/ Van dyng phap luat cua chinh quyen ca s& 0^ nong thon Viet Nam Nguyin Thanh Thfly' Tdm tdt: Phap luat khdng chi tac dflng tdi cac quan he xa hpi, mi cdn tdi thupng tang chinh tri - phap ly Trong ddi song xa hpi, phap luat co vai tro dgc bift quan frpng Nd la cflng cy khong the thieu, bao dam cho su tin tgi, vSn hanh binh thudng ciia xa hpi ndi chung v i cua nen dgo due ndi rieng Mot hf thong phap luat hoan chinh, thl hifn dung ddn y chi va nguyfn vpng ciia so dong, phii hpp vdi xu the van dpng ciia lich sft se gop phan thftc dly sy phat triln va tiln bp xa h^i Thyc te nhimg nam qua, hf thong phip lugt va vifc thi hanh phap lu$t da c6 nhung tac dpng tich cyc din ddi song xS hpi Trong hf thong to chftc hanh chinh gom cap (trung uong, tinh, huyfn, x3) thi xa la don vi hanh chinh thap nhat, co vai trd, vj tri diic bift quan frpng frong ca cau to chftc quyln lyc nha nudc Chinh quyln cap ca sd dong vai fro quan frpng frong vifc dam bao, fri va phan anh tinh cong bing, cong khai va minh bgch cua hf thong phap lugt tdi ngudi dan Tu khda: Phip lugt; dja phuong; chinh quyen cap co sd; Vift Nam xi Cftng vdi cic xu tiie phit trien, cic vin dl dan sinh, din tri, dan quyfin, dan cbu trd Difiu Hien phip nim 2013 cbi ro: "Cac nhu ciu nfli smh cfta cic cfli^ dflng CO quan nba nudc, cin bp, cflng chuc, vien din cu tai cac ling, xi nflng thfln nudc ta Chi sfl hipu qui quin tri va hanh chinh chftc phii tfln ttpng Nhan dan, tgn tyy phye vv Nhan din, Ufin hp chit chfi vdi Nhan dan, cflng d p tinh (PAPI) ttong nhung nim qua ling nghe y kifin va chju sy giira sit cua cho thiy ring cflng khai, minh bgch vi Nhin dan; kien quylt dau tranh chflng tham ttich nhifm giii ttinh li hai ming cdn ylu nhung, lang phi vi raoi bilu hifn quan lieu, ttong cflng tic quin tri, dieu hanh ciia chinh hich dich, cua quyen " Day li sy khing quyln dia phuong d 63 tinh/tiianh phfl dinh vai frd cfta luit phap ttong viec dam Theo do, dilm tinng bmh chung vfi cflng bio ddi sflng cfta ngudi din, dim bao vi khm, minh bgch thu, chi ngin sich c ^ xi tri cic quyen binh ding va ciing la cflng cy dl quin ly xa hpi Quan ly nhi nudc bing *•' Thgc sT, Vi0n Xd hpi hpc, Vifn Hdn idm Khoa hpc phip lu^t ddng vai frd chft yeu ttong cac xd h§i Vif t Nam phuong tifn quin ly ma nha nudc sfi dyng DT: 0906249866 Email: thmoiguyenxhhfg^nai'-com Nflng thfln Viet Nara bifn da vucrt Bdi vifit frong khufln kh6 de tdi "Nghiat ciru dixudt cdc gidi phdp dp dyng lugl phdp vd huang udc khfli cic khufln vi tr$t ty cti Sy phit qudn ly xd hgi ndng thdn mdi" thupc Chuong trinh trifin kinh te, vin hda, xa hfli di va dang Khoa hpc va Cflng nghf phye vg xay d\nig nflng khic phye tinh trgng tri trp vfln cd tai ling thfin mfii giai dogn 20 U - 2015 tdi trp Ap dung c i c v i n ban p h a p luat cua Nhi nud'C 97 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viit Nam so 6(91) - 2015 nim 2013 cbi dgt 1,86 dilm, ting nhe so voi 1,79 dilm nam 2011 tren thang difim tfi - 3,33 dilm Mac dft difim tnmg bmh ting nhe, song kfit qua khio sat nam 2013 cho tiiiy cbi khoang mpt phin ba so ngudi duac hdi cho bifit cbinb quyen cip xa cua hp da cflng bfl cdng khai cic khoan tiiu, chi ngan sacb Trong do, chi cd 38% da dpc bing kfi thu chi ngan sich ciia xa/phudng, vi ttong