N g h i e n ciiu Gia d i n h va Gi6i So - Phu nir lanh flao chinh tri of Viet Nam: Mot SO van Ae iy iuan va thuc tiin'^ • • • • Dang Anh Tuyet Vien Xa h6i hoc, Hoc vien Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ho Chf Minh T o m tat: Bai vie't tong quan mot so'van de ly luan giai thich viec CO it phu nd t h a m gia lanh dao chinh tri va lien he thUc t i l n hien d Viet Nam Ddng tren quan diem ly thuye't thie't che gidi ciia cac hoc gia nd quyen, tac gia dUa cac bdng chdng tii thUc tien lich scf chdng minh nhdng each tiep can nha'n manh de'n n h d n g gia tri van hda, chde nang xa hoi hay nhdng nguon lUc kinh te hudng sU chu y de'n cac ye'u to'phi chinh tri la phien dien Tae gia eho rdng cac nghien cdu ve chu de d Viet nam hien van chua van dung ly thuye't "thie't che gidi" de chi dUdc cd che ma cac the che chinh tri anh hudng tdi cd hoi nam gid cac vi tri lanh dao chinh tri chu chot cua phu nd Viet Nam Tac gia chi mot so' rao can lien quan de'n luat phap chinh sach va cac dinh kie'n gidi xa hoi khie'n van it phu nd Viet Nam tham gia lanh dao chinh tri so vdi nam gidi Tii k h o a : P h u nd; Gidi; Tham chinh; Lanh dao; Lanh dao chinh tri; Tie'p can ly thuye't; Nd quyen; Thie't che gidi Su tham gia ciia phu nir chfnh trj d Viet Nam dang la chu dl khdng chi thu hut su quan tam ciia nhilu nha nghi6n ciru khoa hge ma cdn la md'i quan tam cua nha lanh dao chfnh trj, hoach djnh va thuc thi chfnh sach, dac bidt bdi canh kinh td' - xa hdi cang phat triln nhung lai cd ft phu nil hien dien vai trd lanh dao va quan ly Trong vai thap ky trd 66 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 65-73 lai day, nhung nghidn cun mang tfnh iing dung da phdn nao dugc quan tam va chi dugc bdc tranh tdng thi vl phu nir tham chfnh, nhien tir gdc nhln ly thuylt thi cdn rdt ft di Bai viet tdng quan mdt sd van dl ly luan giai thfch viec ft phu nii tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj va lidn he thuc tiln hien d Viet Nam Mot so tiep can ly luan giai thich viec it phu nCrtham gia lanh dao chinh trj Tren thi gidi, cd rat nhilu ly thuyet chfnh trj hge, xa hdi hge va triet hge khac giai thfch viec cd it phu nii tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj tren the gidi Tuy nhien nhirng ly thuye't chu yeu tap trung vao nhiing nguyen nhan van hda, phong tuc, tap quan, truyin thd'ng, gia dinh va lua chgn ca nhan ciia chfnh phu nii, ma chua chi dugc nhiing nguy6n nhan thudc vl thie't che ehfnh trj cac thi che nha nudc khac khien phu nii ft cd mat cac vj trf lanh dao chfnh trj quan trgng d cac cap chinh quyln tir trung uong den dja phuang Trudc each tiep can nir quyln chfnh trj hge ddi, phdn ldn cac nghidn cun khoa hge chfnh trj da khdng bid't din gidi Mac du cac tai lieu nghien cun van dl thieu hilu bie't vl gidi (hay cdn ggi la "mu gidi", tieng Anh la gender blindness) da dugc dl cap tdi, nhung phan ldn bj giai thfch ldn ldn vdi nhung djnh kie'n cua nam gidi Nhiing nghien cun vl