Bgn cgnh do, bai viet ciing su dung nhigu dii lieu thii cap tir nhieu ngudn khic nhu cic bao eio cua dja phuang, du Ii?u thong ke v i nhigu nghien ciru ve ngudi Khmer da dupc cdng bd Cic du lipu thu thgp dupc tir cudc dieu tra bang hdi se duac xu ly md ta va so sinh bang phan mem SPSS 11.5 dg khai thic cac thdng tin khic tir cac nhdm hd ndng dan khac KET QUA VA T H A O LUAN 3.1 Thuc trang da dang sinh ke cic nhom ho nong dan Khmer Qua ket qui phin tieh cho thay, ddi sdng ciia cic hd ndng dan Khmer cdn nhigu khd khan, ke ci hp cd dit hay khdng cdn dat sin xuit Trong sd 38,6% hd khdng edn dat sin xuit, ngudn thu nhap ehinh ciia hp tir cdng viec lim thue bgn ngoai, v i nhan luang ngay, vi dy nhu bdc vac, budn ban hing, lim thue ndng nghipp theo mua v i 30,2% sd hd khdng cdn dit di thue mudn dat cua cac hd khac gin dja ban hoac xa dia ban dg tiep tyc canh tic Sd cdn Igi chuyen ban sang cac hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep Nhung hd khdng cdn dit vi ban lai, thi chip cho ngudi Kinh li chu yeu Trong cac hp cd dat, ngoai thu n h ^ chinh tir canh tic ndng nghi?p, thdi gian gin day ho van phai tim cich tang thu nhgp cho gia dinh tir cac vigc lim phi ndng Mdt dgc diem chung ciia cac c6ng viec phi ndng ciia cic ho ndng dan Khmer li cie edng vigc tay chan, c6 ngudn thu thip va rit b ^ bgrdi Ding chu y la rat nhieu hd cd dat san xuat nhung van nam dign hp ngheo Nhin chung, cic hp ndng dan Khmer cd the dupc xep vao loai ehinh^ tiong chiin lupc da d^uig sinh ke: hp thuan ndng, hp ket hpp ndng v i phi ndng, hd phi ndng Dang luu y la cac hd deu da dang smh ke, ke c i hd thuan ndng ciing da dgng cay trdng, vat nudi de tao thu nhgp, trinh riii ro mit miia Tren co sd nay, tdng sd 120 hd diiu tra, cd 30 hp thuan ndng, 76 hp ket hpp nong va phi ndng, v i 14 hp phi ndng Cd sy khic biet Idn chia theo phudng, phudng CVL khong cd hp nao thuan ndng Phudng TL cd xu hudng tri hogt ddng ndng nghiep, vdi hon 90% so hp Vdi VI tri la trung tam cua qugn, phudng CVL thugn Ipi hem vipc da dgng hoi cac hpat dpng sinh ki phi ndng nghiep Khi nang tiep cgn cac ngudn vdn sinh ki (livelihood assets) Sinh ki bin viing"* dupc xay dung dua tren nen ting phan tich ve vin de ngheo ddi cua k: Tham khao th&nv^SLFt^ web wwwdHdgovuk Nghifin ciiu nAy kh6ng dieu tra nhiing hO c6 ho^it dong kinh ti phi nong nghiep tii trudc 2005 • I ^ Oiuaa n6ng- 100% 36 lao dpng va thu nhap phu thuoc vio s ^ xuat ndng nghiep Tuy nhien h6 cung co the da ^dug sinh ke cky tr6ng vfit nuoi, ho|c cic s ^ phim ndng nghiip c6 lien quan B* I^n6ng nghiep + Phi NN:c6 lao ddng tham gia vao PNN vaNN,ho§cfliunh^ dya Irai nh6ni vile l a ^ %^ Hft {^ NN: tit c i lao d d n g d k tham gia vio PNN vd thu n b $ p h o ^ t o ^ dya yen v i l c l t o PNN Sinh k i ben vQng d^t doQC ngucri phat hiQ* dupc t i ^ n ^ dk td ste xuit v i |diiiong U|n kiem soi^, c6 tWiifing dmmg diu v& vugt qua &p lyc cting nhu cic thay doi bat ngir, khdng khai thic hole gay batloi cho mdi tntdi^ y ^ cho c4c sinh k^ khic, trfin C0 sd