Quản trị dựa trên tri thức kinh nghiệm của Nhật Bản.pdf

NBHIiHCUU-THABBOl QUAN TRjDlTA TREN TRI THUnC: KINH NGHIEM CUA NHAT BAN PHAN TIEN NGOC* T rong cudc cdch mang hdu efing nghigp vd ndn kinb id toan eiu hda hign nay, tri Mflc da ttd Manh luc Iupng san xudt true tidp Vige quan 1^ va sfl dung cd higu qua tri Mflc ddng vai ttd rit quan ttpng ddi vtt su phat tiidn bdn vung ciia doanh nghigp va ciia dit nudc Bii vidt ttinh biy md hinh quan tri dua ttdn tri Mflc Meo tiirttig phdi quan tri Nhdt Ban, ttr dd dd xudt mfit sd gpi y Mue Mgn quan IJ dua tten tii Mflc eho cic doanh ngMgp Vigt Nam Md hlnh quan tri dua trdn tri thfic cua Nhit Ban * Md htnh SECI Hinh Mo hinh sang tao tri thudc SECI • ^ • Hi|n An — s H i | n ãô Nguon: Nonaka 1995 Nam 1995, Giio su Doijiro Nonaka vd tdch biet m i nd gdn v&i nhfl phdn chim vd Hirotaka TakeusM sau nMdu nam ngMfin eiiu da phin ndi cua tang bang; (ii) Tri Mflc mtt dugc dua mfi Mnh SEQ (Socialization, Exter- tao chmh M su ttong tic lidn tuc giiia tii Mflc nalization, Combmation, va Mtemalization) dd i l vd tri Mflc Mgn Trong do, vigc chuydn hda ttt mfi la qua ttinh td ehflc sdng tao tri thflc td tri thflc in sang tri Mflc Mgn va ngugc Iai chinh Id ehflc don vi Xuit phdt didm cua mfi hinh SECI dinh didm cua sing tao tri Mflc cho ring: (i) Tri Mflc ciia id chtic gdm cd tri Mflc Md binh SECI gdm bdn giai doan ehuydn bidn ia (tacit knowledge) va tii Mflc Mdn (explicit ciia tri Mflc ttong td chflc: (i) Su giao luu xa hdi knowledge) Hai loai tri Mflc ndy khdng tdn tai (socialization); (U) Su ngoai hda (extemalizarion); (iii) Su kdt hgp (combmation); vd (iv) Su nfii hda (mtemalization) Theo Doijiro Nonaka vd Hirotaka * Tie'n sl, Hoc viin Chinh tri Khu vUc I 42 TAP CHI G l A o D g c LY LU^N - SO 222 (2014) NGHliN cuu-THAO BOI TakeusM, tri Mflc ttong mfit td chflc dupc phit tridn Meo vdng xoln de, bdt dau bang sU giao luu xa hfii cua cae ci nhdn ^ tidp ddn la qua trinh ngoai hoa bdn tdp Md ^ su ket hop td ehflc ^ rdi ddn qui trmh nfii hda ttd Iai ttong cac cd nhin Trong mfi hinh SECI, tri Mflc in mdi cd nhdn dUpc ngoai hda Manh tri Mflc Men dd ed Md cMa se dupc v&i ngutt khic, duge bd sung btt quan didm ca nhdn eua hg vdttcfManh tri Mflc mtt Sau dd tri Mflc dugc tidp Mu trd Iai btt mdt sd ddng cae cd nbdn dutt dang hinh Mflc tri Miic mtt, phong phfl hon vd ttd Manh co sd eho vigc bat diu mfit vdng sdng tao tri Mflc mtt Chinh su chuydn ddi lidn tuc vd ttong tic lln ndy la ngudn gde sinh tri Mflc mtt Cu Md: Giai doan: Su giao luu xa hfii - "cam nhdn" Giao Iuu xa hfii li qui tiinh tri Mflc in eua mflt ngutt ehuyen Manh tri Mflc in cfla mdt ngutt khdc Giai doan tri Mflc in eua cd nhdn duge cMa se kM bp cimg ttai ngMgm ttong Mong tac cflng vige hdng