V Chinh sach thyc hien, ap dung phap luat, van dung hvong w&c quan ly xa hoi 6- nong thon: thuc trang va nhirng van de dat Phgm Hihi Nghi * Tdm tdt: Mufln quan ly xa hpi bdng phap lugt va theo phap luat d n co mpt hf thflng phap luat dly dii, dflng bp, cong khai, minh bach He thong phap lugt phai dupc dua vao cupe song, phai dupc thuc hien, ap dung thi mdi t£io trat tu In djnh xa hpi, bao dam quyen ngudi, quyen cong dan, bao dam sy phat triln bin vung ciia quflc gia Ciing vdi chinh sach thuc hifn phap luat, ap dung phap luat, Nha nudc da de chinh sach van d^ng huong udc, tgp quan quan ly xa hpi nong thon Vifc thyc hien chinh sach van dung hucmg udc, tap quan co y nghia nhu la cong cu bo sung phap luat quan ly xa hpi d nflng thon Bai vilt phan tich, danh gia thyc trgng chinh sach thuc hifn, ap dyng phap lugt va van dung huong udc, tgp quan frong quan ly xa hpi d nflng thon va nhihig vln dl dang dat ' Tir khda: Chinh sach; phap luat; huong udc; quan ly xa hpi; nong thon Thvc tr^ng chinh sach thuc hien, ap dung phap luat a ndng thon Viet Nam hien Tinh tnmg binh mdi mdt ky hpp thdi gian gin diy cfta Quflc hfli thao lugn va thflng qua tfi 12 den 15 dgo luit, bp luit Day la nhihig sfl vfl cung an tupng Phip luat can phii dupc tfln trpng va thyc hipn cudc sflng tbi muc dich ctia viec ban hanh pbap luit mdi dgt dupc O nudc ta phap luit dupc thuc hien thflng qua cic hinh thuc chu yfiu la tuan thu pbip Iuat, sft dung phip luit, chip hinh phap luit (thyc thi phap Iugt) vi ip dyng p h ^ luit, Mufln quan ly xa hfli bang phip luat va theo phip luit cin cd mflt he thong phip Iuat dly dti, dflng bfl, cong kbai, minh bach Trudc day, thdi ky chiln tranh va co che ke hoach hda tip trung bao cap, hoat dpng lap pbap ctia Quflc hpi Viet Nam cdn d phgm vi rit bgn chfi Quflc bpi cic khda chti ylu tap trung vao viec thdng qua cic dao luat vl tfl chfic: Luit Td chftc Quflc hpi, dd: Tuin thu pbap Iugt la hinh thuc thyc Luit Td chfic Chtnh phu, Luit Tfl chuc Tda an nhin dan, Luit To chftc Vien Kilm sit bifin phap luit raa chu the quan h? pha^) luit nhan din, Lugt Tfl chftc Hfli ddng nhin dan va Uy ban nhan dan '*' Phfi ^do su, tifin sT, Hpc vifn Khoa bpc \i hpi Ngiy nay, Vipt Nam da cd mpt he tbflng DT: 0982323511 Email: phnghi53@yahoo.coin.vn van ban pbap luit kha dfl so Nudc ta di Bdi vifit khufin kho de tai "Nghiin aiu de xudt phqp dp dyng lugt phdp vd huang udc ldng ban hanh cic dao luit dilu chinh tit ca cic gidi qudn ly xd hgi ndng thdn mdi" Chuong Iinh vuc kinh tl, chinh tii, xa hfli, an ninh, trinh Khoa hpc vd Cfing nghf phye vy xdy d^ng quflc phdng, hinb chinh, hinh sy, dan sy nong thon mfii giai doan 2011 - 2015 tdi trp 79 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam sd 6(91) - 2015 kifim che, giu minh khong lira nhung gi ma phip luit cam - Sfi dyng ph£^ lugt la hinh thuc ma chft the thyc hien pbip luit thyc hien quyfin dupc phap luat quy dinb Duong nhien, cac quyen la cich xfi su ma phap luit cho phep, phap luat thfia nhan Bdi viy, chft the cd tbfi thyc hifin hogc khflng thyc hien cac quyfin, tu dd theo y chi cua minh, chft phap luat kbflng bat buflc chft the phai thyc hien - Chip hinh phip luit (thyc thi pbap luit) li hinh thuc thyc bien phap luat mi cbu the thuc hien nghia vu phap ly tbeo quy dinh cfta phip luat - Ap dpng pbap lugt la hinh thuc ma chft thfi li cic CO quan nbi nudc cd thim quyen, cac ci nhin dupc Nba nudc trao quyfin ip dyng cac quy pham phap luit vao trudng hop cy thfi doi vdi ca nhan, td chftc dfi giii quyet quyfin, ngbia vu cho hp ho^c xac dinh tiich nhiem phap ly dfli vdi bp''\ Vipt Nam da de chinh sach thyc hipn pbap luat ndi chung va thyc Men pbap lugt d nflng thfln ndi rieng Hien phap Vipt Nam va hang logt cic van ban phip luit, tiong cd Luit Phfl bien, giio due phip luit ngiy 26 thing 12 nim 2012 viNghi dinh so 59/2012/ND-CP ngiy 23 thing nim 2012 cfta Chinh phu ve theo doi tinh hinh thi hanh phip luit Luat Phfl bifin, giao due phap luit nim 2012 quy dinh quyen dupc thflng tin ve pbap luit vi tiich nhifim tim hifiu, hpc tap phap lugt cua cong din; npi dung, hinh thfic phfl biln, giio due phap luat; tiich nhiem Ciia CO quan, tfl chfic, ci nhin cd thim quyln vi cac dieu kien bio dim cho cflng tac phfl biln, giao due phap lugt Cflng dan cd quyln duac thdng tin vfi phap luat vi cd trach nhiem chft ddng tim hilu, hpc tip pbap Iugt Nhi nudc bao dam, tgo dilu kien cho cflng din thyc hien quyfin dupc tbflng tin ve pbap luit 80 Ddi vdi ngudi dan d vung din tflc thifiu