Tiếp cận lý thuyết khung sinh kế bền vững DFID trong nghiên cứu sinh kế của người mạ ở vườn quốc gia cát tiên

TAP CHi KHQA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 TIEP CAN LY THUYET KHUNG SINH KE BEN VUTVG DFID T R O N G NGHIJ&N ClTU SINH K E CUA NGlTOfl M ^ Of VlTCCV Q U O C GIA CAT TTEN ThS Nguyin Ddng Hiip Phi' Nghiin cieu viphdt trien ndng thdn vd gidm ngheo nhieng thdp ky gdn day, vdn di sinh ki vd sinh ki bin vitng dd trd thdnh mgc tieu nghien cuu v&i nhiiu cdp dp vd hu&ng tiip can da dgng Theo do, khung sinh ki bin virng Bp Phdt trien Qudc te Anh (Department for International Development — DFID) dua duac cdc hgc gid vd cdc ca quan phdt triin irng dung rpng rdi vd dugc coi la mpt cdch tiip can todn diin vi cdc vdn di phdt trien vi sinh ki cua ngu&i vd ddi ngheo cde boi cdnh khdc Tiip can ly thuyet khung sinh ki bin vitng DFID nghien cieu sinh ki cua ngu&i Mg & vu&n qudc gia Cdt Tien Id xem xet cdc logi tdi sdn cua nguai Mg dung de dam bdo sinh ke cua minh bao gdm: vdn nguai, vdn vdt chdt, von tdi chinh, von hf nhien vd vdn xa hpi Qua ddt vdn de nghien cuu sinh ki cua ngu&i Mg bdi cdnh vd cdc thi chi, chinh sdeh cd dnh huang den su tiep can vd su dung cdc tdi sdn sinh ke md cudi ciing dnh huang den kit qud sinh ke Tie khda: sinh ke, ben vung muc tiiu vd udc nguyin cua hg" Trong khung pban tich sinh ke ben viing ciia DFID thi "sinh ki bao gdm cdc khd ndng, cdc tdi sdn (bao gdm cd cdc ngudn luc vdt chdt vd xd hpi) vd cdc hogt dpng cdn thiet di kiem sdng" [2] Khai niem sinh ke, sinh ke ben vimg va ly thuyet Idiung sinh ke ben vimg DFID LLSinhki Sinh kl (livelihood), mgt khdi niem tiiudng dugc hieu va su dung theo nhieu each va d nhung cap dd khac Ngudi dau tien sii dyng khai niem ndy la Robert Charapers vdi nghia nhu sau: "sinh ki gdm ndng luc, tdi sdn cdch tiep can (sir du tru, tdi nguyin, quyin s& hiru, quyin sit dung) vd cdc hogt dpng cdn thiit cho cupe song" [1]- Td chiic CRD (Trung tam phat tnln ndng thdn miln Trung Viet Nara) trien khai edc chuang trinh boat ddng phat tnln cdng ddng giai thicb rdng sinh kl Id "tap hgp tdt ed cde nguon luc vd khd ndng md nguai cd duac, kit hgp v&i nhitng quyet dinh vd hogt dpng md hg thue thi nhdm di kiim sdng cUng nhu de dgt dugc cdc 'Trucmg D91 hoc D6ng Nai O Viet Nara khai niera sinh ke dugc gidi thich Tir dien Tieng Viet vdi nghia "sinh ke la viec lam de kiem an, de muu sdng" Trong gidi nghien ciiu khdi niem sinh ke mdi chi xudt hien frong thdi gian gan day tren co sd tiep thu nhiing khai niera ciia cac tac gid nudc ngoai Tren thyc te khdi niem "sinh ke", hay "hogt dgng muu sinh", "phuang cdch kiem sdng", "hogt dgng kinh te", "tap qudn rauu sinh" dugc cdc nha nghien ciiu sii dung cdc nghien ciiu cua rainh nghien ciiu ve hogt ddng kinh te cua cac tgc ngudi gan vdi chuyen nganh dan tge hge kinh te hay nhan hgc kinh te 101 TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 Trong nghien ciiu ndy thugt ngu "sinh ke" dugc sii dung vdi y nghia Id nhirng phucmg each kiera sdng cua tgc ngudi hay ciia mdt cgng ddng, eu the la "sinh k l " bay nhung "phuong thiic kiem sdng" ciia tdc ngudi Mg sdng xung quanh khu vyc Vudn quoc gia Cat Tien Nhung "phuong thiie kiem sdng" bao gdm cac boat dgng kilm sdng theo phucmg thicc cd tmyen (ttdng trgt, chan nudi, ngbe tbu cdng, khai thac cdc ngudn lgi ty nhien) va nhiing phuong thiie kiem sdng mdi dugc hinh qua qua trinh tiep xiic vdi cdc dan tgc lan can, qua chinh sdeh bd trg va dao tao ngh§ ciia nhd nudc, cung nhu tii sy phdt trien ngi tai frong boat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Ma ISSN 2354-1482 hodc ndng cao thim cdc khd ndng vd cua cdi cua minh vd cd tuang lai md khdng ldm tdn hgi den cdc nguon luc mdi tru&ng" [4] Sinh ke ben viing la van de quan ttgng ttong nghien eiiu ve phuong thirc muu sinh ciia ngudi Ma d quanh Vudn qudc gia Cat Tien Bdi vi, ngudi Ma va cac tgc ngudi tgi chd khae eung nhu cac tgc ngudi nhap cu da timg khai thac eae ngudn lgi tii Vudn qude gia Cat Tien nhung kbdng cdn niia hoac khdng dugc khai thac nira Trong van phai ddm bdo phat tri8n kinh te va bao ve moi trudng, nhat la bao ve sy da dgng sinh hgc cua Vudn qudc gia Cdt Tien, thi nhiing phuang thiic muu sinh hien cua ngudi Ma, cd that sy la mgt sinh ke ben viing? 