Tgp chi Dan toe hpc so - 2014 QUAN HE DAN TOC XUYEN QUOC GIA CUA NGU'cn KHO-ME VUNG NAM BO VO OiNH ML/Ol trign kinh te - xd hdi, an ninh qudc phdng L Gidi thieu viing Nam Bd ndi rigng vd nude ta ndi chung Quan he ddn tdc xuygn qudc gia Quan h^ ddn tpc xuygn quoc gia (QHDTXQG) khdng phdi Id hien tugng mdi d nudc ta, nd dd dien tir lau ljeh sir; boi canh toan c^u hda nhien, kl tir Doi mdi (1986) din nay, Cdc nghign ciiu gdn day cho thdy, kl mdi quan he ndy dd cd nhirng biln ddi nhanh tir eudi nhiing nam 1980, chiln tranh chdng, vdi miic ngdy cang gia tdng vd cd lanh kit thiic, dudi tdc ddng eda todn cdu nhiing diln biln khd phuc tap, tdc ddng hda va cdc thda thudn lign kit song phuong, khdng nhd din ddi song kinh tl - xa hdi, da phuong, da cd sy bimg phat cdc hoat chinh trj, va an ninh qudc phdng nudc ta ddng thuong mai, ddu tu va di ddn xuyen Ngudi Kha-me d Nam Bd dugc coi la mdt qudc gia Ciing vdi dd Id sy tdi lap cdc dang nhiing tpc ngudi thilu sd cd boat ddng thii-c bdn sac xa hdi, cdc mdi quan he truyin xuygn qudc gia manh nhdt d nudc ta (Taylor, thdng ve xd hdi, vdn hda va tdn giao ciia cac 2008, tr 18-23), ddc biet Id moi quan cdng ddng tpc ngudi ly tan lich sir, he vdi ddng tdc d ben bign gidi - chu thi nhdt Id d cdc khu vyc viing bign (Walker, ciia nhd nudc Campuchia ldng gieng vd cdc 2009, u 102-104) Do vj trf dja 1^, dac thu cgng ddng ngudi Kha-me d cdc nudc khac lich sir hinh qudc gia - dan tdc khdc tren the gidi, nhu d My, Phap, Uc, Canada nhau, ngn van dl QHDTXQG d cac nudc, Trong bdi canh dd, viec nghign ciiu ve khu vyc cung cd nhihig tfnh chat khdc QHDTXQG d ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd la hit d cae nudc da chiing tdc vd vdn hda nhu My siic cdn thiet nhdm nhdn dien nhung tdc chdng ban, vdn dl ndi len QHDTXQG ddng tfeh cue vd tigu cue ciia nd ddi vdi ddi thudng gdn vol cac nhdm dl dan nhdp cu vdi sdng kinh tg - xa hdi vd an ninh qudc phdng tu each Id cdng dan nhung cd eude sdng d khu vuc va nudc ta mang tinh chdt xuygn qudc gia, tap trung Tren co sd phdn tich bdi cdnh lich sii vdo cdc mdi quan he, rdng bupc giira cdc va tu lieu khao sat thuc dja, bdi vilt tap nhdm di ddn nhdp cu vdi cd qudc ciia hp trung vdo nhiing ngt co ban vl thuc trang, (Schiller vd cdng sy, 1995) Trong dd, d cdc ddng thdi QHDTXQG d ngudi Kha-me cac nudc Ddng Nam A, qud trinh thien di viing Nam Bd, nhan dien va phan tfeh cdc lien tuc Ijch ^\i xudt phat tu nhieu nhdn td chi'nh tdc ddng den mdi quan he ndy, nguyen nhan nhu muu sinh, chien tranh, vd sy tdc ddng trd lai ciia nd ddi vdi su phdt xung dot, benh djch da tao mdt canh 68 quan phiic hgp, dan xen ve dia ly - tdc ngudi d khu vyc (Nguyen Duy Thieu, 2003, 139-142) Din thdi ky hinh quoc gia - dan tdc, bign gidi giiia cac nhd nudc hdu hit dugc thiet lap bdng cdc thda thudn giiia cdc the lyc thyc ddn Cdc cudc chiln tranh, xung dot, nhat la chien tranh xam lupc ciia Phap vd My tiln hdnh d bdn ddo Ddng Duong cung tao nhung bign ddng Idn vl mat ddn cu ddn tdc d khu vyc vd gdy hdng loat cac cudc di cu, tj nan chinh trj (nhdt Id thai hdu chiln) cua mpt sd tdc ngudi tir khu vyc ndy dgn Phdp, My va cdc nudc ddng minh Nhu vay, QHDTXQG d khu vyc ciing nhu d nude ta cd hai ludng quan he co bdn: quan h§ giiia cdc cdng ddng tdc ngudi d nudc ta vdi (1) cac cdng ddng t^c ngudi d quoc gia ldng gilng va (2) cpng dong tdc ngudi d nudc thii- ba - nhung nude khdng cd chung dudng bien gidi Trong bdi cdnh dd, QHDTXQG d ngudi Kha-me vung Nam Bd ciJng mang nhu'ng net chung, nhien nd cung cd nhiing dac thii rieng Dac bi?t, ngudi