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TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI sg (198) 2015 /NGU-ai VIET NAM BINH CU" 6" NU'D'C NGOAI: HOI NHAP XA HOI VA BAN SAC VAN HOA LE THj MAI Sai Viet dwa tren dw lieu tir hai eupe khao sit cdng dong ngwdi Viet Nam djnh cw fgi thinh phi Philadelphia, Pensylvania (U.S.) vi Sydney (Australia) Qua nhwng can chuyen ki eiia ngwdi tham gia nghien ciru cho thiy, li' khien mdt ca nhin hoic mdt gia dinh quyit Snh din mdt nai khae Sinh cw rit da dang va phire tap H$i nhip xa hdi li mpt nhu'ng yeu to chinh quyit Sinh sw cdng hay that bai ciia ngwdi nhip cw Hdi nhip xi hpi dwpc phan anh qua bdn ehiiu eanh chinh cd mii quan hi twang ho nhau: kinh te, ehinh tri, vin hda, xi hdi Bdng thdi cd bang chirng vi mil lien he giiia chieu canh hdi nhip kinh te va nhu cau tri ban sac din lpc Kit qua nghien ciru cung gpi mdt sd vin di nghien ciru tiip, nhirng him y chinh sich doi vdi vin di hdi nhip xa hdi ciia ngwdi nhip cw 1,DATVANDe Di cy la mpt hipn typ'ng biln tren thd gidi, Bii canh toan c l u hda phdc tap, b i t on kinh t l - xa hpi, biln d i i hau, qua trinh cdng nghidp hda ndng nghiep ndng thdn d i n d i n vlpe thu hep d i t ndng nghlpp, thay d l l vide lam, thay d l l phycng thdc t l chde san xult, anh hydng d i n si^ hpi nhgp xa hdi cua moi ca nhan va gia dinh, d i n d i n viec hp quylt djnh d lgi qud hypng hay di, djnh cy d mpt nai khac Theo s l lieu ciia Hpc vidn Ngeai giap Vipt Nam nam 2012, cdng ding ngydi Vipt Nam djnh cy d nydc ngoai cd tren trieu ngydi va phan b l khdng ding d i u tai 103 nydc, vung lanh t h i trdn khip t h i gidi, 98% s l dd tap trung d 21 nydc tgi Bic My, chau Au, Bdng Nam A, fldng Bic A va chau Bai Ducng Nam 2010 cd g i n 1,8 tripu LO Thj Mai Tiln sT Trydng Bgi hpc TOn Ddc Thing ngydi My goe Viet tgi Hoa Ky (http:// www.medlafire.com), dya s l lupng ngydi Vidt d My chilm khoang mpt nira sd Viet kiiu trdn tcan t h i gidi Nghien cdu hien typ'ng hpi nhgp xa hpi dypc dgt m i i Hen he vdi nhdng ca hpl phgt triln nghe nghiep, thu nhgp, i\f hai Idng vdi cudc s i n g la mdt chu d l dygc quan tam d i i vdi cac nhd xa hOi hpc va dan tdo hpc m u l n tlm hllu khuOn m i u dl ddn va ly d i n d i n quylt djnh dl cy, v l mgt ly thuydt, k i t qua nghidn cdu ddng gdp vao sir phat triln cac \i thuyit hdi nhgp xa hdi va v i n xd hpi Ve mat thyc tien, k i t qua nghien cdu se dyp'c cac t l chde cdng ddng tham khao, lam CP sd khoa hpc cho vide xay dyng CO c h i hdi nhgp cho nhyng ngydi nhdp cy, tgo ndn hieu dng kinh t l - xd hdi van hda cd hipu qua cho sy phat triln TONG QUAN TAI LIEU Hpi nhap xa hpi la hien typ'ng thu hiit sf L S T H I MAI - NGUOl VIET NAM BINH CLr O NLTOC NGOAl quan tam xem xet cua nhilu nha nghien cdu xa hdi hpc, dan s l hpc, nhan hpc, va tgp trung vao mdt s l v i n de Vi phwong phip luin T d c u l l nhdng nam 1990, cdc quan d i l m tilp can mdi nghien cdu hidn tyi?ng hpl nhap xa hdi n i l ldn mgnh me, dd le t i l p can dya tren cac quyen, tilp can gidi va nang cao nang lire va tilp egn v i n xg hpl Bing each cau true Igi ngydi di dan nhilu nhdm xa hpi vdi nhyng nhu c i u va nhyng cang thing khac ma hp phai d l l mat, nhdng tilp can nghien cdu da giup cho k i t qua nghien cdu phan anh dyp'c sau s i c han, da dgng va phdc tgp hon hien typ'ng hdi nhgp xa hpi Ban vj phan tich cOng cd s y thay d i i IVlpt mat nhyng nhu c i u khac cCia cac nhdm di c y nhy tre em, vj thdnh nien, phu ny, cang khac blpt Mat khac, gia dinh v i n dyp'c coi nhy la mdt do'n vj hda hgp, thing nhit dang cd Sir thay d l l quan he quydn lye xdt theo chilu canh gidi va gida cac t h i hp trpng gia dinh D l cd t h i t i l p cdn dyp'c ngydi dl cy, d y g c hp d i n g y tham gia vao nghien cdu va thu nhan dygc nhdng thdng tin xae thirc, ngydi nghien cdu c i n phai s d dung nhilu phygng phap: phygng phap lugn nghien cdu cua dan tpc hpc, nghien cdu tham dy, cac phygng phap nghidn cdu djnh tinh thu thdp thdng tin qua anh, h l l do, cudc ndi chuydn, phdng v i n ca nhan, phdng v i n sau, quan sat tham d y cung nhy cac phygng phap chpn m l u khac da d y g c triln khai, thirc nghipm (Sam Wong, 2007) T d gdc dd t i l p can c l u true chde nang, hpl nhap xa hpl d y g c xae djnh n h y mot qua trinh hda hgp va c l k i t vao cac c i u true cua he t h i n g xa hpi (Elif Kisar Koramaz, 2013) Hpi nhgp xa hdi la trgng thai I n dinh, b i n vdng cua cac m i l quan he gida cac p h i n mpt he thing ting t h i (Wolfgang Bosswick and Friedrich Heckmann, 2006) Qua trinh ngydi nhgp c y hdi nhgp vao xa hdi sd tgi c i n phgi dygc hllu nhy la mpt