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Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd4 - 2014 N H O J G YEU T O ANH HlTCfiVG DEN QUAN HE DAN TQC XUYEN QUOC GIA CUA MOT SO TQC NGU'OFI T^I CHO VUNG TAY NGUYEN NGUYINCONGTHAO Khung phdn tich va ly thuyet Ll Khung phdn ti'ch De tdi "Quan hi ddn tpc xuyen qudc gia ciia mpt sd tpe ngudi lgi chd vung Toy Nguyin" (QHDTXQG) ndm khudn khd he d l tdi cap Bd ciia Vien Ddn tdc hpc dupc tien hanh nam 2013 - 2014 vdi muc tieu cu thi sau: (1) Nhan dien, danh gid thyc trang, dy bdo xu hudng phat triln cua QHDTXQG viing Tdy Nguyen; (2) Xem xet, phdn tfeh nhiing yeu td tdc ddng tfeh eye vd tieu eye cua QHDTXQG; (3) Xdy dyng CO sd khoa hpc cho chfnh sdch phdt trien vd qudn ly cd hieu qud QHDTXQG va vdn dl bign gidi d Tay Nguygn bdi cdnh mdi Nhdm dam bdo viec thu thdp thdng tin dupc thdng nhdt, viee phan tich dugc he thdng va nhChig kiln gidi tii nghign ciru mang tinh thuyet phye, mdt khung phdn tich dd dupc xdy dyng trudc nhdm nghign ciin tign hdnh dien dd vd dugc dieu chinh, hodn thien them sau qud trinh nghien ciru thuc dja Trgn co sd khung phdn tfeh chung cua dl tdi', khung phdn tich ndy sg cu thg hda vd digu chinh ddi cho de phii hgp vdi dieu kien thuc tl tai dja bdn nghien ciiu d cac tinh Tdy Nguyen KHUNG PHAN TICH Digu kign t^ nhign; Kinh te, xa hgi tpc nguoi, chinh tri Quan hg xuygn bign gioi/quoc gia Cai thign sinh kg, tri quan hg; Muc dich chinh trj Ion giao Quy mo, tan suSt, ph^m vi Dac digm li.c dpng f^inh te, an ninh quoc phdng, m6i truong, van h6a xa hpi ' 0a xem chi tilt hon, xin tham khao bii cua nhom t^c gia Vucmg Xuan Tinh, Tran Minh HSng, VQ Dinh Miroi, NguySn Cong Thao in s6 chuyen dl Nguyen Cong Thdo Theo khung phdn tich trgn, cac digu kien ty nhien, kinh tl, xa hdi, chinh trj cd anh hudng den dac digm vd tinh chat ciia mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen quoc gia Moi quan he giiia ddc diem vd tinh chat Id mdi quan he hai chilu, tdc ddng qua lai Vdi moi tinh chdt, ddc dilm cu thi, mdi quan he se cd nhihig tdc ddng nhdt djnh tren nhilu phuong dien din cdng ddng dja phuong cung nhu mang ludi xa hdi rdng Idn hon Cd thg nhin vao vi du cu the d mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bien gidi, mpt khfa canh quan trpng cua quan he tdc ngudi quyen qudc gia de thSy rd dieu ndy Khi d mdt khu vyc vimg bien cd digu kien giao thdng thudn lgi (digu kien tu nhign), cua khau qudc tg (chfnh sach, kinh tl), mang ludi kinh te cung cau nang ddng, thudng xuyen, phan dinh rd rang d mdi phfa (dilu kien kinh tl), su hign dien ciia mdt cdng ddng tdc ngudi cd chung ylu td ngudn gdc, lich sii, van hda d cd hai phia (xa hdi, tdc ngudi) va ddc biet la mdi quan he giQa hai qudc gia cd chung dudng bien ay htru hao, hop tac (chinh trj), thi mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bien gidi d khu vuc sg rdt phdt triln Miic dp phat trien bieu hien qua viec moi quan he ay se diln thudng xuygn, tren mpi phien dien, cu thg Id: Quy md ciia mdi quan he dien pham vi ndo? GiQ-a ca nhan, gia dinh, ddng hg hay cd cdng ddng? Pham vi quan he diln giu'a thdn budn bgn vdi thdn budn bgn bien gidi/qude gia hay d cdp dp rdng hon Id huyen, tinh, viing hay qudc gia? Ddi tupng tham gia la nam hay nir, nien hay