Kha-me la mpt tpc ngudi thilu so d nudc ta nhung ddng tdc ciia hp Id chu thi ciia Nhd nudc Campuchia lang gieng Vdi net vl quan he dan tdc xuySn qu6c gia d ngirdi Kha-me vung Nam Bp 3.L Khdi qudt ve dgc diim kinh ti xd hpi Hien nay, ngoai Campuchia (chfnh qudc ciia hg vdi khoang 14 trieu ngudi), ngudi Kha-me edn sinh sdng tai hang chyc nudc tren thi gidi Vigt Nam, theo Tong dilu tra ddn s6 va nhd d nam 2009, ngudi Kha-me cd tdng dan sd 1.260.640 ngudi; phan Idn cu trii tai ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long (DBSCL) (1.183.470 ngudi, chilm 94%), chi diing sau ngudi Viet d khu vyc VS Dinh Mudi nay, tap trung nhilu nh4t tai cdc tinh Sdc TrSng (397.014 ngudi), Trd Vinh (317.203 ngudi), Kien Giang (210.899 ngudi) An Giang (90.271 ngudi) (Ban Chi dao Tdng dilu tra Ddn sd vd Nhd d Trung uong, 2009, tr 116-134) Ciing vdi ngudi Vi^t vd ngudi Hoa, ngudi Kha-me la mot nhQ-ng nhdm cu dan cd mat sdm nhdt d DBSCL, cd nhiing ddng gdp quan trgng ljeh su hinh thdnh vd phdt trign cua khu vuc nang dpng ndy Vdi ngudi Kho-me, canh tac liia nudc vd Phdt gido Nam Tdng (Theravada) Id nln tdng cdu thdnh vd chi phoi mpi mdt ddi sdng ctia hg Trong vdn hda ciia ngudi Kha-me, Phdt gido chfnh Id hon Id cot; vi v§y, nhieu nghien ciru cho rdng vdn hda Kha-me Id vdn hda Phdt gido (Phan An, 2012, tr 227) Cho den nay, phdn Idn ngudi Kha-me dlu chu ylu sdng bdng nghl ndng Hoat ddng budn bdn dich vu dugc eoi Id nhan td thiie ddy sy phdt trign kinh tl tang thu nhap, nhung boat dgng ndy rat han chg Cung vi vay, ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd thudng tap trung sinh sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn, xung quanh nhiing ngdi chiia, cdc cum ddn cu rigng ma d dd hdu het cdc hd gia dinh cd quan he hg hdng than thudc (xem Vu Dinh Mudi, 2014) Trong nhiing ndm vira qua, mac dii dugc sy ho trp tir hdng loat cdc chuang trinh du an, chfnh sdch uu tign cua Ddng vd Nhd nudc, cua cdc td chiic vd ngoai nudc, ty lg ddi ngheo d ngudi Kha-me cdn rAt cao Sy bdt dn sinh kl Id nguygn nhdn chii ylu khiln cho sd lugng ngudi Kha-me di cu tim kilm viec lam tdng Ign ddng kl nhOng nam gdn ddy Hp khdng ehi tdi cac dd thj, trung tam kinh tl nudc ma cdn sang ca Campuchia de muu sinh (Ngd Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd4 - 2014 Phuong Lan, 2013; Taylor, 2007; Phan Dire Du, 200l,tr 133-135) 3.2 Cdc biin dpng ve qud trinh tpc ngu&i vd thdnh phdn dan cir lich sir Khi xem xgt QHDTXQG d ngudi Kho-me viing Nam Bp hien khdng the khdng nhac den nhQ-ng biln ddng vl thdnh phdn dan cu Ijch sii Nhieu nghign ciru cho rdng, nh&ng nhdm nhd di dan ngudi Kha-me da cd mdt kha sdm vd cu trii rdi rac d DBSCL; nhien, cho din theo chan ngudi Viet vd ngudi Minh Huong din khai pha DBSCL tir giiia thi ky XVII din eudi thi ky XIX, cac cdng ddng ngudi Kha-me ddng ddo mdi hinh thdnh mdt each ro net (xem Vu Dinh Mudi, 2014) Trong sudt qua trinh Ijch sii, du cd luc thdng luc tram, cac mdi quan he hp hang, ddng tdc hda quen vdi tdn giao giiia ngudi Kha-me khu vyc ndy vd dong t^c d Campuchia ludn ludn hign dien Trong thdi kj- My - nguy (1954 -1975), nhdm trdn trdnh qudn djch, hang chuc ngan dan dng Kha-me dugc dua vdo chiia tru dn dudi hinh thiic di tu; dd, mdt phdn khdng nhd dupc giii sang tu hpc tai cdc chiia d Camphuchia (Nguyin Xudn NghTa, 2003; VQ Dinh Mudi, 2006, tr 16, 60) Khi miln Nam dugc giai phdng (1975), chi tfnh rieng trgn dja bdn tinh Hdu Giang (cu)' so ddi tupng nguy qudn, nguy quyln, ddng phdi ngudi Kha-me tan rd tai chd la 14 ngdn; dd, cd khodng ngdn