hanh vi chfnh trj ciia phu nu cang lam cho djnh kid'n rd rang han Vf du, nghidn cun ldn dau tien vl hanh vi bdu cii d My giira the ky 20 Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson va Hazel Gaudet (1944) tien hanh, kit qua cho thdy rdng phu nu ft quan tam den nhihig chie'n djch van ddng tdng thd'ng hon so vdi nam gidi, nhi6n cac tac gia da kit luan don gian rdng "dan dng la nhung cdng dan uu viet hon" Trong nghi6n ciiu so sanh vl phu nii ddu ti6n d cac qud'c gia chau Au cd nhan di The Political Role of Women (1955) (Vai trd chinh trj cua Phu nii), Maurice Duverger da luu y rdng nhung lua chgn ciia phu nir chfnh trj don thudn phan anh vj trf thu hai ma phong tuc va thai cua xa hdi da gan cho hg, vj tri ma nln giao due cd xu hudng budc ho chd'p nhdn nhu mdt trat tu tu nhidn (Duverger, 1955) Khi nhiing nha khoa hge chfnh trj giai thich quyet djnh khdng tham gia bdu cii cua phu nir, hg da nhan manh nhiing dac diem ddc lap vdi nhung thiet che chfnh trj, hoac la nhiing gia trj van hda cho rdng phu nii khdng phu hgp tham gia vao ddi sdng chfnh trj, hoac chde nang xa hdi nhu lam vg, lam me, lam viec nha da hudng su quan tdm va ndng lugng ciia phu nu khdi chfnh trj Mdt sd nha nghi6n cun ggi y rdng phu nu thfch vai trd "dung sau hdi trudng" chinh trj hon la hien dien trudc cdng chung Mdt sd khac cho rdng su phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi gia dinh va tai noi lam vide lam cho phu nir khdng cd ngudn luc can thie't cho Dang Anh Tuyet 67 dudng cdng danh chfnh trj nhu thu nhap cao, giao due cao, thdi gian tu do, ky nang, mang ludi nghi nghiep rdng ldn Nhung dd cd nhan manh de'n nhiing gia trj van hda, chde nang xa hdi hay nhung ngudn luc kinh te hay khdng, thi nhiing ly giai tren diu hudng su chu y den nhiing ye'u td phi chfnh trj Su ba't lgi vl chfnh trj cua phu nir dugc xem nhu xudt phat tir nhiing lua chgn ca nhan ma khdng cd lien quan gi den chinh trj Trong vdng 40 nam qua, cac hge gia nii quyln da va dang chung minh rdng nhung ly giai vl viec ft dai di6n ciia phu nii tham chfnh (qua bdu cir va qua chi djnh bd nhiem) dua tr6n "lua chgn ca nhan" (individual choice) la rdt khdng day dii, chi nhdm de che di nhiing md'i quan h6 chfnh trj giiia phu nil va nam gidi - mdt ITnh vuc hoan toan cdn mdt su nghien cun nghiem tuc va can than Thie't che gidi va viec it phu nu" tham gia lanh dao chinh tri: Nhihig tien le lich su* Tir nhiing nam 1970, nhiing hge gia nii quyln da tap trung phat trien nhCrng khai niem nhu quyln luc gidi (gender power), thie't chi gidi (gendered institutions) nhdm lam rd hon nguy6n nhan ft dai dien ciia phu nir ndm giir nhung vj trf quyln luc chfnh trj cac bd'i canh ddi sd'ng chfnh trj khac Ly thuye't thi6't ch6' gidi keu ggi chu y de'n tfnh chat chfnh trj cua viec loai bd phu nii khdi cac vj trf quyln luc cd thuc tiln ljch sir va hien tai Theo each giai thfch nay, nhiing thie't che chfnh trj mang nang djnh kiln gidi, theo dd nhirng ngudi lam luat