khong phi hiy nguon tai i^uyen thien nhiln d hien tai \i tuong lai" PTich tiJ ^ > f t / Hpi nghi Khoa hpc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd Hoi Dja Iy Vigt Nam Dai hoc Thai Ngu)^ Amartya Sen', tren ca sd cho rang ngudi dya vao nam loai ngudn vdn sinh kg dc giaml ughco va dam bao an mnh smh ki Trong bao cio gin day cua Ngan hang tiic gidi cung cho rgng I "sau tm cdt bit lai"" ciia ngudi dan tpc thieu sd cd Uen quan mat thiet vdi ngudn vdn sinh ki (v6n ngudi, vdn xa hdi, vdn tai chinh, von tu nhien va vdn vat chit) Chinh vi vay, phan tich thtic trang va nhiing rao can qu\cn tiep can cac nguon vdn na>' rat quan trpng dc cd nhiing chinh sach ho trp cd hieu qua vdn ngtrdi (human capital) vdn ngirdi rit quan trpng vi mang tinh quyet dinh de sir dyng hieu qua cac logi von kiiac, vdn ngudi dgi dien cho cac ky nang, kien thiic, kha nang siic khde ciia Iao ddng de theo dudi cac chien lupc sinh ke Sire khoe kem hogc thieu giio dye dupc xem la van dg cdt Idi ciia ddi ngheo Vdi 120 hp dieu tra cd 658 nhan khiu, dd cd 340 nhan khau dp tudi Iao dpng nhu vay co khoang mpt nua la dan sd phu thupc Xem xet sd thinh vicn hd gia dinh, tmng binh la 5,5 thinh vien/ hp, luc lupng Iao ddng tre dong Tuy nhien xem xet trinh hoc van, da phin chu hd trinh dp dudi tieu hpc, chiem 83,5%, v i cd 15,0% sd dd mii chii Neu nhu ngudi Kinh mil ehii thi chi khdng biet doc va viet tieng Viet, cdn ngudi Khmer mii chir trang khio sat dupe xem la mii chii ci tiing Viet va tieng Khmer Day la hgn chi rit idn de hp tiep can dupc cic tii sin smh ke vi da phan cic ky nang vg vice lam v i cac thdng tm thi trudng hi^n gan nhu chi bien bang tieng Vi?t Mdt so it cd tieng Khmer nhung ciing ddi hdi phii co nang dpc - hiiu Diiu anh hudng nghiem trpng den nang giao ticp vdi cpng ddng rpng hon ben ngoii, nhat Ii vdi chinh quyen va cac td chuc chinh thiic Tuy phudng CVL cd tradng Dan tpc npi tni ddng tren dia ban nhung qua khao sat cho thay rit it hd cho em hoc d tradng nay, cho dii du ed mien hpc phi va phy cip hing thing Dieu cho thiy rang vj tri ciia co sd giao dye gan noi d chua phii li yeu td quyet dmh de cii thien tinh trgng hpc vin ciia tre em ngudi Khmer Theo ly giii cua can bp phuang thi da phan cac hp cho em di lim thug mudn d chp O Mdn tir dp tudi rat nhd, hp khdng xem vi?c hpc li quan trpng Viec dau tu chp em dupe di hpc, 88,6% SP hd d phudng TL khing djnh la se cho din tradng de hpc chii, sau niy cd the tim dupc vice lim on dinh Tuy nhien phudng CVL, ty le chi 64,3% Cie mang ludi khuyen ndng hay cac Idp dgy nghe cho phy nir dupc thyc hi?n tiong vii nam trd Igi day khdng mang Igi hieu qua nhu mong dpi Diin hinh nhu chuong trinh dgy kit hat cudm cho phy nii Khmer Hdi Phy nu Qugn trien khai gin nhy thit bai Theo danh gia, chuong trinh niy khdng thinh edng Ii vi khdng tim dupc dau cho sin pham cd gii thinh qua cao Mang ludi khuyin ndng gin nhu khdng den duac vdi hp ndng dan Khmer Khi dupe hdi, 98,7% cho ring khong tham gia hpi ndng dan vi thay khdng can thiet Kit qua thip