'^l- ^0" ANH HiraNG CUA BO LUAT DAN SIT PHAP DOI von BO LUAT DAN SUDAU TIEN CUA NHAT BAN NGUrENVJiNOUAN- Tdm t i t : Trong qud trtnh hifn dgi hda phdp ludt Nhdt Ban, vai trd cua mo hinh lugt phdp Phdp dong mgt vai trd quan trgng, dgc biit la budi ddu ciia cdi cdch Minh Tri, thong qua su tham gia cua cdc hgc gid ngudi Phdp qua trinh xdy dung cdc bg ludt cua Nhgt Bdn, vd vai trd cua cdc lugt gia nguai Nhgt duac ddo tgo tgi Phdp Bdi viit trinh bay tiin trinh tiip nhgn phdp ludt Phdp, vai trd cua nd vai suphdt trien cOa phdp ludt Nhgt Bdn vd nhiing ddu dn ciia su tiip nhgn phdp ludt Tit khda: BO ludt ddn sy 1898, BO ludt ddn sy Napoleon 1804, Duy tan Minh Trj, Gustave Boissonade rong tidn trinh hidn dai hda nudc tda nd rdng khdp nhu mpt didu hidn nhidn: Nhat bit ddu tfl thdi Duy Tdn Minh Bd dan ludt Nhat Bdn thudng dupe din ra, Trj, cd mOt cdng eude hidn dai hda dm thdm dac bidt la cdc cdng trinh nghidn cthi phia sau it dupe nhac tdi la qud trinh hidn dai cfla cdc tdc gia ngudi Dfle nhu Id mdt bp luat hda he thdng phdp ludt cua nudc Nhdt phong ehiu dnh hudng manh md cfla Bd ddn ludt Dflcl kidn - trude ngudng cfla cua thdi hidn dai Bdi vidt phdn tich cdn nguydn cua Khi nghidn cflru ludt so sanh ngudi ta thudng quan nidm ring he thdng ludt phap quan nidm cd phin cam tinh dd DI nhidn, eua nudc Nhdt chju anh hudng Idn tfl hp chflng ta khdng thd phfl nhdn anh hudng cfla thdng ludt cfla D u e ' Cho tdi nhung ndm Bd dan ludt Due ddi vdi Bd ddn ludt Nhat 1980 gidi ludt hpc cfla Nhat Bdn vdn Ban, nhung cd mpt didu chde ehdn rang Bp tdn tai mdt "huydn thoai", theo dd bd ludt ddn ludt cfla Phap 1804 cung ed dnh hudng ddn sy ddu tidn cfla Nhdt Ban da Idy bd dan rit quan trpng tdi Bd ddn luat Nhdt Ban Anh ludt Due BGB (Das Biirgerliche Gesetzbuch, hudng rd rdng nhdt ma chflng ta cd thd thay khdi thdo tu ndm 1881 vd dupc thdng qua dd la Bd ddn lu^t ddu tidn cua Nhat Ban vdo ndm 1896) lam hinh mdu, cu thd la bdn dupe soan thao bdi mdt ngudi Phdp, Giao su sa thao lin nhdt va Ian hai cfla bd ludt Due Gustave Boissonade Khdng it ngudi nghi ring bd ludt dan sy Nhdt Ban chdng qua la ban cua bd ludt ^ Vi du: Ludwig Enneccerus va Hans Car! Nipperdey ddn sy Due Xudt phdt tfl Iam tudng nay, cdc (1955), Lehrbuch des biirgerlichen Rechls (chuyen ve luat nhd nghidn cuu cae qudc gia khac lam lan dan su), tap 1: Allgemeiner Tell des Biirgerlichen Rechls * TS, Hpc vi|n Khpa hpc xa h§i ' VI dy; Vd Khanh Vinh, Ludt hoc so sdnh, Nxb Khpa hpc xa hdi, ZC^.tt 267-269 TJ^ijiiii cda OdNG BAC A sd 3(i69) 3-2015 (phln chung vl dan lu^t), Halbband, 29, XI, Nxb Mphr, TObingen; Kpnrad Zwetgert va Hein Kdtz (1971), Einfahntng in die Rechlsvergleichung auf dem Gebiete des Privalrechts (Nh$p mdn lu§t so sanh ttong ITnh virc luat ttr), tip 1; Grundlagen (khai nipm CO ban), 28 Ill, Nxb Mohr, Tubingen 51 Nghien cilu khoa hgc Bp luat ddn sy ddu tidn dupe gpi Id bd Cd ludt hay bd ludt Boissonade khdng bao gid cd hipu lye trdn thyc td vi nd bj Nghj vidn dinh ehi dp dyng sau dupc cdng bd Vd Chinh phfl Nhat Bdn da lap mdt fly ban lidn nghj vidn dd sfla