ngdy Trong giai doan niy, cac ca nhdn nam bdt, Mu nhdn tri Mflc ttong mfli tmdng Idm vige eua hp Mdng qua hanh dfing vd nhdn Mflc Tuy nMdn qui trtnh giao luu xa hfii cimg cM tao tri thflc mtt b mflc dd kMdm tdn Cic c i nhdn hpc hoi ttt qua trMh quan sdt, kem cap, ttong tic song ddu khdng cd duge tri Mflc mtt mdt each hg Mflng vd edng vide cua hg Didu dd la vi tri Mflc hpc duge cM "nam ttong ddu/nam miu" cua hg ma chua dugc Md Mgn mdt cich cu thd cho td chflc va ngutt khie cd Md cttng sfr dung Giai doan: Su ngoai hda - tim Mdu ban chit Ngoai hda Id qud triiM chuydn tri Mflc in ciia ca nhin Manh tri Mflc hign Tri Mflc in dugc cMa se ttong tip Md Mfing qua ngdn ngfl, hinh anh, mfi hinii hay edc cdch didn dat khac Qua tri Mflc ^ cua cac ca nhdn ttcf ndn rd rdng hem, dfi ding dugc cic ddng ngMgp tidp Mu, Mam khao Thfing qua qud trinh ngoai hda, doanh ngMgp cd Md tmydn dat iMflng ky ndng niy cho cdc k^ su hay cfing nhdn mtt Giai doan: Su kdt hpp - suy ngM ttong mfli quanhg Ddy Id qui trinh kdt hop edc tri Mflc hign v&i dd lao tii Mflc mtt giai doan nay, cdc tri Mflc Men dugc kdt hgp, sdp xdp Iai bode xfl ly di hiiM Manh mflt hg Mdng tri Mflc Mdn phflc tap va cd he Mdng hem Tri Mflc Mgn niy sau TAP CHI G l A o DUC L'V' LUAN - s6 111 ^2014) dugc phd bidn ddh toan td chflc Ngiy nay, su phdt tridn cua cflng nghg Mfing tin vd mtemet da gdp phdn quan ttgng ttong qua trinh nay, tao didu kign cho su tu ttao ddi eae tri Mflc Mgn ma khfing bi ring bufic btt gitt ban ve Mtt gian vd khfing gian Giai doan: Su nfii bda - banh dfing eo suy nghi Trong qui trtnh tidp Mu, tri Mflc hien dugc tao va cMa se ttong loan id chfle, sau dd no se dugc chuydn hda Manh tri Mflc dn Meo each tidp Mu cua mfii ngutt Thdng qua dd, tri Mflc an cua mdi ca nhdn dugc bd sung va tidp Mu Mdm Sau dd, tri Mflc dn ndy laitifi'ptue dugc cMa se Mfing qua qui trtnh giao luu xa hfii, ttd thdnh co s6 bat diu met qui trinh SEQ mtt Trdn diy Id bdn giai doan chuydn bidn tri Mflc ttong qud trinh sang tao tri Mflc mtt cua td chttc Su vdn ddng ciia tri Mflc Meo md hinh SEQ didn Meo hinh xodn dc phat ttidn khdng ngflng chfl khfing phai mdt vdng tton Hinh xodn dc niy ldn din tii Ihflc dn cua mdt ca nhdn dugc ehia se se tao nhttng tri Mflc hifin de phd bien cho ngutt khdc, tt cie tri Mflc Mgn ndy lai duge tidp Mu, kd Mura va phat tridn Manh eae tri Ihflc in mtt, vd lai dugc chia se Nhu viy, tri Mflc dugc tao qua qud trinh SECI vd sang tao tri Mflc Id hoat ddng sang tao Mong lai Quan tri dua ttdn tri Mflc b ddy chmh li vige nhdn Mtte, ndm bdt dupc qua trinh vin dfing cua td chflc, tt dd cd tim nhin tri Mflc hoac mue tifiu dinh huttig, phat tridn vi ed vu ehia se tri Mflc, khuydn khfch Mflc ddy su vdn ddng cho muc tieu phdt tridn