lugn nhdm ciing cho kit qui rang hp cim thiy khdng cin hpc, vi da ed kinh nghiem san xuit tu lau ddi Theo Hpi Ndng dan eua quan cho biet thi cd chuang trinh tgp huan thi ciing chi chpn mpt sd hd cd trinh dp hpc vin va biet tiing Viet de phd biin ky tiiugt cho nhanh chdng ban v i tiip can y ti, ttieo chmh sieb cho hp ngheo duac nhan BHYT, nhung hiu nhu ho khong di kham chua bgnh (chiim 96,5%) tiieo dien BHYT vi cho ring chd dpi thii tyc radm ri v i cin bp y te khdng duac thantiiien.Mae dii mang ludi ca sd y te phudng v i quan da dupc xay dung hoin chmh Von xd hpi (social capital) Chambers, R and G Conway (1992), Sustainable rural livelihoods Practical concepts for the 21 si century, IDS Discussion Paper 296 Bnghton IDS] A m ^ a Sen, 1981 Poverty and Fammes An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK Sau "tru cdt bat lpi" din din doi ngheo ddng b^o dan tdc tbeu so theo Bao cao P han tich xa hdi quoc gia DSn tdc va Phat Inen nam 2009 ciia Ngan hang The gioi I it dupc t i ^ can vm giao dye hon, it di chuyen hon, It dmjc tiep can voi c^c djch vu tai chinh hem A Nang suat dat dai thap hon va chat luong dat kem hon; Mire dd tiep cSn ttU l ^ ^ ^ ^ c h e ; j _ Q u a n j i i e r n j a p J d i u j / d i ^ ^ dan tdc v^ mdt si tko cim vSn hda khac Kpyeu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn Ihir H6i Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Vdn xa hpi' la logi vdn die bidt quan vi nd cung cip mot "bp dem" giiip hd nong dan ddi phd vdi cic cii sdc, tao nen mdt mgng ludi an toin chinh thiic de dam bao sinh ke thdi ky CO nii ro cao Dien hinh nhu hdi ndng dan, hdi phy nu, cac nha van hda-thdng tm xa/phudng, Doi vdi ngudi Khmer, vdn xa hdi cdn lign quan den cac phong tyc tap quin vi tin ngudng Rd rang, vdn xa hdi ciia hd ndng dan tdt cd the bii dap cho sy thieu hut ciia cac logi vdn khic, diin hinh nhu trayin thdng "van doi cong"^ tiong cdng ddng ngudi Khmer se gdp phan bii dap ngudn nhan lye thieu hut vao miia vu cao diem, ma hien Iao ddng tre di cu Iam cong nhan d xa Theo khao sat, hi$n cac hd Khmer van cdn ban 51,2% sd hp cdn van ddi cdng vdi Qua phan tich sa di lai cho thay rang kha nang di chuyen de tigp can cac ca hdi viec lim va md rdng cic mdi quan he cua hd ndng dan Khmer cdn nhieu yeu kem Dien hinh nhiing nai ma cac hd Khmer thudng xuyen lui tdi la hang xdm va Chiia Sa dd Venn cung cho thiy rang thinh phin gan gui vdi hp la cac su sai d Chiia Cac ca quan cdng quygn gan nhu hp khdng tiep xiic td chirc hpi quan trpng de cii thign sinh ke li Hdi ndng dan vi Hpi phu nii cung khdng dupc ho dinh gia quan trpng, Dieu cho thiy kha nang cai thien vdn ngudi, tiic kiin thirc va ky nang viec lam se ban che rat nhieu, Ti 1? mii chii cao la nhan td chinh inh hudng den kha nang md rdng mgng ludi Jia hpi v i hgn che kha nang tim dupc viec lam dn djnh ngoii ndng nghigp Vdn tdt chinh vdn tai chinh li loai vdn linh boat nhit nam loai tai sin vi cd thi huy dpng de dang de hd tip cho ngudi ngheo Tuy nhien, day ciing la tai sin ma