ddi bd luat Ba giao su Nhdt dupc lua chpn dd soan thao bd ludt mdi nhim thay thd bd ludt Boissonade Boi canh ciia cong cupc hien dai hoa hf thong phap luat Nhat Ban cuoi the ky XIX Ndm 1853, thidu tudng hdi qudn Hoa Ky Matthew Calbraith Perry tdi Nhdt Bdn, cung dodn hd tdng gdm bdn chidn h?m hoi nudc vd trinh ldn chinh quydn Mac phfl Tokugawa, cdng hdm cua Tdng thdng Millard Fillmore gfli chinh quydn Nhdt Bdn, ydu cdu Nhdt Ban md lai cdc cdng bj ddng cfla tu 250 nam dd thdng thuang Tuy ldi Id cdng ham ngoai giao cfla Tdng thdng Fillmore rit ljch sy nhung de dang thiy dupc y djnh thuc sy cua Hea Ky Chinh quydn Mac phu roi vao thd rdt Iflng tflng Trudc nhiing de dpa cfla cac nudc phuong Tdy, mpt nhdm nhd cdc tri thflc cdp tidn da nhan thflc dupc sy can thidt cfla vide tdi md cfla vdi thd gidi bdn ngoai Bit chdp mpi hidm nguy nhttng ngudi ndy khdi xudng vd tham gia ndng nd vdo cac cupc van ddng dd qudng bd chp quan didm cua hp Chinh quydn Mac phu cudi cung nhdn khdng cdn cd thd thye thi mai chinh sdch bd quan tda cdng (sakoku), dd quydt djnh thidt lap quan he vdi edc qudc gia ngoai qude Vdo ndm 1858 (Ansei 5), Nhdt Bdn ki lidn tidp cdc hidp udc giao hidu vd thdng thuong vdi Hoa Ky, Anh, Phdp, Nga va Ha Lan Nhung khdng hidu bidt phdp ludt qudc td, Nhdt Bdn dd chip nhdn nhung didu ki^n bit lpi cho minh Cdc hidp udc bit 52 binh ddng ndy tdc ddng manh tdi tinh ty di cua ngudi dan Nhdt Bdn vd chinh phu Minh Trj, kd thfla M?c phfl, phai cd gdng dd cham dflt hidu luc cua eac hidp udc Dfl di nfla, su sup dd cfla chinh quyen Mae phu von suy ydu sdn bdo trude sy thay ddi dudng ldi chinh trj cua nudc Nhdt Vide mdt di mdt loat chu quydn qudc gia khidn Nhdt Ban dung trudc cudc khflng hodng dan tpc vd gdy bdt mdn qudn ehflng nhdn dan, khidn cdc phong trdo phan ddi didn khdp noi Ndi bat Id phong trdo chinh trj kdt hpp vdi vu trang cua nhimg ngudi flng hp Tridu dinh trung uang, vdn mudn trdng edy vdo quydn lye cua Thidn hodng it dupc quan tdm ddn cho tdi luc do, dd ddnh dd Mac phfl vd phe cdnh Phe bdo hodng da phin Id cdc vd si thudc ding cdp thip cua bdn phe nhdm vflng Tay Nam Nhdt Ban (Satsuma, Choosshu, Tosa va Hizen) vdn tfl ldu bit mdn vdi Mac phu - da nhan co hpi di rdu rao khdp noi rdng chinh quydn Mac phu edu kdt vdi ngudi nudc ngodi, bdn dflng chu quydn qudc gia; muu ding chidu bdi "Tdn hodng, nhuang df de lat dd ehd dp Mac phu Chidn thing cudi cflng dd thudc vd phe bdo hodng Cudi ndm 1867 Tudng qudn eudi cflng cfla Mac phfl Tokugawa trao quydn chinh trj vao tay Nhdt hodng Chinh phu qudn sy tdn tai 700 ndm chim dut vd tinh tfl thdi didm ndy mdt thdi dai mdi bdt ddu - thdi Minh Trj (Meiji-ishin) Ngay tfl nhflng ngdy diu tien, chinh phfl mdi phdi ddi mjt voi nhimg vdn dd cdt tu: Ldm thd ndo dd gifl dupc ddc lap cfla qude gia tnrdc vdng vdy cua cac dd qudc manh phuang Tdy? Cd phuang each ndo dd tidp nhan chfl nghia tu ban? DI nhidn chinh quydn mong mudn tim dupe dudng tdt NGHIEN Cdu OONG B^C fl sd 3(169) 3-2015 Nghien citu khoa hoc nhat dd vdn giu dupc ddc ldp qude gia Bdi vdy, tur tidp qudn quydn lye, chinh phfl