doi tupng chay nudc ngodi Neu tfnh tdt cd edc khu vuc cd ngudi Kha-me sinh song d Nam Bd, sd ndy se rat Idn Trong cdc phdn tii trdn chay nudc ngodi, mOt sd sdng ti nan d cdc ' Tinh Hau Giang cu tuong duong voi dem vj hanh chinh 1^ TP Can Tho, tinh H^u Giang va S6c TrSng 69 nudc phuong Tdy, mdt sd khac sdng luu vong d Campuchia vd nhieu ddi tupng sau dd trd thdnh nh&ng nhan sy edt cdn bd mdy chfnh quyln, ddng phdi, hdi nhdm d nudc (Phan D&c Du, 2001, tr 19-22) Trong thdi ky Kha-me Dd (1975-1979), dl tranh nan diet chung, ude tfnh cd tdi 150.000 ngudi Kho-me d Campuchia vupt bien gidi chay sang Viet Nam ti nan (http://countrvstudies.us/cambodia/40.htm) Chien tranh bien gidi Tdy Nam Bg thdi gian cung gdy nhieu xao trdn cdc c^ng ddng ngudi Kha-me d khu vuc viing bien nude ta Mdt phdn vi kinh te khd khdn, phdn khdc bj Idi keo vd kfeh dpng, kg t& Higp dinh Paris ve Campuchia dupc ky kit (10/1991) cho din thdng 4/1995, ude tinh cd khoang 28.000 lugt ngudi Kho-me (chu ylu d viing Nam Bp) qua lai bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia, vd chi khoang mdt nCra sd dd quay trd lai Viet Nam (Phan Dire Du, 2001, tr, 133-134) Nhung ludng di ddn qua lai neu tren tao nen nhilu biln ddng vd xdo trdn thdnh phdn ddn cu, gdy bat dn dinh an ninh trat ty xa hdl d khu vuc ngudi Kha-me sinh sdng vd Id nhan td khien cho QHDTXQG d ngudi Kha-me trd ngn cue ky phuc tap, khd ludng, vd ludn cd su dan xen, hda trdn cac yeu td chinh tri, kinh tl, xa hdi vd van hda ma khd cd the phan djnh, nhan dien mpt each rach rdi 3.3 Thuc trgng vd cdc nhdn td dnh hu&ng true tiip den quan hi dan tgc xuyin quoc gia & ngu&i Kha-me K I t& Ddi mdi (1986) din nay, chu truong md cira hdi nhap kinh tl qudc tl, chinh sdch cua Ddng va Nha nudc ta ciing su cai thien vd phdt trien khdng ng&ng ca sd tang ve giao thdng, thdng tin lign lac vd dich 70 vu tai chinh, da thuc day QHDTXQG d nudc ta ndi chung ngdy cdng gia tang cd vl cudng dp vd quy md Trong bdi cdnh ngu tren, QHDTXQG d ngudi Kho-me Nam Bd cung cd nhung chuyin bign nhanh chdng Cd thi ndi, ngodi ddng tdc hp hdng bgn bien gidi, ngudi Kha-me d day cdn cd kha nhigu thdn tdc d cac nudc thir ba, dac biet d cac nudc phuong Tay Mdi quan he ciia hp vdi cac cdng ddng ndy trudc ddy vdn bj ban chg nhigu ly nhu chinh sach, khoang each dja Iy, khd khan vl phuong tign , dded sy kit ndi trd lai vd tan sudt cung tdng len Ngoai thdm vieng tryc tiep, viec trao ddi qua lai qua cdc phuong tien thdng tin nhu internet, dien thoai ciing trd ngn phd bien Q khu vuc nay, nhiing nam gan day, thdng qua mdi quan he than tdc vdi cac cdng ddng d hdi ngoai, cac hd gia dinh Kha-me da nhdn dupc su trp giiip khd nhilu, nhat la ve mdt tai chinh Trudng hgp ngudi Kha-me d xd Hda Lgi (huyen Chau Thanh, Tra Vinh) la mdt vi du Sd lieu thdng kg so bg d xa Hda Lgi cho thay, khdng kg sd anh em hg hang d Campuchia, hien cd 76 hd cd than nhan d cac nudc thii ba vdi tdng sd 180 ngudi; dd nhieu nhdt Id d My (120 ngudi), Canada (24 ngudi), Anh (7 ngudi), Uc (7 ngudi), Phdp (5 ngudi) (UBND xa Hda Lgi, 2011) Theo can bd dja phuong, nhung nam gdn day viec tham viing cua nhii-ng than nhan kha phd bien, vd hp cung thudng xuyen giri tiln ve trg giiip cdc hd gia dinh Kha-me tren dja ban xa Ngoai ra, nh&ng Viet kilu gdc Kha-me cdn cung tiln, hd trp tdi chinh cho viec tu bd, xay dyng co sd vat chat d cdc chiia; vd tdi trg cho cac boat ddng vdn hda, tin ngudng ciia cdng ddng ngudi Vu Dinh Mudi Kha-me dia phuong CQng theo can bO dja phuong, hien tupng hdn nhdn giBa ngudi Kha-me d xd, chii ylu Id n&, vdi