hd ndng dan thudng thigu thdn nhit Cung c%) tai chinh trac tiep khdng phai la each giii quyet "gdc re" cho vin de ddi ngheo nong ho ngudi Khmer Tai chinh se khd cd the duac sii dyng higu qua neu nhu thieu trinh dp hpc van hpgc kiin thiic Thu nhgp trung binh theo dau ngudi cua cac hp kha thap va cd sy khac biet ro giiia ba nhdm ho Nhdm hp thuin ndng chi khoing 336 ngan ddng/ thing, hd kit hpp v i hd phi ndng ed thu nhap trung binh cao hon gap ddi hp thuan ndng Dieu cho thay viee da dang sinh ke da gdp phan cai thign ddi sdng v i tang tich luy tai chinh cho hd tiong nhiing nam gin day Ve ho tip vdn, cac ngudn tin dung chinh thiic hign cd cho ngudi Khmer gdm cac ngan hing, cie dy in tin dung va tgo viec Iam, tii' cic to chiic nhu Hpi phu nii, Hdi ndng dan Tuy nhien qua khao sat cho thay chi cd 19,5% sd hp cd diiu kien tiip can eic ngudn tin dyng chinh thiic Chii yeu Ii cic hd cd dit sin xuat (dimg de thi c h ^ vay ngan hang) Cac hd ndng dan ngheo, khdng cd dat gin nhu khdng tiep can dupc Mpt tiong nhung Iy Ii trinh dp hpc vin va mang ludi xa hdi kem tao nen tam Ii e ngai v i thiiu thdng tin ve cic chucmg trinh vay von sin xuat Tuy nhien, mdt nhiing rio cin vay tiin cac to chuc chinh thiic ] i su radm ri khau xet duyet vay tien vi chi phi "mem" tiong thu tuc vay Nen cac hd thudc dipn ngheo v i can ngheo thudng lya chon vay d cic td churc khdng chinh tiuic vdi lai suit rit cao hoac vay vdi hinh thiic "an trade tri sau", theo vy miia hogc nhan luang vdn tu nhiin (natural capital) Trong b ^ viet n^y, v6n x3 hgi dupc xem xet trin cac khia c^uih la cac mang ludi va cac m6i liin kit xa hoi, cac hoi flota cBmH thijc, v i rnoi ^ariW^iratrlh sy tin liiong; sa trao doi va anh hudng lin Trong vin doi cong, ngudi Khmer phan bi|t hai I031 Loai thu nhit la hai nguoi hay hai hp tiyc tiip v4n cong, tra cdng vdi (bauwaq), tmdng hgp thii hai \k vi|c v ^ doi cdi^ md rdng hem, voi ngudi hoac hon Thi du : cd ngudi van cflng cho Ngudi thii nhat lam v ^ cdng cho ngudi thii ba, ngudi thii hai lam van cdng cho ngudi thir nhat, vk niu n thir nhat bSn vi|c, khdng the Iam trS cong cho ngudi thir hai thi (khi ngudi thu hai yeu cau) ngudi cd the yiu ngudi thii ba Uon tra cong thay Trudng hgp van doi cdng nay, ngudi Khmer ggi la "pado" Vdi hinh thurc nay, ngirdi ta CO Qie dl dang lam vin doi cdng cho va viec van cdng ciing duoc md rgng hon Thdng thudng, ngirdi Khmer van dSi cdng frong cAc khau lam dll ma, nhi m«, cay, cit lua Viec vin doi cdng thirong duoc thyc hien nhihig ngudi li loi xdm ciia va nhit la giiia nhOng i^udi la anh chi em, ba bo hiing soi^ lan can Cong viec van dot coDg cho d ^ i i i ^ vin cdn dugc t^irdi Khmer hin hanh, nhat la troi^ diiu kien cd nhiiu ngirdi rdi phum soc di lam ^ x a n h i i hiin nay- JTheo TS Phan ''^n Dip._Inch sach Tim hieu van hoa Vinh Loi^l '^pyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn &a r Dai hoc Thii Nguyej Hpi Dia ly Viet Nam Tl Ic hd Khmer nghiio khdng cdn dat san xuat kha cao tiong nhiing nam qua mac dii thyc tffl