cd ging hien dai hda td chuc chinh trj vd xd hdi ctia ddt nude dya eac nguydn tic cua chfl nghia tu bdn hidn dai Didu dd ddng nghia vdi ydu ciu hidn d^ii hda toan bo he thdng phap luat, dd dam bam mdt ndn tdng vitng chic cho cae hoat ddng kinh td thuong mai Vide ddi mdi ludt phap trd ndn cdp thidt bupe ehinh phfl Minh Trj nhanh chdng thyc thi vide hipn dai hda ludt phap ban Id vipc tim cdch tu chinh edc hidp ude nhuc nha chinh quydn Mac phu ky kdt trudc dd Thdm ntta, eac nudc tham gia ki kdt cac hidp udc bit binh ding trudc dd ydu edu Chinh phu Nhdt Ban hidn dji hda hd thdng luat phap cfla nudc ndy nhu la didu ki^n tidn quydt dd sfla doi cac didu khoan cfla edc hidp udc dd ki kdt ludt Napoldon vdi chdt lupng dd dupc kidm chflng thdng qua vide nhidu qudc gia dd dung ldm khudn mdu dd xdy dyng ndn tdng dd hidn dai hda xa hdi Ngay tfl nam 1869, Chinh phfl Nhdt Ban dd thd hidn mdi quan tdm sdu sdc tdi vide djch cac bp lujt cua Phap Cung vdo nam do, mdt cac thdnh vidn cua chinh phfl ddu tidn thdi Minh Trj, Taneomi Soejima da Ipnh chp mdt tri thflc bidt tidng Phdp Id hpc gid Rinsho Mitsukuri, djch bd ludt hinh sy Napoleon 1810 Mitsukuri dd hoan thdnh mdt phan cfla ban djeh ndy vdo cudi ndm dd BO trudng Tu phdp Shimpei Etc in tu(;mg manh bdi bdn djch eua Mitsukuri Chit lupng cua bO ludt da khidn dng rit hdi ldng vd thue ddy dng cd y tudng cd phdn vdi vd Id ydu cdu djch ludn bp luat dan sy eua Phap dd ap dung ludn eho Nhdt Ban Ong lenh cho Trong hodn canh nhu thd, Chinh phu Nhdt Mitsukuri djeh khdng ehi bO ludt ddn sy ma Ban khdng cd nhidu thdi gian dd chd dpi tit cd cde bp ludt khac cua Phap mpt each mdt hp thdng luat phap hipn dai dupc tao nhanh nhit cd thd^ Ngudi ta kd l?i rdng Eto mdt cdch ty nhidn, hoan thidn timg budc dd iidi nhu sau dng lenh eho Mitsukuri: theo nhjp didu ehuydn ddi cua eiu trflc xa "Hdy dich cdc bg ludt ndy mdt cdch nhanh hdi mOt xd hOi tu ban Ydu cdu cip nhdt cd the, khdng phdi lo nggi ve cdc ldi thidt la cd dupc he thdng ludt phdp theo tidu dich thugt cd the mdc phdi" Mitsukuri dd chudn hidn d^i thdi gian nhanh nhdt, Iam vide didn cudng va dng hodn khdi khdng phu thudc vao tidn trien thay ddi xd Iupng cdng vide khdng Id vdng hpi eua nudc Nhat duong thdi V$y lam thd khdng diy ndm." Vao thdi cila minh nao de dat dupc didu dd mdt cdch nhanh Mitsukuri la mOt nhttng ngudi nim rd nhit? Gidi phdp don gian dd thiy Id liy cdc ngdn ngtt cung nhu hidu bidt vd vdn minh qudc gia tu bdn tidn tidn ducmg thdi lam phuong Tay sdu rpng nhdt Vao cudi thdi ky khudn mdu Vd thdi dilm dd thi Anh vd Tokugawa, Mjc phfl bat dau nhdn thflc dupc Phap Id hai qudc gia hidn dai nhit mit su can thidt cfla cde tri thflc ngoai qudc, da ngudi Nhdt Ngudi Nhdt lya chpn nudc Phdp lap trudng dd gidng djy va nghidn cim nhu md hinh dd hpc tdp vi he thdng thdng lu?t (Common law) cfla Anh qua phuc tap dd cd thd md phdng theo mot thdi gian ' Marius B Jansen, John Whitney Hall (1989), TVie Cambridge History of Japan, tip 5, Nxb Cambridge ngin, nudc Phdp dd cd sdn bp University Press, tt 473 NGHIEN C^" ^^^ °^^ ^ ^^ ^(^") ^-^