trydng hgp cu t h i cug hpl nhap xa hdi Hdi nhap xa hdi c i n phai dygc CM t h i hda hdi nhgp c i u true, hpl nhgp van hda, hdi nhdp tygng tac va hpl nhgp v l ban s i c (idpntiflable integration) Bay la nhyng chilu egnh ccr ban ciia hdi nhap va thich hgp cho vide thao tac hda trpng nghidn cdu thyc nghidm va phat triln cac chi bac lygng (Heckmann and Schnapper, 2003) Trong mdt nghien cdu v l mde dp ding hda giya ngydi sinh d nydc ngoai va ngydi ban dja d My, mpt chi s l ding hda da dygc xay dyng dya tren mpt nhom cac y l u t l kinh t l , van hda va cdng dan Nhdng chT s l cd t h i dygc mdt each ddc lap d l tgo ndn mpt chT s l tong hgp cua ba phin Trong dd, chT s l kinh t l dygc phan anh qua sy tham gia vao thj trydng lao dpng, trinh dd van hda giao due, khudn m l u sd hdu nha d cua ngydi smh d nydc ngoai va ngydi ban dja ChT s l van hda tap trung vao kha nang ndi tiing Anh (tiing ban dja), hdn nhan va khudn mau sinh de Chi s l cdng dan dygc phan anh qua ty Id nhdp quIc tjch va nghTa vu quan sir cua ngydi sinh g nydc ngoai va ngydi ban dja (Jacob L Vigdor, 2008) TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA Hpl so (196) 2015 to tic Spng Sen hdi nhap xa Tac Sdng eua hien twang nhip cw dii voi nwdc sd tai/cpng Song dia phwang Vdi quan d i l m col hpi nhgp xa hdi nhy la mdt chT bao v l s y hai Idng vdi cupc s i n g , nhilu cupc khao sat v l anh hydng cua cac b i l n s l kinh t l , xa hpl va van hda d i n s y hai Idng vdi cudc s i n g da dygc thyc hipn d chau A va chau Au Mpt khung ly thuyit thing nhit da dygc thilt ke cho ca ba biln s l bang each xae djnh sy hai Idng vdi cupc s i n g t h i hien qua sir khao khat va s y ky vpng Nhdng trang thai d i n lygt nd lal bj tgc d$ng bdi cdc biln s l d c i p dp vl md va vT md K i t qua nghien cdu ChT ring, d d p dp vl md, v i n kinh t l la nguIn lye d l l vdi ngydi hdnh ddng 6l c i p dp vT md, v i n kinh t l - xa hpl cai thien c l u true cc hpi cho ca nhdn nhdng d i l u kidn nhit djnh Do vay, v i n kinh t l d ca hai c i p dp da cd tac dpng tich cyc d i n vide hien thyc hda nhdng khat vpng ca nhan Chdng nao s y ky vpng khdng thay d i i , s y hai Idng vdi cudc s i n g se tang V i n xa hpl va v i n vdn hda mpt p h i n nao dd cung diln ciing vdi logic dd (Wolfgang Jagodzinski, 2009) H i u h i t cdc k i t qua nghien cdu tdp trung vao ba phygng dien; dan s l , kinh te-Ka hpl va van hda V i mgt dan s l , cdc tai lidu chp t h i y mdt vai thap ky qua, hien tygng nhap cy da lam chuyin doi cac dd thj ldn tren khip nydc My dd cd p h i Philadelphia Sir chuyin d l l nhanh va mgnh cug n i n kinh t l toan c i u dg d i y thj trydng Igo ddng t h i gi(jl vao tinh trgng thgy d l l lidn tuc, khd cd till dy doan va hien tygng di cy lao dpng quIc t l cang manh md Lin dau tidn k l td nhyng nam 1920, Luat Lien bang v l x u i t nhap canh nam 1965 (The Federal Immigration Act), da md eira bidn gidi nydc My cho nhyng ngwi nhgp cy chau Au khdng phai phuang Tay va nhdng cdng nhan td khap nai trdn t h i gidi di c y d i n My d l tim vide lam Cac yiu hdi Truyin thdng xa hpi cung dygc xem xet vai trd la y l u t l nang cao kiln thdc hdi nhgp td each tilp cdn v i n xa hdi Cac k i t qua thyc nghipm cho thiy truyin thdng xa hdi ho trg vlpe hinh v i n xa hpi cua ngydi lam cdng an lyang qua mgng lydl xa hpi, nilm tin va ngdn ngy cung chia sp Nhdng biln s l trung gian d i n lygt nd lgi cd tgc ddng dyang tinh len chi s l hdi nhgp tri thdc (Xiongfei Cao & Xitong Guo & Hefu Liu & Jibao Gu 2013) Khi chiln tranh d Viet Nam kit thuc thang 4/1975, ngydi Viet Nam sang djnh cy tgl My tang nhanh Vao cull nhdng nam 1970 va 1980, ngydi Viet Nam, Campuchia va Lao d tgi My da xay di,mg nhdng cpng ddng s i n g ddng d Nam Philadelphia Mdt k i t qua nghidn cdu ve sy phat triln va dae tryng cua nhdng ngydi nydc ngoai nhgp c y vdo p h i Philadelphia thdi ky 1970-2006, nhan xet, thu phu Philadelphia cd nhu'ng cdng dong nhap c y va ty ngn din tir nhilu quIc gia, dd d i n td chau A chilm tdl 39% t i n g sd ngydi nhgp cy va ty nan (Daniel Amsterdam, 2007) Uc cung la nydc tilp nhan nhilu ngydi Vipt di cy d i n sau nam 1975, va dd thij'C hipn tai djnh c y cho nhyng ngydi LE THI MAI - NGLfOl VIET NAM B|NH CLT iS NLfOC NGOAl K i t qua d i l u tra dan s l nam 2001, cd 155.000 ngydi Uc g i c Viet do, t h i hp d i u tidn ngydi Oc g i c Viet ddng han t h i he thy hai ngydi Oc g i c Vidt (74% so vdi 26%) Tgi cac cudc T i n g dilu tra nam 2006, 173.663 cy dan Oc tuydn b l minh la ngydi g i c Viet Han 2.190 tuyen b l minh cd t l tlen la ngydi Hmcng (Australian Bureau of Statistics 