tdng dien tich dit san xuat ndng nghiep a quan Mon gin nhu khdng giam Ket qua dieu tra choi thay cd 38,6% sd hd khdng cdn dat san xuat vdng nam trd lai Li la vi hp ban Igi hodcT thi chip dii han chii yeu chp ngudi Kinh vi ngudi Hoa Mdt bd phgn nhd (chi 3,6% sd hg thugc dien dl ddi va tai dinh cu tir cac du an dd thj vi thuy lai) Trang binh dien tich dat ndng nghigp o j nhung hp san \uit ndng nghiep ciing chi cdn khoang 0,19 ha/ hd Con sd rat thap dc sin xuat • ndng nghiep cd lai Cd 18,3% hp thuc lai chinh dit dit da ban hogc cam cd cua minh dc tiep tyc canh tie nen kha nang vay vdn san xuat khdng thyc hicn duac Hipn tuang tich ty rapng dat dc dau CO d dia bin ven dd nhu phudng da bat dau hinh thinh nen nhicu dign tich dat bo hoang o nhiiu khu vuc o hai phudng, dae bict la phudng CVL, khu vuc ven qudc lp 91 Gin day cung noi Ien mpt hien tupng la nhiing hd cho thue dat phan ldn li lao ddng tre di cu tim vice lam phi ndng nghiep gi)' nen thicu hut lao dpng miia vy, chiem 83,6% sd Iao ddng tuoi tti 18-35 dupc dieu tra d cac hd Vdn vdt chdl (physical capital) Ngudn vdn vat chit dupc phan chia lim loai Tai san ciia cpng dong va tii sin ciia hp,' Vice tiep can cic co sd vgt chat co ban nhu dien, giao thdng la kha tdt, ray nhign cd mdt sd hd hign van cau dien vdi gii cao khdng cd dudng day the, dien binh nhu khu vyc Binh Lpi, phuang TL Giao thdng kha thdng thuong nhung vigc khdng cd sd hiiu nhung phuang tien di Igi tdt cung da ban che kha nang di chuyen ciia hp Vi theo ket qua dieu tra chi khoing 69% sd hp cd xc may de di Igi Hd thudc dien ngheo va can ngheo gan nhu khdng cd xe mi;' Ve ve sinh mdi tradng ciing chua dupc quan tam d ca hai phudng, Tuy nhicn miic d nhiem d phudng CVL dang bao d§ng hon mat dd dan sd kha cao Thach thirc chien sinh ki bin vung cho hd ndng ddn Khmer Tang tinh ben vung (Sustainability) sinh kg rpng va bao ham nhieu khia c^inh nhung cd the khai quit thdng qua viec thiic day, ting nang tiep can nam nguon von sinh ki ciia hd ndng dan Khmer Miic dp tiep can ciia ngudi dan vdi cac nguon von sinh ke cd inh hudng lim din sy lya chpn ve chien lupc smh ke Rd ring ngu chi xem nhiing hp Khmer cudc khio sat niy li ndng dan don thuan thi sy ho trp ndng nghiep la chua du chiin lupc sinh ke ben vung Vi da phin cic hp cd ddng dao luc Iupng Iao ddng lim thue ngpai ndng nghiep —H9tliu3n nong -Kfklth?p — H f phi nong Ngudn Tinh todn dyra trin kit qud diiu tra ciia tdc gid 201 Sa dd Cdc ngudn vdn sinh ke a cdc nhdm hp ndng ddn Khmer Ho trp tai chinh, vat chat tir cic du in ho tip ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd chi giii quyit dupc nhung khd khan tgm thdi Tang cudng kha nang tham gia va xay dyng nang lyc "ty nhan tiuic" dupc sy yiu kem tiong tiip cgn logi vdn smh ki se Ii vin di cin dupc ho tip tii chinh sach Tai SMI ciia cpng dong nghiin cim xem xet cac ca sd vat chat co bin phuc vu nhu ciu sin xuit vi suih ho9t nhir diln, dudng giao thdng, cdng trinh thiiy Igi, thong tin liin lgc , Tai sin cua hd nghien cim phong ph4 , MS^IMS' '^^ '^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ""^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ P*^^*^ ^""h boat cua ho ^ • Ky yiu Hpi nghi Khoa hpc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd ^ Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thii Nguyen ciia CO quan chirc nang Vi rd ring, sy thieu vang cac nguon vdn sinh ke d miic khac d nhung nhdm hd khac nhau, khdng the thyc hicn nhiing chinh sach ddng nhit cho tat ca cac hd Khmer Trong do, trinh dp hoc van va ngdn ngii se tiep tyc Ii rao can de cac hd ndng dan Khmer tham gia vio cic quyet dinh d lang, xa Viec loai trir xa hdi dan dan se sau sic hpn va hgn chi nang tiep can cac ngudn vdn ho trp sinh ke khac Mdt xu hudng cang tang niia la sy cich biet giua cic hd cd dat va hd ngheo khdng dit phai sdng nhd vio diu nhgp thip va khdng dn djnh tir viec lim thue Sy chuygn dich niy din din ngudi ngheo khdng dupc tiep egn vdi eic ngudn von tai chinh vi hp khdng cd dii tii sin thi chip de Sep ling diiu kien cho vay ciia cac td chiic tin dung chinh thiic Viec vay ndng ben ngoai se Iam cac hp niy tiip tyc roi vao "vdng luan quan" cua ddi ngheo KETLUAN Biic tranh ve sinh ke ciia cic hp ndng dan Khmer tgi mpt viing ven nhu quan Mdn ciing da cho thay nhieu yiu td die trang cho ngudi ngheo van thi hign rd net nhung mau chdt van li vdn ngudi thap: hgn che ve trinh dp hpc van v i ky nang viec lim Viec chuyen doi vi?c lam d viing ven tgi quan O Mdn, TP.Can Tha li khdng the tiinh khdi nhung can da dang sinh ke vdi nhung nghe nghi?p dn djnh hon de cac hp ndng dan van cd thi tri san xuat ndng nghiep tir su ho tip ciia lao dpng phi ndng Ngoii cic ngudn vdn cd mdi quan he chgt che vdi Cu the nhu hd tip tiip can giao dye d ngudi Khmer can duoc xem xet tiong mdi quan he chgt che vdi vdn xa hpi, bdi Ie mdi quan h? gan gui vi "cd uy tin" vdi cpng dong hign van tir cic su sai d cac chua tren dia bin Hon niia, cac mgng ludi td chiic xa hpi cin cd them nhiiu cin bp ngudi Khmer di phd bien thdng tin din cac ndng hd Tdm Igi, mac dii dja bin nghien ciiu gin nhu khong cd sy each biet vi yeu td dja Iy hay riii ro ve ty nhien nhung cac chiin luoc da dgng sinh ke van thiiu tinh ben viing v i ngan ban Digu cho thay rang, tinh sin cd, ca hpi tiep cgn vdi cic ngudn von tai chinh, tu nhign ,vat chat ciing nhu cac djch dy y ti va giao dye vdn ngudi, khdng phai ludn ludn ddng nhit vdi chi phi tiep can, nang luc, nang tiep cgn hay sy san Idng tiip can ciia hd gia dinh Day Ii diiu cin luu y ve tinh ddng bd thiit ki xay dung cac chinh sach, chuang trinh nhim din giim ngheo v i sinh ke ben virng cho eac nhdm dang hoac cd nguy co bj ngogi bien hoa Qua kit qui nghien ciiu niy, ciing da thay sy xuat hien van de ngheo da chieu' phan tich cic ngudn vdn smh ke Day eiing la vin di can dupe nghien cira sau thgm cac hp Khmer de cd nhung chmh sach phu hpp ban thdi gian sip tdi - I NhOng ngudi dugc tinh Id ngheo da chiiu cd thu nhap binh quan nim dudi chuan nghio va thieu hyt it nhit mgt 'JtWff nhftnfr nhu