sfl cd khoing 60% cho rang bp kbflng tin vio tinh chinh xic cfta thflng tin di dupc cflng bfl Vfi can bin, chi cd frong sfl 100 ngudi din cbo bilt chmh quyln cip xi cd cflng khai tbflng tin tbu, chi ngan sich cap xi, da dpc bang kfi vi tin vio dp chinh xac cfta bang kfi Tinh hinb tuang ty voi thyc tl ma chiing tfli tiln banh khio sit tgi tinh' \ Ket qui cbo thay, viec nguoi din cd dupc bin bgc hay kbflng duac bin bac (dft co quan tim hoac khflng bifit dfin nfli dung nay) khflng cd sy chenh lech nhifiu (frfin duoi 25%) nhung cd sy khic biet kha ro d mfli dia phuong Bang 1: Ty If nguoi dan dupc thara gia ban bgc ttong cudc hpp vfi thu chi cac loai quy cong cfta xa (ba0 gflm ca sft dung dat cflng) Danvi:(%) Co ban bac Khong ducrc ban bac (du CO quan tam) Khong CO npi dung Thai Binh Hoa Binh Quang Ngai Dik Lik Tra Vinh Tong 22,8 26,3 44,7 23,4 12,9 27,2 19,8 33,7 1,6 11,7 7,1 15,4 25,9 15,8 29,5 17,1 25,0 23,0 Ngudn: Sfl lieu tft cufle khao sit 5tinhcfta de tai: "Nghiin citu, di xudt cdc gidiphdp dp dung ludt phdp vd hirang u&c qudn ly xd hgi ndng thdn mdi" Bing tien cho thiy ngudi dan dugc thara gia bin bgc cufle hpp vl thu chi cic Iogi quy cflng cfta xa van chilm ty lfi chft yeu Van de thu chi cic loai quy cflng cfta xa thu hftt su tham gia ciia nhilu nguoi dan Hda Binb va cbinh quyln dia phuong tai day dudng nhu chua dap ftng dupc nhu ciu cfta ngudi din Cic bit cgp tiong tfl chftc, kem bieu qui hogt dpng cfta chinh quyfin ca sd li nhfing tac dflng tieu cyc tdi thyc trgng thyc thi phap luit tgi cac dia phuong Nhting "bfic xuc" tiong ling, xa khflng dupc giii quyfit theo dung Iugt phip dan dfin tinh trang khieu kifn tran lan, tgo thinh cac difim "ndng" Sy kifin d Thai Binh va mpt sfl dia phuang ttong idiiing nam trudc diy cho thay sy yeu kem cua chinh quyen ca sd d cac dia phuang trudc cic "bien cfl" ttpng cic lang, xa khflng chi sy hgn che cua dfli ngii cin bp ca sd raa cdn sy bat cap cua md hinh tfl chftc va CO chl hogt dpng cua be tbflng cbinb tri ca sd ndi chimg va cfta ban thin chinh quyln CO sd ndi rieng Thuc tl cho thiy, nlu nhu cd sy fliara gia giam sat, dinh gii cfta nhan dan vl tinh hinh cflng kbai, minh bgch tai chinb cip ca sd tbi cbinh quyln dia phucmg cd the thyc bien tflt ban vai ttd dim bio cungftnghg ting ca sd cd chit lupng Trong khufln khfl dl tdi: "Nghien aiu, dixudt cdc gidi phdp dp dyng ludt phdp vd huang udc Irong qudn ly xd hgi ndng thon mdr, chfing tfli dd tiln hdnh khdo sdt tgi tinh: Thai Binh, Hoa Binh Quang Ngdi, Ddk Ldk, Tra Vinh vdi 1.000 hfl gi^ dinh dupc hoi bdng bdng hoi, 250 tmong hop elm phong vdn sdu vd thdo luan nhflm Vgn dung phdp lugt cua chmh qityin ca sa Tri Vinh vi Hda Binh la hai dia phuang dinh gia cao tinh cong bang, minh bgch, cflng khai vi it tdn kem ttong viec thyc thi ph^ luit cua cin bp thupc bp miy cua chinh quyen xa so vdi cic dia phucmg cdn lgi Ty le dinh gii thip hon thuflc vfi Quing Ngii Trong dd, Dik Lik la dia phuong CO ty le thap nhit chua den 7% Neu nhu frong tinb Thai Binh, Hda Binh, Quang Ngai vi Tri Vinh ty lfi ngudi din danb gii cao ve ning lyc bleu bifit phip luit cfta cin bp dia phuang thi d Dak Lik ty If thip ban va dong nghTa vdi viec ty If khflng dflng y vdi dinh gii niy cao hon hoan toan so vdi cac dia