ddng t^c d cdc nudc thir ba, dac bigt Id My vd Canada gdn ddy cung khd phd bien; m§i nam cd khodng 4-5 trudng hgp; sau kit hdn, cdc cdp vg chdng ndy thudng djnh cu d nudc ngodi Cd mdt ddc dilm khd ro Id viec ho trg kinh te d day chii ylu id ho trg tryc tilp bang vat chat hoac tiln mat, khdng cd boat ddng ddu tu, lign kit vl san xudt va kinh doanh Tren thye te, thdng qua viec ho trp tdi chinh, tieng ndi ciia nh&ng Viet kieu gdc Kho-me ciing cd nhung dnh hudng nhdt dinh va gay tu tudng vpng ngoai d ngudi dan dja phuong khu vuc bien gidi Tay Nam tilp gidp vdi Campuchia, ngudi Kha-me sinh sdng t^p trung d hai tinh An Giang va Kien Giang So vdi ngudi Kho-me khu vyc ndi dja, hoat ddng kinh te ciia ngudi Kho-me d day da dang hon, tir trdng trpt, chan nudi gia siic gia cam, danh bat vd nudi trdng thuy hdi sdn, Idm thug cho den budn bdn Cung vdi su phdt triln nhanh chdng ciia boat ddng bien mdu nh&ng nam gdn ddy, cd khd nhilu ngudi Kha-me tham gia boat ddng kinh tl VLing bien nhu budn ban d cdc chg ciia khau, chg bign gidi, bde vdc thue, ehd hdng vd ban hang thug Do khoang each khd gdn, vi?c di lai thuan tien, nhieu ngudi Kho-me cdn sang bgn bien gidi lam thue, thu gom ndng sdn, thiiy san vl bdn; tham chf cd mdt sd hd (nhdt la nhung hd thilu ddt canh tdc) sang Campuchia thug dat dl canh tdc (Nguyen van Thang, 2011; Vuang Xudn Tinh, 2012; Biii Xudn Dinh va Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2013, tr 47-64) Ciing vdi dd, cac mdi quan he gi&a ngudi Kha-me vdi ddng tdc b^n Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so - 2014 bien gidi cung dien thudng xuyen hon vd cd mu-c dg ngdy cdng tang len, bigu hien ro nhdt Id vl mdt xa hdi, vdn hda vd tdn giao Nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi tai dp Xd Xfa (xa My Diic, thj xa Ha Tien, Kign Giang) cho thdy mdi quan he gi&a ngudi Kho-me d day vdi ddng tdc ben bien gidi kha gdn gui, dugc thi hien trgn hdu hit tdt cd cdc mdt ttr kinh tl, xa hgi, vdn hda din chfnh trj, mac dii mirc dp cd khdc Trong dd, noi bat nhdt Id cac mdi quan he vl than tde vd bdn nhan Khao sat ciia chiing tdi cho thay cd trgn 40% sd hd Kha-me dugc digu tra cd quan he huyet thdng vd cd 34% sd hd cd quan he hdn nhan vdi ddng tpc d Campuchia^ Trudc Ddi mdi (1986) da cd mdt bd phan nhd ngudi Kho-me dja phuong ddi sdng khd khdn da sang ben bien gidi ldm dn, chii ylu lam thue vd budn bdn nhd; mdt sd trd ve, mdt sd khdc dinh cu ludn d Campuchia Sau Ddi mdi, ciing vdi su phat trien manh mg vg trao ddi budn ban d viing bien, thii tuc qua lai dl ddng, sd lupng ngudi Kho-me sang ben bien gidi ngdy cang tang Trong quang thdi gian tir nam 1987 den nam 2006^ cd kha nhieu ngudi Kha-me d day sang ben budn ban theo hinh thuc nhd le, tieu ngach Hp thu gom cac loai hang hda nhu cd khd, hoa qua, luong thuc vd lam sdn ve bdn lai d Viet Nam Sd lupng ngudi sang ben bien gidi ldm thue va tham gia bde vac, ehuygn chd thue hang hda (trong dd ^ Nguoi Kho-me a day cung co quan he hon nhan voi nguoi Vict va Iloa nhung ty le il hon nhilu Dieu Ira cua chiing toi tai ap cho thay chi c6 khoang 8% hp nguoi Kho-me co quan h? hon nhan voi nguoi Viet va 7% voi nguoi Hoa, ^ Nam nuoc ta gia nhap To chuc thucmg mai quoc te (WTO) t6 chitc ma Campuchia dii la vien chinh thirc nim tir nam 2004 71 cd ca van chuyen hang ldu qua dudng ddn sinh) d khu vyc cua khdu ed chilu hudng gia tdng Vdi tien cdng khodng tren dudi 100.000 ddng/ngdy, cdng viec bde vac, chd hang hda thue khd hdp ddn ddi vdi nhilu ngudi Kho-me ngheo, dac biet la nien d dia phuong Nhin chung, mac