trung nien? Mdi quan he dien hdng ngay, hang tuan hay hang thang; dugc tri qua dudng ndo: qua cOra khdu; qua dudng mdn, lien lac qua phuong tien thdng tin? Lam rd dugc dac diem ciia mdi quan he tai mot cdng ddng cu thi se cho phep ta nhan dien dugc tfnh chdt cua moi quan he Ay la viec mdi quan he dd nhdm mye dfch gi? Dan gian la thdm thdn, tri quan he tdc ngudi hay kit hgp budn bdn; cd hay khdng viec chia se niem tin tdn gido hay hudng din cdc muc dich chfnh trj ndo dd? Ddy Id nhu'ng ndi dung eye k^ can thilt khdng chi ddi vdi nhd khoa hpc md dac bi^t cd y nghTa vdi cac nha hoaeh 'djnh chfnh sdch, qudn ly nhd nudc L2 Ly thuyet Quan he xuyen bien gidi, xuyen qudc gia Id chu de dupc cdc nha Dja ly hpc Chfnh trj chau Au tien phong nghien ciru vd d$c biet phat trien tir mdt vdi thdp ki trd lai ddy (Newman vd Paasi, 1998; Houtum, 2000) Cdc nghign ciru da chi rang mdi quan he xuygn bign gidi, xuyen qudc gia cua nhieu cdng dong d chau Au chiu chi phdi m^nh bdi chinh sdch ciia Nhd nudc, lich sii tpc ngudi, cung nhu cdc dieu kien kinh tl, xa hdi khdc vd ddng thdi nd cung cd tdc dgng da chilu ngupc trd lai vdi khu vyc bign gidi hay cdng ddng tham gia vdo mdi quan he Dieu Id bdi bign gidi khdng chi don thudn la ranh gidi chfnh trj ma nd cdn dong thdi Id khdng gian, dudng djnh ranh cho ban sac vdn hda, bdn sdc tdc ngudi giiia cac qudc gia (Newman vd Paasi, 1998) Chinh vi thi, cac nghien ciru xuygn bign gidi can phai phan biet dugc ranh gidi ty nhien vd phi ty nhien dd vd dg Idm dupc dieu can tim higu ndi hdm cua khdi niem bign gidi nhan thirc ciia chfnh ngudi dan tai cho (Houtum, 2000) Trong pham vi chau A, qua nghign ciiu mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bien gidi d Trung Qudc, cd hgc gid dd tdng ket mdi quan hg thudng bieu hien qua I hinh thirc sau: thdn duyin (quan he thdn tdc, ban be); dia duyen (quan h^ ldng gieng); nghiep duyen (quan he nghe nghi?p); TdPSJuDdn tdc hpc so - 2014 vdt duyin (quan he Iam dn, budn bdn); thdn duyin (quan he tdn gido, tfn ngudng); ngir duyin (quan be ngdn ngii); chinh duyen (quan hg chfnh trj) (Hoang Quang Thdnh, 2007) Tdng kit ndy dd chi bire tranh da dign ve mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bign gidi vd de nhgn dien mdi quan he dd m^t each ddy du, cdn phdi tilp can, diln gidi chiing tdng thi nhilu phuong dign quan trpng khac Kg thira cac nghign ciiu trgn, ket hpp vdi tinh hinh thuc tl tai dilm khdo sat, nghien ciru ndy gid dinh yeu td chinh cd anh hudng dgn mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen qudc gia, bao gom: Dilu kien ty nhien; Ljeh sir tdc ngudi; Kinh tl - xd hdi; Chfnh sdch Gid djnh d?it Id cung bac tdc ddng ciia cac ylu to d dilm nghien ciru Id khdc vd day chfnh Id nguygn nhdn can bdn diin dgn su khdc biet ve ddc dilm, tfnh chdt mdi quan he cua moi tpc ngudi Trong dieu tra bdng hdi cung nhu phdng van sdu, thao luan nhdm, phuong phdp chpn mau ngau nhien dugc tien hanh de dam bao tfnh khdeb quan Digu ndy xuat phat tir quan niem vl tfnh da chigu ciia m6l quan he xuyen qudc gia bdi lg nhilu trudng hgp chua timg qua bien gidi nhung vin tri moi quan he vdi dong tdc, ban be d phfa bgn dudng bien cung nhu dcdc nudc khdc Bdi vilt cung cap mdt vdi phat hien ban ddu riit tir nghien ciru thyc dja, tap trung