cua id chflc va doanh ngMgp * Md hinh ddng vesdng tgo tri thiic Md hinh SEQ cho chung ta Miy tri Mflc mtt dupc tao qua trtnh ehuyen hda gifla tri Mflc dn vd tri Mflc Mgn Vdy, lam thd nao md cde td ehflc cd Md vdn hanh qui ttinh sang tao tri Mflc khdng ngttng, Meo hinh xoan dc va kdt ndi nd ven Md manh eiia td chflc? Doijiro Nonaka vd Hirotaka TakeusM (2008) cbo rdng: didu dd doi hdi mfit sd didu kign Udn quan ttt each md cde mtt quan he dugc tao giQa eac thanb vifin vd giQa hg v&i mdi tiudng Tfl dd cic tdc gia da dua md hinh ddng md ta vigc tri Mflc dugc tao la vdng quay Udn tuc Mdng qua dfii Moai, Mue hdnh va ttong didu kifin bdi cdiM sang tao tri Mflc "Ba" nhdt dinh 43 Kinh Md hinh siTvan dong sdng tao tri thOto MMtrvAng Ngudn; Wona/ca & cgng si/, 2008 Ddi Moai Id cfl scr ciia qud ttinh sdng tao tri Mflc Mgu qua vi nd cbo phep mpi ngutt Mdu ring cd nhiMg quan didm khdc ven quan didm cua minh, giup mpi ngutt chdp nhdn vd tdng hgp nhung quan didm dd Diy li hinh Mflc hOu Mgu dd chuydn tri Mflc in khd didn dat thhnh ngdn ngfl cM'nh Mflc cua tri Mflc Men giai doan ngoai hda eua qud trtnh SEQ Ddi Moai Mdng qua kdt ndi, ddo siu vi tinb lgc nhung tri Mflc Mgn se giup tao tri Mflc Mgn mtt ttong giai doan kdt hpp cua SEQ Trong sang tao tri Mflc, nhQng tri Mflc in ndo khfing Md didn ta dugc Mfing qua ddi Moai cd Md dugc dign ta vd tdng bpp Mdng qua Mflc hanh Thuc hanh cho phep ehia se tri Mflc dn Mfing qua cMa se trai nghigm hay Mdn ta tri Mflc niy bdng mfit hanh ddng eu Md, btt canh eu \hi Thuc hinh Cf ddy khdng ehi Id hdnh dfing NhiMg boat dfing sdng tao tri Mflc ddi hdi ehiing ta phai suy nghi sdu xa vi J nghia ban chit eua nhiing hdnh ddng va kdt qua eua no, vi sau dd sfr dung kdt qua cua vige suy ngdm ndy de didu ehinh nhiing hanh dfing tidp Meo Qud ttinh sing tao hi Mflc cin cd bdi eanh ddc trung vd mat Mtt gian, khdng gian vd mdi quan hg tuong tie v&i ngutt khae Nonaka va cfing su (2008) da chi ro tim quan ttgng cua bdi canh ttong vigc sang tao tri Mflc va ggi la "Ba" Theo dd, "Ba" la ndn tang ciia boat dfing sdng tao tri Mflc, Id ntt ma mgi Manh vidn cua td chflc Mam gia vdo ddi Moai vd Muc hdnh bign chflng nhani Muc Mfin tdm nhm vd muc tigu dinh hudng cua id chflc Co Md de Mdu hon kM xem "Ba" Id mdt dia didm vit chit ching ban nhu phdng hgp Tuy 44 nMdn, "Ba" cttng cd Md Id mfit ttang thii Mong tic da cip giai tMch cbo cdc Mong tic didn tai mdt khdng gian - Mtt gian ridng biet, eu thi "Ba" cd Md xudt Mgn gifla eac ea nhdn, nhom lim vigc, nhdm du dn, edc budi hpp, hay ttong khdng gian ao cua didn dan tten mang (Email, Facebook, Zaio ) Trong "Ba", mfit ngutt tdn tai ttong mdi quan hg v^ ngutt khdc Mfit ngutt cd Mdtfidyban Mdn qua cdc mdi quan hg niy vd ndm bit quan didm, gid