dii ed moi quan he than tdc vd hdn nhan gan gQi, nhung quan he ve mat kinh tl gl&a ngudi Kha-me d ddy vdi ddng tpc bgn bien gidi kha md nhat vd ft hieu qud; chf dimg lai d viec trp giiip gap khd khdn hoan nan, chia se kinh nghiem va thdng tin vl viee iam; khdng hinh thdnh ngn mang ludi lien ket lam dn budn ban vdn khd phd bien d cdc cdng ddng ngudi Hoa hay ngudi Cham lang gilng Dieu cd le la thdi quen lam dn tu cdp tu tiic vd nhd le, cirng vdi tdm ly khdng coi trpng ngudi budn ban d ngudi Kha-me ndi chung; va da phdn nh&ng ngudi sang Campuchia ldm an la nhung ngudi di lam thug va budn ban nhd Vi vay, cac mdi quan he ciia ngudi Kha-me dia phuong vdi ddng tdc ben bien gidi chii yeu dua tren nen tang tinh edm va van hda tdc ngudi Trong nhung nam gdn day, cdc quan he trao ddi qua lai bien gidi da ldm gia tang mdi quan he hdn nhan gii^a ngudi Kho-me dja dja phuong vdi ddng tdc d Campuchia Da sd cac cudc hdn nhan ndy sinh qua trinh Idm thue, budn ban d Campuchia nhirng nam gan day Dieu tra ciia chimg tdi cho thay, mac du cd 70% cac cupc hdn nhan cd dang ky ket hdn, nhung viec cu trii cua mpt sd cap vg chdng ndy khdng cd djnh, thudng di chuyen gi&a hai ben Do dieu kien gido due d Viet Nam tdt hon ngn cd mdt sd cdp vp chdng cd vp la ngudi Kha-me dja phucmg de d dia phuong cho vp cham VS Dinh Mudi sdc, chdng tiep tyc iam dn d Campuchia Tinh trang cu trii khdng dn djnh, khdng rd rdng vl qudc tjch dd gay ft nhieu xao trdn ddi sdng xa hdi ciia cdc cdng ddng cu dan dia phuong Nd cung dd gay nhieu khd khdn vd phire tap cho viec qudn ly nhdn khdu, hd tich ciia chinh quyen dja phuong Sy gia tdng quan he hdn nhdn cung keo theo sy md rpng mdi quan he vl thdn tdc Viec tri va ciing cd cac mdi quan he ndy thudng thdng qua cdc ehuygn viing thdm qua lai Idn vdo cac djp le tit hay hilu hi Khdo sdt cho thdy, cd khoang 30% sd hd dugc dilu tra d dja ban thudng xuyen qua tham hdi vd nhan dugc sy vigng thdm trd lai ciia than tdc bgn bien gidi Ngoai quan he than tdc va hdn nhdn, ngudi Kha-me d day cdn cd mdi quan he khd gdn giii vdi ddng tdc bien gidi vg vdn hda va tfn ngudng Gdn 38% sd bd dupc dieu tra eho biet hp thudng xuygn sang giao luu va tham du cac le hdi tdn gido vd vdn hda Idn cua ddng tpc ben bien gidi Trong nh&ng djp le hpi Idn ciia ngudi Kha-me d dja phuong nhu Tit ndm mdi {Choi chnam ihmay) hay le Ciing trdng (Ok am bok) thudng cd khd nhieu ngudi Kha-me ben Campuchia sang tham dy vd giao luu Mdt sd bieu hien khac sinh hoat van hda xa hdi cung cho thdy xu the hudng tdi mdi quan he gdn gui vdi ddng tpc ben bien gidi Qua khdo sat ciia chiing tdi va mdt sd bao cao ve cdng tac ddn tdc ciia cac cap chfnh quyen dja phucmg cho thdy cd kha nhigu ngudi dan Kha-me dja phuong thudng xuyen theo ddi cac chuong trinh truyin hinh, nghe dai phat ben bign gidi dugc phdt 24/24 gid hdng ngay; tham chf, mdt so chiia Kha-me cdn Idp ddt dng-ten chao dl thu phat cac chuong trinh truyin hinh ciia Campuchia Ngodi ra, viec sii dyng cdc lo^i van hda phdm nhu bang hinh va ghi dm, dia CD cdc dn phdm nhu kinh, sdch, Ijch cd ngudn gdc t& ben bien gidi cung kha phd bien Chfnh vi vdy, viec ngudi Kha-me am hilu tinh hinh chinh trj, kinh tl - xd h^i d ben bign gidi hon !d d Viet Nam la dilu dl hieu Qua dd, hp cung la ddi tugng bi cac thi luc chinh tri thii djch ben ngodi tuyen tuyen Nh&ng nhan td ngu trgn gdp phan lam cho y thiic qudc gia - ddn tdc cua ngudi Kha-me d khu vyc ndy khd md nhat Nh&ng vdn de tren ddy ciing dd dupc dg cap khd chi tilt cdc nghien ciiu gdn day cua Nguyin Vdn Thdng (2010) va Vuong