phdc hpa nhimg nguyen nhdn cdn bdn ed tdc dpng tdi viec hinh thdnh, phdt triin cua moi quan hp tpe ngudi xuyin quoc gia d dilm nghien ciiru Gidi thi^u dilm nghien curu e l ldm sdng td muc tieu di xudt, nhdm thyc hi?n dl tai dd tiln hdnh nghien cihi tdi Ii?u, di thyc dia tgi xd thuOc tinh: Thuan An (huyen Dak Mil, tinh Ddk Ndng), Krdng Na (huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Ddk Ldk), la Dom (huyen Dire Co, tinh Gia Lai) vd Dak Ndng^ (huyen Nggc Hdi, tinh Kon Tum), tryc tilp khao sat d tdc ngudi: Mndng, E-de, Gia-rai va Gie-Trigng hai ndm 2013 vd 2014 Viec lya chpn dilm trgn dugc tiln hdnh qua nghien ciiu tdi lieu, kit hgp vdi tham van tir chfnh quyln dia phuong Ddc diem ehung cua xd ndy Id ciing cd dudng bien gidi vdi nudc Ldo hoSc Campuchia; khdng cdch qud xa trung tdm hdnh chfnh huyen vd cira khdu bign gidi; cd he thong co sd h£i tdng tuong ddi thudn lgi; nln kinh tl hang hda budc dau phdt trien; mdt vdi tdc ngudi cu tru d cd Viet Nam vd nudc ldng gilng; vd dien tich rirng ty nhien hau nhu khdng cdn Phat hien ban ddu cho thdy mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen qudc gia cua cdc toe ngudi d digm nghien ciru chu ylu diln d pham vi xuyen bign gidi vdi bd ddng tdc d Lao vd Campuchia Quan hg vdi mpt so rdt ft d cac qudc gia khdc nhu My, Nhat, Canada dugc ghi nhan, nhung khdng thyc sy ndi bdt Mdi quan hg xuyen bien gidi ddm ngt nhdt d hai xd la Dom vd Thudn An, dd Thuan An la noi cd ty le tra ldi da timg qua bign gidi cao nhdt vdi 3,7% Xet vg tdng thg, quan he xuyen qudc gia d la Dom tiem an nhilu thach thiic cho phat trien kinh tl ben viing, dn dinh trat ty xd h^i hon cd Nguygn nhdn ciia thyc trang Id cdc dilu kien khdch quan, chii quan khac sg dugc phan tfeh d nhOng phin tilp theo cua bdi viet ^ Day la mot xa thuoc huyen NgQC Hii, tinh Kon Tum, CO ten trimg voi tinh Dak Nong Nguyen Cong Thdo Bdng Mdt so dac diem tu nhien, kinh te, xd hdi tai diem nghien ciJru Thudn An Krdng Na la Dom Ddk Ndng (dan toe Mnong) (dan tpc E-de) (ddn toe Gia-rai) (ddn toe Gie-Trigng) Dieu kien ty nhien Gdn trung thi tran huyen; cd 14km dudng bien gidi; giao thdng thudn lgi; dien tich rimg khdng cdn Ndm ven sdng Se Re Pdc; giao thdng thudn lgi, each thj trdn huyen ehirng 20km; rimg khdng cdn Dja hinh bdng phang; cdch cura khdu Tdn Thanh ehirng 10km; giao thdng thuan loi; dien tich rirng khdng cdn Giao thdng thuan Igi; cdch ciia khdu ehirng 100km; rirng khdng cdn Kinh te Ca phg phdt trien manh la cdy trdng chinh; sdn ngd va lua ft; phan hda giau ngheo kha rd net Lua va ngd la hai Digu, cao su, sdn cay trdng chfnh; la nhirng cdy thuong mai dich vu trdng chinh; phan bat dau phat triln hda gidu ngheo bat ddu ro net Cay s5n phat triln manh, la cay chfnh; ngd, liia cd phg ft 95% ngudi ddn theo Tin Lanh; giao luu vd dnh hudng manh bdi van hda Kinh Giao luu va anh Cac ygu td vdn hudng manh bdi vdn hda tdc ngudi cdn hda Kinh; cd sy giao khd dam net thoa van hda giiia hai tdc ngudi Mndng va E-de Phdn hda gidu ngheo chua ro rang; dnh hudng cua vdn hda Kinh trd nen phd bien Vdn hda - xa hpi Ngmn: Kgt qua khao sat thuc dia 2013, 2014 Nhijng yeu to anh hirong den quan he dSn toe xuyen qu6c gia 3.1 Dieu kien tif nhien Quan he toe nguofi xuyeti bien giai giCt vi tri chij dao, bi^n