Đôi nét về quan hệ dân tộc xuyên quốc gia của một số tộc người tại chỗ vùng tây nguyên

Trdn Minh Hdng BOI NET VE QUAN HE DAN TOC XUYEN QUOC GIA CUA MOT SO TQC NGL/OD T^,! CHO VUNG TAY NGUYEN TRAN MINH HANG D|t vSn de Quan he dan toe (ethnic relation) duac xem ia mot nhiing van de co ban cua qua trinh tpc nguai va ia d6i tuong nghien ciiu quan cua Dan toe hoc/Nhan hpc Quan he dan tpc xuyen bien gioi (QHDTXBG) ia moi quan he ciia mot tpc nguoi vcri d6ng tpc hoac Ichac tpc a quoc gia Idiac Moi quan he duoc bi6u hien tren nhieu ITnh virc: Icinh t6, vSn hoa, tan giao, chinh tri, moi truong M6i quan he ky Ichong chi voi cac qu6c gia co chung duong bien ma voi ca nhiing nuac idiong Chung bien gioi Su phat triSn ciia moi quan he dan tac xuyen quae gia (QHDTXQG) da va dang tac dong cang manh me dSn phat trien Icinh te - xa hpi va an ninh, qudc phong cua nu6c ta (Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2014) Boi vay, b6i canh do, cjn nhan dien thSu dao va co chinh sach thich hop de phat triSn, quan ly mBi quan he cho vimg dat niy Nhan dien, d^nh giS thuc trjng, du bio xu hudng phat trien cua QHDTXQG va nhting anh huong ciia no den vi^c thuc hien chinh sach dan tpc, tSng cuong tinh c& ket tpc nguoi, ciing c6 kh6i dai doan ket dan toe, phat trien ben viing cac tac nguoi, on dinh chinh tri va giii viing an ninh chii quySn vung Tay NguySn la nhimg muc tieu CO ban ciia de t^i "'Quan he toe nguai xuyen quoc gia ciia cdc tqc ngudi viing Tdy Nguyen" nSm khudn khfl chuong trinh nghien ciiu ve QHDTXQG thupe de tai cSp Bp nam 2013 - 2014 ciia Vien Dan toe hpc Bai viet la mpt phin k6t qua nghien ciiu cua De tai, phan anh thuc trang va nhiing vjn de dat d6i voi QHDTXQG cua mpt sa tac nguoi tai chS o TSy NguySn hien m6i quan he voi cac yeu t6 kinh te, van hoa - xa hpi, chinh trj, an ninh, qu8c phong va mai truong Phiro-ng phap nghien ciiu Tay Nguyen la dja ban chien luoc quan trpng vS kinh ta, xa hoi, moi truong, quae phong va an ninh cua nude ta (Truong Minh Due, 2005) NghiSn ciiu ve quan he dan tpc a Tay Nguyen c6 nhieu y nghta viec cung d p nhCtng luan cii khoa hpc nham khai th4c tigm nSng va nhiing the manh ve diSu kien tu nhien - xa hpi, thuc hien muc tieu binh dang, doan ket dan toe Mai QHDTXQG la m6t vjn de phiic tap, bj chi ph6i boi nhiju yju t8, Chinh vi vay, nghien ciiu QHDTXQG c k dupc xem xet mot cich tong the voi cich tiep cSn lien nganh va da chiSu, bang nhieu cong cu nghien cuu khac Be dat dupc c4c mvic tieu CO ban ciia de tii nghi6n ciiu vS QHDTXQG tir goc nhin dan tac hpc va co dupc nhiing so lieu cu the cho cac chi so, chi Tgp chi Pan ldc hgc so - 2014 bdo, chung tdi da sii dung cd hai phuong phap nghign ciru dinh tinh vd dinh lupng vdi cdc cdng cu thu thdp sd lieu chfnh Id bang hdi dinh lupng; cdc hudng dan phdng vdn sdu, thdo luan nhdm, ghi chep quan sdt; bdng thu th^p thdng tin vd sd lieu thdng ke sin cd - Nghien ciru djnh lugng: Mau bdng hdi cd cau triic dugc soan san gdm cdc thdng tin vl: hd gia dinh, quan he kinh tl, vdn hda - xd hdi, vd mdi lien he vdi ngudi nudc ngodi Nghien ciiu ndy tap trung tim hieu mdi QHDTXQG, dd chu trpng mdi QHDTXBG, vi vay, chung tdi da lua chpn dja ban la cdc tinh Tdy Nguyen cd bien gidi, dd la: Dak Ndng, Ddk Ldk, Gia Lai vd Kon Turn Cdc tdc ngudi tai cho dugc lya chpn nghien cixM id nhiing tdc ngudi chiem da sd d khu vuc bien gidi thudc tinh cd bien gidi vdi Lao vd Campuchia Tai mdi tinh, chung tdi chgn mdt huyen, moi huyen chpn mdt xa, moi xa chpn - thdn de thu thap cdc thdng tin cho philu hdi djnh lugng C) moi diem nghign ciru, cdc hd gia dinh dugc lya chgn Id dan tdc chiem sd ddng d khu vuc Vi du: ngudi Gie -Trieng d xd Dak Ndng (huyen Ngpc Hoi, tinh Kon Turn), ngudi Gia-rai d xd la Dom (huyen Difc Co, tinh Gia Lai), ngudi Mndng d xa Thuan An (huyen Dak Mil, tinh Ddk Ndng), ngudi E-de d xd Krdng Na (huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak) Khoang 30% sd hd moi thdn dupc lua chpn ngau nhign dg trd Idi philu dieu tra Tdng sd philu dilu tra thu thap dugc Id 297 philu cho ca dja ban nghien cifu Ngoai ra, cac bdo cdo tdng ket, cdc thdng tin vd sd ligu thdng kg sdn cd lien quan den van de nghign cifu cung dupc thu thap vd tdng hgp theo bang mau thigt kg sdn Cdc sd lieu djnh lupng dugc nhdp vd xii ly bdng phan mim SPSS 16.0 47 - Nghien ciiu djnh tfnh: Do sy phiic tap vd nhay edm cua vdn dk QHDTXQG nen phuong phap nghign ciiu dinh tinh dugc su dung nhu mdt phuong phdp chu dao cua nghign cim ndy Cdc thdng tin chi tilt hien tugng va trdi nghiem ciia cd nhdn, cdng ddng ddi vdi mdi QHDTXQG dugc thu th$p bdng cac cdng cy: phdng van sau, thao ludn nhdm vd ghi chep quan sat Cac dif lieu djnh lugng dugc quan Iy vd xu ly bdng phdn mem NVivoS.O Ddi net ve Tay Nguy£n vd cac tpc ngu-di dirge nghien cvu Tdy Nguyen gdm tinh: Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Ddk Ldk, Ddk Ndng, Ldm Ddng Trong Kon Tum cd bien gidi phfa Tay gidp vdi cd Ldo vd Campuchia, thi Gia Lai, Dak Ldk vd Dak Ndng chi cd chung dudng bign gidi vdi Campuchia, cdn Lam Ddng khdng cd dudng bien gidi quoc te Tren phucmg dien kinh te - xd hdi, cd the khdi qudt mdt sd ddc diem chii ylu ciia Tdy Nguygn hien Id: ddi ngheo vd phan hda giau ngheo ro net; co cdu dan tpc, td chiic xa hdi, tdn gido, an ninh chinh trj, vdn di sd hifu va mau thuan dat dai phire tap vd cd nhilu biln ddng Tay Nguyen cd kit cau dan cu, ddn tdc da dang vd phifc tap Hien nay, dd cd sy hien dien ciia 54 tdc ngudi d viing nay; dd, cd 12 tpc ngudi tai cho (Khdng Dien, 2002; Biii Vdn Dao, 2014), dan so 1.280.201 ngudi (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2010), chiem 25% dan sd Tdy Nguygn, cu tru dlu khdp tren ldnh thd tinh Trong dd, cac dan tdc dugc nghien ciru cd ddn sd va phan bd nhu sau: - Ngudi Gie - Trieng: gdm cdc nhdm dja phuong la Gie, Ve vd Trieng Theo sd Trdn Minh Hdng lieu dilu tra dan sd ndm 2009, ngudi Gie Trigng cd 50.962 ngudi, sinh sdng chii ylu d tinh Kon Tum - Ngudi Gia-rai: id dan tdc cd sd dan ddng nhat cdc ddn tpc tai cho d Tdy Nguyen Ngudi Gia-rai cd khodng 411.275 ngudi (Tdng cue thong ke, 2010), tap trung ehu ygu d tinh Gia Lai vd phdn bd rdi rdc d mdt sd tinh khdc nhu Kon Tum, Ddk Ldk, Ddk Ndng - Ngudi Mndng: cd dan sd 102.741 ngudi, diing thir 20 tdng so 54 ddn tdc d Viet Nam (Tdng cue thdng ke, 2010), hdu hit cu tru tai tinh Ddk Ldk vd Dak Ndng -Ngudi E-dg: cd ddn sd331.194 ngudi (Tdng cue thdng ke, 2010), gdm cac nhdm dia phuong Id Kpa, Adham, KtuI, Chor, Epan, Bd, Bih, Kdrao Da so ngudi E-dg tu cu d tinh Ddk Lak Do sy tac ddng ciia dilu kien kinh tl xa hdi, cac dan tdc thieu sd tai cho phan bd thdnh hai nhdm: (1) Cu tru tai cdc viing trung tam, trgn cdc cao nguygn dat dd, gdn phd, thj trdn; va (2) Cu trii d viing sdu, vimg xa,-bign gidi, mien niii Nhdm ddn tdc cu trii gdn bien gidi thudng cd ddng tdc sinh sdng d Lao, Campuchia va mdt sd qudc gia khac (Biii Minh Dao, 2011) Bgn canh cac tdc ngudi thilu sd, ngudi Kinh va cdc dan tpc thilu sd miln niii phia Bde di cu din Tay Nguygn cd sd luong ddng dao Theo dieu tra Ddn sd ndm 2009, ngudi Kinh cd ddn sd Id 3.362.479 ngudi, chilm gdn 70% ddn sd Tdy Nguygn; cdc ddn tOc thigu sd miln niii phfa Bde di cu tu din Tay Nguyen khodng 400.000 ngudi, chilm tren 6% dan sd Tdy Nguyen Dac dilm vl dan cu Tay Nguygn dd tao ngn nhifng mdi quan h^ tdc ngudi chii ygu sau: (I) Quan h6 tpc ngudi vdi qudc gia - dan tdc; (2) Quan he giifa cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd vdi tdc ngudi da sd; (3) Quan he giiia cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd; (4) Quan he ndi bd tpc ngudi; va (5) Quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bign gidi/qulc gia (Pham Quang Hoan, 2014) Nhifng ddc dilm ty nhign vd