la nam gidi, da diing nha nudc de tao nhiing luat cd lgi cho nam gidi Tai ta't ca cac thdi dilm ljch sd khac nhau, d nhilu noi khac nhau, nam gidi da thdng qua luat cam phu nir tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh trj Hay xem xet mdt sd vf du sau: Trong thd'ky thd 5, Luat Salic da dugc thuc thi trilu dai Roman di loai phu nii khdi quyln thura ke dat dai, tai sdn va chde danh dd la nhimg dilu kien ddu ti6n cho quyln luc chfnh trj Trong the ky 14, d Phap va sau dd d Tdy Ban Nha, Ludt Salic da dugc vie't lai nhdm cam phu nii lam nhung chde vu quan nhilp chfnh Tii nam 1776 dd'n 1783 qua trinh soan thao hien phap Cach mang My, 12 sd 13 bang dau tien lap Hgp chung qud'c Hoa Ky da loai bd phu nii khdi cac quyln ddn su Hien phap ddu tien cua bang New Jersey da trao quyln bau cur cho nhimg phu nir ddc thdn cd sd hiiu tai san, nhung quyln bdu cii ciia phu nir da bj huy bd vao nam 1807 (Klinghoffer va Elkis, 1992) Trong nam 1778, Ha vien Anh (The English House of Commons) da cam phu nQ- tham du nhirng budi thao luan va tranh luan tda nha qud'c hdi hay cac budi hdi hgp cua cac nam chfnh trj gia 68 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 65-73 Bat chap su tham gia tfch cue cua phu nu vao Cach mang Phap, nam 1793, Qud'c hdi Phap da bd phieu khdng chi loai bd phu nir khdi nhiing quyln dan su, ma cdn cdm phu nii tham gia vao nhirng cau lac bd chfnh trj va cam su tdn tai ciia cac hdi phu nir (Landes,1988) Vao nam 1804, sau that bai ddu tien ciia Cdng hda Phap, Bd luat Napoleon, bd luat ma sau dugc dp dung rdng rai d chau Au, xac djnh phu nir la nhiing ngudi "khdng cd kha nang" va da loai bd phu nu ciing vdi tre em, tdi pham va ngudi tam thdn khdi ddi sdng chfnh trj Bd luat Napoleon da cudp di quyln cua phu nir dugc hanh ddng vdi tu each la nhiing nhan chung dan su, bien hd tda theo ten chfnh thde cua ho, hoac chu sd hiiu tai san cua chfnh hg khdng cdn su ddng thuan ciia chdng (Landes, 1998) Nam 1843, Colombia da xac djnh quyln cdng dan chi cho "nhiing ngudi dan dng cd tai san" (Gonzalez, 2000) Nam 1851, Luat cua Pho da loai bd phu nii khdi mgi quyln chinh trj va cdm hg du nhiing cugc hgp chfnh trj Nam 1868, Hiln phap Hgp ehiing qud'c Hoa ky Siia ddi ldn thd 14 da dung thuat ngii "cdng dan nam" (male citizen) nhu mdt dilu ki6n tien quye't cho quyln bdu cii, bd di thuat ngii trung tfnh la "ngudi" (persons) Nam 1887, Vuong qud'c Ha Lan da cdm phu nii tham gia vao ehfnh trj (Bock, 2002) Nam 1890, Nhat da dua Luat vl Hiep hdi chfnh trj va Qud'c hdi (shukai oyobi seishaho) cdm phu nir tham du cac cude hgp chfnh trj hoac tham gia vao cac dang phai chfnh trj Mac du luat cam tham du cac eudc hgp chfnh trj da bj bd di vao nam 1921, luat cam phu nir tham gia cac dang phai chinh trj vdn tri de'n nam 1945, quyln di bdu cu da dugc ban bd vdi mdt sd han che (Molony, 2010) Phu nii da bj cam mgi hoat ddng chfnh trj d Ddc nam 1900, d Ao nam 1907, d Italia nam 1912, d Trung Qud'c nam 1913, d