nhdt noi vd quan he toe nguoi xuyen quBc gia (Houtum, 2000) Trong do, d i k kien tir nhien la mot nhirng ySu t6 chfnh co anh huong quan trpng den mue d6, pham vi, tan suSt qua lai bien giai ciia cac cong ddng den ttr hai phia duong bien Nh&ng bi6u hien cy th6 cua diSu kiSn tir nhiSn bao g6m he th6ng giao thong, khoang cdch dia IJ, dja hinh va mirc thuan tien cho viee di lai Trong tinh khao sdt, tinh Kon Tum co tong chiSu dii duang bien gidi dai nhat voi chimg 280km, ngjn nhit la Dak U k v*i chimg 73km Xa co duong bien ddi nhdt Id Dak Nong voi ehirng 50km; ngdn nhdt Id Thuan An vai khodng 14km Xd la Dom vd Thuan An khong chi ndm gdn eira khdu bien gidi nhdt (khoang 10 - 14km) md ddng thai ndm doc hai quoc lo 19 vd I4A v4i di6u kien Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2014 giao thdng khd thudn Ipi Dudng bien gidi d mdi xa ndy trai ddi chimg tren 10km vdi he thdng dudng hdnh lang dpc dudng bien da dupc xdy dyng tir giifa nhiJng nam 2000 Trong dd, hai xd Dak Ndng vd Krdng Na nam xa cira khdu hon (tir 30 din lOOkm) vdi he thdng giao thdng di lai chua thyc su thudn Ipi, dac biet Id d Krdng Na, noi ngudi ddn niu mudn phai bdt xe khdch vupt qua hdng trdm km de Iam thii tuc xudt cdnh qua cita khdu d huyen khdc phfa bgn bign gidi, giap vdi la Dom Id tinh Ratanakiri, giap vdi Thuan An la tinh Mondulkiri Day Id hai tinh thua dan, thudc dien ngheo nhdt cua Campuchia nhung lai la khu vyc cdn nhilu dien tfeh rimg tu nhign Tfnh den eudi nhii'ng nam 1990, d Ratanakiri dp che phu ciia rimg van chilm khoang 70 - 80% (Bann, 2008) Theo kit qua phdng van nhiing ngudi timg sang bgn bign gidi d hai xa thi dien tfeh rirng d phfa Campuchia hien van cdn ddng kl vd day ciing id mot nhCrng dgng luc thuc ddy ngudi dan tir phfa Viet Nam sang khai thdc, van chuyin gd thue Trong dd, theo danh gia cua ngudi dan, khu vuc bign gidi Campuchia gidp vdi xa Krdng Na vd Ddk Ndng cd he thdng sdng ngdi day dac, dia hinh phire tap, la trd ngai Idn cho viec di lai thudng xuyen 3.2 Lich sutdc ngu&i Nhung khdo ciiu dan tpc hpc trudc ddy dd chi thuc tg mdt sd tdc ngudi d cdc tinh Tdy Nguyen ed quan he hp hdng, dong tpc vdi ngudi thdn d Ldo va Campuchia nhu Mndng, Gia-rai, Ldo, Ba-na, Xo-ddng, Gie-Trieng, E-de (Doumes, 2002) Tai Campuchia, tinh den nam 2008 cd khodng 37.500 ngudi Mndng sinh sdng, 80% cu tru d tinh Mondulkiri - tinh gidp bign gidi vdi bai tinh Dak Ndng va Ddk Ldk cua Viet Nam (http://www.ethnologue.com/country/KH/la nguages) Trong lich su phat triln cua minh, cdc tdc ngudi da trai qua nhilu Idn djch ehuygn dja bdn cu tru Vf du cu the Id mdt bd phan ngudi Mndng d Thudn An di cu sang Viet Nam cu trii eudi nhiing ndm 1970 dg trdn chay nan diet chung GitJa nhirng nam 1980, hiep djnh bien gidi Vigt Nam - Campuchia dupc ky ket, nipt bd phan lai di cu trd lai Campuchia Den dau thg k>' XXI, mdt bp phdn ngudi Mndng d Vigt Nam di cu sang My theo hinh thiic tj nan chfnh tri (Waddington, 2002) Tuong tu nhu the, trudc nam 1979, khd nhieu ngudi Gie-Trieng d xa Ddk Ndng vdn cu trii ben Lao Khi hiep djnh bien gidi dupc k^ kit, mdt bd phan trd ve Viet Nam sinh sdng Qua trinh chuyen djch dja ban cu trii, phan tach tpc ngudi ndy diln vdi sd ft ngudi Gia-rai d la Dom vdo eudi nhung nam 1980 Ddi vdi ngudi E-de, qua