20680Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex Australia) Cd mdt ty IS ldn ngydi Oc g i c Vipt s i n g g Melbourne va Sydney Nhdng cpng d i n g Idn ngydi Vipt dl c y rd rang da lam thay doi it nhilu cac dd thj va cac dja phygng ciia My va Oc Tac ddng kinh te - xa hdi, vin hda Ngydi nhgp c y va cac t h i hp chau hp la tygng lal cua lye lygng lac dpng My Chinh vi vgy, vide hp cd hpi nhap dygc la muc tidu chinh cdc chidn lygc t i l da hda t i l m nang nang suit lao dpng hidn cung nhy tygng lal cug lye lygng lao dpng My (Michael, ed., 2008) Theo k i t qua nghidn cdu, ngydi nhgp cy vgp p h i Philadelphia da lam thay dpi mgnh me ddi sdng chinh trj, van hda, kinh t l cua ca vung T d nam 2000, nhdng ngydi ty ngn ddng gdp 75% vdo sy tang trydng lye lygng lao ddng d Philadelphia, so vdi nhdng nam 1990, ddng gdp cua hp chT chilm 36% vao s y tang trydng cua toan bp lye lygng lac ddng a Philadelphia Cao nhdm nhap cy d i n t d nhilu quIc gia bao g I m nhdng ngydi cd trinh dd n g h i nghidp, ky nang cao, ngydi ty ngn hgy la ngydi lap dpng da dem d i n ca eg hdi va thach thdc d l l vdi nhdng ngydi hogch djnh chinh sach to chde cung cap dich vij va cac cdng d i n g dja phygng a Philadelphia (Audrey Singer, et al., 2008, tr 1) T d gdc dp dan tpc hpc, k i t qua nghidn cdu kinh t l hd gia dinh cua ngydi ty ngn Viet Nam d Philadelphia cho thiy sy da dgng v l nhdm t u l i va gidi; Hp cd kha nang dap dng t i t nhdng nhu c i u kinh t l mdi Nghien cdu phan tich "cau chuyen cdng" ciia ngydi ty ngn Viet Nam trdn d i t My, danh gid c l u true hp gla dinh va y thdc gig dinh ddng vai trd quan trpng, ho trg cac vien gla dinh hdi nhap vao xa hdi My (Kibria, Nazli, 1994) Sy ddng gdp kinh te cua ngydi My g i c Viet da nhan dygc thai dd tich cyc ciia ngydi ban dja Philadelphia (Pew Center for Civic Journalism, 2000) mac dii hp cQng gay mpt vai v i n d l r i c r l i cac cpng ding dja phygng Cupc sing ciia ngydi Viet Nam, ngydi Campuchia va ngydi Han QuIc d Philadelphia t h i hidn re ban s i c dan tpc cua m i l dan top, phan anh chi tilt qua nhyng thilt c h i , nhdng hogt dpng xa hdi Cap k i t qua nghidn cdu nhin manh d i n kha nang d l dilu chinh, linh hogt cua ban s i c dan tpc: lien tuc dygc c l u true lgi cho phil hgp vdi nhdng Igi ich glai c i p , chinh trj dang thay d i i va tygng tac vdi cac lye lygng ben ngoai cd m i l lien he vdi cdng d i n g dan tpc dd (Jae-Hyp Lee, 1998) Nhdng ngydi nhgp cy vgp nydc My da ddng gdp vac vide tai c l u true n i n kinh t l My va djnh hinh iai nhdng m i l quan he dan tde va chijng tpc d Philadelphia (Judith Goode va ding nghiep, 1994) TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (196) 2015 Ngay n i u ban di dpe ccn dydng Washington d Philadelphia, se thiy san sat nhdng cda hang Phd, cac cda hang ban nhdng mdn an Viet Nam, Chiia B l D l , sidu thj, quan karaoke, dgi ly du Ijch, cac phdng kham bdnh, tao ndn nhdng trung tam thygng mai Hoat dpng kinh t l cua ngydi Viet Nam d My v i n chii y l u mang tinh chit kinh t l gia dinh, nho, le Nhilu viec lam dp ngydi lap dpng ty t l chde va cd thu nhgp, mac dii thip Day cd t h i col la mdt nhdng ly khidn mdt kit qua khao sat g i n day nhit v l ngydi nhgp cy thulc sau dan tpc chau A dya nhgn djnh ring, ngydi My g i c Viet cd ty Id thit nghipp cac nhit, thu nhdp thip nhit va s l nam di hpc thip nhit so sanh nhdm ngydi nhap cy din td sau dan tde chau A (John R Logan and Welwel Zhang, 2010) Trong dd cupc khao sat cua Vien nghien cdu Manhattan dya bing chdng cho thiy ngydi My g i c Vidt la mpt nhdng nhdm nhap cy cd chi s l hpl nhgp cao nhit vdi sy phan tich ly la vl da s l hp Id ngydi ty ngn nen chT s l hdi nhap chinh trj cao nhit (qua s l lygng ngydi nhgp quIc tjch cao), chi s l hpl nhap v l kinh t l va van hda cung tygng ty nhy cac nhdm nhap cy khac (Jacob L Vigdor, 2008) Tdm lgi, Nhdng v i n d l lien quan d i n hidn tygng di cy nydc ngoai sinh sing da thu hut s y chu y ciia nhilu nha nghidn cdu Nhilu khai niem da dygc phat triln dd cd sy tap trung vao vide iydng khai nipm hpi nhgp xg hpi, Nhdng hygng tilp egn trcng nghidn cdu hidn tygng hdi nhgp xa hpi trd chu d l ciia nhilu cuin sach Npi dung nghidn cdu thygng tap trung vao hidn tygng h^l nhgp xa hdi cua ngydi nhap cy v4 nhyng tac ddng ciia hien tygng nhap cu' d l l vdi nydc s d tai, s y tap trung ciia ngydi nhgp c y d nhyng p h i lan H i u h i t nhyng nghien cdu d i u sd dgng phygng phap nghien cdu djnh lygng, bdc Id kha nhilu han c h i , khd khan vide phan tich nhdng hanh vi thyc sif ciia khach t h i phan anh nhgn thdc cua chu t h i hanh ddng Dp