kit ckn dan cu da dang da tao cho Tdy Nguyen mdt biic tranh phong phu ve vdn hda - xd hpi, nhung cung Id nhiing thdch thiic ddng ke cho sy phat trien kinh tl - xd hdi, ddm bdo an ninh, qudc phdng vd bdo ve mdi trudng Nhiing thdch thiic se dugc phan dnh va phdn tich mdi QHDTXQG ciia mpt so tpc ngudi tai chd viing Tdy Nguyen d phan tilp theo Quan he dan tpc xuyen q u ^ gia cua mot so tgc ngudi tai cho ving Tay Nguyen L Quan h^ dan tdc xuyin quoc gia vd yiu to kinh te Tdy Nguygn cd vj tri ddc thii nhu vira neu trgn ngn cac boat ddng kinh tl ciia vung cd tdc ddng khdng chi viing md cdn den cac viing lan can, cd ndi va ngo^i bign Hon mot thdp nien gdn ddy, kinh tl Tdy Nguyen da dat dugc mdt sd kit qud dang kl, dac biet mdi quan he xuyen bien gidi Trong tam gidc phdt triln Viet Nam Lao - Campuchia, cdc tinh Tay Nguyen cd nhilu Ipi thi hon so vdi tinh Ddng Bde Campuchia vd tinh Nam Ldo trgn cdc phuong dign vl tilm lyc kinh tl, chuyin ddi co cdu kinh tl, sdn xudt hdng hda, ca sd tdng vd ngudn nhan luc Npi dung hpp tdc kinh tl xuygn bien gidi giifa ba nudc khu vuc tam gidc chd ylu tdp trung vao hai ITnh vuc: ddu tu vd Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd'4 - 2014 trao doi thuong mai Cdc boat ddng hgp tdc ITnh vuc ddu tu tai khu vyc tam gidc phdt trien chii yeu diln dudi hinh thifc ddu tu tryc tiep Din nay, t6ng sd vdn ddu tu cua Vi^t Nam tai khu tam gidc cua Campuchia vd Ldo Id 31 ty dd la My (USD) chi cd dy an cd dh\ tu ciia Lao vdi so vdn la 77,2 trieu USD vd dy dn ciia Campuchia ddu tu vao cac tinh tam gidc cua Viet Nam vdi sd v6n Id 18,2 trieu USD (Nguyen Quang Thudn, 2014) Tai Lao, nhifng ITnh vuc dau tu chu ylu ciia Viet Nam la thuy dien, khai thdc khodng sdn, trdng cao su, dilu, cd phe, mfa vd cdc cdy cdng nghiep khdc Tai Campuchia, nhifng dy dn ddu tu ciia Viet Nam tai viing Ddng Bde nudc ndy cung tap trung chii yeu ITnh vyc trdng vd phat triln cdy cao su, khai thdc khoang sdn, phdt triln thuy dien Sy dau tu cua Viet Nam tai Ldo vd Campuchia dd gdp phan giai quylt viec ldm cho hdng chuc ngdn lao ddng tai cho va cdc lao ddng ngudi Viet Nam tai khu vuc Tay Nguyen Vg dieu kien kinh tl, nen kinh tg ciia cac tinh Ddng Bde Campuchia va Nam Lao hien tai van id mdt nen san xuat kha thd so, nhd be vd ndng ve kinh tg ty nhien Ca cau kinh te chii ylu Id ndng lam nghiep vdi loai 'hinh sdn xudt nuong ray lac hau va budn bdn, djch vy nhd le, chu yeu Id kinh doanh quy md nhd cua cdc hd gia dinh Nhdm giiip cac tinh bien gidi gdn Viet Nam ciia Ldo vd Campuchia phdt triln kinh tl - xa hdi, Chinh phii ciia ba nudc dd ky kit nhiing chfnh sdch uu ddi cho cdc cdng ty va doanh nghiep xudt nhap khdu mpt sd mdt hdng nhu cao su tu nhien, ndng sdn (hat dilu, dau tuong, khoa! sdn ); nhdp cdc loai 49 hang thuc phdm, vat lieu xay dyng, xdng dau; phdt trien co sd tang nhu dudng sd d cdc khu vyc heo ldnh viing bign gidi; xdy dyng cdc chg bien gidi, t^o dilu kien cho ngudi ddn d cac tinh bign gidi nudc ban sang Viet Nam chifa benh Tdy Nguyen cd hai ciia khdu qu6c tl dang dien cac hoat d^ng thuong mai nhdn nhip Id ciia khdu Bd Y (huyen Ngpc Hoi, tinh Kon Tum) vd ciia khau Lg Thanh (huy?n Diic Co, tinh Gia Lai) Tren dia bdn Tdy Nguyen cdn cd ciia khdu quoc gia Id Ddk Bid vd Ddk Long (huyen Ddk Glei, tinh Kon Tum), Ddk Kdl (huyen Nggc Hdi, tinh Kon Tum), Ddk Peur (huyen Ddk Mil, tinh Ddk Ndng), Bu Prdng (huyen Tuy Diic, tinh Dak Ndng) va Dak Rue (huyen Ea Siip, tinh Dak Lak - ciia khau ndy hien ehua di vdo boat ddng) Ngodi cdc cOra khdu khu vyc bien gidi, Tay Nguygn cdn cd cac ldi md dudng tieu ngach qua bign gidi: Tram Hd Dd (huygn Sa Thay, tinh Kon Tum) vd l6i md 751 (huyen Cu Jut, tinh Ddk Ndng) Trgn thuc te, khd nhilu khu vyc bign gidi khdng cd cifa khau song lai cd ldi mdn ddn sinh (Nguyen Duy Dung, 2014) Tuy cd nhieu cifa khau qudc gia va quoc tl, song vigc giao thuong