s6, mifin nfti, vung sau, viing xa, bien gidi, ven bifin, hai dio, viing cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hfli dac bifit khd khan va ngu din, viec phfl biln, gjao dye phip luat can cfi vao die dilm cfta tung doi tupng ma tip trung vio cac quy dinb phap luit ve dan tpc, tfln giao, tiach nhipm tbam gia bao vfi, gift gin an ninh, quflc phdng, bien gidi, chft quyfin quflc gia, biln, dio, tai nguyfin, khoang san va cac ITnh vuc pbap luit khic gin lien vdi ddi sflng, sin xuit cua ngudi dan Hogt dpng phfl bifin, giio dye pbap luit cbo ngudi dan d vimg dan tpc thieu sfl, mien nui, viing siu, vung xa, bien gidi, ven biln, hai dio, vung cd dieu kien kinh t l - x a hdi dac biet khd khan va ngu din dupc chu tipng thyc bifin tbflng qua hda giii d co sd, tip giftp phap ly luu dpng; tu vin pbip luit, cung cap mien phi thflng tin, tai lifiu phap lugt bang tieng din tpc cho dflng bio din tpc thieu sfl; Iflng ghep phfl bien, giao dye phap luit frong cac hogt dflng van hda truyfin thflng Uy ban nhin dan cac cap tfl chiic bien, giao due phap luit cho ngudi dan d vung din tpc thieu sfl, mifin nui, vimg sau, vftng xa, viing cd dilu kien kinh tl - xa hfli dgc biet khd khan va ngu dan; chu tri phfli hop vdi bfl dpi bien pbdng, cflng an, hai quan, kiem lim, canh sit biln tfl chuc phfl bien, giio due pbap lugt cho nguoi din d kbu vyc bien gidi, ven biln va hai dio De bao dam viic thi hdnh phdp lugt cdn CO nptdn nhdn luc ldm cdng tdc tuyen truyin, phd biin phdp lugt cho nguai ddn ndng thdn Cac dia pbuong tiln hanh ri soat, tfl chuc dao tgo, bfli duong cho dpi ngu can bfl tbuc hien cflng tac tuyen truyin Khoa Li4t, D^i hpc Quoc gia Hd NSi (2005), Gido trinh Ly lugn vi Nhd nudc vd Phdp ludl Hd Npi, tr.78-79 Chinh sdch thuc hien, dp dyng phdp ludt phfl biln phap luit (TTPBPL) cho ngudi dan nong thfln va dflng bao dan tpc thieu sfl; md cac ldp tgp huan dao tao, boi duong nghiep vy phfl bifin pbap luat, cung cap tai lieu va cic kien thftc pbip luat cd lien quan cho dpi ngfi can bp tai trung uong va cac sd, ban, nganh cua eic dia phuang lim cong tic TTPBPL cho ngudi dan nflng thon va dong bio dan tpc thifiu sfl Tren co sd dd, cac dia phuang da tgp huan dao tao, bfli duong nghipp vy phfl bifin phip luit cho dpi ngu bao cio vifin, tuyen truyfin vifin tgi co sd Bfin cgnh do, tbflng qua Iflng ghep cic hpi nghi, hpi thio, cic ldp tap huan nghiep vu ma tfl chftc dio tao, bfli dudng kifin thftc phap luit chuyen nganh va kj? nang tuyfin tmyln, phfl bien pbap luit cbo dpi ngu can bp lam cflng tic TTPBPL cbo ngudi dan nflng thfln Khdo sdt xdc dinh nhu cdu ve ndi dung vd hinh thiec thuc hiin tuyin truyin, phd biin phdp lugt cho ngu&i ddn ndng thdn Dfli tupng khio sit gflm: can bfl lim cflng tac TTPBPL cip tinh, huyen; cin bfl lam cflng tic TTPBPL d p xa; ngudi dan ndng thfln Can bp xa, Chi bptiiflnbin; dflng bao dan tpc tiiilu sfl Can bfl Hpi Nflng din tinh, huyfin; cin bp Hpi Nflng din co sd Ban Chu nhifim ciu lgc bo, tuyen truyin vien ca sd; can bp Tnmg tim tu vin phap luit ciia Hpi Nflng dan; hpi vien, nong dan Can bp cac d p HOi Phy nft, cin bfl cua mflt sfl sd, ban, ngknh, doan thl cip tinh tryc tilp lam cflng tac TTPBPL; hpi vien, phy nfi la nflng d&i, dflng bao din tflc thifiu sfl Qua dd, di xac dinh duoc thyc frang vi nhu clu tim Iiifiu cac npi dung phip lugt, cac hinh thfic thich hap dfi phfl biln cic nfli dung phap Iugt theo nhu clu cua ngudi d^i nong tiifln vi ding bao din tflc thilu sfl; thyc frgng va nhu cau dao tao cua can bp lam cflng tac TTPBPL cbo dfli tupng tifin; cic dja dilra cd dft dilu kifin xiy dung mfl hinh thi diem dfi phfl bien phap lugt ve nong nghiep phat trifin nflng thfln (NNPTNT) Xdy dung md hinh thi diem thuc hiin TTPBPL cho ngudi ddn ndng thdn Npi dung boat dflng cfta mfl binh gflm: TTPBPL cho ngudi din nflng thfln tgi mo hinh; dao tao, ning cao ky ning nghiep vu TTPBPL cbo dpi ngu cin bfl cua mo binb; cung cap tii lieu phip luat; hfl frp trang thiet hi phuc vu cho hogt dpng TTPBPL tgi mfl hinh; dinh gia, tflng ket rftt kinh nghiem va trien khai nhan rflng mfl hinh Uy ban Dan tflc xiy dyng mfl hinh TTPBPL tgi cic xa mien nui thong qua viec md ciu lac bp phip luit voi viec cung cap diu sach van ban phip luit, tfl sinh hogt, tuyen truyfin phfl bifin phap luit tip trung theo cbuyen dl vi dupc thyc hipn thirdng xuyen hang thing; boi dudng kiln thuc, cung cap kip thdi cic quy djnh mdi cfta pbap luat cho can bp tuyfin truyen vien, hda giai vien d ca sd dfi tuyen truyen cbo