vgy, de cd dygc mdt bdc tranh hcan chTnh v l hdi nhap xa i hpi cua ngydi Viet Nam dinh cy d nude ngoai, ben egnh nghien cdu djnh luang c i n phgi s d dung nhyng thdng tin tir nghien cdu djnh tinh d l cd t h i phan tich d i y du han va sau s i c hgn PHU-aNG P H A P L U A N Thugt ngy ngwdi Viet Nam Sinh cw nwdc ngoai chT nhdng ngydi cd nguon g i c Vidt Nam djnh c y bdn ngogi lanh t h i Vidt Nam Kd thda nhyng quan diem cua Elif Kisar Koramaz (2013), Wolfgang B & Friedrich H (2006) va Heckmann F & Schnapper, D (eds.) (2003), khai niem hdi nhip xi hdi bai viit tryde h i t dygc phan anh qua viec ngydi Viet Nam djnh cu d nydc ngoai cd kha nang tham gla vao cac thilt c h i kinh t l va thj trydng lao ddng, he thing giao diic, nha d, phiic lai xa hpi va cd d i y du quyin cdng ddn; phat triln nang lye song hanh van hoa va tinh each d l dap dng cac nhu cau cua ca nhan va xa hdi; c h i p nhgn va hdg nhap vap cac m i l quan he chinh va cac mang lydi xa hpl thdng qua cao hanh vi hdn nhan, thgm gia vao cac t l chde xa hdi dan sy, hinh nang lye giao t i l p , cam giae thupc v l vS LE THI MAI - NGyOl VIET NAM B|NH CU' O NU'Q'C NGOAl xae dinh ban s i c dan tpc, quIc gia cua minh kdt qua mong m u l n Ndu ca nhan hoac nhdm cd quydn, hp cd kha nang lam cho s y lya chpn cd hipu qua, cd nghTa la cd kha nang chuyin s y lya chpn cua hp hanh ddng va k i t qua mong muln Nhy hinh cho thiy, kha nang dd bj anh hydng chu y l u bdi hai y l u t l lien quan d i n nhau: thyc lye va c l u true cg hpi Thwc lire la kha nang ciia mdt ca nhdn cd t h i dya dygc mot s y lya chpn cd y nghTa, cd nghTa la xem xet va dya s y lya chpn cd muc dich Ciu true ea hpi la y l u t l hoan canh cd anh hydng d i n vide chuyin d l l nhdng lya chpn cua ca nhan hanh ddng cd hidu qua Mde dp thyc t l cua trao quyin phu thupc vao mde dp thyc lye cua ca nhdn va ban chit ciJa c i u true ca hpi (Ruth Alsop, 2006) (xem Hinh 1) Tiep cin /y thuyit T y hudng tilp c|n van hda, cac quan d i l m 1^ thuyit ding hda, thuyit da van hda, t h u y i t c l u true va tich hgp phan dogn d i n g hda da d y g c s d dung nghien cdu hipn tygng hdi nhgp van hda, dd cd hdi nhgp xa hdi T d hydng t i l p can kinh t l d l l vdi hien tygng hpl nhap van hda, cac quan d i l m thuyit thich dng van hda, hinh ban sac, cac chiln lygc t i l p biln van hda, thich dng van hda, nang dpng truyin thii van hda, cac eg hdi kinh t l - x a hpi, bo sung va kha nang thay t h i von xa hgi, cac qud trinh xa hpi hda, nhdng y l u td ben ngoai vd nhdng ky vpng cung da dygc sd dyng vao phan tich hidn tygng hdi nhap van hda (Yann Algan, Alberto Blsln, Thierry Khung phan tich trao quyin dygc sd Verdler, 2012) va hpl nhap xa hdi diing d l phdn tich cac chinh sach d l l vdi Ciing vdi qua trinh m d rpng dan c h d ngydi nhap c y cua nydc sd tgi bao dam q u y i n ngydi, t i l p can dya vide giup chc ngydi nhgp cy cd kha trdn cac q u y i n hogc trao quyin nang hpi nhgp vdo cac thilt c h i ca ban cang d y g c cac t l chde quIc t l , cac nha ciia xa hdi nhy thj trydng lao ddng, nha nghien cdu s d dung va td thich hgp, d, giap due, y t l , dam bao quyin cdng dan va cac ca hdi phat triln tyang xdng hdu Ich ap dung vao nghidn cdu hpl nhgp xa hpi ciia ngydi nhgp cy T i l p egn dya tren khai niem trao Hinh Mil quan hp giya ket qua va cdc yeu to tyang quyin tdp trung phan tich nhdng lien cua trao quyin y l u t l can thiep vao qua trinh phat triln, each thdc Iydng ThyclM'C'v^^ vd giam sat cac qua trinh trao _ ^ - ^ MU'C ^^^^^ ^ Kit qua quyin va k i t qua dat dygc Trao ^ - ^ Trao quyen "^ ' pnat t n i n quyin cd nghTa la nang cao Cau true ^ / " ^ ndng lye cua mpt ca nhan hodc ca hOi mpt nhdm de hp cd kha nang dya nhdng s y lya chpn cd chu dich va chuyin d l l nhdng NguIn: Ruth Alsop, Mette Bertelsen, Jeremy Holland, lya chpn hanh dpng va 2005 nI ^ t i TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA Hpl sfi (198) 2015 vdi nhyng ddng gdp ciia hp d nude sd tai Nhdng hydng tilp can da ndu d trdn dygc van dgng vao phan tich mde dp hpl nhap cua ngydi Viet Nam dl cu vao xa hdi sd tgl DO' LIEU Djnh c y d nydc ngoai va hpl nhap xa hpi la nhdng v i n d l nhgy cam Do vgy, tilp can ngydi Viet Nam djnh cy d nydc ngoai va dygc hp tin cay, chia se thdng tin la v i n d l khdng d l dang D l khach t h i ty nguyen ding y tham gia, chiing tdl da lam quen, tao m i l than thidn vdi khach t h i nghidn cdu Tryde h i t chiing tdi da lien hd vdi cdng ding ngydi Vidt d Cabramatta, NSW Australia vao thang 11/2013 Sau dd la cdng ding ngydi Viet d Philadelphia PA US vao gida thang va thang 3/2014 Vdi sy gidi thidu