Bd Dao Nha nam 1913 (Bock, 2002) Nam 1948, Han Qudc da khdng cdng nhan vl mat phap luat tdt ca nhirng td chuc ciia phu nii cap tien Mac du dugc ban quyln bau cii, phu nu Han Qud'c bj han che iing hd nhiing dang phai xa hdi hoac dang phai cdng san (Kim Seung-Kyung va Kyounghee Kim, 2010) O Indonesia nam 1965, Gerwani (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia), bd phan ldn nhat cua Phong trao Phu nii Indonesia, da bj cam va nhilu vien sd nira trieu ngudi da bj gi6't, 580.000 ngudi da bi chfnh quyln Suharto bd tu (Blackburn, 2010) Nam 1972 d Philippines, MAKIBAKA, mdt td chde chfnh trj cua phu Dang Anh Tuyet 69 nii Vl phu nii da bj dan ap va nha lanh dao cua td ehdc la Lorena Barros da bj quan ddi gie't che't (Roces, 2010) Pakistan tir nam 2000 de'n 2002, mac dii luat phap mdi tao 60 ghe cho phu nu Qud'c hdi (chie'm 22,5%), nhimg nha lanh dao xa hdi va tdn giao 20% cua cac quan huydn bdu cu da cdm phu nir trd nhung ung cii vi6n va 30% tdng sd nhiing quan tham gia bdu cir da cam phu nii thuc hien quyln bdu cii ciia minh (Krook, 2009) Cho de'n nam 2008, Maldives da cdm phu nii lam tdng thdng va phd tdng thd'ng (UNDP, 2010) Nhu vay, rd rang la phu nir da bj loai khdi ddi sd'ng chfnh trj tai nhilu khoang thdi gian va khdng gian rat khac dudi nhilu thdi chfnh quyln ca the tuc va tdn giao, bdi ca nhiing nha each mang ldn nhiing ngudi bao thu Hi6n tugng lap di lap lai ljch sir, tai nhiing thdi diem phu nu da tham du tfch cue vao chfnh trj Dieu dd cd nghTa la nhung dilu luat cam phu nir tham chfnh khdng thi dugc hieu la su tie'p tuc nhiing truyin thdng dang phd bien khdp nod hoac gdn vdi bat cii he tu tudng chfnh trj nao Nhiing hge gia nii quyln bdt ddu nghi6n cun nhiing td phdc tap da loai phu nir khdi ddi sd'ng chfnh trj d nhirng thdi gian va khdng gian cu thi Phu nOrtham chinh ci Viet Nam hien - nhCimg yeu to rao can Viet Nam, phu nii da tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj tii rat sdm Trong cac cau chuyen ljch su ciia Viet Nam, cac nir tudng nhu Hai Ba Trung, Ba Trieu dugc bie't de'n nhu nhiing ngudi da lanh dao qudn chung nhan dan danh dudi quan xam luge dl gianh ddc lap tu cho ddt nudc Ngay nay, phu nir Viet Nam vdn tiep tuc giii cac vj trf lanh dao chfnh trj, nhidn so vdi nam gidi cdn rdt han chi Phu nir Viet Nam hi6n dai da dugc tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj tii nhilu thap ky, nhien, tie'n trinh tham chfnh ciia phu nu Viet Nam khdng dn djnh Theo sd n6u cua Trung uong Hdi Li6n hi6p Phu nii Viet Nam, tii nam 1992 dd'n 2007, ty Id phu nir Qudc hdi tdng tii 18,5% ldn de'n 27,3% Trong cugc bau cir gan ddy khda 2011-2016, phu nii tham gia Qud'c hdi lai giam xud'ng chi cdn 24,4% (http://www.hoilhpn.org.vn, 28/07/2011) Ty 16 nu dai bilu HDND cd'p tinh la 25,2%, cap huyen la 24,6%, cd'p xa la 21,7% (http://www.hoilhpn.org.vn, 29/11/2013) Ty 16 phan tram phu nii giir cac vj trf lanh dao quan trgng nhu chu tjch hay phd chii tjch cac Uy ban Nhan