phucmg khic Trong nhfing nam qua, ngudi dan cang cd ddi hdi ldn tu chinh quyfin dia phuong vfi trach nhiem giii trinb theo quy dinh cfta Phip lfinh thyc hifn dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tiin the hien thflng qua: tifip xuc tryc tifip vdi ngudi din (thflng qua phdng tiep din) vi thflng qua Ban Thanh tra Nhan din (Ban TTND) vi Ban Giam sit diu tu cfta cflng dflng (Ban GSDTCD) Nam 2013, chi cd 36,6% sd ngudi duac hdi trfin toan quflc cho bifit d xi/phudng cua bp cd Ban TTND, vdi 82,9% ttong sd dd cho ring Ban TTND hogt dpng cd hifu qua Dong thoi, cung chi cd 17% sfl ngudi dupc hoi cho bifit dia bin hp sinh sflng di lgp Ban GSDTCD, vdi 86% ttong sfl dd danh gia kha tich cyc ve hieu qui hogt dflng cua nhiing ban Ro rang Ii phin Idn nhihig ngudi bifit den sy tfln tgi cua Ban TTND va Ban GSDTCD dinb gii kha cao hifu qui cua hai ban Tuy nhien, vdi moi van de dupc tbam gia giim sit cho thiy nhfing sy khic bifit Vific ngudi dan duac tham gia giam sit frong rapt sfl hoat dflng dja phucmg thl hifin dupc tinh cflng khai, minh bgch ciing nhu thyc tl thuc thi phip luit tgi dja phuang Theo dd, tit ca cic vln de dupc chftng tfli nfiu ty le chu yeu tgp tiimg vao cau tra Idi ngudi din kbflng dupc giim sit ttong vific giii quylt khieu ngi tfl cio cfta cong dan (33,7%); thi cflng, nghiem thu vi quylt toin cic cflng tiinh phftc lpi cflng cpng (34,4%); quin ly va sft dung dit dai (34,5%); thu chi cic Iogi quy cflng cfta xa (35,2%); tiianh tra cac vy vific tieu cyc, tham nhung lien quan din cin bp xa/tii6n/ip (33,5%) va vifc thyc bien chl dp chinh sich uu dii, thuang binh, bfinh binb, gia dinh lift sy, gia dinh chinh sach khac (32,5%) Tgi hai tmh Thai Binb va Hda Binh, ty If ngudi din khflng dupc giim sit mpt sfl npi dung chinh ttong cic vln dl tgi dia phuang chilm khoang gin 40%, dac bift kboang ba nam ttd lai day Dilu cho tbay, thycttgngve sy tham gia giam sit cfta nguoi dan tai Thii Binh va Hda Binh dfli vdi vin dfi mi chung tdi dua rit d n phai xem xet Trong kbi d cac dia phuong cdn lgi, ty If dfiu dudi 20% Tuy nhien neu so giua tinh cdn lgi thi Tra Vinh la dia phuang cd ty If ngudi din khong dupc tham gia giim sat cao hon bin Quang Ngii va Dik Lik, d mftc tten dudi 11 diem phan trim Sy khic bift vftng mifin cho thay sy khac bifit rfl each thftc chinh quyln dia pbuong van dflng ngudi dan cung nhu cich thftc quan ly tai cic dia phuang tiong vifc to chuc, thu hut va tao difiu kifn cho ngudi dan tham gia quin ly, giim sit boat dpng chinh quyen mpt each cflng khai, minh bgch Trong vdng ba nam tid lgi diy, cd tdi 20%, thgm chi 40% ngudi din khflng dupc tham gia giira sit ttong npi dung kha CO ban, quan trpng dfli vdi bat cft mpt dia phuang nio Dieu cho thay van de thyc Men quyln giara sit thuc thi phap luit cua cac dia phuang can phii dupc xem xet Vifc thuc thi dung tbeo phip luit cua chinh quyln dia phuang the hien thflng qua vifc tham gia giim sit cfta cu din nflng tiion nhung khflng roi vao nhdm cu dan cd thu nhip thip cung nhu cic nhdm cd nghe 99 Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hQi VielNam, so6(9I)-20IS nghiep da dinh ma chii y^u thuoc nhom nhiing nong dan lam nong/lam/ngu nghidp, nhiing ngucri co trinh hoc vin cao dang dung ngoai thyc te Tuyen truyen