nhan dan vi phuc vy cflng tic hda giii d ca sd Ngudi dan cd nbu cau tim hifiu phip luit diu cd quyln tham gia sinh hogt Ciu Igc bfl va tilp cgn cac vin bin phap luit mflt each nhanh chdng, thuan lpi Trung uang Hdi Nflng din Vipt Nam (TLTHNDVN) xay dyng cic mfl hinh dilm "Vgn dpng nflng din chap hinh phap luit vl bao ve ngufln lpi thuy san", xay dyng mfl hinh dilm "Van dpng nflng dan chap hanh phip luit ve san xuat cac sin phim nflng nghipp sach" Tgi cSc mo hinh nay, ngudi din duac cung cap cic thflng tin phap luit bing nhilu hinh thftc khac nbau nhu tfl chuc cac bufli TTPBPL, phfli hpp tfl chftc tu vln phap luit, tip giftp phip ly, cic Idp tip huin, hfli nghi diu bd, tuyen truyfin tten he thflng loa truyin thanh, tuyfin tinyln bing pa nfl, ip phich, td roi, td gap p h ^ luit, cic cufln sfl tay hfli - dap, xiy dung va tri boat dflng cua cac Ciu lac bp phap 81 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viit Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 lugt, tfl chfic thi tim hieu phip luit Npi dung tuyen truyfin, bien dupc tap trung vao cac quy dinh cua phip lugt ve tifiu chuin, quy chuin an toin thyc pbam; cic quy dinh ve khai thic, danh bat, nufli trflng thuy, bai sin dflng tbdi bio ve ngufln lpi ve thliy sin, ve mfli trudng; nhiing kien thfic khoa hpc ky thuit tiong sin xuat va che bien nflng sin Tfi cic hogt dflng tuyfin truyen, phfl bien gdp phan nang cao nban thftc, y thfic chip hinb phap luit cua ndng din, ngu din qua dd cac hfl da huong fing, dflng thugn ky cam ket "san xuit san pham nflng nghiep sgch" va cam ket "bao ve nguon Iai thuy, hii sin tiong khai thic, danh bat, nufli frflng" Diy ciing la each thftc dfi nguoi din tu giac tham gia va thay dupc y thftc tiich nhiem ciia mfli ca nban, mfli bfl gia dinh tiong thyc thi cac quy dinh pbip lugt ve san xuat luang thyc, thyc phim hay khai thac, dinb bit thfty, hii san qua dd thuc diy phat trifin san xuit theo hudng bin vtmg, ddi sflng cua nflng dan, ngu dan cang duoc cai thifin TU^HPNVN xiy dyng mfl hinh Cau lgc bp "Phu nu nflng thfln vdi phip luit", "Phy nu din tflc vdi phip lugt" de phfl bifin phap luit cbo ngudi dan nflng thfln va dflng bao din tpc Cic boat dpng cbu yeu la tfl chftc tap huin cho ban chu nhiem Ciu lgc bfl, phfl bien p b ^ luit cho thinh vien Cau lac bp vi ngudi dan dia phuang, hfl trp cac tiang bi thiet bj phye vy hogt dpng phfl biln pbip Iuat ciia Cau lgc bp Mfl hinh cd hieu qui tflt, cd sfic lan tda ttong ddi sflng cfta cflng dong din cu vi ciu lgc bp la noi quy tu, tap hpp dflng dao vifin tham gia nhim giao luu, hpc hdi, tgo difin dan, trao dfli, bien kien thuc phap lugt va van dyng p h ^ luit, tu van pbap Iugt va trp giftp phap ly cho phu nfi, gdp phin tuyfin truyfin van dflng hpi vien, phy nfi va ngudi than khong pha rimg lira nuong ray, khong tham 82 gia truyin dao trii phep, khflng nghe theo ldi xiii giuc cua ke xiu, hgn che tham gia khieu kifin dflng nguoi Td chuc phd biin phdp lugt thdng qua cdc hinh thuc phit hgp: - Tbflng qua hfli nghi, cuoc hpp, tap huin, gidi thifiu van ban - Bifin soan va phat banh tai lieu phap luat - Tuyen truyen, phfl bien trfin bio chi, tifin phuang tien thong tin dgi chiing Bfin cgnh cac hinh thfic tren, nhieu hinh thftc khac TTPBPL da dupc sfi dyng dfli vdi ngudi din ndng thfln vi dong bao dan tpc thieu so nbu: tu vin pbap luat, tip giup pbap ly, tu van, tip giup luu dpng cho nguoi dan nflng thfln vi dflng bao dan tpc thieu so, thi tira hifiu phap lugt qua mgng Thyc trang chinh sach vgn dung hirong vdc, tap quan quan ly xa h$i d nong thfln Tfi sau Cach mgng thing Tim nSra 1945, nhat la sau nSm 1954, ca ciu tfl chftc I^g xi phong kien hi bai bd, huong udc khong cdn ca sd dfi ton tgi frong cac lang dang dupc cii tgo theo mfl hinh chinh quyfin dia pbuong kieu mdi frong d p co sd la xa bao gflm nhilu ling chfi khflng phfl biln mflt ling nhu truac Tft cufli nhihig nam 80 diu nhimg nim 90 cfta till ky XX, nflng thfln Viet Nam budc vao thdi ky Dfli moi vdi viec giao khoan rupng dit cho cic hp gia dinh sfi dung fln dinh va Iiu dai theo Nghi quylt 10 cua Bp Chinb tii, tiii viec quin ly kinh t l - x a h$i d cic thfln lang cung bit diu chuyen dfli Hp giaffinhkhflng cdn phu thupc nhilu vao hpp tie x3 nflng nghifip nbu trudc ma duac ttd lai la dan vi kinh te ty chu, trd thinh tie nhin quan tiyng dfli vdi sy phat tiiln kinh tl xa hpi d nflng thon Cimg vdi sy tbay dfli vj tri cua hfl gia mnh, vj tii va vai tib quan l;^ kinh tl xi hpi cua ling tiifln cu - vdi tinh