tri eua nhflng ngutt khdc, nhd dd cd dugc su Mdu biet vd chia se nhQng quan diem ehu quan "Ba" chmh li nd sang tao tri Mflc, ntt tri Mflc xudt hidn ldn ddu tidn qua su nhin Mflc va hidu bidt chung vi viflc cung tdn tai Nhu vdy, ehung tti cd Md Mnh dung td ehflc Id mfit hinh Mii biiu co cua nhidu "Ba" khdc nhau, ttong dd mpi ngutt Mcmg tic vtt va vdi mfii tiirttig Mdt "Ba" cung khdng han chd khudn khd mfit td ehflc don le md cd Md dupc xdy dung nhu mfit lien minh vdi nhidu co quan, td ehflc hay mdi quan hg Mang lde v&i cdc ttudng hpc, cdng ddng dia phuong, hay v&i doanh ngMgp Dua trdn mgi ngutt Mong tic vdi bang tii Mflc cua minh nhd dd se dong gdp vio qua tiinh sing tao tri Mtte cho td ehflc Mdt vai kien nghi ddi v&i cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam Viet Nam, khii nigm qudn tri dua ttdn tri Mflc cdn tuong dtt mtt me vd chua dupc doanh ngMdp va xa hfii nhdn Mflc ddy dii Vi vdy, dd ed Md ^ dung md hinh quan tti dua ttdn tii thflc Mdu qud cic doanh ngMgp ein lam tdt nhOng vdh dd sau: Thu! nhdt, cie doanh nghigp cin nhin Mflc vd xac dinh: (i) Ngudn nhdn Iuc (xem Hip trang 71) TAP CHI GIAO DyC L* LU^N - SO 222 (2014) - Nguyin Thi Bich Loan (2012), "Ap dung quy trinh ddo tgo tiin tiin lgi cdc trUdng dgi hgc, cao ddng tinh Scm La", Ddo tgo nhdn luc phuc vu phdt triin kinh te ~ xd hdi tinh San La vd vdng Tdy Bdc tiin trinh hdi nhdp, Nxb Thdng ke,HdNoi,tr.21 -27 - "Gidi md" hien tugng dgo dutc hgc sinh, sinh vien xud'ng cap, Bdo diin tu: Ddn tri ngdy 14 thdng ndm 2011 - Bdo ddng tinh trgng xud'ng cdp dgo d&c gidi tre, Bdo diin tic Ddn tri, ngdy 30 thdng 11 ndm 201 J - Dgo ddc sinh viin: Din luc.: cdn thud'c "di khdng", Bdo diin td Ddn tri, ngdy 22 thdng 12 ndm 2012 - Trdi ddng td viic day "chit' hffn "day ngi^", Bdo diin td Ddn tri, ngdy 13 thdng 01 ndm 2013 - Tdng ci^mg gido due dgo ddc, Id'i sd'ng cho hoc sinh, sinh vien, Bdo dien tik Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam, ngdy 11 thdng ndm 2014 - Dgo dice hgc dudng: qud xud'ng cap!, Bdo dien tut Lao dgng, ngdy 27 thdng ndm 2014 QUAN TRI DUA TREN TRITHlKC ••• (tiip trang 44) ddng vai trd quan ttgng va tifin quydt ttong qud MrM sdng tao tri Mtte eia doanh nghigp; (ii) Cic tri Mflc mtt Mudng dugc phdt sinh ttong qud Irinh Idm vide; (ui) Tridt IJ, tim nMn v i ky ndng quan trj tri Mflc cfra ngutt lanh dao ddng vai ttd rit quan ttgng dd sdng tao tri Mflc Mfing qua ttong tdc, dfii Moai Myc hanh Thic hai, cdc doanh nghidp ein xdy dyng chidn lupe phit tridn dua trdn tri Mflc Tfl dd xdy dimg vdn hda doanh ngMgp dinh hudng quin tri dya ttgn tri thiic nhim tao didu kign cho nhdn vien hda vio mfii tradng sdng tao tri Mflc va cMa se chflng Thd ba, tdng cudng xdy dung cic "Ba - bdi canh" hay cie