chu yeu la van chuyen hdng hda vd cac sdn pham ndng, lam sdn Sd lugng hang hda xudt nhdp khdu d cira khdu Lg Thanh nam 2013: nhap khdu 261.036,499 tdn hdng hda (chu yeu la sSn, dau tuong va cac ndng sdn khdc) va 332,19Im^ go nhdm 1; xudt khau 89.662,46 tan hdng hda (chii ylu Id phan vi sinh, xi mdng, sdt thep) va 7.397.319 cay cao su (Bao cao ciia Bd dpi bien phdng cifa khdu Le Thanh, 2013) Viec phat trien cac chg bien gidi cdn nhieu han chg, vdi quy md nhd, chi gidi h£in pham vi mdt vdi thdn xd Tai tinh Ddk Trdn Minh Hdng Ndng, mang ludi chg bign gidi gdm 4/7 xa sang de xiil giye hp vupt bien b^t hgp phdp bien gidi: chg Thudn An (huyen Ddk Mil), Vi du, rieng d xd Thudn An ndm 2013 c6 38 chg Ddk Wil (huyen Cu Jut), chg Ddk Busk trudng hgp giii tiln tir My ve, tri gid 31.210 So vd chg Qudng Tryc (huyen Tuy Diic) USD, 64.500.000 ddng vd 74kg hdng hda Tinh Ddk Ldk dy kiln xdy dyng I chp cira Nhifng sd lieu tren cho thky hoai d^ng khdu bien gidi Dak Rue (huyen Ea Siip) va I kinh tl bign gidi khu vuc Tdy Nguyen van chg bign gidi xd Krdng Na (huygn Budn chua thyc sy sdi ddng vd khdi sdc Ddi s6ng Ddn) Tinh Gia Lai cd chg ciia khau Le ciia ngudi ddn khu vyc bign gidi vd ding Thanh ndm khu thuong mai dii da bdo ddn t^c t£ii cho cdn nhilu khd khan, thu nhdn dupc sy uu da! cua tinh, song chi cd nhap chinh eiia mdt bd phan khdng nhd ddn khodng 30 hp kinh doanh khdng thudng cu nai day dya trgn viec khai thdc ldm sdn xuyen Vdo thdi dilm chiing tdi din tham trdi phep, ddo vdng Mac dii cd uu thi vdo thdng 12 nam 2013, sieu thi d ciia khdu phat triln kinh te ca vl quy md, co cdu L? Thanh dd phai ddng ciia vi vSng khach kinh tg, CO sd tdng, ngudn nhdn lyc so vdi Do thilu cdn trpng quy hoaeh nen cdc cdc khu vuc khdc ciia Ldo vd Campuchia chp bign gidi dd khdng cd tinh hpp ly vl dja nhung Tdy Nguygn van chua phdt huy hit dilm, khd ndng giao thuong hdng hda vd nhu tilm ndng vd Ipi thi cua minh hgp tic cau cda ddn cu dja phuong Viec quy ho^ch phdt triln kinh tl xuygn bien gidi, tao ngn vd xdy dyng chg bien gidi la rdt cdn thilt, sifc hut vl kinh tl vd cd siic lan tda ldm d0ng song can dupc khdo sdt mdt each nghiem luc phdt triln kinh t l cho toan viing tuc, ddc biet chii y din nhu cau, tap quan cua ddng bdo tai cho dl tranh tinh trang chg xay 4.2 Quan he ddn tpc xuyin quSc gia xong nhung khdng sii dung, gay ldng phi vdyiutSxahpi Idn Trong dd, tinh trang cdc tilu thuong, Moi QHDTXQG thudng dugc thyc ehu yeu Id ngudi Kinh, chuyen chd hdng hda bdng xe may tdi tan cdc budn Idng dl bdn hien qua thd ciing td tien, tinh edm, trao dii "hang rong" dien kha phd biln d cd ndi vd thdng tin, hdn nhdn, trg giiip vat chat, budn ban vd hgp tac ddu tu giiia cdc thdnh vien ngoai bign gia dinh, ddng hp vd dong tdc cd quan Mac dii dd cd nhiing cdi thien dang kl he mat thiet Mdi quan he diln kha nhung ddi sdng kinh tl eua ddng bao d khu bien d ngudi Mndng vd Gia rai Theo so vyc bien gidi Tay Nguyen van cdn nhilu lieu cua tinh Ddk Ndng, ndm 2013, ngudi khd khan, sdn xuat ndng nghiep cdn chilm Mndng cd 1.126 hd/5.909 nhdn khdu, ty trgng khd Idn co cdu kinh tl Mirc dd cd khodng 242 ho cd quan h§ than tgc vdi sdng cua ngudi dan d ddy ndi chung cdn nhCfng ngudi sinh song d Campuchia Nhihig thdp, thu nhap chu ylu dua vdo trdng cdy hd ndy chii yeu sdng d hai bon Sa Pa vd Bu luong thye va cd phg Lgi dung sy ngheo ddi Dak thudc xd Thudn An Ndm 2013, tr6n dia ciia bd eon, nhilu ddi tugng vupt bign dd gifi ban xa Thuan An, c6 746 ngudi Campuchia tien hdng vl dl mua chudc, du nhimg luu trii, 12 Viet Kilu My thdm thdn, ngudi ngudi nhe da, ca tin vg mot thi gidi gidu Mndng d xd dugc bdo ldnh di MJ Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc so'4 - 2014 Bdn dan t ^ tgi ch§ ma chiing tdi nghign ciiu dlu cd ddng tdc d ben bien gidi Kit qud khdo sat cho thdy 42,2% dugc hdi cd ngudi thdn la hg hdng d nudc