each la cpng dong dan cu gin kit tmyln tiiflng cd Chinh sdch thuc hiin, dp dung phdp lugi thiet chfi tfl chftcrifing,phong tyc tip quin, tin ngudng, tim ly, tinh cich rifing ctia xa hpi - da din din duoc khing dinh frd lgi Clac mat ticb cue tiong hogt dpng thfln lang nhu cac thifit che din chii hda vi van hda truyin thflng, tin ngudng dupc day manh, nhung dflng tbdi cac yeu tfl tieu cue nhu tranh chap dit dai, tbdi gia truong ddng hp, cac loai te ngn ciing dupe dip frdi day Trong boi canh dd, hucmg udc - mot binh thiic bfl sung cbo phip luat, dap fing nhu cau va each tiiftc quin ly mdi d thfln, bin din luc niy bat diu cd dieu kien phuc hfli trd lgi v& phat huy tic dyng Tft giua nhiing nim 90 cfta tbfi ky XX trd di, thiy ro y nghia tich cyc cfta huang udc mdi viec quin I^ xi hfli va thyc hiOn din chu d nflng thfln, Dang va Nha nudc da danb mpt sy quan tam, diu tu thich dang Tgi Hpi ngbi lan thfi Ban Chip h&nh Trung uang Ding khda VII tiiang nam 1993, Tflng Bi thu Do Mudi da nhin manh: "Nhi nudc d n sdra nghien cfiu dl quy chl tbicb hop vdi chftc ning, vai frd cua xi, thfln, xdm, lang bin frong tinh hinh mdi Trong khuon khfl ctia pbap Iugt va dya vao nhung quy dinh niy cd thl xay dyng huong udc lam ca sd dl tfl chftc quin ly hogt dOng kinh tl, xa hpi, an ninh quflc phdng " Van kifin H0i nghj niy da ghi: "Khuyin khich xay dyng va thyc hipn c^c huong udc, quy chl ve nep sflng vin rainh d cac tiifln xi"*^' Ngiy 18 thing nam 1998 Bp Chinh tii di Cbi thi sfl 30/CTTW vl xiy dyng va tbuc bipn Quy cbfi dan chu d CO sd, ting cudng cflng tic quin ly Nhi nudc dfli vdi vific xiy dyng vi thyc hi?n huong udc, quy udc Tilp sau dd, dudi gdc dp toin quic, Nhi nudc da ban hinh mpt loat van bin chi dao, hudng din viOc ban hanh va thyc hi$n huong udc, quy udc nhu: Ngbi djnh sfl 29/ND-CP ngiy 11 thing nim 1998 cua Chinh phu ban hanh Quy chfi thyc hien dan chu d xa, Cbi thi sfl 24/CT-TTg 19 thing nim 1998 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ve vific xiy dyng va thyc bien huong udc, quy udc ciia ling, ban, thfln, ip, cum din cu, Thflng tu lien tich sfl 03/2000/TTLT/BTPBVHTT-BTTUBTUMTTQVN 31 tiiang nim 2000 cfta Lifin bp Tu pbap Van hda - Thflng tin Ban thudng true Oy ban trung uong Mat tran To quflc Vipt Nam hudng dan viec xay dung va thyc bifin hyang udc, quy udc cua lang, ban, thfln, cum dan cu Vdi nfin tang phip lugt nay, huong udc moi da dupe chinh thfic hda vi dupc trien khai mgnh metifintoin quoc - v l ten gpi; tbflng nhit gpi chung li Huong udc hoac Quy udc (ling, thfln, ip, bin, cum dan cu) - v l CO clu: cd Ldi ndi diu ghi nhgn tmyln thflng vSn bda cfta dja phuong, nfiu rayc dich cua viec xay dyng huong udc Tiep din la cac chuong,rayc,dilu, khoan, difim - v l npi dung, huong udc la vin ban quy phgm xi hpi ttong dd quy dinh cic quy tic xft sy cbung cpng dflng din cu cimg thda thugn dit dl difiu chinh cic quan he xi bpi mang tinh ty quan cfta nhan dan nham gifi gin va pbat huy nhiing phong tuc, tip quan tflt dep va truyfin thflng van hda fren dia ban lang, ban, thfln, ap, cym dan cu, gdp phin hfl ttp ticb cue cho vipc quan ly nhi nudc bing phap luit Cho din d pbam vi chung toan quflc, phip luit dilu chinh vific ban hinh va thyc hien hucmg udc, quy udc da day du vi chi tilt cic tinh, phfl tiirc thuflc trung uong cung quan tam chi dgo, nhihig van ban hudng dSn chi tilt ban van dl phu hop vdi hoan canh cu thfi ciia '^' Dang Cfing san Vi?t Nam (1993), Vdn kiin Hgi nghi ldn thir Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khda VII, Nxb Chinh trj qufic gia, Hd Npi, tr.73 83 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 timg dia pbuong Tren ca sd dd, vific ban binh va thyc hifin huong udc ve co ban da di vio nfi nep'^l Cung vdi cbinh sacb van dung huang udc, d nudc ta Ding va Nha nudc cdn de chinh sich ap dyng tip quan ttong quin ly xa hpi (chft yeu li d vftng nong thfln): Tap quin da dupc gbi nhgn ttong cac vin ban phip luit nhu Bfl luit Dan su, Bfl luit Thuong ragi, Luit Hfln nhan va (jia dinh Diy li CO sd phip ly quan ttpng cho cdng nhgn, ap dyng tip quan phap d Viet Nam Cac quy dinh vfi tap quin va viec ap dyng tip quin de dieu chinb cic quan he xa hpi dupe dupc xac dinh kha toan difin frong cic Iinh vyc din su, hon nhan va gia dinh, thuong mgi Tuy nhien, tip quin phip khflng duac cflng nhin vi ip dyng ttong cic linh vyc hinh sy, hinh chinb vi cac linh vyc khic Cac quy dinh vfi viec cho phep ip dyng tip quan dfi dieu cbinh cic quan he xa hpi thfi hipn su thfia nhin cfta