Xuan Tinh (2012) 3.4 Mdt sd tdc ddng tiem an ve chfnh tri tie bin ngodi Nh&ng trinh bdy vd phan tfeh d tren cho thdy ngudi Kha-me vung Nam Bg hien cd mdi quan he kha da dang vd gdn gui vdi cdc cdng ddng than tgc d Campuchia vd d cdc nudc khac, vdi xu hudng ngdy cdng gia tdng Cdc mdi quan he mdt mdt phdn anh thdi quen, nhu cau ty nhien vdn cd lich sir Tuy nhien, mat khdc, vdi nhihig dien bien phire tap QHDTXQG ciia ngudi Kha-me nhu dd dl cap d trgn, nd cho thdy cd nhilu nguy co tigm dn - de bi Ipi dung cho cdc muc dich chfnh trj, nhdt Id bdi canh hign edc thg lyc chinh trj thii djch va ngoai nudc dang rao riet hoat ddng, triet de Ipi dyng van de dan tdc vd tdn giao de chdng lai nudc ta Trong nhung ndm gdn day, cd hang loat cdc td chirc cua cdc phdn tir ngudi Kho-me Nam Bd luu vong dugc lap d Campuchia vd d cdc nudc thir ba nham kfeh 73 Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2014 ddng chii nghTa ly khai d cdc c^ng ddng ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd\ Dilu dang chii y la cdc td ch&c ludn nhan dupc su hau thuan ciia cdc ddng phai chfnh trj d Campuchia Them vdo dd, cd khd nhilu ngudi Kho-me Nam Bd luu vong cd tu tudng thii dich vdi nudc ta dang giu cdc chirc vu quan trpng cdc ddng phdi chfnh trj va cac cdp chfnh quygn d nudc ndy Nhin chung, cae ddng phdi chinh trj d Campuchia, mde du mdu thuan vdi ve quyln Ipi nhung rdt nhat quan ve van dl ngudi Kha-me vd viing ddt Nam Bd Cdc thi lyc ndy thudng Ipi dung cac vdn dl vl nghgo ddi, tdn giao, tranh chap ddt dai d ciia ngudi Kha-me Nam Bp, khoi lai nh&ng tdn tai Ijch sir dl tuyen truyin nhdm chia rg mdi quan hg gi&a ngudi Kha-me vdi ngudi Vigt va Nhd nudc ta, va kfeh ddng gay bao loan Viec tuyen truyin ciia cac thi lyc tdi cac cdng ddng Kha-me Nam Bp chii ylu qua truyen mieng, cdc van hda phdm vd hdng loat edc ddi phdt thanh, truyen hinh tir ben bign gidi (Phan Due Du, 2001) Ngay d Campuchia, trudc moi dip bdu c&, cdc ddng phdi ehinh trj d Campuchia thudng lay vdn dl ngudi Kha-me d Viet Nam vd viing dat Nam Bd di kfeh dpng tu tudng chdng lai Viet Nam ddn chiing nhdm gay thu hiit vl mdt chfnh trj (Amer, 1997); ddng thdi van ddng ldi keo ngudi Kha-me d vimg bign nudc ta * CJ MJ dang chii y la to chuc Khmer Kanipuchla Krom Federation (Lien bang Kho-me Crom Campuchia), viet tdt la KKF, co try so tai Columbus, bang Ohio My (Nguyen Van Thdng, 2011, tr 19) Campuchia cung co kha nhieu to chirc "hpi", noi len CO hoi: Hoi nhiing nguai Kha-me Campuchia Krom, Hoi hthi Kha-me Campuchia Krom Hoi ciru Kha-me Campuchia Krom Hoi bao v^ nhdn quyin Kha-me Campuchia Krom, Hoi su sai Campuchia Krom Trong ISnh dao cua cac hpi dSu la naircri Kho-me Nam Bg goc Tra Vinh \k Soc Tr5ng (Phan Due Du 2001, tr 136-139) sang Campuchia bau cu Them vdo dd, cdc nhdm Kha-me luu vong cdn van ddng dl trd dai dien d cac to chuc nhan quyln qudc tg va td chiic ciia Lien higp qudc nhu Td ehire eiia ngirdi vd qudc gia phi dai dien (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Dien ddn thudng ky cua Lien hiep qudc ve vdn di bdn dia (United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues); qua dd, gay siic ep ddi vdi nude ta phai cam ket thuc hien cdc cdng ude hay tuygn bd ciia Lien Hiep Qudc, nhu vl nhdn quyln, quyen ciia ngudi bdn dja (Taylor, 2008, tr 18-23) Tren thuc te, sau cude bilu tinh bao ddng ciia ngudi Kho-me d Sdc Trdng (8/2007), cac thg luc Kho-me luu vong ciing vdi td chirc Human Rights Watch da bign soan nhieu don thu vd mpt bao cao dd sii dung nhieu thdng tin mdt chilu, phi thyc te de vu cao gay