ngodi Ty le khd cao vi dja ban cua chung tdi khao sdt la khu vyc bign gidi Ngudi thdn cua hg chii ylu song d cdc nudc Ldo, Campuchia vd My Do Ijch sii, chiln tranh, cdc vdn de chfnh tri vd hdi nhap quoc tg nhieu ddn tdc tai cho d Tay Nguyen cd quan he xuygn qude gia vdi hp hdng, thdn tpc hodc vdi nhiing ngudi dang sinh s6ng d My, Canada, Uc vd mdt so nudc khdc Hien nay, nhieu c^ng ddng tpc ngudi t^i cho Tdy Nguyen vin tri mdi quan he vdi ddng tdc bgn bien gidi (Bang 1) Bdng Tinh hinh quan he than t^c xuyen qudc gia d cac dilm nghien ciru Gie-Trieng SL (n=66) % Co nguoi than gia dinh, dong hp is nii6c ngoai Khang c6 ngu6i than gia dinh, dong hp nuac ngoai Gia-rai SL (n=75) % Mndng SL (11=82) % E-de SL (n=74) % Tong sfi °A SL (n=297) 14 21,2 24 32,0 67 81,7 21 28,4 126 42, 52 78,8 51 68,0 15 18,3 53 71,6 171 57 Ngudn: Ket qua dieu tra thuc dja cua de tai nam 2013, 2014 Viec qua lai bien gidi dien kha phd bign, muc dfch chii yeu Id thdm ngudi than gia dinh (68,7%), tham dy cdc nghi ll gia dinh, ddng hp (36,3%), tham dy cdc nghi le tdc ngudi (6,7%), tham ngudi ciing ddn tgc (4,7%), tham dy cdc nghi le tdn gido (2,4%) vd ChOa bgnh (1,0%) (Bdng 2) Do viec CU trii xen cdi vd giao luu vdn hda, xu hudng ket hdn hdn hgp edc ddn tdc dien ngdy cdng phd bign Sd lieu vg ket hdn ciia xd Krdng Na Id mdt vf du: so cdp hdn nhdn khac dan tgc tdng tir 14 Ign 34, 34 va 35 trudng hgp vdo cdc ndm 2010, 2011, 2012 vd 2013 Ty le hp cd ngudi gia dinh kit hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngodi phd biln han d ngudi Gia-rai (24,0%) vd Mndng (9,8%) so vdi ngudi ^-de (2,7%) vd Gie-Trigng (1,5%) (Bdng 3) Mdt nhCfng vdn dl quan trgng dugc chfnh quyen dia phucmg quan tam Id viec qua lai giu'a cdc cdng ddng dan tdc thigu sd tai chd vdn cd mdi quan hg lau ddi Mdi quan he ndy dupc hinh thdnh dua tren khdng gian vdn hda tdc ngudi Id nln tang thuc ddy mdi quan he gdn bd giiia ba nudc Nhieu boat ddng giao luu hiiu nghj giifa chinh quyln, td chiic xa hpi vd nhan ddn cac xd, huyen, tinh bign gidi dupc td chirc Tuy nhign, nhifng hoat ddng cung cdn dugc qudn ly chat che mpt sd luc lugng thii dich vd phdn ddng ben ngodi da Igi dung dl kfeh ddng, lam rdi loan tinh hinh an ninh chinh trj viing Trdn Minh Hdng Bdng Tinh hinh qua lai bien gidi d cdc dilm nghien cuu Tmh hinh quan hf qua bien giiii Khong Tham ngudi than gia dinh, d6ng hp Tham nguoi cung dan t^c ChSa b?nh Tham du cac nghi le gia dinh, d6ng hp Tham d u c ^ nghi le tgc nguoi Tham du cac nghi le ton giao Gie-Trieng SL (n-=66) 58 78,9 % Mnong SL (n-82) 35,4 29 Gia-rai SL (n=75) 60,0 45 % 0,9 15 20,0 % E-de SL (n-74) 97,3 72 % 62,2 51 Tong s^ SL (n-297) 204 68,69 % 2,7 74 36,3 4,7 1,52 12,0 3,7 1.4 14 0,0 0,0 3,7 0,0 1.0 4,6 23 30,7 29 38,7 0,0 55 18,6 0,0 8,0 14 17,1 0,0 20 6,7 0,0 4,0 4,9 0,0 2,4 • Ngudn: K€t qua dieu tra thyc dja ciia de tai nSm 2013, 2014 Bdng Tinh trang ket hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai d cdc dilm nghien cifu DSn t$c Ket hdn v6^i ngirol nuire ngoai Gia dinh c6 ngucfi Co SL Gie-Trieng Gia-rai Mndng E-de Tong (n=66) (n=75) (n=82) (n=74) (n=297) 18 29 1,5 24,0 9,8 2,7 9,8 kSt hon vdi ngudi % nudc ngoai Khong SL % 65 57 74 72 268 98,5 76,0 90,2 97,3 90,2 Ngudn: So lieu dieu tra thyc dja ciia dl tdi nam 2013,2014 Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc so - 2014 4.3 Quan hi ddn tpc xuyin qu6c gia vd yiu td tdn gido CJ Tdy Nguyen, van di dan t0c vd tdn gido ngdy cdng gdn kit chdt che vdi Cdc cdng ddng ddn tdc - tdn gido hay lien ddn tpc - tdn gido dang cd xu hudng ngdy cdng md rdng Xu hudng ndy bilu hien rd nhdt cdng ddng tin Tin Ldnh cua cdc ddn tdc tai ch6 d Tay Nguyen hien Thdng qua mdi quan he tdc ngudi, cpng ddng Tin Ldnh phat triln nhanh chdng (Vuong Xudn Tinh vd Nguyen Vdn Minh, 2010) Mdi quan he d^n tdc - tdn gido khdng chi bd hep pham vi viing ma cdn lan tda