Nhi nudc dfli vdi cic quy tic xft sy duac hinh rapt cich ty nhifin ttong ddi sflng xa bfli Cic quy dinb vl he thflng danb myc cac phong tyc tip quan tifin bfl dupe khuyen khich phit trifin vi cic danh muc phong tuc, tgp quin lgc hiu phii loai bd di d u ^ ban hanh Danh rayc da dupc de cap Nghi quylt sfl 32/2002/ND-CP ngiy 27 thing nira 2002 ciia Chinh phu ve ip dyng Lugt Hon nhin va Gia dinh dfli vdi cac din tflc thieu sfl Nhirng v^n de dat thuc tien thi^c hi^n, ap dung phap Iugt va vgn d^ng hutnig vdc, t^p quan ff nong thon 3,1 Nhihig van di dgt tu thifc tiin thtfc hifn, dp dtfng phdp lugt & nong thdn Trong tbdi gian qua, de khing dinh bin chit tot dep ciia che dp ta frong vific cham lo, bio vp va pbat huy diy du cic quyen ngudi, quyen cdng din, Hien phip nudc C^ng hda xa bpi chu nghia Viet Nam quy dinh: "CJ nudc Cpng hda xi hfli chu 84 nghia Vipt Nam, cac quyen ngudi, quyln cong din vl chinh tri, dan sy, kinh tl, vin hda, xa hdi duac cflng nhin, tfln trpng, bio vfi, bio dam theo Hifin phip va pliap luit"*"*; 'TMha nudc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam la nbi nudc phap quyln xa hdi chft ngbia ciia Nhin dan, Nhan din, vi Nhan dan"; "Nha nudc dupc tfl chftc va hogt dflng theo Hiln phip va pbap lugt, quin ly xa bfli bang Hien p h ^ vi pbap luat"*^^ "Nha nudc bao dam va phat huy quyfin lim chu cua Nhin dan; cflng nhin, tfln tipng, bio ve vi bao dim quyen nguoi, quyen cflng din; thyc hien myc tieu din giau, nudc mgnh, din chii, cflng bing, vin minh, raoi ngudi cd cuoc sflng Ira no, ty do, hgnh phuc, cd dieu kifin phat triln toan difin"'^\ Dfi thyc hien cac quy dinh trfin day cua Hiln phip, kip thdi ho tip, giup dd ngudi dan ttong tilp can, sft dung phip luit de thyc thi quyfin, ngbia vu cua rainh cimg nhu bao vfi cic quyln vi lpi ich hop phap, tham gia quin ly nhi nudc, quin ly xa hfli tgi dia ban xa, Nha nudc timg budc thiet lgp vi khflng ngimg hoan thifin cac thiet che thyc thi phip luit, bfl ttp ngucn dan tfayc thi phip luit (thifit lgp bfl may tfl chuc, bfl tri can bfl, bio dam ca sd vat chit; hoan thien quy trinh giai quyet yeu cau, vudng mic phip luat, thiet lgp cac co chl bao ve, ho trp ngudi dan thyc thi phip lugt ) Tuy nhien, tiiyc tl cho thiy viec triln khai, thi banh cac thiet chfi cung nbu cac dilu kien bao dim de ngudi dan d nflng thfln tilp can phip luit, sfi dung, thyc hifin phap luit dang g^ip nhiing khd khin, vudng mic, hgn chfi, bit "* Biii Xudn Due (2003), "Huong ufic mfii: NhiJng van Ak dilu chinh phdp lu§t", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Phdply,%oA,tr.\\-\2 *^*Dieu 14 Hi&i phdp ndm 2013 '*' Khodn Dieu Hien phdp 2013 "'Dieu Hien phdp 2013 Chinh sdch thuc hiin, dp dungph^ lugt cap; vi phgm phip luit dien thuong xuyen, frit ty an toan xa bfli khflng duac bao dam: Mdt la, tinh ttang vi pham pbip luat difin d nong thon la phfl bifin Dd la cac vi phgm phip Iuat vfi dit dai, ve hon nhan, gia dinh, ve phdng, chflng bgo lyc gia dinh, ve an toan, ve sinh luong tbuc, thyc phim, ve tin nguong, tfln giio, vfi ttat ty, an toan giao thflng Cac tranh chip, nhit Ii tranb chap dit dai dien cing thing, quyet lifit d mpt sfl dia phuang Cac vy an hinb sy lifin quan dfin ttflra, cudp, danh chem nbau lim anh huong ldn den sinh mgng, tai sin cfta ngudi, cflng dan va trat ty an toan d dia phuang Hai Id, dpi ngu can bfl, cflng chftc, vien chuc cua be thflng chinh tri d co sd, nhit la dpi ngu cflng chuc chuyen mon cip xa cdn yeu ve trinh dp chuyfin mfln va thieu vfi sfl lupng Vi vSy da cd nhfing tic dflng, anb hudng nhit dinh din viec td chftc thyc thi phap lugt, dua phip luit vao cufle song Cling nhu chit Iupng, hieu qua thyc tbi cflng v\i, nhit la yfiu cau cua cflng tic ban hinh, phfl biln van bin phap luit, giii quylt cic thu tycj vy vipc hinh chinh - tu phip phye vy quyln lpi chinh ding cua nguoi din cung nhu ho ttp chuyen mfln, nghifip vy cho cac boat dpng phip luat raang tinh xi bfli, cpng dong Theo quy dinh tbi d cip xa, moi xa, phudng, thi trin it nhat phii cd 01 cong chiic/01 chirc danh; dfli vdi xi, phudng, thj tiin cfl dflng dan cu thi cd the bfl tri tfi den ngudi cho raoi cbuc danh cflng chfic Tu phap - Hp tjch, Dia chinh - Xay dyng Dfl thi (hoie Nflng nghiep va Mfli trudng ) va tiieo Quylt dinh sfl 04/2004/QD-BNV 16 thing 01 nim 2004 cua Bp tnrdng Bp Npi vy ve vipc ban hanh quy djnh tieu chuan cy the dfli voi cin bfl, cflng chuc xa, phudng, thj trin thi 07 chftc danh cong chuc thudc Uy ban nhin din cap xa duac tuyen dyng lan dau phii