1.2 Sink ki bin vimg Mgt cau hdi quan frgng dugc dat ttong nghien ciiu sinh ke Id the nao Id radt sinh kl bin vung, ttong khdi niem sinh ke dang cang trd nen quan trgng cdc nghien eiiu nhan hgc kinh tl Dinh nghTa sinh kl ben vung dugc Hanstad diln gidi rang: "Mpt sinh ki duac coi Id bin vitng nd cd khd ndng ieng phd vd phuc hdi bi tdc dpng, hay cd thi thiic ddy cdc khd ndng vd tdi sdn & cd th&i diem hien tgi vd tuang lai khdng ldm xdi mdn nen tdng eua cdc ngudn luc tu nhien" [3] Tdc gid Koos Neefjes gidi thich sinh ke ben viing: "Mpt sinh ki phdi thupc vdo cdc khd ndng vd cua edi (ed ngudn luc vdt chdt vd xd hpi) vd nhung hogt dpng md tdt cd Id cdn thiet de muu sinh Sinh ki cua mpt ngu&i hay mpt gia dinh Id ben vung hg cd the duang ddu vd phuc hoi tru&c cdc cdng thdng vd chdn dpng, vd tdn tue duac 1.3 Ly tkuyet kkung sink ke ben vdng DFID Tiep can sinh ke theo khung sinh kl bin vung duge trinh bay ttong cdc nghien ciiu ciia Chambers va Conway [5]; Seoones [6] [7] Trong dd, khung phan tich sinh kl bin vung Bd Phat trien Qudc te Anh (Department for Intemational Development - DFID) dugc cdc hgc gid va cdc co quan phat trien img dung rdng rai ttong phan tich ve sinh ke va ddi ngheo Trong khung phan tich ndy dl cap din cae yiu td va thdnh td hgp sinh kl bao gdm: (1) Cde uu tien ma ngudi cd the nhgn biet dugc; (2) Cac chiln luge ma hg lya ehgn de theo dudi cde uu tien dd; (3) Cac the che, chinh sdeh va td chiic quyet djnh den su tilp cgn eua bg ddi vdi cae logi tdi san hay ca hdi va cac ket qua md bg thu 102 TAP CHi KHQA HQC - BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 02-2016 ISSN 2354-1482 dugc; (4) Cdc tilp can ciia hg ddi vdi nam logi vdn va kha nang su dyng hieu qua cac loai vdn minh cd; (5) Bdi canh sdng cua ngudi, bao gdm cae xu hudng kinh te, cdng nghe, dan sd, cac eu sdc vd miia vy [8] nguyen vat lieu tu nhien dl tgo dyng sinh kl Cd rat nhieu ngudn lye tao thdnh vdn ty nhien bao gdm ed cdc ngudn lye dat dai, nudc, rimg, da dgng sinh hgc, vd nhiing ngudn tai nguyen khdng the tdi tgo dugc nbu khoang sdn [9] De cap den khdi niem "vdn" (capital), khung phan tich srah ke bin vihig cbo rang ngudi su dung cac loai vdn rainh cd de kiem song Con ngudi dya vao nam logi tai sdn vdn, hay hinh tbiic vdn, de dam bdo an ninh sinh ke hay gidm ngheo, bao gdm: (a) Vdn vat chat dd la eo sd tdng va cdc logi bdng hda ma ngudi san xuat can de hdu thuan sinh ke; (b) Vdn tai ehinh ngy y ve cdc ngudn lye tai ehinh ma ngudi sii dung de dat duge eae myc tieu sinh kl cua minh; (c) Vdn xa hdi la cae ngudn lue xa hdi ma ngudi sii dyng de theo dudi eae muc tieu sinh ke eua minh, bao gdm quan he, mang ludi, thdnh vien nhdm, niem tin, su phy thudc lan vd frao ddi cung cap cac mang an ninh phi chinh thdng quan frgng; (d) Vdn ngudi dgi dien cho cac ky nang, fri thiic, kha nang Idra viec va siic khde tdt, tat cd cgng lgi tao thdnh nhiing dilu kien giiip ngudi theo dudi cac chien luge sinh kl khae va dat dugc edc rauc tieu sinh kl cdp hg gia dinh, vdn eon ngudi Id sd lugng va chdt lugng lao ddng cua hd vd loai vdn khac tiiy thudc vao kich cd cua hg, tiinh giao dye vd ky nang nghi ngbiep, khd nang quan ly, tinh trgng siic khde, tti thiie ve eae cdu tnic sd htiii chinh tiidng va pbi chinb thdng (nhu cac quyin, luat phdp, chudn myc, cdu ttiic chinh quyin, edc thu tiJC ); (e) Vdn tu nhien Id tdt ca nhiing Ly thuyet khung sinh ke ben virng DFID va van de sinh ke ben virng cua nguoi Ma « virdn quoc gia Cat Ti6n Nghien ciiu su dyng ly thuyet ve khung sinh ke ben viing de nghien eiiu ve sinb ke eiia ngudi Mg d Vudn qudc gia Cat Tien dudi gdc sd hiiu va tiep can eae loai vdn sinh ke Theo dd, sinb ke bao gdm cac kha nang, edc tai san vd cdc boat ddng can thilt de sinh sdng; mgt sinh ke duge xem la ben vtmg nlu nhu nd cd the ddi phd vd phyc hdi dugc sau cac cang thang vd siic ep, tri vd tang cudng cdc kba nang, tai sdn vd cac hogt dgng hien tai va tuang lai, nhung khdng hiiy hoai eo sd tai nguyen thien nhien Tiep can sinb ke dya tten sy phat trien tu ve xda ddi gidm ngheo, dya