sire ep vdi Chfnh phii vd co quan ngoai giao nudc ta (Human Rights Watch, 2009) NIU xdu chudi lai cdc vdn dl, chung ta cd thg thdy, dudi tdc ddng ciia bdi canh chfnh trj bgn ngoai, QHDTXQG ciia ngudi Kha-me hien cd nhung dien bien phire tap dan xen, an chira nhieu nguy co rat khd ludng Dilu ddt nhilu thdch thiic cho viec qudn ly, dam bdo trdt tu xd hdi vd an ninh qudc phdng d viing Nam Bd ndi rieng vd d nudc ta ndi chung trudc mat cung nhu ve lau dai Ket luan Nh&ng trinh bdy d trgn cho thay QHDTXQG d ngudi Kho-me viing Nam Bp da hien dien tir lau Ijch sd Nhtmg mdi quan he dupc tao chii yeu bdi qua trinh thien di nhieu nguyen nhdn, nhdt Id cdc bien ddng ve chinh trj, xung dot Ijch sir NhCmg nhdn td cung tao sy phiic tap, dan xen thdnh phan ddn cu va QHDTXQG d ngudi Kha-me lich sir cung nhu hien Ke tir Ddi mdi (1986) den nay, dudi tac dgng cua chfnh sach md cira hdi nhdp ciia Ddng va Nhd nudc ndi chung, chii truong phdt trign kinh tg viing bien ndi rieng, cung vdi sy cdi md hon ve xuat nhap canh, sy cai thien phat trien khdng ngimg CO sd tdng vg giao thdng di i^i va thdng tin lien lac, edc mdi quan hg QHDTXQG d ngudi Kho-me da cd sy ket ndi trd lai va cang gia tang cd ve cudng dp vd quy md, the hien tren tat ca cac khia canh kinh te, xa hdi, van hda, chfnh trj Nhin chung, d cdc cdng ddng Kha-me cd hai ludng quan he chii ylu cd lign he mat thiet vdi - quan he vdi cac cpng ddng dong tdc d Campuchia vd d cac nudc khac - dac biet la d cdc nudc phuong Tdy Trong dd, quan he ve kinh tg chi dimg lai d viec trp giup ve tai chfnh va vat chdt, chia se kinh nghiem va thdng tin vl viec lam; khdng hinh ngn mang ludi lien ket lam dn budn ban vdn khd phd bien d cac cpng ddng ngudi Hoa hay ngudi Cham Idng gieng Vi vay, cac mdi quan he ciia ngudi Kha-me vdi ddng tpc d nudc ngoai chii ylu dua tren nln tang tinh cam, van hda va xa hdi tdc ngudi, dac biet la quan he hdn nhdn va than tpc Dilu thi hien rd nhat d cac cdng ddng Kha-me khu vyc bien gidi Trong nhung nam gdn day, cac quan he trao ddi qua lai bien gidi da lam gia tang mdi quan he hdn nhan gi&a ngudi Kho-me d day vdi ddng tdc d Campuchia Su gia tang quan he hdn nhan cung keo theo su md rpng mdi quan he vl mdt than tdc Ciing vdi quan h^ hdn nhan xuyen bien gidi la tinh trang cu trii khdng dn dinh, khdng rd rdng vl quoc tjch da gay it nhieu xao trdn ddi sdng xa hdi va an ninh trat ty cua cdc cdng ddng cu dan dja phuong Sy gia tang cac mdi quan he hdn nhdn va than tdc ciing vdi cac mdi quan he ve van hda va tfn ngudng cho thdy mdt bd phdn ngudi Kho-me nudc ta cd xu hudng hudng, vl ddng tdc ben bign gidi, vd ciing vdi dd Id su md nhat vg y thiic quoc gia dan tdc Nhung diln biln pbiic tap, dan xen cac mdi quan he neu trgn rat de bj Igi dung cho cac muc dfch chi'nh tri, nhat la bdi canh hien edc the luc chinh trj thii dich vd ngodi nudc dang rdo riit boat ddng, triet de lgi dung vdn dl dan tdc vd tdn giao de chdng lai nudc ta Thuc trang ndy dat nhieu thach thiic cho viec quan 1^, dam bao trat tu xa hgi vd an ninh qudc phdng d viing Nam Bd ndi rieng va d nudc ta ndi chung trudc mdt cung nhu vl lau ddi Tdi lieu tham khao Amer, Ramses (1997)," Border Conflicts between Cambodia and Vietnam", IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin Summer 1997 Phan An (2012), "Mdt sd vdn dl co ban va cap bach ctia ngudi Khmer Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long", trong: Mpi sd vdn de ddn tde vd ton gido o Nam Bp phdt triin, Vuang Hodng Trii vd Phii Van Hdn (Chii bien), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Ndi, tr 