dan rdt thd'p hai thap ky vira qua Theo Bao cao tdng kit thuc hien Chie'n luge Qudc gia Vi su tid'n bd cua phu nu nam 2010, ti Id nu Chii tjch Uy ban Nhan dan cap tinh nhiem kl 20il-2016 la 1,58% (giam 1,54 dilm % so vdi nhiem ki trudc); ti 16 nu Phd Chii tjch la 10,42% (giam 5,66 dilm %); ty 16 can bd nu giii cac chde vu lanh dao d cac ca quan nha nudc cap tinh chiem 18,95%; cap huyen -JP^J 70 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 65-73 chiem 15,59% (Bd Ndi vu, 2010) Sau Dai hdi Dang toan qud'c ldn thir 11 (nam 2011), Bd Chfnh trj hien cd nii iiy vien Bd Chinh trj, Ban Bf thu cd vien nii, Ban Chap hanh Trung uang hien cd liy vi6n la nii, Chinh phu hi6n cd nii Bd trudng (http://www.hoilhpn.org.vn, 29/11/2013) Sd lieu nghien cun nam 2012 cua Trung tam Nghi6n cun Phu nii, Trudng Can bd Phu nir Trung uang cho thdy phu nir chi chilm khoang 8,1% cac chde vu bd trudng va tuong duong, cac chiic vu thd trudng va tuong duong la 7,8%, vu trudng va tuang duong la 8,6% va phd vu trudng va tuang duong la 22,5% (Ddn theo Vd Thj Mai, 2013) Thuc tiln ty 16 phu nii Viet Nam giii cac vj trf chii chd't lanh dao chfnh trj cdn thdp va cdn phai ly giai tii nhilu nguyen nhan khac Tuy nhidn, cac ly thuye't giai thfch vide cd ft phu nii tham chfnh d Viet Nam vdn cdn chua nhilu va d miic chung chung, ft chu y chuyen sau vao thilt che gidi Cac nghidn ciiu cd chu dl gidi ddi sd'ng chfnh trj mdi chi xuat hien khoang mdt thap ky gdn day, nhin chung, chii ye'u md ta tinh hinh bdt binh ddng giira nam va nir, phan tfch mdt sd yd'u td anh hudng de'n phu nit tham chfnh d mdt sd ITnh vuc va thdi gian nao dd, va dl cap d mdt sd gdc dd nhat djnh din nhiing rao can dd'i vdi phu nii lanh dao ma chua cd su van dung ly thuyet "thie't che gidi" de chi dugc co chi ma cac the che chfnh trj anh hudng tdi co hdi ndm giii cac vj trf lanh dao chfnh trj chii chd't cua phu nir Viet Nam Rao can lien quan de'n luat phap chinh sach Cac ylu td rao can li6n quan de'n luat phap chfnh sach la kha quan trgng Trong sd dd, cac quy djnh vl tudi nghi huu dang la chu dl dugc nhilu nha khoa hge va cac td chde quan tam Cac quy djnh khac bi6t vi tudi giiia nam va nii vl dao tao, bdi dudng, quy hoach, luan chuyen, bl nhiem vdi su chenh lech la nam da han che co hdi phat trien cua can bd nu mac dii Luat Binh dang gidi (2006), Dilu 11 da quy djnh nam, nir binh ddng tham gia quan ly nha nudc, tham gia hoat ddng xa hdi va Nghj quye't 11/NQ-TW (2007) dat nhidm vu thuc hien nguyen tdc binh ddng giua nam va nir vl tudi quy hoach, dao tao, dl bat va bd nhidm Theo Dilu tra ciia Bd Lao ddng- Thuong Binh- Xa hdi, gan 41% nu gidi vdn tid'p tuc lam viec sau nghi huu (2) Dilu dd ddng nghTa vdi vi6c xa hdi vdn rat cdn ddn kidn thde, kinh nghiem va sdc lao ddng ciia phu nii sau 55 tudi Nghien ciiu cua Tran Thi Van Anh (2010) chi rdng nhimg rao can tii quy djnh vl tudi hien vd hinh chung dang dat nu gidi vao mdt "cugc dua" dudng dai vdi cac dilu kien phan biet dd'i xu giua nam va nir So vdi nam gidi, co hdi de ngudi phu nu tham gia vao vj trf lanh dao se giam di nam, mat nhi6m ky Nhu vay, ngudi phu nu khdng nhiing canh tranh vdi nam gidi vl nang luc, ma phai trudng hon nam trudc nam.