tren each sdng cua ngudi ngheo vd nbiing ngudi dl bi tdn thuang, dya fren tara quan trgng cua co che va the ehe; dl xudt cac boat ddng phat trien raa ttong ngudi la tmng tara Nam ngudn vdn (bien sd) ttong khung sinh ke ben viing bao gdra vdn ty nhien, vdn xa hdi, vdn ngudi, vdn tai chinh va vdn vat chat 2.1 Von tw nhien Ngudn lyc ty nhien Id khdng gian va mdi tmdng sdng cua tgc ngudi va ddt 103 TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 dai Id ragt logi tai san vd cimg quan ttgng ddi vdi hogt dgng muu sinh cua ngudi ndng dan Trong quyen sd hiiu va su dung ddt dai la nen tang vd co sd de ngudi ndng dan phdt huy cac ngudn lyc khac Thdi ky tmdc ddi mdi vung ngudi Ma sinh sdng ehua ed hinh thiie sd hiru Nha nudc ve rimg Ddi vdi ngudi Ma rung la ngdi nha chung rgng ldn, thudc sd huu chung cua ca cgng ddng Tren co sd nin ndng nghiep ray la phd bien, hinh thiie sd hiru frong xa hgi Ma xua ehu yiu la sd hiiu cgng ddng ve vung dat, viing lanh tbd duge khai thae de eanh tac Nhiing quan niem ve su sd hiiu ciia cgng ddng fren mdt dia vuc xdc dinh bao gid eiing ro rang va nghiem nggt Ddi vdi ngudi Ma eGng nbu cdc tdc ngudi thieu sd d Tay Nguyen, budn ldng Id chii sd huu tgp the ddi vdi toan bd lanh tbd ciia minh Dgc bi8t, quan ni^ra ve so hiiu chung cua budn lang ddi vdi dia vyc smh ty cua rainh cdng frd nen nghiera ngat vd thieng li8ng ban bdi nd dugc long ghep vdi tin nguang thdn ddt: "dat cua ldng ndo cd than ddt ciia ldng dy, raa thdn dat la chil sd huu tdi thugng, vd hinh nhung lgi quyen nang - ke cd ddi vdi nhihig chil sd hiiu dicb thye la dan lang." "Nhiing mdc gidi dat dai ciing duge luu tmyen qua nhieu the he va frach nhiem cua mgi thdnh vien frong budn lang la bdo ve bat cii gid nao cae ranh gidi tmyen thdng Dd vira la nghia vu, vira Id danh dy eiia mgi ngudi Ddt dai cua budn lang mang radt y nghia rdt linh thieng ddi vdi ngudi Ma va khdng d ngoai lang dugc xam pham Tham chi, tmdc day, dat riy ciing khdng thuge sd huu tu nhan md lang giao ddt eho cd ISSN 2354-1482 nhdn hoac gia dinh de canh tde tam thdi Dil vgy, ttong cudc sdng, quyen sd hiiu cd the dugc cdng nhan, dugc tdn frgng hoan toan vd cd ludt tuc bdo ve" [10] Ciing frong boi cdnh dd, dan sd it, nhu can ngudi chua vugt qua sy tai tao Clia rimg nen ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien d vung ngudi Ma cdn kha ddi dao Viec khai thac, md rgng dat dai de tiln hanh boat ddng frdng ttgt phu thudc vdo ngudn nhan lye va nhu cdu cua mdi gia dinh Cudc sdng cita ngudi Mg thdi ky cung phy thudc rat nhieu vdo viec chiem doat cac ngudn lgi tir rung - ngudn vdn ty nhien cdn kbd ddi dao va td hao phdng vdi ngudi Tuy nhien, tir ddi radi den nay, ngudn lyc ndy dang cd nhiing thay doi ldn, anh hudng khdng nhd din ddi sdng kinh tl cua bd viing ngudi Ma Kinh te hg gia dinh dugc khuyin khich phat trien vd dac biet, cdc hg gia dinh da dugc ttao quyin su dyng ddt, quyin tu ehii v6 ddt ndng nghiep vd ddt riing eho ngudi dan Luat dat dai nam 1993, eae bg gia dinh dugc Nhd nudc chia ddt de khai thac vd su dung ldu ddi Phdn ldn dien tich dat ndng nghiep cua xa da dugc giao cd dinh cho timg hd va dugc chia binh quan theo nhan khau Tuy nhien tinh hinh dan sd tii den da ed su bi§n dgng dang k£, nhiing hd ddng con, quy dat cii hi chia nhd dan kbi cd vien den tudi lap gia dinh rieng Vi the tinh ttang thieu ddt san xudt d cac viing ngudi Ma dac biet la ttong cac hg gia dinh fre mdi rieng De khac phyc tinh frang nay, mgt sd hd da chii dgng tang them dien tieh ray tiidng qua quy ddt rimg raa Nha nudc giao cho Rling va ddt rimg chiem phan TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 02-2016 ldn dien tich ddt tu nhien vung ngudi Ma vdn tmdc Id sd hiiu ehung cua cdng ddng va cudc sdng eua ngudi dan phdn ldn van phu thudc vao viec khai thac cac ngudn lgi tii rung Tuy nhien tir ddi mdi den va sau vudn qudc gia Cdt Tien dugc lap chuang trinh giao dat, giao rung dugc trien khai, ngudn lyc da phdn da thudc v l sd hiru ciia lam trudng Nhd nudc va vudn qude gia Cat Tien Phdn dugc giao cbo cdc hd gia dinh khoanh nudi, eham sde chiem dien tich khdng dang ke Ben canh do, dp luc eua viec di dan cua