cac phap lu^t ciia Nha nii^c Phap lual cua Nha nuoc la su thj chS hoa duong I6i, chinh sach cua Dang, the hi?n nguyen vong ciing nhu y chi ciia nhan dan va duoc thuc hien thdng nhit ca nuoc Bk nhan dan co thl hi6u biet, tuan thii theo phap lu^t thi viec tuyen truyen phap luat ciia Nha nuoc la nhiem vu quan trpng Vijc triSn khai Tu sach phap luat tren toJn quoc theo QuySt dinh s6 69/1998/QD-TTg 31 thing nam 1998 vS viec phat hanh Cong bao nuoc Cpng hoa xa hpi chu nghia Vi?t Nam cho d p xa, phuang, thi trin va Chi thi s6 03/1999/CT-BTP ngiy thang nam 1999 cua B0 Tu phap \k vi?c triJn khai th\rc hi?n cic cong tac trpng tam ciia nganh Tu phap n5m 1999, giao trach nhiem Uy ban nhan dan cap xa co nhi?m vu quan ly Tu sach phap luit va hang tfi chiic phuc vu can b6, nhin dan co nhu ciu nghien cilu duoc tryc tiep tun hieu cic van ban phip lu^t cua Nha nudc Nhiem vu ph5 biln, giao due phap luat cap xa dupc thuc hien theo Quylt dinh s6 37/2008/QDTTg 12 thing nam 2008 cua Thu tuong Chinh phu vl vipc phe duyet Chuong trinh phi biln, giio due phip lu^it tir nam 2008 din nim 2012 Tilp din la Quylt dinh s5 06/2010/QD-TTg 25 thing nam 2010 vl viec xay dung, quan Iy, khai thic Tu sach phip luat Hien nay, each thiic ph6 biln phip luat chu ylu ciia cliinh quyen dia phuong dupc nguoi dan don nban vin la th5ng qua cac cupe hpp thon (66,4%) va thong qua he thing loa truyin (55%), d?c biet la qua hS thing truyin thong dai chiing ti vi, bao, d^ (84,9%) Cach thlic lua chpn tuy4n truyin phap luit tai moi dia phuong co s\t khac biet Bang 2: Nguoi dan biSt dupc thong tin vl phap lu?lt qua mpt so nguon chinh Donvi;% Hpp thon Loa truyen xi Ti vi, bao, dai Thii Binh Hoa Binh Quang Ngii Dik l i k Tra Vmh 17,6 24,4 26,1 13,3 18,6 30,2 21,3 18,9 10,7 18,9 20,9 19,9 19,5 20,2 19,5 Tong 100 100 100 Ngudn: So Iifu tCr cupe khio sit 5tinhcua dfi tii: "Nghien ciru di xudt cdc gidiphdp dp dgng ludtph^ vd huang u&c qudn ly xa hgi ndng thon m&f Cd thl ndi, diy Ii nhihig each thftc tuyfin truyin phip luglt chft yfiu dem lai hifu qui cho ngudi din, vdi tinh khao sit cich thftc tiiuc hifin duac sy dflng thugn cvta nhin dan la khic Nd cd the xult phit tft rit nhifiu Iy trfin thyc tl de cac dia phuong lya chpn cich thiic tuyen truyen phu hpp voi minh Trinh dp hpc van cua ngudi dan cdn hgn chl li mot nhiing ly chinh quyln dja phucmg mpt sfl tinh lya chpn cich thurc tuyfin tmyln niy 100 Tuy nhien, difiu ding luu y Ii yfiu tfl dan tpc khflng pbii la nguyfin nhin giy khd khin cho vifc a:p dung phip luat tai dja phuong Hgn chl vl trinh dfl chuyen mfln, kifin thuK tu can bfl tuyen truyin gay nhiii^ anh hudng r5 Mot nhiing ly dl vipc thuc thi p h ^ Iugt khd khan tai cic dja phutmg la ngudi dan thich gjai quyet bing tmh hon ly (33,3%) Nguoi din Vift Nam tu xua din lufln coi trpng tmh cim, la mfli quan Van dung phdp lugt cua chinh qityin ca sd he gin bd khang khit giiia nhihig ngudi cung mflt ddng miu "mpt gipt mau dao hon ao nudc li", Ii tinh cim gin bo mat thifit gifta nhung ngudi khflng quen bilt "bin anh em xa, mua lang gilng gin" Cd lfi vi nhung quan nifm nhu vay nen hp trpng tinh cam hanttongvific xft ly nhung vln dl ggp phii cufle sflng hang Quan difim tinh ban ly ciia ngudi dan nflng thdn cd thl dupc giii thich bdi