cd trinb dp trung cip chuyen nganh frd lfin Tuy nhien, qua so lieu thflng kfi cho tbay, sfl luong cflng chftc c ^ xi cdn rit thifiu, trinh dp chuyfin mfln nhifiu cflng chftc cdn hgn cbe, chi cd 11.723/15.249 (76,9%) cflng chftc Tu phip Hfl tich dat tieu chuin theo quy dinh; 84,2% cflng chuc Tai chinh - Ke toan; 80,6% cflng chuc Van phdng - Thflng kfi; 76,1% cdng chuc Van hda - Xa hfli; 82,7% cong chftc Dia cbinh - Xiy dyng; 68,5% Truong Cflng an va 91,3%, Cbi huy trudng quan sy cd trinb dp chuyfin mfln nghipp vy tu tnmg cip frd lfin Dfli vdi cac tinh mien nui phia Bac, cbi cd khoing 70% cdng chftc Tu phip - Hp tich d cap xa dat tieu chuin fren, ci dfli vdi tinh, phfl tryc thuflc Trung uong thi ty le cflng chftc tu p h ^ - hp tich dat chuin cung chi khoang 80%*'' Ba Id, cac thilt chl hd tip, giup da ngudi din tifip cgn phap luit d ca sd phit tiifin chim, chit lupng khdng dflng deu (5 mpt sfl dia phuang, co chfi phfl bien, thflng tin, hfl tip giii quylt vudng mic phip luit, thyc hifin quyln lim chft cua nguoi dan tgi co sd chua dupc triln khai dflng bfl, hifiu qua mang lgi chua cao Tbeo kit qui dilu ti^ kbao sat cho thiy, chua din 50% xi, phudng, thi ttln triln khai tiiyc hifn trp giup phap ly luu dflng nam; d nhilu dia bin, hogt dpng frp giup pbap ly hudng vl ca sd chua dupc phu sdng; ty lfi ngudi din bilt vl cac van ban phip luat mdi cd lien quan din quyln va nghia vy co ban cua cflng dan ciing nhu dupc tham gia y kien vao cic chuong trinh, dy an kmh tl - xi hpi tten dia ban d nhilu xi, pbuong, thi tran chua din 30%; kbflng it cau lgc bfl vl phip lugt boat dflng cdn d m chimg, mang tmh ^ BO Tu phap (2012), Bdo cdo: Mgt sd vdn M chung vi chudn muc tiep cgn phdp lugl cda ngudi ddn lai ccr sd, Hd Npi, tr.2 85 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viit Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 hinh tiiftc; nhieu thfln, ban, cym din cu chua trien khai xay dyng huong udc, quy udc vi npi dung huang udc, quy udc cdn chua bam sat tinb hinh phat trien kinh tfi xi hfli cua dia phuong'^ Bdn Id chit Iupng hoat dflng thyc thi cflng vy de bao vfi cac quyfin, lpi ich hap phap cua cflng din ciing nhu ho tto, giftp dd ngudi din thyc hifin quyen vi nghia vu tu phia cic ca quan, cin bd, cdng chftc nha nudc cdn ban chfi Vific thuc hien quy trinh giai quyet thu tuc hinh chinh vi cac vudng mic phip luit cdn nhieu bit cap O nhieu dia pbuong, ty Ifi giii quylt cac vu viec hanh chinh, tu pbap d co sd dung thdi ban theo quy dinh chiem ty lfi cdn thip Cd xa, phuong, thi trin ty le gjii quyet vy viec dung thdi hgn chi dgt dudi 70%, thim chi cd xa chi dat dudi 50% Nguyfin nhin ciia tinh trgng niy Ii cong chftc cip xa chua dat tifiu chuin nghifip vu theo quy dinh hoac dat tifiu chuin nhung khong du sfl lupng theo chftc danh Ndm la, vific ban banh cic vin bin hudng dan, trien khai va tfl chuc thyc hifin phip lugt cua chinh quyen ca sd cdn cham, thieu cac difiu kifin bao dam de trien khai, tfl chftc thyc hifin Qua khio sat cho thiy, nhifiu vin ban quy pbam pluq) luit cua Uy ban nhin din, Hpi dflng nhan din d p xa ban hanh cd tinh thi khdng cao, chua phu hpp vdi tinh hinh thyc tien va thuin tipn dl ngudi din thyc thi, vgn dung Mpt sfl noi, vin ban ban hanh cdn chua dting vl npi dung vi thfi thftc, chua Iiy y kifin cfta dflng dao ngudi dan, cic dfli tupng chiu sy tac dpng, dieu chinh Sdu la, ca sd vit chit bao dim cho cflng tac tilp can phap Iuat, su dung phip lugt cua ngudi din tai ca sd d nong thon cdn rit thieu thfln, nhit Ii dfli vdi cac tinh mien nui Cac pbuong tipn lam viec nhu may vi tinh chua cd ho|ic phai sfi dyng chung; cac tai lieu phap Iuat, nghiep vu chua ducrc c ^ 86 nhgt thudng xuyen Nhilu nai chua dupc nfli mang Intemet da inh huomg den viec cap nhat van ban phap luat mdi vi su dyng c0 sd dfi heu phip luit mpt cich he thflng, viec ling dyng cflng ngh? tbflng tin, tin hpc quan ly vi thyc thi cdng vu cdn it Day chinh la nhfing hgn chfi lam anh huong khflng nhd den chat lupng, hifiu qui thyc thi cflng vy tai cip co sd 3.2 Nhirng vdn de dgt ve van dung hirong udc, tap qudn qudn ly xd hgi nong thdn Mdt la, ddi tugng diiu chinh ciia huang udc cdn ldn lgn vdi quy che thtrc Men ddn chu a ca sa Quy che thyc hien dan chu d xa dupc quy dinh tiong Phip lfinh vfi thyc hanh dan cbu d xa, phudng, thi trin dinh cho chinh quyen cip xi tbuc hifin bio dam quyfin lim cbu ciia nhin dan Cdn huong udc, quy udc la van bin quy pham xi hpi ciia cpng dflng ling, thfln, ip, bin cpng dflng ban hinh