sang vung khdc d nudc cung nhu cdc nudc khac nhu Ldo, Campuchia, My noi cd ngudi ddng tdc sinh sdng Van de gay ngn su phan Iy ndi bd tdc ngudi tdc ddng ciia viec chuyin doi tir tfn ngudng truyen thdng sang cdc tdn gido khdc D^ng thai vd hinh thiic quan he dan tdc - tdn gido ndy Idm gia tdng them tinh phire tap cua vdn dl ddn tgc vd quan he ddn tdc, tac ddng dgn tfnh cd kit kit ndi tpc ngudi d Tay Nguygn vd qudc gia (Pham Quang Hoan, 2014) Viec truyin gido ciia dao Tin Ldnh vung ddng bdo dan tpc tai ch§ d Tay Nguyen dupc thuc hien dudi nhigu hinh thiic, chii ylu luc lupng muc su va tin dd t^i ch6 cd tu trudc ndm 1975 Tuy nhien, lyc lugng cd sy ho trg khdng nhd tir cdc td chirc Tin Ldnh d vung ddng bdng va cdc t6 chOrc Tin Ldnh qudc tl Hinh thiic ho trg thudng dugc nguy trang qua vien trg, tir thi^n, nhdn dao Mdt vdn dl tdn gido ndi len d Tay Nguyen thdi gian gdn ddy Id viec 53 gidnh gidt tfn dd, mdnh dat mdu md Id cdng ddng cdc dan tpc thilu sd d Tdy Nguygn Dilu khdng chi diln giifa cdc tdn gido ma cdn giifa cdc he phai ciing m^t tdn giao Chi tfnh rieng hai thdn Bu Ddk va Sa Pa d xa Thudn An (huyen Ddk Mil, tinh Ddk Ndng) dd cd tdi 557 hd/2904 khdu tdng sd 601 hd/3I21 khdu todn huy?n theo dao Tin Lanh Su phdt triln tin nhanh chdng ciia mdt sd tdn gido tao nhiing bat thudng, xung d^t giCfa cdc tdn gido, cdc he phai va d cd nhCfng gia dinh cd vien theo nhiing tdn gido khdc Viec gianh gidt va phat trign tfn dd tdn gido ngodi muc dfch phdt triln dao, khuech truong tdn giao, tang kinh phi thu dupc tir tin do, thu hut ngudn tai trp cua nudc ngodi, cdn dn chira nhifng dm muu chinh trj (Chu Van Tudn, 2014) 4.4 Quan hi ddn tpc xuyin quoc gia vd tinh hinh chinh tri, an ninh quoc phdng Tdy Nguyen cd mdt vi tri dia chfnh tri, qudn sy trpng ylu vl quoc phdng, an ninh Trong nhifng ndm qua, ciing vdi sy ddi mdi vd hdi nhdp qudc tl ctia ca nudc, Tdy Nguygn da cd nh&ng nhting chuyen bien cdn bdn vl kinh tl - xa hdi, an ninh vd qudc phdng Hoat ddng cua td chiic Fulro, "Tin Lanh Bt Ga" co ban dd bj ta phdt hien vd dau tranh pha Nguy co bilu tinh bao loan vd gdy rdi an ninh timg budc bj day liiL Su dn dinh chinh tri vd trat tu an todn xd hgi dugc giif vCfng Dgn nay, todn vung Tay Nguygn da thodt khdi tinh trang bat on ve chinh trj Tuy nhign, vdn dl an ninh, chinh tri ciia Tdy Nguygn van phai doi mdt vdi Trdn Minh nhilu khd khan thdch thiic, tiem an nhilu nhdn td phiic tap, niu khdng dupc xif ly tdt se trd thdnh nhifng nguy co dnh hudng din dn dinh chinh trj - xa hdi vd sy phdt triln ben viing ciia Tdy Nguyen (Nguyen Van Tdi, 2014) Tinh hinh an ninh Campuchia sau bdu cii Quoc hdi khoa V (thdng 7/2013) dien bign phiic tap, cd tdc ddng, dnh hudng den an ninh qudc gia Viet Nam, tryc tilp Id dja ban cdc tinh bien gidi VlSt Nam Campuchia, cd Tay Nguyen Cac ddi tupng Fulro luu vong tdng cudng lien lac vao ndi dja vd co sd ngam d Campuchia, lgi dung tinh hinh bdt dn de dua ngudi vl Campuchia hoat ddng, iing hp va lien kit vdi dang "Ciiu nguy dan tdc Campuchia" (CNRP) dl ddu tranh ddi Idp "Nha nudc De Ga", "Tin Ldnh De Ga", mua ddt Iam "mat cii" vd ldi keo, kfeh ddng ngudi dan tdc tai chd Tay Nguyen vugt bien sang Campuchia tham gia bilu tinh keu ggi Lien Hiep Qudc md lai cac "trai tj nan" Thdng qua cdc phuong tien lien lac hign dai nhu internet, dien thoai, thu dien tif (email) cdc td chirc va phan tii phan dpng, luu vong d nudc ngoai da xay dyng cac trang mang xd hdi (facebook) dl Idi keo nien, hpc sinh, sinh vien cac dan too thieu sd Chung cung diing cdc phuong tien ndy tuyen truyen cac luan dieu phdn ddng vd cdc thdng tin sai lech, phdt tan nhilu bang dia cd npi dung phan ddng, tuyen truyin vl "Nhd nudc Dl Ga" De Idi keo ddng bdo dan tpc tai chd sang Campuchia, chiing da tuyen truyen rdng thdi gian tdi Lien Hiep Qudc vd cac td chiic qudc tl se lap lai trai tj nan d Campuchia dl