^ Th6m niia, viec phan bi6t tudi nghi huu, tudi quy hoach, bd nhi6m da cung cd nhiing quan niem truyin thd'ng vl vai trd, vi tri cua phu nu it Dang Anh Tuyet 71 quan trgng hon tuong quan vdi nam gidi Mac dii da dugc thao luan tai rdt nhilu diln dan trao ddi hge thuat, cung nhu cac ky hgp qud'c hdi, hien quy djnh tudi lao ddng cua nam va nir vdn chua dugc dilu chinh Trong tuong lai cdn thilt phai tiln hanh th6m nhiing nghien cun thuc nghi6m dl cd nhirng Id trinh hgp ly rut gdn khoang each tudi ve huu giua nam va nu nhu kinh nghidm mdt sd nudc trdn thd gidi da thuc hi6n Viec rut gdn khoang each tudi nghi huu se giup phu nu cd thdm nhung co hdi va dilu kidn phan dau trd cac nha lanh dao va hudng tdi tang ty 16 phu nu tham chfnh he thd'ng chfnh trj nudc ta hi6n Dinh kie'n gidi xa hgi ve nang luc lanh dao, quan ly cua phu nir Theo Luat Binh dang Gidi nam 2006, "djnh kien gidi la nhan thuc, thai va danh gia thidn lech, tieu cue vl dac dilm, vj tri, vai trd va nang luc cua nam hoac nir" Djnh kien gidi "trgng nam khinh nir" la mdt nhung rao can xuy6n sudt cac thdi ky ljch su eda dat nudc Viet Nam Mac ddu xa hdi phong kid'n da lui xa, dat nudc dang qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c te, nhung nhung khudn mdu gidi truyin thd'ng vdn ngu trj nhilu ITnh vuc xa hdi, dac bidt la ITnh vuc lanh dao, quan ly Dilu lam tdn hai tdi quyln va lgi fch cua ngudi phu nir Djnh kid'n gidi da an sau vao tilm thde ciia mdt bd phan ngudi dan Viet Nam vl vai trd, vj thi ciia phu nii gia dinh va xa hdi Td dugc sinh tre em trai va tre em gai da dugc nudi day va ky vgng khdng gid'ng Djnh kid'n gidi cdn dugc thi hien ca nhiing thdng diep truyin thdng va tham chf la sach giao khoa Hinh anh nam gidi cac thdng di6p quang cao, cac tranh ve ciia sach giao khoa ludn gdn vdi mdu hinh ngudi dat, nha lanh dao chfnh trj va phu nii thudng xuyen xud't hi6n vdi cac cdng viec binh thudng, gian don va cdng viec ndi trg Chfnh nhirng djnh kien gidi da dugc cac nghidn cun phan tfch nhu mdt yd'u to rao can dd'n co hdi, dilu kidn phu nii tham gia chfnh trj Djnh kid'n gidi vl kha nang lanh dao cua phu nii dugc the hidn trdn nhilu chilu canh Do la su thid'u tin tudng vao nang luc, ky nang lanh dao quan ly ciia phu nii Thai cua ngudi lanh dao cd anh hudng ldn de'n vide giai quyd't cdng vide va hidu qua ciia vide thuc thi cac chfnh sach vl binh ddng gidi va tang cudng su tham gia cua phu nii vao vj trf lanh dao Cd nhilu nam gidi phan dd'i vide phu nii ndm vj trf lanh dao, mdt phan thi didn, mdt phdn nilm tin rdng nam gidi cd td chd't lam lanh dao hon nii Cdng chiic nam bay td su thie'u tin tudng vao kha nang lanh dao cua phu nir nhilu han cdng chde nii gap ba ldn (Ngdn hang The gidi, 2011) Djnh kie'n