trinh diln tir khd lau den miic ngudi dan khdng cdn nhd chfnh xdc mde thai gian Thuc trang ndy dan den su tdn tai ciia mdi quan he than tdc xuyen bien gidi ciia cdc tdc ngudi Ket qua dieu tra bang hdi cho thdy 81,7% ngudi trd ldi d Thuan An thira nhan cd ba hp hdng hien dang sinh sdng d mot qudc gia khdc Ty le la 29,6% d la Dom; 28,4% d Krdng Na; 22,4% d Dak Ndng Ba qudc gia biln nhdt Id Campuchia, Lao vd My Viec phan tdeh chua qud ldu d mdt bd phan ngudi Mndng hay Gia-rai d la Dom vd Thuan An (so vdi ngudi E-dg hay Gie-Trieng) gdp phan ly gidi cho mdi quan Nguyen Cdng Thdo he vdi bd ciia hp d bgn Lao vd Campuchia van cdn tuong doi chat che Khdng it ngudi dan d hai xd ndy cd hp hdng gdn, thdm chf la anh em rudt cu trii d bgn bign gidi Viec qua lai tham thdn cd ngudi dau dm hay du tang ma, eudi xin rat bien d hai xa tren cung mot phdn xuat phat tir thyc te ndy 3.3 Biiu kiin kinh te - xd hpi Khdng chi cd digu kien giao thdng, vi tri dia Iy thuan Ipi hon, ty lg ngheo d la Dom va Thu|n An cung thap hon nhieu so vdi hai xd cdn lai Dac bi^t, ty 1? nghgo d xa Dak Ndng cao hon Idn so vdi d Thuan An Dilu ddng luu y Id dign tfeh ddt canh tde binh qudn dau ngudi d Ddk Ndng lai cao han so vdi Thuan An Dilu eho thay, d nhiing xd viing cao, nai san xuat ndng nghiep ddng vai trd ehii dao, dien tich d^t san xuat khdng nhat thilt glil vai trd quylt dinh din miic dp phat trien kinh tl hay tyu gidm ngheo Bdng Mdt vdi chi sd vl kinh te - xd hdi d diem nghien ciiu ndm 2012 Tong di|n tich Xa trot^ (ha) Binh quan dau ngiroi (ha) MiJa vu chinh Tyi6 nghto (%) Krdng Na 1.632 0,34 Liia, ngd, sdn 28,9 la Dom 1.956 0,27 Sdn, cao su, cd phe, dieu, liia 10,4 Thuan An 617 0,07 Cd phS, ngo, lua Sdk N6ng 693 0,2 Sdn, lua, cao su sdn, 50,9 Ngudn: Ket qud khdo sat thyc dja tgi xa 2013, 2014 Khdo sdt vl kinh tl hd, tdng sd 294 ngudi trd ldi bang hdi, ty le hd trung binh chiem chii dao, vdi 56,8%; ngheo chiem 21,8%; cdn ngheo chilm 10,2%; cdn l^i Id khd vd gidu cd Niu tach rigng theo tung xd, ty te ngheo sd ngudi trd ldi cua la Dom vd Thudn An Id 22,5% vd 6,1 % Chi tinh cay luong thyc hang nSm thdp hon hai xd cdn lai, tuong thich vdi so [jgu thdng ke ty le ngheo cua xd Cd nhilu nguyen nhdn \S gidi cho sy phdt i ^ *''^" "^'"^ *^ hon d hai xa la Dom vd Thudn An ^^ 8^""= ^i ^ ' ^J^ ^y^ ^o cau cdy trdng, chdt ^^t, dilu ki?n xa hgi, co sd h? tiing Viec ndm Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2014 canh hai eiia khdu noi cd lupng giao thuong bdng hda Idn moi ngdy (nhdt Id Le Thanh) dem Ijii CO hdi viec Idm (bde vdc, van chuyin hdng hda, dich vu) cho ngudi ddn, tao nguon thu nhdp dn djnh Sy phdt triln tir khd sdm ciia cdy cao su, cd phe cQng la Ipi the ndi trdi ciia ngudi dan d ddy He thdng giao thdng phdt triln, mang ludi thu mua ndng sdn dgn cdp thdn budn cung giup ngudi ddn d la Dam vd Thuan An dl ddng ban ndng sdn thj trudng hay tim kiem gidng, mua vdt tu ndng nghiep thudn lgi hon so vdi d hai xd cdn lai Dilu kien kinh tl dn dinh hon ddng vai trd quan trgng viec giiip ngudi dan tri quan he thdm thdn vdi ban be, hg hdng d ben bign gidi Ngodi chi phf di lai (chimg vai tram nghin ddng), theo ngudi ddn d ca diem nghign ciiu cho bilt hg cung phdi bd mdt sd tign khdng nhd de mua qud tang hg hang m§i lan tham vieng