ciia ngydi than, bgn be, chung tdi da dygc mdt s l gia dinh ngydi Vidt mdi ddn nha hp d Sau nghe trinh bay va hllu rd dygc muc tidu nghidn cdu, sy cam kit, chung tdi da tilp xuc dygc 22 ngydi td 18 tuli trd Idn dd cd 11 ngydi nhdng gia dinh da t h i he Dya tren nhdng cau ehuypn, nhdng quan sat hang ngay, nhdng chuyin di da ngogi,,., vdi ty each la ngydi nghe k l chuyen, tdn trpng nhdng cam xuc, suy nghT va hanh ddng cua hp, chung tdi da thu thap dygc nhdng thdng tin chan thyc td nhdng cau ehuypn k l cua hp Nhdng thdng tin thu dygc nhim tra Idi cac cau hdi nghidn cdu: Ngydi Viet Nam djnh cy d nydc ngoai la ai? Hdi nhap xa hpl da tac ddng nhy t h i nao din nhdng eg hpi phat triln ciia mdi ca nhan va cpng ding nai hp dang sinh sing? Hpl nhgp xa hpl da tgo s y hdi Idng ciia at dan nhy t h i nao? Sau nhilu thap ky sing va lam viec, nhdng gla dinh ngydi Viet Nam da cd tdl hai, ba t h i hp dang sing d My, d Australia, da hdi nhgp dygc vao xa hdi sd tai d i n mde dd nao? Qua dd hp da cd nhyng ddng gdp gl cho cpng ding, d i n g thdi hg da nhgn dygc gi td cpng d i n g tygng xdng vdi sy dong gdp cua hp? Thdng tin dinh tinh dygc thu thap tir nhdng cau chuyen k l va quan sat tham dy g hai cpng d i n g tren, k i t hgp vdi dir lieu djnh lygng t d nhyng tai lieu va kit qua nghien cdu tryde dd la eg sd dd lieu cho nhyng ndi dung dygc trinh bay bai viit K E T QUA Theo cac tai lieu, tryde 1975, nhdng ngydi Viet tai My la vg hegc cua nhdng ngydi linh My tai Viet Nam hoac la hpc sinh, thygng gia d i n djnh cy d My, yde tinh khoang 15.000 ngydi''' Sau sii' kien 30/4/1975, chiln tranh d Viet Nam k i t thiic, lan sdng dl tan d i u tlen bat dau vdi khoang 125.000 ngydi Tilp theo 36 la nhdng dgt di tan ciJa thuyin nhan, vygt bien, vl du nam 1975 cd 378 ngydi; 1976: 5.247 ngydi; 1977: 15.690 (Wain, Barry The Refuses New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981) "Nhdng ngydi Viet Nam di tryde, va sau nam 1975 chung ta gpi la nhdng "nan nhan cua chiln tranh", Khdng cd s l thing kd chinh xae nhyng yde tinh, chung ta m i t hang ngSn ngydi ngoai biln Bdng Cd nhdng chuyin di m i y tram ngydi khdng sing sdt, cd nhyng chuyin 2/3 td ngn Rit It LETHI MAI - NGU'OlVIETNAMfllNHCU'iS'NU'O'CNGOAl,, cd chuyin 100% ngydi s i n g sdt Bd la nhap v l van hda va kinh t l cung tygng thyc te" (True Quynh, 2014) ty nhy cac nhdm nhap c y khac (Jacob L cac anh chi em diu Sinh cw a nwdc Vigdor, 2008) ngoai Sd cd so ngwdi Si bang ChT s l hpl nhap xa hpl tryde h i t dygc Swdng biin phan anh qua viec ngydi nhgp c y hdi (vwat bien) cd anh trai, ehi dau va ngwdi chau mit bien mpt chuyin sin tich tren vwat bien Tir Sd gia Sinh Sa c6 gang tim kiim nhgp vao cac hogt ddng kinh t l , cd nghlg la hp cd du kha nang tham gia vao cac thilt c h i kinh t l va thj trydng lao dpng, nhwng khdng ed tin tire gi" (Ngydi k l s l he thing giao dye, nha d, phOc Igi xa hdi 10, Nd, Sydney, Australia) B y g c tham gla vao nhdng thilt c h i VI muc dich nhan dgo va dap dng nhu la d i l u klpn quylt djnh d l ca nhan cd c l u doan tu cua nhieu ngydi dan, QuIc dygc mpt vj t h i kinh t l - xa hpl nhit djnh hpi Hoa Ky da thdng qua Bao lugt Ngydi va qua dd, hp se cd kha nang t i l p can Ty nan nam 1980 {Refugee Act of 1980), dygc cac nguIn lye xa hpl, cd d i y dii d i n g thdi Nha nydc Cpng hpg Xa hpl quyen cdng dan chinh trj, gldp hp phat Chii nghTa Viet Nam c h i p nhgn Chyang triln trpng xa hdi hien dgi sd tgl trinh Ra di cd Trat ty (Orderly Departure Nhd Igi thud ban d i u dd la mdt thdl ky Program OOP) Hoa Ky de xult, khd khan d l l vdi t i t ca ngydi Viet la d y d i s y d i l u khiln ciia Cao uy Ty ngn nhdng ngydi mdi d i n , y l u t h i v l ngdn Lidn Hipp QuIc (United Nations High ngd, khdng nghi nghiep Cdu chuyen Commissioner for Refugees) Chyang sau la mpt vi du: "Tit ei qua Seu hai ban trinh cho phdp mdt s l ngydi dan rdi tay tring, khoi Viet Nam hgp phdp d l doan tg gla chuin bj ky ning hdi nhip xir niy" dinh va nhdng ly dp nhan dgo khac nhdng thugn Igi d i u tidn cd dygc Gida nhdng nam 1981 va 2000, Hoa Ky chinh Id khoan t l l n trg c i p dl hpc ciia tilp nhan 531.310 ngudi di tan t d Viet chinh quyin nydc sd tai Vdi khcan chu Nam (http://vi.wlkipedla.prg/wlkl/Ngydi_ My_glc_Vipt) Chinh b i i canh di da quylt djnh d i n mde dd hpi nhgp xa hdi cOa ngydi Vipt Nam djnh c y d cac nydc phat triln nhy My va Australia CM so hdi nhip xa hpi Theo mdt cudc nghien cdu nam 2008 cua Hpc vlpn Manhattan, ngydi My goe Vipt Id mpt nhdng nhdm ngydi nhgp c y cd chT s l hpl nhgp xa hdi cao n h i t tgl My, dd chT s l hdi nhgp v l quyin cdng dan