cac dan tdc d noi khac den ciing vdi viec khai thac mdt each thieu y thirc, cdc tai nguyen tir rung da bi tan phd nang ne Nguon san vat tir rung, vdn la ngudn sinh ke cho ngudi dan tmdc day ngdy cang can kiSt He thdng ddng thuc vat cua rimg dang dan suy thoai, lam cho rimg khdng cdn khd nang dap img cac nhu cdu luong thyc, thyc phdm eho ngudi nhu trudc day Sy suy giam chat lugng cung nhu diSn tich ddt rimg edn tac ddng den cdc boat dgng smh kl khac (chan nudi, thu cdng gia dinh) 2.2 Von ngu&i Ngudn lyc ngudi dae biet la tri lye va thi lyc cua ngudi Ma so vdi ttirdc day cd nhiing biln ddi dang ke Vdi chinh sach hd frg ciia Nha nudc, moi xa cd 01 ttam y t l vdi giudng benh dgt chudn qudc gia, ddi ngu can bg y te xa duge dao tao khd co bdn, cimg vdi he thdng frang tiiilt bi y tl tiing budc duge hoan thien Din nay, hdu hit ba ngudi Ma dugc hudng che khdm bao hilm y te va sir dyng thudc miln phi theo ISSN 2354-1482 chuang trinh 139 cua Chinh phu Giao thdng va chdt lugng dich vu y te dang dan dugc n ^ g cdp nen khdng it hg gia dinh ngudi Mg da tilp edn toi cdc benh vien tuyen huyen, tinh Mdc dii vay, thdi quen cham sdc sire khoe chu yeu thdng qua tri thiic va kinh nghiem dan gian van cdn tri, song tinh ttmg nhd thdy cung mdi hi benh hdu nhu khdng cdn V6 tri lyc, tmdc day ngudi Ma hdu nbu khdng biet dgc, biet viet vi nen giao due hgc dudng khdng tdn tgi Tir ddi radi den nay, vdi sy hd frg cua Nha nudc tinh frang giao due, he thdng trudng ldp d viing ngudi Ma da cd nhung thay ddi ddng kS Tren dia bdn cdc xa, da cd h | thdng tmdng tir mam non, tieu hgc, tnmg hgc CO sd Ngodi h? thong tmdng dan tgc ndi t r i eung da di vao boat ddng, ddi ngu gido vien ca ban da duge chuan hoa Tuy nhien tinh frang bd hge cung nhu chat lugng hgc cua cdc em hgc sinh van la van de cdn dugc quan t ^ nghi€n cim So vdi tmdc ddy, trinh hgc vdn cua mdt bd phgn chu hd, dac bigt la cdc chu hg fre da cd nhung thay ddi ddng kg Cdc hg gia dinh dS biet d&u tu cai tien td chirc sdn xudt, cai tien khoa hgc ky thuat va ddu tu kinh te cd hieu qua Cae hg da tilp cgn dugc vdi cde chuong trinh tap huan, hudng din ky thu^t, khuygn ndng, khuyen lam cua nha nudc chii dgng ap dyng frong canh tdc sdn xudt Bdn canh do cdng cu gdn vdi ngudi Viet, ngudi Ma cung hgc hdi ky nang frong lao ddng sdn xudt, nhung tri thirc tign bd mdi frong cac boat ddng sinh ke Mae du vgy, sy phdt trien vg ngudn lyc ngudi d viing ngudi Ma van cdn dang d trinh thap TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI SO 02 - 2016 2.3 Von xa kpi ISSN 2354-1482 ehiic doan the mang lai Trong edng ddng ngudi Ma, cac doan the ddng vai frd quan frgng frong bd frg va phdt trien sinh kl Mang ludi xa hdi ciia radt gia dinh Ma, bao gdm quan he hg hang, ldng giing, ban be, ddng nghiep vd cdch tbiic cac mdi quan he dnh hudng den srah kl eua hd gia dinh Giup da lan la mdt hanh dgng bien frong cugc sdng hang ciia ngudi Ma Trong boat ddng ndng nghiep, cac hg gia dinh nhdn dugc nhieu su giiip tir gia dinh va ban be Cac dang giiip cd the la cho raugn ddt sdn xuat khdng tinh lai, ddi cdng frong eae cdng dogn sdn xuat nhu eay, bua, cham sdc vd thu bogcb hoa mau Trong chan nudi, cde hd gia dinh nhan dugc su giiip da tir eae mdi quan he xa bdi nhu cho gidng gia siic, gia cdm hogc ldy giup rau de lam thiic an chan nudi Trong thu hdi lam san, giiip lan bao gdm viec cung di chat gd de lam nhd, chia se lam sdn eho tat ed dan lang Dya fren cac mdi quan he gia dinh, hg hang vd ban be, hg gia dinh ed the vay mugn tiln de phat trien sdn xuat, cd the tim dugc viee lam Trong tmdng hgp thieu luang thyc, hg gia dinh cd the nhdn dugc frg giiip luang thyc hogc tien mat tir mgng ludi xa hdi Tuy nhien, mgt sd ket qua khdng mong raudn cd the xay la hg gia dinh cd the khdng trd dugc ng nan va lam vdo tinh frang khdn khd ban Ngoai cac dinh che do, cac mdi quan he frong edng ddng ngudi Ma hien edn chiu su chi phdi ciia be thdng hdnh chinh, ludt phdp ciia Nha nudc Mang ludi xa hgi mdi da xuat bi?n dudi dang cdc td chirc Ddng, chinb quyen, doan the d dia phuang Ngudi ndng dan Ma dugc hgc hdi, giao luu va tiep nhan nhiing ca hgi va quyen lgi td 2.4 Vdn vgt ckdt Trong