hay dugc thdm vieng (thudng la mdt vdi trigu ddng) Dieu ndy dugc ly giai la mdi idn di thdm thdn, dy cae le d ben bien gidi ngudi ddn thudng di theo nhdm, hodc chi ft ciing vdi thdnh vign gia dinh Hg an, d tai nhd cua bd sudt qua trinh thdm viing vd vi thi viec tang qua hay tien mdt la cdn thiet, nhu Id mdt each iing xir "cd di, cd lai", nhat Id ngudi than ciia hp da phdn khdng dupc khd gia CJ chilu ngugc lai, ddi nhiing ngudi ddng tpc d ben bign gidi cung thudng sang thdm thdn hay kit hgp khdm chiia benh tai Viet Nam (pho biln nhdt d Thudn An) dja bdn cu tru cua hp each xa trung tdm y te tai nudc sd tai Kit qud phdng vdn sdu cho thdy mdt xu the phd bien Id moi quan he ddng tdc xuygn bign gidi thudng dien theo hai 63 chieu NghTa Id ngudi Gia-rai d la Dom sang tham hp hang d bgn Campuchia, du cdc ngdy le, tit thi sau mpt khodng thdi gian nhat djnh, hg hang cua hg tir bgn dd cung qua thdm lai hp nhu mdt hinh thiic "ddp le" Viec mua qua tdng cung ngdm dn nguygn tdc "tuong ung, tuong duong" vg gid trj Nguygn tac ndy dupc nhdn manh d cdng ddng Mndng, E-de va Gia-rai Chfnh quan niem "di tham phdi cd qua" hay "ngudi ta thdm minh thi minh phai thdm lai, da nhdn qua thi phai cd qua lai" khiln cdc hd nghgo it cd digu kien qua lai tham hp hang hay ban be d ben bien gidi nhu bdi canh d xa Ddk Ndng Nguyen tdc ung xu "cd di, cd lai" da dugc ghi nhdn d nhilu xa hdi khac vd da dugc nhd nhdn hpc ngudi Phap Marcel Mauss khai qudt mdt cdng trinh kinh diln (Mauss, 2011) Ben canh dilu kien kinh te, mpt vdi dac diem van hda ciing cd tac ddng den mdi quan he xuyen qudc gia, dien hinh nhdt qua nghien ciiu ndy la tdn gido Theo sd lieu ciia chi'nh quyen dia phuong, khoang 95% ngudi Mndng d Thudn An theo Tin Lanh - tdn giao vdn phdt trien manh tir cuoi nhiing ndm 1990 Trong hai thdn khao sat tai dja bdn nay, mdt thdn dd cd nhd thd dugc xay dung tir ndm 2005 va hoan thdnh ndm 2010 Anh hudng manh me ciia Tin Ldnh cd the phdn ndo nhdn dien qua viec ngudi dan lay tgn cdc nhdn vdt kinh thdnh dg dat ten cho cdi Tin Ldnh ciing phd bien d la Dom nhung tat cd cac thdn/bon dugc khao sdt khac d day mdi chi cd nhd nguyen Trong do, d Krdng Na vd Ddk Ndng, ddu dn cua Tin Ldnh khdng dam net nhu d Thuan An hay la Dom Dudi gdc dp xd hdi, Tin Lanh Id spi day gan ket ngudi dan vdi khdng chi tfn dd ddng tdc xd ma cd vdi nhiing Nguyen Cong Thdo 64 tfn khdc tdc din tir cdc dja phuong khdc, qudc gia khac Mdi quan he ndy dupc ciing cd qua cdc sinh boat tdn giao vdn dien thudng xuygn, dudi nhieu cdp dp, hinh thirc khdc Mdt vdi hd d thdn Bu Dak (Thuan An) da dugc gido hdi cua hg hd trg kinh phf sang My tham than mdt vdi Idn chi - nam trd lai ddy 3.4 Chinh sdch viing bien Nghj dinh 34/2000/ND-CP vl ''Quy che bien gidi ddi liin" da tao hanh lang phdp Iy cho cdng tdc qudn ly viing bign Trudc do, viec hodn cam mde bien gidi cung cd vai trd quan trgng viec phdn djnh ranh gidi, khu dan cu Higp ude bien gidi qudc gia giua Viet Nam -Lao ky kit nam 1977, xdc djnh cdng dan cu trii tren lanh thd nudc ndo mang qudc tjch nudc dy Dilu ndy ly giai vi nhilu ngudi Gie-Trigng d xa Dak Ndng cd ba hp hdng d ben bien gidi di! hg tirng sdng gdn hang thi ky Quy che Bign gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia dugc ky ket nam 1983 Ci cap dp