theo hudng dan chung cua Nba nudc Hai Id, ndi dung huang udc cd phdn cdn sa sdi, lap lgi phdp lugt vd chU trucmg chinh sdch cua Nhd nudc mgt cdch khd khan, thieu cu the, chua sdt thuc vai diiu Men vd dgc diim cda tung ldng cdu chU vdn bdn cdn ndng tinh hd hdo, khdu hieu Cd mpt sfl bin huong udc cd nhfing dilu khoan khflng dting vdi tinb thin cua p h ^ luit, can thiep qui siu vao ddi sflng ca ' Theo sfi lifu thfing kfi tgi 7.898 xd, phu&ng ciia 48/63 dja phuong ndm 2011: Sfi xd, phufing dupc trp giup phdp ly luu d^ng Id 2.797, chilm 35,41%; sfl xd, phuong cfi cpng tdc vien try gifip phdp ly ho?t dfing tren dia bdn Id 2.123, chilm 26,88%; sl xd, phir6ng cfi Cau lgc bp trp gifip phi^ ly |d 3213, chilm 40,68% Cfi 8.703 cau lac b0 ve phdp Iugt, dfi cfi 73,11% sl xd, phufing cfi mfit nhfhig loai cdu lgc bfi vl phdp luat Gdn 10% so xd, phufing cfi thfin, ban, cym dan cu chua xdy dvng huong ufic, guy ufic Xem: Bfl Tu phdp (2012), Bdo cdo: Mgl so vdn de chung vi chudn mifc liip cgn phdp lugt dia ngudi ddn tgi ca sa, Hd Npi, tr.3 Chinh sdch thuc hiin, dp dung phdp lugt nhan, di nguoc lgi ci nhiing phong tyc Thu hr, cic van bin thudng dua truyin thflng tfi lau ddi Da cd mpt thdi ky nguyen tic ip dyng tip quin la giu gjn bin cd khdng it huang udc thara chi quy dinh sac van hda truyfin tbflng vi phat huy phong ci nhirng "hinh pbat" vfln khflng thupc tyc, tip quin, truyen thflng vi vin hda tdt thlm quyen cua cip co sd Nai nay, noi dep cfta moi din tpc kbflng trii vdi cac chiing bien tudng thinh mpt thft "le lang" nguyfin tic ca ban ciia phip lugt, nhien, vdi nghia tieu cyc cua tu - cic ong cho dfin nay, chua xac dinh dupc thl nao li trudng thfln, chu tich xa quan lieu, bach tifiu chi danb gii ttnh dftng din hay phu hpp djch, thifiu hieu biet, tiiy tipn dgt bat dan ciia cic pbong tyc, tip quan phii tuin theo Cd mpt sfl ban huang udc Tbuctifin^ dyng tip quan vao boat dpng quy djnb cic hinh thftc phi, le phi, xfi phgt xet xft ciia cic Tda an nudc ta cho thiy: mpt cich tifin, bua bii Nay tinh trgng Thu nhdt, tip quan di dupc ap dung nay, ve ca ban kbflng cdn nfia ttong giii quyfit cac vy in dan sy tgi Tda an Ba la, tinh thiet thuc, tinh khd thi vd tinh cic cap so tham, phftc thim hay cic thu tyc hiiu qud cua huang u&c mdi & nhieu nai xet lai ban in, quyfit dinh da cd hieu lyc chua cao Hucmg udc, cd le, can gin vdi phip luit vi tai nhifiu dia phuong khic vifc gift gin cic tip quan, tyc If tot dep ctia nbau tiong phgm vi ci nudc dja phucmg; gin vdi cac Ie hpi, bio ve danh Thii hai, thuc tien cbo thiy tip quin lam thing cinh, di ticb lich sft, bio ve ciy dugc ip dung de giii quyet nhieu logi tranh coi, ben nudc, ho ao, dinh chiia - hfln ciia chip din sy nhu tranh chap ve di sin thira lfing que ke (vy in tranh chip quyen sft dyng dit vi v l chmh sich ip dyng tap quan, cd thl nhi thd bp tai tinh Hung Yen), hpp dflng (hai vy franh chip lien quan dfin hop dflng thiy nhfing vin de dgt sau diy: ThU nhdt, chua cd phin dinh rach rdi gifia giii gift ca phfi d tinh Dak Lak), quyen sd khai nifim "tip quan" va "tap quan phip" hihi (vy an "Ciy chi 19 tieng"), hay quyfin Khii nifm "tip quan phip" chim dupc quy uu tifin khai thic dia diem dinh bat hai sin djnh bit ky vin ban pbip luit nao (vy an "Cay chi 19 tifing") Thir ba, ip dyng tip quan dupc chiing Theo each hilu tiiong thuomg thi tap quan phip dupc hilu Ii cic tip quan tfln tai Iiu minh li cich thftc hieii qua giii quylt ddi cd tmh phu hpp, tinh phfl bifin da dupc ti-anh chip dan sy, nhit la ttong cic trudng Nha nudc thira nhgn vi ning lfin luat, hpp dl giii quyfit vifc ISp chotiflngttong thilu cic quy dinh phap luat vi sy tbda ttdtiianhcac quy tic xft su chung Thd hai, hlu hit cac quy dinh hien hanh thuan cua cic ducmg sy Thu tu, cic Tda in cdn chua cd sy thflng chi thira nhgn ip dung tap quin ma chua quy djnh vfi nfli dung tgp quin Trong luc do, tft nhit tiong viec cdng nhin va ip dung tap thdi Phap thupc, vio nira 1927 Hpi dflng quan Cic Tda in chua thflng nhit khao sat tuc If da suu tira va gial dap tren vific ip dung tap quin cua Tda in cip tren 300 van de ve tgp quin Tai lifiu co gia (nhit la cua Tda in nhan dan toi cao) dfli tii quan trpng iam ca sd cho cic tda an thm vdi Tda an d p dudi hay vin dl ip dyng tgp dd ip dyng tap quan xet xft truong quin tucmg tu cua cic Tda in ngang cap vdi Ngoii ra, viec sfta doi cac tip hpp neu khong cd quy djnh cua phip Iuat Thd ba, hlu bet cic vin ban phap luat quan ip dyng tiong hogt dflng xet xft cua chua xic dinh