tmyln thdng, ngudn lyc vat chdt cua ngudi Mg rdt ban ehe, dgc biet la CO sd bg tang Gan nhu toan bd ngudi ddn sdng dieu kien, hodn canh bi thieu thdn cdc phuang tien, vgt dung frong ddi sdng vd hogt ddng san xudt He tbdng dien, dudng, tmdng, tram ciing nhu nhd d, cdc tien nghi vd vat dung gia dinh cdn d miic thap Tir ddi mdi din nay, rat nhieu uu tien, hd ttg dau tu phdt trien cua Nha nudc, frong dd, van dl ndng cao chat lugng co sd tdng dugc quan tara hdng ddu Viec frien khai thyc hien edc dy an vl ea sd tang nhu Du an giam ngheo eae tinh mien nui frong mgt sd cdng trinh da duge trien khai xay dyng gdm: edi tao dudng giao thdng tii tmng tara xa vao eae ban, be tdng hoa he thdng kenh muang, hd ttg cdng cu, phuang tien sdn xuat (may edy, may xay xdt, ); ddi vdi chuang trinh 134, ttong nam 2007, vdi ngudn vdn thudc chuang ttinh, hdng loat edc cdng frinh ddu tir xay dyng da dugc trien khai d vimg ngudi Ma, nhu chuang trinh nudc sgch smh hoat; cdng ttinh dudng giao thdng, Ngoai ra, eiing frong ngudn vdn cua chuang trinh, edc hd ngudi Ma dac biet khd khan da dugc hd frg tien de xay dung nha d Chuang trinh 135 giai dogn II, nam 2010, vung ngudi Mg da thyc hien viee triln khai dy an ddu tu hd frg phdt triln san xudt eho cdc ban dgc biet kho khan Ddi vdi ea sd hg tdng, mdt sd cdng trinh dang dugc xay dyng nhu cdng trinh nha van bod, cdng trinh nudc sinh hogt 106 TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI SO 02 - 2016 ddng thdi hd frg lam nha vg sinh, cai thien radi trudng, ISSN 2354-1482 lugm, ), lam thug, tigt Idem, cae khodn ttg cap cua nhd nudc ciing giup cai thien sinh kg cua ngudi dan, Tuy nhien, kbdng phai tdt ca cdc ddi tugng sir dyng ngudn vdn tin dung, edc khoan ihu tien mat deu mang lai hieu qud sinh ke Do tap qudn sdng tmdc day, han niia ddi sdng Clia ba qua thieu thdn, ngudn vdn vay thdp khdng du dg ddu tu, ben each viec chi tieu thieu k l bogcb ngn khdng it hg da ngheo ddi lgi cang ngheo ddi han gap rui ro hogc sir dung cac ngudn vdn khdng dung myc dich Ket qua dat dugc ve co sd tdng qua cac chuang trinh frgn da gdp phdn tich eye frong viee cai thign sinh k l eua ngudi dan He thdng duge ndng cdp, md rgng thuc day boat dgng tilp xiie, trao ddi, luu thdng hang hod, md rdng tbi tmdng eua ngudi Ma vdi eae dan tgc fren dja ban Dieu kien nha d, nude sach sinh hoat, chat lugng cua tang vl gido due va y te, da cd nhung bude tien ddng kg, gop phan nang cao chdt lugng ngudn nhan lyc Nhigu gia dinh Ma da sam dugc xe may, may xdt ggo, ti vi, dien tiioai di ddng, giiip cai thien ngudn lyc vgt chdt cho timg hg gia dinh Ket qud khdo sat ve tinb hinh vay vdn phyc vy sdn xuat cua cac hg ddng bao Ma cho thay khd nhieu hd khdng sir dung hoac su dyng ngudn vdn vay khdng dung myc dich (siia nhd, chiia bgnh, raua sara, ) Ket qua dilu fra v l tinh hinh sic dung ngudn vdn tdi chinh cd dugc boat dgng sdn xuat cung frong tinh frgng tuang ty Tir cay ea phe, dilu, chg ttd eay hang hda, moi hg gia dinh ngudi Mg cd dugc mgt ngudn tiln mat khdng nhd sau radi vy thu hoach Trung binh moi hg cd thg thu dugc hai, ba chuc den hdng ttam trieu ddng radi vu Mgt so bd biet tinh toan lam an da dau tu vao mua trau, bd, may cdy, may tudt liia, phdn dgm de phuc vu san xuat, nhung sd khdng cd nhidu Vdi sd tien ragt tuong ddi ldn, khdng cd thdi quen tiet kiera vd thieu tinh todn, nhilu bg tieu tiling vao cdc viec chua thyc sy can thilt va khdng hd frg eho sinh ke Luc giap hat, viec an chiu, mua chiu ciia dai ly da thShh ragt thdi quen phd bign frong cdng ddng Den mua thu hoach, cac chii dai ly 2.5 Vdn tdi ckink Sau ddi mdi ba viing Ma duge tiep cgn ngudn luc tai chinh tir cae chuang trinh hd frg cua nhd nudc va thi frudng Day dugc xem Id mdt ngudn lyc khd quan ttgng hd frg sinh kl cho ngudi dan Cac hg ngheo da dugc tigp can vdi ngudn vdn tin dung tir nhiing chuang ttinh khac nhu: chuang frinh vay vdn eua Ngan hang Chinh sdeh xa hgi (NHCSXH) vdi tin dung uu dai hg ngheo Cac ngudn vdn da hd frg vd tgo dilu kien thuan lgi cho cdc hd gia dinb frong viec ehuygn ddi gidng cdy frdng vdt nudi, tang thu nhdp va gdp phdn xoa ddi gidm ngheo Co chl vay vdi lai sudt thdp da tgo cho ngudi