dia phuong, cac tinh viing bien cung chu ddng xay dyng nhti-ng chinh sdch hpp tdc md phdp luat cho phep nhu thda thudn giifa hai tinh Dak Lak va Mondulkiri dugc ky ket vao ndm 2005 Theo chinh sdch chung ciia Chfnh phu Viet Nam, cung nhu can cir theo thda thuan giiia Viet Nam vdi Ldo vd Campuchia, viec qua lai bign gidi vdi muc dich thdm than, tham chf Id lam an cua ngudi ddn cu trii viing bien gidi dupc tao dieu kien thuan Ipi Ngudi ddn chi can lay giay chiing nhdn ciia xa rdi xudt trinh vdi ciia khdu/ddn bign phdng la cd the qua bien gidi, thdm than khu vyc bign gidi md khdng nhat thiet phai ldm hd chilu Thgm vdo dd, he thdng CO sd tdng dugc ndng cap ciing la nhdn td quan trgng giup viec di lai cua ngudi dan dugc thuan tien dien hinh la d la Dom vd Thudn An Chinh sdch dudng nhu Id ygu td nhat khdng cd sy khdc bigt dang kl ndo d ca dilm nghign cuu hau hit ngudi dan dlu thira nhan thu tuc qua lai bien gidi rdt thuan tien, don gidn vd hg khdng gap bdt cii trd ng?i ndo vl mdt hanh chfnh mudn di thdm thdn, hoac mudn mdi ngudi than qua Viet Nam choi 3.5 Rdi ro tiem dn Quan sdt vd ghi nhdn nhanh tir thyc dja cho thdy mdi quan he xuygn bien gidi dang tilm dn nhiing riii ro cd thi gay bat dn xd hdi, an ninh qudc phdng Dieu thi hien rd d nan khai thac, van chuyin go trai phep tir Campuchia vl Viet Nam va sy can thiep ciia cdc thi lyc phdn ddng tir mdt sd "nudc thu- ba" nhdm chia re dodn kgt dan tdc Kha nhieu ngudi dan d khu vyc bien gidi tham gia vdo viec van chuyen, khai thdc go trdi phep, dac biet d xa la Dom Lgi the vg viec cd ngudi bd d ben bien gidi, su am hieu dia hinh, dudng tdt cdng vdi Igi nhuan kinh te cao, hau het nam nien xd thudng xuyen di khai thac, van ehuygn go trdi phep tir Campuchia ve Vigt Nam Hp thudng cai biln xe mdy thdnh xe chd gd chuyen dung, di theo dudng tdt nhdm trdnh lyc lugng chiic ndng d ciia khdu Le Thanh Quan sat thyc dia cho thay cd hdng tram chile xe dang d moi thdn, tham chf ddu thdn cd vdi ciia hdng ehuygn siia chiia, bdo dudng, cdi bien xe may thdnh xe chd go Mdu da dd, mdt vdi tai nan chet Tap chi Ddn ldc hoc so - 2014 ngudi da diln ra" Riii ro dupc dy bdo sg khdng ngimg gia tang, nhdt la sau van chuyen go trdi phep se la vdn ehuyen cdc loai hdng hod phi phap khdc Theo bdo cao ciia chinh quygn dia phuong, viec chdt pha, xam lan tdi nguyen rimg giiia ngudi dan d hai phia dudng bien chua dupe kilm sodt trigt dl d ca dilm nghien eiru Dieu xudt phdt tir tap qudn canh tac, ddc dilm ty nhign vd ddi la sy loi Id, budng ldng qudn ly d cdp xa Bgn canh dd, ed ddu hieu vl sy tdn tai ciia mang ludi d nudc ngodi dang am thdm cdu kit vdi mdt sd ddi tugng nudc, lgi dung viec tham than de tuyen truyin, ldi keo ngudi dan rdi bd qug huong Diln hinh Id d xa la Dom, luc lugng chiic ndng dd bdt dugc nhilu dia video ca nggi sy gidu cd ciia nhiing "mien dat hu:a", ve vien cdnh ciia mdt cupc sdng an nhdn, sung tiic ma khdng cdn phai lao d^ng vat vd Ket ludn Bai vigt dd chi su khdc biet ciia dilu kien ty nhien, kinh tl - xd hdi, lich sutdc ngudi vd tdc dpng cua sy khac biet ndy ddi vdi moi quan he xuygn quoc gia tai digm nghign ciru^ Nhitng yeu t6 d hai xd la Dom vd Thuan An ddng vai trd rd ret hon, giiip ngudi ddn tri m6i quan he vdi ddng tOc d bgn bien gidi mdt each thudng