ddn ngudi dan tpc tai chd d Tay Nguygn vugt bien sang, niu Ddng Cifu qudc Campuchia thdng cii cudc bdu cir Qudc hdi sdp tdi thi "Nha nude Dl Ga" sg dugc thdnh lap Tai cdc budn lang, sd cdc dii tugng tham gia Fulro, "Tin Lanh D I Ga" vd tham gia cdc vu bilu tinh, bao loan, gdy rdi an ninh (nam 2001 vd 2004) cdn mdt sd tdn tai tu tudng "ly khai, ty tri", tam 1^ dan tpc hep hdi ngn nguy co bat dn, vugt bien vin tilm dn 4.5 Quan he ddn tdc xuyin qudc gia vd vdn de mdi tru&ng Tdy Nguyen hien dang la m5t viing khai thdc go vdi quy md Idn va khai phd ddt rimg de canh tdc ndng nghiep Idn nhat tren cd nudc Viec phdt triln cay cdng nghiep cdng ldm cho viec xdm Ian rimg xay manh me ban Nam 1995, ddt lam nghlgp chilm tdi 60,5% dien tich tu nhien, nhign, theo kit qud gidi doan viln thdm ciia Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi trudng nam 2012 dign tfeh rimg cd trii lugng d Tdy Nguyen chi cd 1,8 trieu ha, dp che phii thyc tl chi dstt 32% (Bdo cao tai Hdi nghi Bdo ve va phat triln rimg Tdy Nguyen tai Hdi thdo 14/3/2012 d Budn Ma Thudt) Viec qudn ly idng leo, thieu dat sdn xudt ddn din vigc khai thac rimg tran lan khdng chi d cdc tinh npi dja ma lan cd sang cdc tinh Ian cdn ciia Lao va Campuchia Tinh trang khai thac go "thd phi" dien kha phd biln d mdt so xa giap bien Dpi ngu khai thac gd ndy chu ylu Id ngudi dan tdc tai cho vi hg quen bilt dja hinh vd cd ngudi than quen d ben bign gidi Vdi sy mde mdi cua nhiing ngudi ddng tdc ben bign gidi vd viec mua chudc lyc lupng kigm Idm, hp dd khai thac mpt khdi lugng go khdng nhd Vdi cdc phucmg tien ggn nhe la nhiing chile xe may dugc "dp" JdPchi Ddn ldc hoc sd4 - 2014 dg cd thg chd dugc nhilu hdng, ddi ngu ndy dd boat ddng khd co ddng Tuy nhign, nil ro thudng xuygn rinh rap hg, tai nan cd thi xay bdt k j liic ndo Theo ngudi ddn d m0t thdn d gdn bien gidi cho bilt, moi ndm thdn cd tdi hdng chyc vy tai nan chd go, dd cd vdi ngudi chet Tinh trang ndy ciing dd dien chiing tdi d dja ban nghign cifu Nhirng van de dat Mdi QHDTXQG chii ylu hign d Tdy Nguygn Id quan he ddng tdc, quan he tdn giao, chinh trj Mdi quan he ndy tao mang ludi lien kit vd cd kit tdc ngudi xuygn/lign bign gidi vd ngdy cdng phat trien da chilu, chiu anh hudng ciia nhilu ylu td: kinh tg thj trudng, di dan, xu hudng lign ket cdng ddng dan tdc - tdn gido, biln ddi mdi trudng, chfnh sdch phdt triln kinh te - xa hdi va an ninh qudc phdng ciia qudc gia va qudc te, qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te, todn cdu hda Dd la co hdi nhung cung Id thdch thifc ddi vdi viec ciing cd, xay dyng va qudn ly cdc mdi quan he ddn tdc, ddc biet Id quan he dan tdc xuyen qudc gia, gdp phdn thuc hien chiln luge dai doan kit dan tdc d Tdy Nguyen hien Mdi QHDTXQG d Tdy Nguygn dat nhilu vdn de can xem xet nhu sau: - Mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuygn qudc gia d mdt sd tdc ngudi dupc tang cudng nhung niu khdng dugc dinh hudng tdt se ldm cho y thirc tpc ngudi ndi trdi hon y thiic qudc gia, cd the gdy tdn hai din tfnh thdng nhdt cua qudc gia, ddn tdc - Hgp tdc kinh tl xuyen bien gidi d Tdy Nguyen dd dat dugc mdt sd thdnh tuu budc ddu ddu tu va trao ddi thuong mai Tuy nhien, Tdy Nguygn vd cac cdng dong dan tpc tai cho van chua phdt huy hit 55 vai trd, lgi thi ciia minh hgp tdc phdt trign kinh tl, thuong mai xuyen bign gidi va thu hut dau tu nudc ngodi - Viec giao luu vdn hda, qua lai tham thdn gdp phan tdng cudng moi quan hg tdt dep vd doan ket giifa cac cdng dong, d|c biet Id cac cdng ddng ddng tdc d hai ben bign gidi nhung ngu viec qudn 1^ bign gidi khdng tdt se dan dgn nhCfng bdt dn xd hdi va vugt bien trdi phep - QHDTXQG vdi cdc vdn dl dan tdc, tdn gido cd yeu td nudc ngoai ngdy cdng trd nen phiic tap vdi nhifng dien bign khd ludng Cdc mdi quan he ndy ngu khdng dupc xif ly hop ly cd thi gdy bat dn den qudc phdng, an ninh vd trat tu