Id cao nhit cac nhdm ngydi nhdp c y nhyng chT s l hpl ngheo Sdi, cd San, khdng Mdt d p t u i n l i n Sang da d i n toan bp cho vide hpc Vide d i u tlen la di hpc tiing Anh T i t nghiep trung hpc, dng thee hpc v l ky s y didn tai trydng Swinburne va cdng nghd thdng tin tgi Bgi hpc RMIT Mpt nhyng didu ludn am anh cdu nien Sang nhdng d i u tien dd la cpng ding ngydi Viet, Chdng kiln nhdng nhdm s i c top, cpng d i n g khac nhgp c y vao Australia djnh hinh mdt each cd t l chde Sang dd ludn ty thdi thiic phai lam gi dd tyang ty, Tryde h i t la cd dygc cac quyin lgi nhy xin h i trg ciia ehinh phu v l hpc tap TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA Hpl s6 (198) 2015 ngdn ngd, he thing y t l , phiic lgi xa hdi, trg giup vide lam (Xuan Linh, 2013) 'Chdng tdi di ew vio Nam nam 1954: Li Sal ti quin Sdi Viet Nam Cdng hda Nam 1993 di cw sang My theo dien HO Thdi gian Sau sang My: hai va ehdng Swac di hpc tiing Anh vi hpc lip rip linh kidn Siin tir thing (Mien phi) Sau Sd chung tdi xin vao lim viec tai mdt cdng ty, iwang Swpe han $4/1 gid Chiing tdi phii lam vipc rit cham chi, lam vat lam, ngiy nio cung lim thdm gid (vi tien cdng gip Sdi/ gid lim them), thwdng 12 gid Sem mdi vi nhi an cam, hiem ca nhi ngii in cam ciing nhau, Chim ehi nen Swpe chij tin eiy, tao Siiu kien tdt Si ning thu nhip chi sau nim chiing tdi Sa mua dwac cin nhi hien tdi dang d" (Ngydi ndi chuyen 12 Nd Maryland, U.S) Mpt trd ngai rit Idn ciia ngydi Viet dl tlm vipc lam la bing d p ciia hp d Viet Nam khdng dygc cac nydc cdng nhdn Dii hp da t i t nghiep dgi hpc vd da cd mdt nghi nghipp d Vipt Nam, djnh cy d cdc nydc phat triln nhy My hogc Australia, muln xln lam mpt cdng viec tygng dygng nhy d Vipt Nam, hp d i u phai dl hpc Igi N i u khdng cd du dilu kidn, nhit la v l tai chinh thi hp chT cd t h i Idm nhyng cdng vide p h i thdng hoac t y t l chde liy cdng vipc lam 'Tdi von li giio vien day vin: Chong tdi li giio viin day Nga van trwdng Bai hpc Ngopi ngir Ha Npi Khi sang den Oc, chong phii hpc ipi dai hpc nginh cdng nghi thdng tin: Cac diu trwdng thanh, hpc dpi hoc, ca nhi Siu cd nghi nghiip in Sinh" (Ngygl k l chuydn Nd Sydney Australia) "Tnjrdc sang Ue tdi da tot nghipp Bai hpc Giao thdng vpn tai, lam tai Vipn Ky thuit Bd Giao thdng vin tii Sang Oc nim 1991, hien lim bao vp d trwdng thdng Vo tdi tit nghipp Bai hoc ngoai ngO' - Nga van: Ba lim phien dich 10 nam trin thiiy Sien Sdng Ba Hiin d nhi nhin tri: Lam viec nhi va cham sdc hpc" fNgydl k l chuydn Nam Sydney Australia) H i u h i t t h i hd thd hai ciia ngydi Vipt djnh c y d nydc ngoai d i u vac hpc tgl tat ca cac c i p hpc Bay d y g c cci la thi hp d l thyc hipn g i i c mg cua b l mp chiing B y g c b l mp dat nidm tin vd h i trg hit mde cho s y dat cua ohijng Tat nhien, sy dat chT cd t h i cd dupe vdi dilu kien phai cd sy n l lye rit ldn ciia ban thdn t h i he tre "Chung chau di hgc trydng cua Bang nen dygc hydng y u dai v l hpc phi Ra trydng ca hai chj em d i u xin dygc vide lam t i t Sau dd chung chau lgi xin di hoe tilp cao hpc; Phai nc lye l i m , niu minh khdng dat d y g c d i l m cao trd len thi se khdng dygc nhgn tdl trg, phai tra lal tien hpc phi cho Cdng ty dd tai trg Chau c6 bing master cdn em chau cung da c6 bing master roi Phai co ging lien tuc n i u khdng se bj dao thai" (Ngydi kl chuyen 13 Ny Maryland U.S) Tuy nhidn khdng phai al cung cdng n i u khdng cd s y c l gang cao, lidn tuc va dae bidt la s y quan tam cua gla dinh 'Ty le cdng 50/50 Nhieu bi me ip Iwc edng vipc nen khdng ed diiu kien cham sdc, quan tim den vipc hpc ciia Nhiiu Sira Si chal vdi bpn xiu, khdng ed vipc lim, quiy phi" (Ngydi k l ehuypn 12 Ny, Maryland U.S) LE THI MAI - NGLTP'I VIET NAM BINH CLf P NLTpC NGOAl K i t qua khao sat dan s l My nam 2007 cho t h i y cd tdi 64,9% ngydi My g i c Vipt td 16 t u l i trg len cd t h i tham gia lye lygng lao dpng va 59,3% phu nd dii t u l i tham gla lye lygng lao ddng Ngydi My g i c Viet thygng lam mdt s l n g h i sau: 31,5% lam n g h i quan trj, nghi ddi hdi cd dao tao v l chuydn mdn, t h i p hgn ngydi My ndi chung (ty Id 34,6%) 24,9% ngydi lam nganh djch vu, cao hgn ngydi My ndi chung la (16,7%) Trong dd chi cd 0,4% theo ndng nghipp, ngy nghipp, hay lam nghiep V l khu vyc kinh t l , thi 82% ngydi My goe Viet lam cho cac hang t y nhdn, 9,2% lam vipc cho nha nydc, va 8,5% t y t l chde cdng vide cho minh (United States Census Bureau) Trdn day la s l thing ke trdn phgm vl ca nydc My nhyng xem xet d i n tdng bang thi cd s y khac blpt VI du, khoang 80% thg lam mdng tay la ngydi My g i c Vipt tgp trung d bang California (The Los Angeles Times, 2008) vd mpt p h i n ba ngydi My g i o Vidt d vung vjnh Mexico, lam cac cdng vide ITnh vyc ngy nghipp (My-Thuan Tran, 2008) K i t qua nghien cdu g i n day nhit, s l sau cdng d i n g g i c chau A ddng dan nhit tgi My Id An Bd, Nhgt Ban, Philippines, Triiu Tien, Trung QuIc va Vipt Nam, ngydi Viet Nam cd ty Id thit nghlpp cac nhit, thu nhap thip nhit va hpc v i n it nhit Cg t h i , ty Ip ngydi khdng cd cdng an vide lam cdng d i n g ngydi Vidt cao nhit, Idn d i n 10,6% nam 2010, ty Id thit nghipp cDa ngydi nhdp c y Nhdt la 4,7% va ngydi nhgp c y ngydi Trilu Tidn la 8,4% Thu nhdp binh qudn hang nam cua mdt hp gla dinh ngydi Viet cung thude logi thap nhit, vdi mde 52.830 dd la, chT han thu nhgp cua hp gla dinh ngydi Trilu Tien la 50.000 dd la, nhyng t h i p han nhieu so vdi b i n cpng d i n g cdn lgi Thit nghidp nhieu, thu nhgp t h i p nen cd tdl 1,8% ngydi My g i c Viet nhgn trg d p xa hpl ciJa chinh phii, cao nhit s l sau nhdm nhap cy g i c chau A, mac dti ty Ip da giam dang k l so vdi mde 10,7% (nam 1990), va 4,3% (nam 2000) V l phygng dien hpc v i n - tinh theo s l nam hpc trydng, ngydi Viet cd s l nam hpc binh qudn 11,8 nam vao nam 2010, ngydi Hoa la 13,9 nam, ngydi Philippines la 14,1 nam va ngydi An Dd la 15,5 nam (John R Lngan va Welwel Zhang, 2013) Theo Van phdng danh gia tai san, khoang mpt nda s l tai san ciia 500 tda nha d Washington Avenue, Philadelphia la eua ngydi My g i c Viet sd hdu Tgi Philgdelphig cd tdi 67,3% ngydi My g i c Viet s i n g tgl nha hp sd hdu, chT cd 32,7% sdng nha hp thue Cd nha d la mdt phin gilc mg My cua ngydi Viet d day (Austin Argentieri, 2011) Tai p h i Philadelphia, dgc tren dydng Washington cd t h i nhin thiy nhdng khu trung tam thyang mgi s i m u l t trpng dd dg s l ngydi My g i c Viet Idm chii nhy Trung tam Hda Binh Plaza tai 16 St & Washington, Wing Phat Plaza tgl l i s t va Washington, T h i gidi mdi Plaza va sieu thj Oriental tai 6St va Washington Nhdng Trung tam thyang mgi tryde day la nhdng khu cdng nghiep bj bd hoang, da dygc ngydi Vipt h i i sinh, biln thdnh nhdng trung tam thygng mgi -sing dgng Day dygc coi TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HQI so (196) 2015 nhu* la bieu tirorng v§ tinh linh ho^t cua ngum Viet qua trinh thyc hien Giae mc My cua hp Chinh khong gian kien true da tao mgt cam giae v6 "tinh doan k g f cua cgng d6ng ngu'O'i My goe Vi$t tgi Philadelphia Hdi nhap xa hoi va ban sic van hoa Viet Nam Trong cac cupc nghien cCcu thyc dja tai Philadelphia, da s6 sinh vien dai hgc tre ngu'O'i My g6c Viet mu6n du'g'c eong nh$n ban s^c van hoa Viet Nam eua hg, ehu' khong muon bj ggp chung vao cdc nhdm dan tpc chdu A khac, dae biet la khong muon bj hoa trgn vao vSn h6a Trung Qu6c (Aguilar-San Juan, Karin, 2008) Kien true eae khu trung tam thyp'ng mgi nhO'ng ngicai My g6c Viet dilu hanh 6* Philadelphia khae v6i da s6 nhO'ng khu thircng mai cua ngu'O'i Viet 6" cae bang khac vd'i bieu tu'O'ng kien true eua ehg* B^n Thanh of Sdi Gdn No hoan toan tu'O'ng phan vd'i cac khu ph6 Tdu vdi nhO'ng c6ng ehao co mau ehu dao nham gay an lu'gng manh Mgt s6 nha nghien ciJu nhan djnh rdng, sy khac biet ndy CO the la c6 y, nhu* mgt sy khang dinh ehien lu-g-e cua cgng ddng ngu'O'i Viet d' Philadelphia Cach Sydney khoang 20 phut di xe la Cabramatta thu phu eua ngyai Viet Nam tai Australia NhO'ng hoat dgng kmh t l a day d i u ngygi Viet nam giO", ngu'O'i thugc dan toe khae muon Idm vi0c a ddy d i u phai biet tiing Viet Kiln true chg* B i n Thdnh khong chi hi$n di?n cf day md edn hien di$n hau khap nhu-ng bang cd nhieu ngyd-i Viet djnh cu' tren dat My va Australia No khdng chT Id bang chu'ng v l hogt dpng kinh t l ddc tru'ng ma la Wing Phdt Plaza tgi 11St&Washington, Philadelphia, Anh chgp 2014 Chp' Eden a bang Maryland U.S Anh chgp 2014 Thyc dan tgi cac nha hdng Viet Nam tgi Chp' Eden, Maryland U.S Anh chyp 2014 LgTHIMAI - NGLfO'lVIETNAM BINH CLf ii'NU'Ci'CNGOAl,, mdt minh chdng v l s y tri ban s i c van hda cua ngydi Viet djnh cy d nydc ngoai Ngydi My gdc Viet la mpt nhdng nhdm ngygl nhap c y mdi nhit tgi Hoa Ky cung nhy g Australia cho ndn hp v i n cdn cd s y g i n k i t kha chgt ehe vdi nhdng gla tri vdn hda Vipt Nam, dae blpt la nhyng ngydi nhdp oy t h i hp thd nhit B i n nhdng trung tdm thyang mai cua ngydi Vidt, an nhdng mdn an Viet, gap gd ngydi Vidt, ndi tiing Viet, la nhu c i u thygng xuyen cOa ngygl Vipt djnh cy g nydc ngoai Trong ngdi nha ciJa hp khdng t h i thilu ban thd t l tien vdi kiln true ban thd cCia ngydi Vipt Nam va nhdng mdn an Viet m i l bda cam Cha Ben Thanh Anh chgp 2013 