xuygn hon so vdi d Ddk Ndng vd Krdng Na Trong ylu to ndy, dilu kign tu nhign va lich sir tpc ngudi ddng vai trd ndi trdi ban, thuc ddy moi quan he xuygn bign gidi Chilu quan he chu ylu la tir phfa Vigt Nam sang Lao, Campuchia, chilu ngupc lai md nhat hon Ddc dilm ciia moi quan hg chii ylu dien d pham vi gia dinh, cd tdn sudt thdp ( - Idn/ndm) va tfnh ch^t moi quan he nang vl tri quan hg hp hang, ddng tdc thdng qua viee tham than Ben canh nhting tdc ddng tich eye, su gdn gui ve dia ly, thu^n lgi vl giao thdng, cdc dilu kign tu nhign khdc cung dan din nhihig tdc ddng tieu cue tilm dn vl an ninh quoc phdng cho mdi quan he xuyen bien gidi cua cdc tdc ngudi tai cho Nhiing han chi vl ngudn luc khiln nghign ciru Id mdi chi tien hanh dilu tra thyc dja d phfa Viet Nam md chua cd dilu kien tign hanh nghien eiiu d phia bgn bien gidi Nghien ciru ciing chua cd dilu kien phdng vdn nhiing ngudi nudc ngoai sang thdm than, lam viec tai Viet Nam di so sanh, ddi chilu Day Id vdn dl ddt cho nhQ-ng nghien ciru vl ITnh vuc tuong lai Tai lieu tham khao Bann, Camille (1997), "An Economic Analysis of Tropical Forest Land Use Options, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia", Ecomomic and Environment Development for Southeast Asi, IDRC, Singapore Doumes, Jacquec (2002), Mien ddt huyen do, Nxb Hdi Nha vdn Ha Ndi Mauss, Marcel (2011), Ludn ve bieu tdng: Hinh thirc vd ly ciia su trao ddi * Ngay t^i th6i diem nhom nghien ciru dang khao sat tai thon Moc Den mpt nguai cho go l|u theo duong mon da bj tai nan va tu vong ^ Hau nhu Idiong c6 khac biet dang kl ve m$t chinh sach cdc xd hpi cd sa (Nguyen Tiing djch), Nxb Tri thirc Ha Ndi (Ban gdc: Essai sur le don Forme et raison de I'echange dans les Nguyen Cong Thdo societes primitives, in Idn dau tap san L'Annee sociologique, 1923-1924) Newman, David and Annsi Paasi (1998), "Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: boundary narratives in political geography" Progress in Human Geography, Pp 186-207 Hoang Quang Thdnh (2007), "Dj ddng vdn hda va sy tde dpng qua lai cua mdt tdc ngudi sdng d bien gidi", trong: nhigu tac gid, Nhirng cdng trinh nghien ciru ddn tpc hpc a Vdn Nam, Vien Vdn hda thdng tin Tap chi Vdn hda nghe thuat, Hd Ndi Van Houtum, Henk (2002), "An overview of European Geographical Research on Borders and Border Regions", Journal ofBroadlands Studies, Pp 47-56 Waddington, R (2002), The Mnong People, The Peoples of the World Foundation Http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?peo ple=Mnong Thu hoaeh ca phg ciia ngudi Mndng d xd Thudn An, huyen Ddk Mil, tinh Dak Ndng Anh: Trdn Minh Hdng ... thuc dia 20 13, 2014 Nhijng yeu to anh hirong den quan he dSn toe xuyen qu6c gia 3. 1 Dieu kien tif nhien Quan he toe nguofi xuyeti bien giai giCt vi tri chij dao, bi^n nhdt noi vd quan he toe... du cu the d mdi quan he tdc ngudi xuyen bien gidi, mpt khfa canh quan trpng cua quan he tdc ngudi quyen qudc gia de thSy rd dieu ndy Khi d mdt khu vyc vimg bien cd digu kien giao thdng thudn... dac diem ciia mdi quan he tai mot cdng ddng cu thi se cho phep ta nhan dien dugc tfnh chdt cua moi quan he Ay la viec mdi quan he dd nhdm mye dfch gi? Dan gian la thdm thdn, tri quan he tdc ngudi
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