dupc cic dieu kien can va dft Tda an cic d p su biln chuyin cfta tinh hinh ciing chua dupc tinh din Diy cd till de ip dyng tip quin 87 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, so 6(91) - 2015 dupc xem la khd kban ca ban khifin vific cflng nban va ip dung tip quin tiong boat dflng xet xft cua be thflng Tda in nhan dan cac cip cdn cbua dat bifiu qua cao Thit ndm, hiu hit cac tda in cdn gap vudng macttongqui trinh ap dyng tap quin, die biet lien quan din hai vin dl: (i) xac dinh tap quin nao dupc cflng nhgn vi ip dung; (ii) dilu kifin ap dung tap quan Mpt sd cac difiu kien khic da duoc cic Tda an dimg dl phii nhan viec su dyng tap quin tren thyc tl Ngoai ra, vific cflng nhan va ip dung tip quan boat dflng xet xft ciing ggp phai vin dl la chft thfi nao cd nghla vy chiing minh kha nang ip dyng tip quin phap; giai quyfit nhu the nao ttong trudng hop cic chu the chftng minh khic vfi kha nang ip dyng tap quan pbap Day la nhfing vin de rat quan tipng can dupc giii quyfit dftng din de cd tiie cflng nhgn va ip dyng cic tap quin ttong hogt dflng xet xft ciia Tda in mpt each cd hifiu qua Nhu vgy, cdn kbflng it vudng mac ttong thuc tien cflng nhgn vi ap dyng tap quan d nudc ta Nguyen nhan ca bin cua nhiing vudng raic frong thyc tien cflng nban va ip dyng tip quan la cic quy dinh pbap Iugt hifn banh ve tap quin pbap cdn nhifiu ban chl, khilm khuyit Trong do, Tda an nhin dan tdi cao cung cbua ban banh hudng dan vl cflng nban tap quan cflng tac xet xfi Them vao do, chung ta chua cd danh muc tip quin cua cic nudc Hon nfia, gifia cic Tda in ciing chua ip cd sy phfli hop chat che vi chia se thflng tin, kinh nghifim vfi cflng nban va ip dyng tap quan nhira dgt dupc sy thflng nhat vfi van dfi D I ning cao hifiu qui ap dyng tip quan phap d Viet Nam, nhfing hgn che, thieu sdt cin dupc giai quyet Cac vin dl dang dit ttong chinh sach tiiyc bifn, ip dung phap lugt vi van dung hucmg udc, tap quan ttong quan ly xi hpi d nflng thfln dupe nfiu frong bai ddi hdi phii cd nhfing giai phip giai quyet nham bio dam hifiu qui cua hogt dflng thyc hien phap luat va sfi dyng huomg udc, tip quan tao tott ty xa hpi, bio dam, bao vp quyen ngudi, quyln cflng dan vi xay dyng nflng thfln mdi d nudc ta giai doan hifin Tai lieu tham khao Bp Tu p h ^ - UNDP - VNCI (2008), Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc dgng Du thdo Lugt ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt, HaNpi Bp Tu phdp (2012), Bdo cdo: Mgt sd vdn di chung ve chudn muc tiip can phdp lugt cua nguai ddn tgi ca sd, Ha Nfli Phan Dai Doan (Chii bien) (1996), Qudnlyxd hgi nong thon hiin - mgl sd vdn di vd gidiphdp, Nxb Chinh trj qufic gia, Hd Npi Biii Xudn Dinh (1998), Huang udc vd qudn ty ldng xa, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hpi, Ha Npi Dmig Cpng sdn Vi|t Nam (1993), Vdn kiin Hgi nghi ldn thu Ban chdp hdnh Trung urmg khda VII, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia Ha Npi Biii Xuan Due (2003), "Huong uoc moi: Nhiing vdn dt difiu chinh phap luat" Tap chi Khoa hoc Phdp ly, so Khoa Lugt, Dgi hoc Quic gia Ha Npi (2005), Gido trinh Ly ludn ve Nhd nudc vd Ph^ ludt Hd Npi Nguyin Nhu Phat (Chu bien) (2014), Xdy dmig hi thong phdp ludt thdng nhdt, ddng bg minh bgch vd hiiu qud Nhd nudc phdp quyin Vi$l Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hfii Ha Npi Le Minh Tam (2003), X^ hi thongphdp dimg vd hodn thiin lugt Viet Nam - Nhirng vdn di ly lugn vd thuc tien, Nxb Cfing an nhdn dan Ha Npi 10 Ngo Due Thinh (2000), "Lu|lt tuc vfii vific phdt trien nong thfin hien cr Vift Nam", Lugt tffc vd phdt triin nong thdn hiin a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hfii Ha Npi 11 Ddo Tri Cc, Pham HOu Nghi (1993), "Quy uoc ldng, mpt yfiu tfi quan Upng hf thfing cac quy tdc difiu chinh cdc quan hf xd h^i fi nong thfin", Xdy dgng quy udc ldng vdn hda a Ha Bdc, Sfi Vdn hfia, Thfing tin vd Thfi thao Ha Bdc ... dugc ip dung de giii quyet nhieu logi tranh coi, ben nudc, ho ao, dinh chiia - hfln ciia chip din sy nhu tranh chap ve di sin thira lfing que ke (vy in tranh chip quyen sft dyng dit vi v l chmh... ttat ty, an toan giao thflng Cac tranh chip, nhit Ii tranb chap dit dai dien cing thing, quyet lifit d mpt sfl dia phuang Cac vy an hinb sy lifin quan dfin ttflra, cudp, danh chem nbau lim anh... bao dan tpc thieu so, thi tira hifiu phap lugt qua mgng Thyc trang chinh sach vgn dung hirong vdc, tap quan quan ly xa h$i d nong thfln Tfi sau Cach mgng thing Tim nSra 1945, nhat la sau nSm 1954,