ciu xS hdi nhir giAo 4i|ic, y ti an sinh x5 hpi nhi d, dich vu co ban tai noi d, luong thyc thyc phim '0yiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todm qudc ldn tha H6i Dia Iy Viet Nam Dai hpc Thai Nguyen TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Amartya Sen, 1981 Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation , Clarendon Press Oxford, UK AusAID, 2004 Phan tich hien trang ngheo ddi d DBSCL, Bao cao tdng kit dy an Phan tich hien trgng ngheo ddi d DBSCL '^ Chambers, R., Conway, G.R 1992, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, Brighton: IDS Cyc thdng ke Cin Tha, Nign giam Thdng ke Can Tho, 2012 DFID, 2001, Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheet, httpV/www.nssd.net/pdfsectiont.pdf Mieeal Leaf, 2008 "Nhiing bign gidi thi mdi: qua trinh thi hoa vung ven dd v i (tai) lanh thd boa d DNA", Ky yen hpi thio qudc tk, Vipt Nam hpc lin thir ba, tieu ban Dd thj v i dd thi hoa, HiNdi Ngan hing Thi gidi, 2012, Bao cao Danh gia Ngheo Viet Nam- Khdi diu tdt, nhung chua phii da hoan thinh: Thinh tyu in tupng cua Viet Nam giam ngheo v i nhung thach thiic mdi Nguyen Minh Due, "Livelihood Strtategies of Peri-Urban Households in Response to Rural - Urban Linkages: A Case Study m a Peri-Urban Area of Hanoi", Viemam, Journal of Science and Development April 2008 17-30 Nguyen Qudc Nghi va Biii Van Trinh, "Cac yeu td inh hudng din thu nhgp cua ngudi dan tdc tiiieu sd d DBSCL", Tgp chi Khoa hpe 2011:18a 240-250 10 Nguyen (Juang Tuyen, "Land Holding Changes and Kinh and Khmer Farmers' Livelihoods in Thoi Thuan B Hamlet, Thoi Lai Town, Co Do Distnct, Can Tho City, Vietnam", Asian Social Science Vol.6, No 1, January, 2010 ll.Oxfam, ActionAid, 2012 Nhin vi phia trade: Nhiing thich thiic ddi vdi giam ngheo nong tiidn tai Viet Nam, DFID-UK 12 Phdng Thdng ke Quan O Mdn, Nien giim thdng kg qugn Mdn nim 2007,2011 13 UBND Qugn O Mdn, Bao cao Tdng kit tinh hinh dan tdc va cdng tac dan tpc nim 2011 vi Chuong trinh cdng tac dan tdc nam 2012 14 UBND Quan O Mdn, Bio cao Tdng kit tinh hinh dan tpc va cdng tie dan tdc nam 2012, Chuong trinh cdng tie dan tdc nam 2013 15 Vien Khoa hpc Xa hdi Viet Nam, 2011, Giam ngheo d Vipt Nam: Tliinh tuu va thach tiuic, ti 83-86 16 Vd Van Sen (cb), 2010 Mpt sd vin di cip hich qui trinh CNH-HDH cua ngudi Khmer d DBSCL, Nxb DHQG TPHCM Kyyiu Hpinghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd ... vLing ven dd tao nen nhiing thach thiic ciing nhu ca hpi dc chuy en ddi loai hij sinh kg, luy nhien, hd ndng dan Khmer cd nhimg dgc thii dan tdc rieng nen each thiic va khanjl^ tiep can tai san sinh. .. ngudi Khmer d phudng TL chu yiu van sinh sdng bing nghi ndng thi nguoi Khmer d phudng CVL da cd nhung chuyen djch dang ki sang budn ban nhd, lim thue Nhin ehung ddi sdng ciia hd ndng dan Khmer. .. rao can tigp can cac tai sin sinh ke (von coil ngudi, vdn xa hdi, vdn vat chat, vdn tai chinh, von ty nhign) cua hd ndng dan Khmer bdi canli biin ddi nhanh ciia vimg ven dd, (ii) kien nghi mdt