dan co hgi tan dyng edc nguon tdi nguygn va siic lao dgng sdn ed dk phkt triln kinh tl Ngoai cdc khodn thu tiln raat bdn cac san phara (frdng frgt, chan nudi, hai 107 TAP CHi KHQA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 cdc budn san phara trir ng tgi rIy hoae tai dai ly va khdng it nhung gia dinh thu hoach Ign tdi hang tan ca phg, dilu ciing mgt thdi dilm nhung khdng dem dugc ddng tien ndo ve nhd thudng xuygn phdi vay ngng lai theo phucmg thiic bdn sdn phara non dau vy vdi gia chi bdng Vi gid thi tmdng Vdi ldi tu thilu tinh todn, gia mua chm ludn gdp ruai, tham chi gdp ddi, frong gid bdn chi duge mdt nua gid thi tmdng Id nguygn nhan ngudi dan kbdng thoat dugc nghdo ddi Theo mgt so nhan dinb ciia cdc nha nghien ciiu, day la hien tugng "lara thug fren dat cua rainh" dang dien khd phd bien d ede ddn tgc mien nui nudc ta ISSN 2354-1482 hdi, tai chinh cua ngudi Mg dang dan cai tiiien Trong kbi do, ngudn lyc tii nhign (nhat la ddt dai vd nguon nudc) dang bi hgn chg va ngheo kiet dan vd ngudn luc tdi chinh Id mgt bdi todn khd cho phat triln sinb ke cua ngudi ddn K^tluan Ngudi Ma ndi chung va ngudi Ma d Vudn Qudc gia Cdt Tien ndi neng, mgc du da dugc cdc ban nganh, cdc cdp chinh quyen quan tara cbi dgo va hd ttg frong qua trinh dinh cu nhung cugc sdng ciia ddng bao van gap nhieu khd khan, phan ldn hg la nhimg cu dan ngheo, ddi sdng vdn gan bd mat thiet vdi riing va sinh ke phy thuge vao tdi nguyen rimg Qud trinh di ddn vd tdi dinh eu da eho thay nhieu thach thiic ndy sinh sau tai dinh cu nhu: Thay ddi vl khdng gian sinh tdn, thay ddi phuang thirc canh tdc din din thay ddi hogt dgng muu sinh; thigu ngudn nudc dS sinh boat va san xuat; tbieu ddt san xudt; thieu vdn; sy le thuge vao ngan sdeh nha nudc, xung dot lgi ieh (cgng ddng va Vudn qudc gia) D I thich img vdi hodn canh mdi, cdc hogt ddng muu sinh cua ngudi Mg da cd nhiing bign ddi dudi nhilu hinh thiic Ndng nghiep trdng frpt van la nganh kinh tl chu dao, dem lai ngudn tbu nhdp chmh eho ngudi ddn Viec md rdng dien tich va thdm canh cay lua nudc da dap iing phdn nao nhu cau lucmg thyc Chan nudi dang cd xu hudng chuyin dich theo hudng tang ty ttgng frong CO eau thu nhap nhung cdn eham ehap Mae dii dugc sy hd trg ve vdn, ky thuat, tii phia nhd nude nhung viec md Trong chien luge phat trien kinh tg vimg ddng bao dan tdc Ma, muc tigu day mgnh cdc ndng sdn hang hda, da dang boa san xuat va tbu nhap thi su ban che ve ngudn vdn Id radt can frd khdng nhd Thieu vdn, ngudi dan it cd dieu kien ddu tu phan bdn, ky thuat de nang cao nang sudt cdy trdng, dau tu ve gidng, thiic an de md rdng cban nudi, Su ban che v l ngudn lye tai chinh ciing Id nguygn nhdn ea ban lam eho ehat lugng ngudn lye ngudi khdng cd dieu kien dg cai thien Qua phan tich sy tbay ddi ciia cdc ngudn lyc muu sinh, cd the thay, chat lugng mdi ngudn lyc dang ed su thay ddi tbeo nhiing xu hudng khdc So vdi tmoc ddi mdi, eung vdi sy hd frg cua Nhd nudc va su nd lyc cua ban than tgc ngudi, cac ngudn lyc nhu eon ngudi, xa 108 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 rdng quy rad chan nudi cdn dang gap nhilu can frd bdi nhiing khd khan ve ngudn tbirc an, dilu kien thdi tilt, Vdi su khan hiera edc ngudn nguyen lieu tir ty nhien ciing nhu sy xudt hien cang nhieu cua cac san phdm bang hoa sin ed trgn thi tmdng, edc nghi thu cdng gia dinh dang cd xu hudng giam ddn vai ttd frong ddi sdng Hogt ddng khai thdc ngudn lgi ty nhign ciing khdng cdn gitr vi tri quan frgng nbu trudc ddy bdi nhiing tiiay ddi ve chinh sach qudn ly v l tdi nguyen rung va viee khai thac qua mirc dan den can kiet ve tai nguyen rimg Id mdt khd khan khdng nhd frong phdt trien sinh ke cua ngudi dan Da dang boa nganh nghe eiing dang la hudng di radi viee chuyen ddi ca cdu kinh te, nhien, dinh hudng chua that ro rdng va cu thg Nhin chung, xudt pbat diem ve kinh te - xa hdi d raiic thdp cimg vdi su hgn che ve ngudn lyc muu sinh va phuang thiic rauu sinh, van de ngheo ddi cila ngudi Ma vdn dang la mgt thdch thirc ldn doi vdi phat ttign smh ke ben viing Kien nghi 4.1 Diiu tra ting tke, quy kogck dat dai & cpng dong ngw&i Mg Ap lyc cua viec gia tang ddn sd eiing vdi viec