an todn xa hgi - Lgi dung chfnh sdch md ciia Ddng vd Nhd nudc ta, cdc thi lyc thii dich sg tdng cudng dua lyc lupng tir nudc ngodi xdm nhdp vao Tay Nguyen thdng qua cdc dudng hpp phdp nhu: du lich, thdm thdn, hgp tdc ldm an kinh tg, hdi huong niip dudi danh nghTa hoat ddng cua cdc td chiic phi chinh phii da mde mdi, ldi kgo, kfeh ddng cdc phan tu phan ddng tham gia cac boat ddng chdng pha chinh quyln, gdy rdi trat ty, tao mdu thudn xa hpi nhu khilu kien, bilu tinh, bao loan, kfeh ddng vupt bien - Viec khai thdc trdi phep ldm sdn d khu vuc bien gidi, ddc biet la hinh thiic khai thac "thd phi" vdn dien ldm suy giam dign tfeh rimg, tdc dpng den mdi trudng ty nhien Vi vay, su phdi hgp luc lugng quoc phdng, an ninh vdi cdc luc lugng cdng an, hdi quan, kilm ldm, tdi nguyen mdi trudng giiia cdc nudc khu vuc bign gidi Viet Nam Lao - Campuchia vl qudn \^ vd khai thac ngudn tdi nguyen khodng sdn, ddt dai, rimg cdn dupc tdng cudng hon nCfa Trdn Minh Hdng Tai lieu tham khao Bao cdo ciia Bd ddi bign phdng ciia khdu Le Thanh nam 2013 Khdng Dien (2002), Mpt so vdn di phdt trien kinh ti - xd hdi budn ldng cae ddn tpc Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Hd Npi Truong Minh Due (2005), Mpt so vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tien ve ddn tdc vd quan he ddn tpc a Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia Ha Ndi Nguyin Duy Dung (2014), "Hpp tdc kinh tg - xa hdi xuyen bien gidi d Tay Nguygn: NhCmg vdn dl dang ddt ra", Bdo cdo tai Hdi thdo: Nhimg vdn di vd gidi phdp qudn ly quan hi tdc ngudi vd cung cd khdi dai dodn kit ddn tpe a Tdy Nguyen, D I tdi TN3/X05, Ha Npi Biii Minh Dao (2011), Thuc Irgng phdi trien Tdy Nguyen vd mdt so vdn diphdl trien ben vung, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi Pham Quang Hoan (2014), "Cdc mdi quan he tdc ngudi co ban d Tay Nguyen bdi canh hien nay", Bdo cdo tai Hdi thao: Phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi ddc thii viing Tdy Nguyen: NhCmg vdn di cot yiu vd gidi phdp, Budn Ma Thudt Nguyin Vdn Tdi (2014), "M^t s6 vdn dl CO ban ve qudc phdng vd an ninh phdt triln bin vung Tdy Nguygn", Bdo cao tai Hdi thdo: Phdt triin kinh te - xd hpi ddc thii viing Toy Nguyin: Nhirng vdn di edt yeu vd gidi phdp, Budn Ma Thu^t Nguyen Quang Thu^n (2014), "Hpp tdc kinh te xuygn bien gidi khu vyc tam gidc phat triln Viet Nam Lao Campuchia vd vai trd cOa Tay Nguyen", Bao cdo tai HOi thao: Phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi ddc ihii viing Tdy Nguyen: Nhirng vdn di edt yeu vd gidi phdp, Budn Ma Thu^t Vuong Xudn Tinh, Nguyen Vdn Minh (2010), Quan hi ddn tpc a viing Tdy Nguyen vd Tdy Nam bp Vi^t Nam, Bdo cdo thudng nign cua Vien Dan tpc hgc, Thu vi^n Vien Ddn tdc hpc 10 Vuong Xudn Tmh (2014), "Nghien ciiu vl quan he ddn tdc d Vi^t Nam (Tir nam 1980 din nay)", Tgp chi Ddn tpc hoc, Sd I &2, tr.7-21 11 Tdng cue thdng kg (2010), Kit qud dieu tra todn bp, Nxb Thdng ke, Hd NOi 12 Chu van Tudn (2014), "NhChig van dg iy luan, thuc tien cua tdn giao Tdy Nguygn hien va mdt sd gidi phdp, kiln nghi", Bao cdo tai Hdi thdo: Phdt triin kinh ti - xa hpi dgc thu viing Tdy Nguyen: NhOng vdn de edt yeu vd gidi phdp, Budn Ma Thudt  ... mdi quan h^ tdc ngudi chii ygu sau: (I) Quan h6 tpc ngudi vdi qudc gia - dan tdc; (2) Quan he giifa cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd vdi tdc ngudi da sd; (3) Quan he giiia cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd; (4) Quan. .. Tinh hinh quan he than t^c xuyen qudc gia d cac dilm nghien ciru Gie-Trieng SL (n=66) % Co nguoi than gia dinh, dong hp is nii6c ngoai Khang c6 ngu6i than gia dinh, dong hp nuac ngoai Gia- rai SL... hinh thiic quan he dan tdc - tdn gido ndy Idm gia tdng them tinh phire tap cua vdn dl ddn tgc vd quan he ddn tdc, tac ddng dgn tfnh cd kit kit ndi tpc ngudi d Tay Nguygn vd qudc gia (Pham Quang Hoan,