212-223 Ban Chi dao Tong dilu tra Dan sd vd Nhd d^Trung Uong (2009), Tong Dieu tra Ddn sd vd Nhd d Viet Nam ndm 2009: Kel qud Todfi bd, Nhd xudt ban Thdng kg Ha Npi Phan Diic Du (2001), Nhrnig vdn di vi cdng tde an ninh Irong cdng dong 75 Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2014 ngirdi Khmer a Viet Nam, Nxb Cdng an Nhdn dan, HdNpi Trajectories Biii Xudn Dfnh va Nguyen Ngpc Thanh (Chu bien) (2013), Mdt so vdn de co bdn ve kinh te - xd hpi a edc vung bien gidi Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdl Ha Ndi Vol 2, No 2, Pp 3-56 Human Rights Watch (2009), "On the Margins: Rights Abuses of Ethnic Khmer in Vietnam's Mekong Delta", New York, Report of Rural Development in Vietnam", Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 13 Taylor, Philip (2008), "Minorities at Large: New Approaches to Minority Ethnicity in Vietnam", Journal Vietnamese Studies, Vol 3, Issue 3, Pp 3-43 M.Nguyen Van Thdng (2010), "Ban sdc cLia ngudi Kho-me d khu vuc bien gidi tinh Kign Giang", Tgp chi Ddn tpe hpc, Ngd Phuong Lan (2013), "Bdt dn sinh kl va di cu lao ddng ciia ngudi Kha-me d ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long", Tgp chi Ddn tpc /jpc, Sd4,tr 11-21 Sd2,tr 52-58 15 Nguygn Van Thing (2011), Mdi so vdn de ca bdn ve ddn tde Kha-me a Nam Bd, Bdo cao tdng hpp de tai cdp Bd: Nhimg vdn VQ Dinh Mudi (2006), "Responses of Khmer Women to Development Programs in Vietnam: A Case Study of Credit Usage in Tra Vinh Province", Master thesis, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois Vu Dinh Mudi (2014), "Biln ddi kinh te - xd hdi ciia ngudi Kha-me tir ndm 1980 den nay: Cac nghien ciru va nhan dien ban dau", Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc, Sd 1&2, tr 35-46 10 Nguyin Xuan NghTa (2003), "Dao phdt Tieu thira viing ndng thdn Ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long: cdc chirc nang xa hdi truyen thdng va nhirng ddng thai xa hpi hien nay", Tgp chi Nghien cim Tdn gido, Sd 5, tr 25-37 11 Schiller, G Nina et al (1995), "From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Transnational Migration", Anthropological Quarterly, Vol 68, No I, Pp 48-63 12 Taylor, Policies, Wealthy Phillip (2007), Peasants: "Poor Alternative de ca bdn eiia cdc tdc ngirdi a Viet Nam, Vien Dan tpc hpc Ha Ndi 16 Nguyin Duy Thieu (2003), "Nghien ciru cac tdc ngudi d Viet Nam bdi canh Ddng Nam A vd chdu A", trong: Ddn tpc hpc Viet Nam: The ky XX vd nhimg nam ddu the ky XXI, Khdng Dien vd Biii Minh Dao (Chii bien), Nxb Khoa hpc xd hpi, HdNpi 17 Vuong Xuan Tinh (2012), Mpt so vdn di CO bdn vi vdn hda phdt trien ben vung d edc linh bien gidi Viet Nam, Bdo cao tdng hpp de tai cdp Bp, Vien Ddn tdc hpc, Hd Ndi 18 Walker, Andrew (2009), "Conclusion: are the Mekong frontiers sites of exception?", in: On the borders of state power: frontier in the Greater Mekogn Subregion, Martine Gainsborough, Abingdon, Routledge, Pp 101-111 ed., ... Kha -me khu vyc bien gidi Trong nhung nam gdn day, cac quan he trao ddi qua lai bien gidi da lam gia tang mdi quan he hdn nhan gi&a ngudi Kho -me d day vdi ddng tdc d Campuchia Su gia tang quan. .. ngudi Kha -me d Viet Nam vd viing dat Nam Bd di kfeh dpng tu tudng chdng lai Viet Nam ddn chiing nhdm gay thu hiit vl mdt chfnh trj (Amer, 1997); ddng thdi van ddng ldi keo ngudi Kha -me d vimg... thii tuc qua lai dl ddng, sd lupng ngudi Kho -me sang ben bien gidi ngdy cang tang Trong quang thdi gian tir nam 1987 den nam 2006^ cd kha nhieu ngudi Kha -me d day sang ben budn ban theo hinh thuc