ciia cdng ddng danh gia vai trd ciia phu nii cd anh hudng true tid'p dd'n su tham gia cua nii vao Qud'c hdi va HDND (OXFAM, CARE, APHEDA, 2012) Theo nghidn cun nay, danh gia ciia cdng ddng 72 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 24, so 5, tr 65-73 la yd'u td quan trgng bdi dilu dugc thi hidn qua la phid'u ciia cu tri, cd tdi trdn 70% sd ngudi tra ldi cho rdng cdng ddng cdn danh gia thdp nang luc ciia nii Mdt bd phan nhdn ddn vdn mang ndng tu tudng djnh kiln gidi, danh gia thdp vai trd cua phu nir va cho rdng phu nir chi nen gdn vdi cdng viec gia dinh va vi vay han che kha nang tham chfnh Theo khao sat ciia Uy ban Qud'c gia Vi su tien bd phu nu nam 2007, cd tdi 53,7% nir iing cu vi6n cho rdng nhdn thde ciia ngudi ddn vl vai trd cua nii dai bilu Qud'c hdi la mdt nhiing yd'u td anh hudng de'n ty 16 nii tham gia Qud'c hdi (Ddn theo Nguydn Thj Phuang, 2009) Dd'i vdi cdng tac can bd tii khau quy hoach, dao tao, bdi dudng va bo nhiem thi vai trd cua ngudi dung dau cung vd cung ldn, dac bidt dieu kidn Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao va chju trach nhiem vl cdng tac can bd O dau ngudi dung ddu cdp iiy Dang khach quan, cdng tam va nhay cam gidi cdng tac can bd thi d dd cdng tac bd nhidm can bd nir gap thuan lgi; ngugc lai, nd'u ngudi dung ddu cd tu tudng djnh kiln vl nSng luc lanh dao cua phu nir, thie'u quan tam, thie'u khach quan thi vi6c thuc thi cac chfnh sach lien quan dd'n binh dang gidi lanh dao, vide phat triln ddi ngu can bd nir la mdt thach thde ldn *** Cac cdng trinh nghidn cun vl chu dl phu nii tham chfnh d Viet nam hi6n hdu nhu chi mdi dung lai d viec phan tfch mdt sd yd'u td anh hudng den vide tham chfnh cua phu nu vl mat thuc nghiem nhung cdn thilu gdn kit vdi ly thuye't Cdn thilt phai quan tam hon den vdn dl Ngoai ra, de dua dugc nhiing giai phap kha thi cho van dl binh dang gidi tham chfnh ddi hdi ddng bd nhilu giai phap tir vi6c hoan thi6n CO che, chfnh sach, ban hanh luat phap dd'n viec triln khai va giam sat vi6c thuc thi cac chfnh sach, luat phap ciing nhu su nd luc ciia cdng ddng ITnh vuc nay.B Chu thfch Nghien ciiu dugc tai trg bdi Quy phat trien khoa hoc va cong nghe qudc gia (NAFOSTED) de tai ma sd 13.1-2011.15 "Ly thuyet Thiet che gidi va phu nu lanh dao chinh trj: Trudng hgp ciia Viet Nam" Nghien cdu Dieu tra ciia Vien Nghien ciiu Khoa hoc Lao dong va xa hoi Bo Lao dong- Thuorng Binh- Xa hpi nam 2008 Tai lieu trich ddn Blackburn Susan 2010 "Feminism and the Women's Movement in the World's Largest Islamic Nation" In: Mina Roces and Louise Edwards, eds Women's Movements in Asia London and New York: Routledge Bock Gisela 2002 Women in European History Oxford: Blackwell, p 133 Bd Npi vu 2010 Bdo cdo tong kit thuc hien Chien luge qudc gia Vi su tien bg Dang Anh Tuyet 73 cua phu ml ndm 2010 Duverger Maurice 1955 The Political Role of Women UNESCO, p 130 Edwards Louise 2010 "Chinese Feminism in a Transitional Frame: Between Internationalism