mua bdn chuyin nhugng dat sdn xudt d viing ngudi Mg din den tinh ttang thilu ddt san xudt Day Id mdt thdch thiic ldn ttong cdng cugc muu sinh Theo kit qua dilu tra tgi mdt sd hd ngheo, thi vdn dl thilu ddt sdn xudt Id nguyen nhan din tdi tinb frang ngheo ddi Giai phap ttvdc radt la phai ttien khai ISSN 2354-1482 cdng tdc quy hoaeh dat, ning cho timg hd ngudi Mg Tir dd cd nhiing chinh sdcb phil hgp dl phdt trien kinh t l cho bd 4.2 Pkdt triin sdn xudt nong nghiip San xuat ndng nghiep la thg manh vd Id ngudn thu chinh cua phan ldn hd gia dinh ngudi Mg d Vudn qudc gia Cat Tien Tuy nhign nhung frgn thyc te lai khdng cao, tbgm ehi la rat thdp tinh trang thigu dat eanh tae, thilu vdn, canh tde ehua hieu qud bdi phuang thiic canh tae edn cham ddi radi, cdng cu san xuat thd so, dat dai dat bgc radu, nang suat cay ttdng thap Hien tai bd rdt cdn nhiing ehinh saeh, bien phdp phii hgp va khd thi nhdra chuyen ddi co cau kinh tl, ca cau cdy ttdng vdt nudi Cdn dinb hudng phdt ttien cay frdng va vat nudi dg trd thdnh san pham hang hod, dac biet la nhung san phara ban dia frd hang hod dac sdn, tang thu rdidp Qua khao sat thyc te, chiing tdi nhan thay rang thi manh kinh te d vung ngudi Mg van Id khai thdc ning vd chan nudi gia siie, gia cam De phat huy dugc dieu cbiing ta nen tiep tbu, nang cao vd phdt huy tn thiic bdn dia cila cdng ddng cu dan Ma, nghien eiiu eay frdng, vat nudi tmyen tbdng phii hgp vdi dieu kien sinh thdi nhu nudi Ign rimg, huau nai, mat ong, nhira, cheo vd trdng cae loai cay gd quy nhu trdm huang, song may, hd tieu 4.3 Tdng cw&ng led ick tir rirng Md binh qudn ly tai nguyen ning dua fren cdng ddng (CBFM) da dugc chiing minh thdnh cdng frong viec ndng eao hieu qua bdo ve tdi nguygn rimg vd TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 giiip dam bao hem ve sinh ke eho ngudi ddng bin viing" la md binh giara ngheo dan sdng dya vdo rimg, md binh dam Clia Oxfam dua frgn ly thuyet phdt triln bao sy binh ddng vl tiep ean cua cae sinh kl Da dang hoa cae boat dgng sinh vien ttong cgng ddng vdi cdc hoat ke, md hinh phat trign du lich bgn virng ddng va lgi ich tir viec qudn ly hieu qua duge xem la mgt ttong cdc budng sinh ke tai nguygn rimg quan ttgng cbo ddng bao cac tdc ngudi Ngudi Ma d Ldm Ddng, ddi sdng vdn gan bd mat thiet vdi rimg va sinh kg chii yeu phy thude vao rimg Tuy nhien, nhirng hogt dgng khai thac tdi nguyen rung da va dang la moi de doa ldn vdi tdi nguygn va da dang sinh hgc d Vudn qudc gia Cdt Tien Vi vay, de giai quyet tinh trgng ndy d vimg ngudi Mg, cdn phdi phue bdi lai chinh dien tieh rimg da bi radt di bang viec ddy manh phat trien kinh te rimg, giiip ngudi ddn khai thae cdc sdn pham cua rimg mdt cdch bgn vung Dam bdo muc tieu bdo tdn tai nguyen rimg va lgi ich cua cgng ddng ngudi Mg nai day, viee giao quyen qudn ly vd bao ve rung, ttdng riing khdng chi dem lai ngudn tbu nhdp cbo ddng bdo ma cdn tang cudng y thiic gan bd vdi rimg va nang cao nhgn tbiic bdo ve rimg 4.4 Pkdt triin kogt dgng kinh te phi nong nghidp "Gidm ngheo dua tren da dgng hod sinh ke, tao cdng an viec lam va thu nhdp nhung van ddm bao, tdn frgng va phat frien cac van hod tmyen thdng ciia dia phuang, eung nhu phdi dam bao tieu chi bdo ve mdi tmdng vd phat trien cdng thieu sd, gdp phan xoa ddi giam ngheo 4.5 Ndng eao ndng Iwc von tdi ckinh vd von ngwai Trinh hgc van thap, dilu kien siic khde khdng dam bao, ehi tieu thieu kg hogeh, khd nang tich luy thdp la nguyen nhan dan den ngheo ddi d cdng ddng ngudi Ma Thdi quen ndy da an sau vdo nip nghT cua ngudi dan lam anh hudng khdng nhd tdi ngudn luc eon ngudi va ngudn lyc tdi chinh ttong phat trign sinh ke, han ehe den viec ddu tu cho san xudt, tira kigm viee lam va Id mgt frong nhiing nguyen nbdn lam cho khdng it hd gia dinh ngudi Ma roi vdo canh ng nan trien mien Vdi each ban cdc san pham ndng nghiep non nhu hien nay, ho khdng cd tich luy de dau tu cbo san xuat, nang suat thap, sd thang thieu ddi eang tang Ign, hg bi roi vao tinh trang luan qudn frong vdng ddi ngheo Gidi quyet tinh frang can sy vao eudc quyet liet cua chinh quyen dia phuang va cbinh su nd luc cua ngudi Ma TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Chambers, Robert (1983), Rural development: Putting the last first, Longman Scientific & Technical, co-published in the Umted States with John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York DFID (1999), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, http://www.nssd.net/references/SustLiveli/DFIDapproach.htm#Guidance dan theo Nguyen Van Sim (2010), "Khung sinh ke bin viing: Mgt cdch phdn tieh toan dien ve phat trien va giara ngheo", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, Sd 2, \x: 3-12 Hanstad, Tira and Robin Nielsn and Jennifer Brown (2004), Land and livelihoods: Making land rights real for India's mral poor, LSP working paper 12, Food and Agriculture Organization Livelihood Support Program Neefjes, Koos (2000), Environments and Livelihoods: Sttategies for Sustainability, Oxfam, Oxford (Ban djcb tieng Viet: Mdi tru&ng vd sinh ki: Cdc chien luge phdt trien ben vimg, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Hd Ngi, 2008) Chambers, R and G Conway (1992), Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 2Ist century (Sinh ke ndng thdn ben viing: cac khdi niem thye hanh cho the ky 21) IDS discussion paper, 296 Brighton Seoones, I (1998), Sustainable mral livelihoods: a frame work for analysis (Sinh ke ndng thdn bgy viing: khung pban tich) IDS working paper Seoones, (2009), Livelihoods perspectives and rural development (Sinh ke vd phdt triln ndng thdn) Joumal of Peasant Studies, 36:1.Can be found in http://wTVW.informaworld.coni/srapp/titie~content=t713673200 DFID (1999), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, ht^://www.nssd.net/references/SustLiveli/DFlDapproach.httn#Guidance ddn tiieo Nguygn Van Sira (2010), "Khung sinh kl bin viing: Mdt each phan tich toan dien vl phdt triln va giam ngheo" Tap chi Ddn tpc hgc, Sd 2, tr 3-12 DFID (1999), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, bttp://www.nssd.net/references/SustLiveli/DFIDapproach.httn#Guidance ddn theo Nguyen Van Sim (2010), "Khung smh k l bin viing: Mdt each phan tich toan dien vl phdt triln vd giam ngheo" Tap chi Ddn tpc hgc, Sd 2, tr 3-12 10 Luu Himg (1994), Budn ldng cd truyin xu thucmg Nxb Van hda dan tgc Ha Ngi, tx 92 HI TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ACCESSING THE THEORY OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK DFID FOR STUDYING THE LIVELIHOODS AT CAT TIEN NATIONAL PARK ABSTRACT Studying on rural development and the reduction of the poverty in recent decades, it is seen that the issue ofthe livelihoods and the sustainable livelihoods have become a target of the research with multiple levels and diversified approaches Accordingly, the UK Department for International Development (Department for International Development - DFID) set the framework for the sustainable livelihoods used widely by scholars and development organizations, and considered as a comprehensive approach for developing the issue of human livelihoods and poverty in different circumstances Accessing the theory ofthe sustainable livelihoods framework DFID for studying the livelihoods of MA people in Cat Tien National Park is io consider Ma's kinds of property used for ensuring their livelihood security, including: human capital, physical capital, financial capital, natural capital and social capital Thereby the study of MA people's livelihood in circumstances, institutions, and policies has affected the access and the usage of livelihood assets that ultimately affect livelihood outcomes Keywords: livelihoods, sustainable ... sink ke ben vdng DFID Tiep can sinh ke theo khung sinh kl bin vung duge trinh bay ttong cdc nghien ciiu ciia Chambers va Conway [5]; Seoones [6] [7] Trong dd, khung phan tich sinh kl bin vung... nhien Id tdt ca nhiing Ly thuyet khung sinh ke ben virng DFID va van de sinh ke ben virng cua nguoi Ma « virdn quoc gia Cat Ti6n Nghien ciiu su dyng ly thuyet ve khung sinh ke ben viing de nghien... qudc gia Cdt Tien dugc lap chuang trinh giao dat, giao rung dugc trien khai, ngudn lyc da phdn da thudc v l sd hiru ciia lam trudng Nhd nudc va vudn qude gia Cat Tien Phdn dugc giao cbo cdc hd gia