quan nifm ve "tinh ty tri" cfta ling xi Viet Nara "Boi sy that thi tinh ty tri thuong duoc tao bdi chinh nhiing ngudi din ttong ling de bio dim su an toan tbfli^ qua cac quan chftc cfta ling tgi nhfti^ thdi diem chinh quyen trung uong bi cbi trich, Ien in mgnh rae" Cd the thiy ring, ban chit cfta tinh ty trj frong xi hpi nflng thfln Viet Nam da li mflt bifiu hifin cua tinh tinb frong cich iing xft giiia ngudi ling vdi ngudi ling, li sy khic bift giiia dan npi tich voi nhieu uu dai va lpi the so vdi dan ngoai tich Va cd 16 ciing vi thfi ma nguoi dan ttong ling dfli xur voi nhau, giii quyfit cic vin de tbeo cich cua ngudi ling, cua nhung ngudi that sy gin gui, nhftng tgp tuc nhu nfli bfln ttong cic lang Vift tft xua va vin cdn luu truyfin dfin la mpt frong nhung dan chirng cy the Cbo du the nio thi ttong lang van la "phi nfli tic ngogi"; vi viy ma cich ftng xft ttong lang van la tbeo "cai tinh cii nghia" Cd 16 each img xft vdi pbip lugt nhu vgy cho thiy, sy tic dpng ttong cich thuc quin ly cua chinh quyen dia phuong dan tdi quan diem cfta ngudi dan van xem "cbinh quyen xi la hinh inh thu nhd cua Nha nudc, cong cu bio dim lpi ich cfta Nha nudc chft kbflng phii li phuang thftc dl dan chiing thyc hifin ty quan cpng dflng" Tgi diem khao sit ty If cic vin ban luat khflng phu hop vdi thyc tiln dia phuong cbi chilm 8,0% ttong sfl cac ly giii thich cho vific ap dyng luit phip tgi dia phuang gap khd khin van cdn la rapt sfl nhd so vdi thyc tfi Theo thflng ke cfta Bp Tu pbap, ttong 10 thing diu nam 2014 da cd 9.017 van bin cd diu hifiu vt pham cac difiu kifn vfi tinh hpp hiln, hpp phap cfta van bin (chiira ty If 22%) Dilu dd cho thiy tinh frang dang bio dpng vdi vifc xay dyng ciing nhu quylt dinh dfli vdi cic van ban phip luat hien nay, no s6 li mdt frong nhiing nguyen nhan quan frpng tic dflng tdi thuc te vi hieu qui thyc thi phip luit tai cic dia phucmg, vi dit vln dl vl tinh bifu qui frong each tuyfin truyin, cbu truang chinh sich phip luit nha nudc ciia cbinh quyfin dia phuang Tat nhien, ben cgnh nguyen nhan chft quan ve trinh dp hpc vin cd gidi hgn ciia ngudi din thi su ban che ttong trinb dp, thifiu linh hogt cich thftc tuyen truyfin hay tinh trgng gia ting cic van bin vi phgm cic dieu kifn ve tinh hpp hiln, hpp pbap li nhftng nhan tfl quan ttpng dan tdi tinh trang tuyen tinyin phip luat tai cac dia phuang cdn hgn che Vai trd cac to chiic chinh trj - xa h$i viec tuyen truyin va vSn d§ng thuc hien phap Iugt Hiln pbap xic dinh Mgt fran Tfl quflc Viet Nam, cimg voi Hpi Nflng dan, Hpi Phu nft, Hfli Cuu chiln binh, Doan Thanh nien li ca sd chinb tri cfta cbinh quyfin nhan dSn; dgi difin, bio vfi quyen vi Ipi ich hpp phip, chinh dang cfta Khan dan; tham gia xay dyng Dang, Nhi nudc Theo quy djnh cfta Luit Tfl chftc Hfli dflng nhan dan vi Uy ban nban din, dai dien cic doin the quin chftng diu phii dupc tham gia vao tat ci cic phifin hpp, cac quylt dinh va nhilu ki hpp quan frpng khic he thflng chinb tri d d p tuong duong Sd di cd dupc mfli quan he dfi dang cua cic tfl chftc niy vdi ca quan nha nudc li vi tri cfta hp dupc thiia nhgn he thflng chinh tri Vi till, bat cft hoat dpng nio cua chinh quyln dja phuong chftng ta diu thiy vai ttd nfli bat cfta cic td chftc doin thl vditircich 101 T