and Xenophobia" In: Mina Roces and Louise Edwards eds Women's Movements in Asia London and New York: Roudedge Gonzalez Charity Coker 2000 "Agitating for their Rights: The Colombian Women's Movement 1930-1957," Pacific Historical Review 69(4): 689711, p 690 Kim Seung-Kyung and Kyounghee Kim 2010 "Mapping a Hundred Years of Activism: Women's Movements in Korea" In: Mina Roces and Louise Edwards, eds Women's Movements in Asia London and New York: Roudedge, p 194 Klinghoffer Judith Apter and Lois Elkis 1992 "The 'Petticoat Electors': Women's Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776-1807." Journal of the Early Republic 12(2): 159-193 Krook Mona Lena 2009 Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide Oxford: Oxford University Press, p 78 Lazarsfeld Paul, Bernard Berelson va Hazel Gaudet 1944 The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign Duell, Sloan and Pearce New York Landes Joan 1988 Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp 144-146 Molony Barbara 2010 "Crossing Boundaries: Transnational Feminisms in Twentieth Century Japan" In: Mina Roces and Louise Edwards, eds Women's Movements in Asia London and New York: Roudedge NgSn hang The gidi 2011 Ddnh gid gidi tqi Viet Nam Nguyin Thj Phuung 2009 "Mpt sd yeu td tac dpng den ty le nu trung cir dai bieu Qudc hpi khda XII" Tqp chi Nghien citu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 2/2009 Oxfam, CARE, APHEDA 2012 Nghien cdu phan tich gidi hoat dpng ciia HDND tai Lao Cai, Ddc Ndng, Nghe An va Hai Ducrng Roces Mina, "Rethinking the 'Filipino Woman': A Century of Women's Activism in the Philippines, 1905-2006" In: Mina Roces and Louise Edwards, eds Women's Movements in Asia London and New York: Routledge Trdn Thi Van Anh 2010 "Nhiing trd ngai ddi vdi su phan ddu cua nii lanh dao." Tqp chi Nghien citu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 2/2010 United Nations Development Program 2010 Asia Pacific Human Development Report Colombo Sri Lanka: Macmillan, p 88 Vd Thj Mai 2013 "Binh ddng gidi d Viet Nam: Mpt vai van de thuc hien chinh sach can bp nii" Tqp chi Nghien citu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 1-2013 http://www.hoilhpn.org vn/newsdetaiI.asp?CatId=133&NewsId=17000&lang=V N, 28/07/2011 http://www.hoilhpn.org.vn/newsdetail.asp?CatId=269&NewsId=20350&lang=V N, 29/11/2011 ... nii da bj cam mgi hoat ddng chfnh trj d Ddc nam 1900, d Ao nam 1907, d Italia nam 1912, d Trung Qud''c nam 1913, d Bd Dao Nha nam 1913 (Bock, 2002) Nam 1948, Han Qudc da khdng cdng nhan vl mat... thi Phu nOrtham chinh ci Viet Nam hien - nhCimg yeu to rao can Viet Nam, phu nii da tham gia lanh dao chfnh trj tii rat sdm Trong cac cau chuyen ljch su ciia Viet Nam, cac nir tudng nhu Hai Ba... chfnh ciia phu nu Viet Nam khdng dn djnh Theo sd n6u cua Trung uong Hdi Li6n hi6p Phu nii Viet Nam, tii nam 1992 dd''n 2007, ty Id phu nir Qudc hdi tdng tii 18,5% ldn de''n 27,3% Trong cugc bau cir