hg Mdng quan IJ, quy trinh cMa se Mfing rin, tri Mflc ttong doanh nghigp; ting cudng cdc ky ndng chia se thfing tm, tri thfle cho edn bfi, rMdn vidn va khaeh hang cfra doanh ngMgp Tao didu kign cho khdch hdng cd Md ridp cdn Mdng tm vd doanh ngMgp mdt each nhanh chdng, ddng Mtt hpp tie, hd ttg khach hang vigc cMa se kidn Mflc nhim Ihuc diy qud tiinh hihh Minh quin tii tri thflc Thvc tu, tdng eudng ngMfin ettu, cai tidn ky Muit, cfing nghg va ddi mtt san phim Khuydn khfch vi tdng tt'nh tu chfr ttong cdc boat dfing sang tao tii thvtc bfin doanh ngMgp Thd ndm, diy manh cfing tie ddo lao va bdi dfldng chuygn mfin va chia se kinh nghigm Mudng xuygn cho ngutt Iao dfing ttong doanh ngMgp ddc bigt Id ddo tao nfii bfi, ngutt cd kinh ngMgm dio lao, hudng din cho ngutt mtt TAP CHf GlAo Dgc LY LUAN - S6 222 (2014) Thd sdu, cd co chd, cbinh sdch sfr dung nhdn vidn tri Mflc Mgu qua Ddy la nhung ngutt nim gitt, vdn dung va ung dung tri Mtte Hp hidu bidt edng vige chuydn mdn cfra minh thdm chi ldt hfln ca ngutt lanh dao bp Do dd cin phai cd chinh sdch sfr dung ddi ngu mdt each tM'ch hgp nhu: (i) khuydn kMch nhdn vidn sang tao tri Mflc; (U) nhin vidn tri Mflc dugc tfin ttgng vd ddi xfr Id tii san chfl khfing phai la cM pM cfra doanh ngMgp; (iii) cd phin Mudng kjp Mtt cho nhin vidn kM hg ddng gdp dugc nhitag sang kidn quan ttgng cho doanh ngMgp.l^ Tdi Ueu tham khdo: - Nonaka Ikujiro.Takeuchi, Hirotaka (1995), The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York: Oxford University Press - Nonaka, L Toyama, R and Hirata, T (2008), Managing flow, Palgrave MacmiUan, London - Nonaka, I., Toyama, R and Konno N (2000), "SECI Ba and leadership, a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation" Long Range Planning 33,1-31 - PGSTS Ngd Kim Thanh (2013): "Ky ndng qudn tri", Nxb Dgi hgc kinh tiqudc ddn PGSTS Nguyin Thi Nggc Huyen (2013): "Qudn ly hoc", Nxb Dgi hgc kinh tiqudc ddn - PGS TS Nguyin Bd Duong (2014): "Khoa hgc ldnh tlgo - Ly thuyit vd ky ndng" Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia - GS NGND Mai Hihi Khue (2013): 'Tdm ly hgc td chdc" Nxb Dgi hgc kinh tiqudc ddn 71 ... tri Mflc hifin de phd bien cho ngutt khdc, tt cie tri Mflc Mgn ndy lai duge tidp Mu, kd Mura va phat tridn Manh eae tri Ihflc in mtt, vd lai dugc chia se Nhu viy, tri Mflc dugc tao qua qud trinh... Ngoai hda Id qud triiM chuydn tri Mflc in ciia ca nhin Manh tri Mflc hign Tri Mflc in dugc cMa se ttong tip Md Mfing qua ngdn ngfl, hinh anh, mfi hinii hay edc cdch didn dat khac Qua tri Mflc ^ cua... SECI vd sang tao tri Mflc Id hoat ddng sang tao Mong lai Quan tri dua ttdn tri Mflc b ddy chmh li vige nhdn Mtte, ndm bdt dupc qua trinh vin dfing cua td chflc, tt dd cd tim nhin tri Mflc hoac mue