gia dinh hang Lya chpn ngydi d l k i t hen dygc coi la mdt ChT bao v l hpi nhap van hda - xa hdi Thyc tien cho t h i y da s l nien Viet Nam, td t h i he thd hai trd di, djnh cu d nydc ngoai chgn nhdng ngydi cung nggin g i c d l k i t hdn Tgy nhidn cd sy khac bidt mdt chiit n i u so sanh gida nam va nd (xem Bang 1) Theo dilu tra nam 2000, cd d i n 1.009.627 ngydi t u l i trd len ty khai ring hp ndi tiing Viet d nha, khiln tiing Viet trd ngdn ngd ddng thd s l nhdng ngdn ngd p h i thdng tgi Hoa Ky (http://vi.wlkipedia.orgAivlki/Ngydi_ My_glc_Vidt) K i t qua khao sat cac cdng d i n g My g i c chau A d p h i Philadelphia, cho t h i y kha nang tling Anh ciia cdng d i n g ngydi My g i c Viet r i t hgn chd so vdi cgc cpng ding ngydi My gdc A khde: cd 58% ngydi My g i c Viet td tuli trd len khdng sd dgng lyg loat tiing Anh Hpc v i n cua ngydi My g i c Viet t h i p nhit so vdi 12 cpng ddng My g i c chau A B i i vdi nhdng ngydi td 25 tuoi trg Idn chT cd 13% cd bing d p dai hpc, 48% cd trinh dp trung hpc Hpc Bang 1: Nci sinh cua vg/ching ciia co dau va chO r l Vidt Nam d Australia (1999 - 2000) Chil re Ngydi Ngydi Ngydi Australia Vi$t Nam nydc kh6c Ngydi Australia Cii ddu Vi0t kiiu a Sydney Anh chgp 2013 Ngydi Viet Nam Tong 43 161 1602 Ngydi nydc khac 216 Ting 1861 260 2023 NguIn: www.VietnameselnAustralia.com.au/Association/Statist ics/Cencus 2001_001 Sumary.asp CabramattaNet.com.auVietnamese Community in Australia TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI so (198) 2015 v i n va kha nang tiing Anh thip la y l u t l quylt (Snh khiln ngydi My g i c Viet khd cd kha nang tilp can den nhdng viec lam cd chuydn mdn va ky nang nghi nghiep, d i n d i n k i t qua cd tdi 59% ngydi My g i c Viet cd thu nhgp t h i p va 31 % thupc dipn ngheo ddi (chT cd thu nhgp kha hgn cdng ding ngydi Lao va Campuchia d My) (US Census Bureau, 2013) KfiT LUAN VA BiNH LUAN Mde dp hdi nhgp xa hpi ciia cdng ding ngydi Vidt tai cac nydc phat triln nhy My va Australia tyang quan vdi cac nhdm nhap cy g i c chdu A khac cd t h i dygc giai thich bdi ly dl ciia hg Bgi da s l ngydi Vipt sang cac nydc phat triln nhy My, Australia qua ccn dydng dl tan chd khdng phai di dan nhy cac nhdm nhap cy chau A khac Chinh dilu ndy d i n d i n sy khac biet, d i u tien la v i n d l tilp can thj trydng lao dpng, nghi nghiep vd tdi san Trong nhdng di dan chdu A khac, vi dij nhy ngydi Philippin va An Bp, hp d i n djnh cy tgi My ty thd la ngydi di cy dygc chuin bj met each chii dpng vdi mpt k l hpgch v l nghi nghiep, tdi san, sdc khde, Nydc My chi yu tidn cho phep nhap cy nhdng ngydi lam nhdng nghi ma nydc My dang thilu, vi dg nhy bac sT, dygc sT, nhit la y ta Da s l ngydi Philippines dygc nhdp cy vao My lam nghi cham sdc ngydi gla, hay lam y ta vi nhu c l u nhan lye cho hai cdng vide g nydc My kha cao B i n g thdi nguIn nhan lye ndy thydng phai dygc dao tgo d c i p dai hpc thi mdi dygc hanh nghi Nhdng ngydi An Bd dygc tuyin sang My, phin Idn Id nhdng ngydi cd it nhit mpt bing dgi hpc, vd r i t nhilu ngydi da cd bing tiln SL Ly la vi n i n kinh t l My dang can lao dpng c h i t lygng cao va thu nhdp cua nhdm lao dpng cao hgn d An B6 nhilu eho ndn nhilu tri thdc An Dp dl cir sang My va hp dygc ngygl My yu tien tuyin dgng K i t qga ngydi nhdp cy An Dp, Philippines cd trinh dd hpc cao nhll chinh la myc tidu chinh sach del vdi ngydi dl c y cua My Da s l ngydi Viet Nam djnh cy g My va Australia la ngydi dl tan Khi hg di phan Idn khdng dygc chuin bj hpc nghi de sang My, cd t h i xin dygc vipc Idm phii hgp vdi nhu c i u thj trydng lao ddng My Hp di hai ban tay tring, hpgc la tai san da bi m i t h i t bj cydp biln B i n nydc My, hp trg nhyng ngydi nghdo Mat khac, tryde d i n My, nhilu ngydi di tan Vipt Nam la nhdng ngydi Ilnh, chya qua mpt chyang trinh dao tao nghe, da nhilu tuli, k l ca nhdng ngydi di theo chygng trinh doan ty gla dinh sau nay, phin ddng la nhdng ngydi td 50 t u l i trd len Trong thj trydng lao ddng My ludn yu tlen ngydi tre, dygc dao tgo chuyen mdn va ky nang dap dng nhu c i u thj trydng tuyin dgng Khdng cd b i n g c i p , chya qga dao tgo, khdng cd tai san lam v i n liing kinh doanh, kha nang tiing Anh rit hgn chi, t i t ca nhyng y l u t l dd lam cho vj the kinh t l - xa hdi cua ngygl Vipt dl tan ggp khd khan, va cd le dd la 1^ chinh khiln nhilg ngygl Viet phai sing nhd vao trg d p cOa chinh phii, dgc bidt Id v l y t l Khi nhgp c y vao cac nydc phat trien nhy Australia, My, s l ngydi cd t h i dl lam r i t it Nhg c i u tlm dygc vipc lam thich hgp vdi chuyen men da dugc dao L£THI MAI - NGirOlVlETNAMBINHCU'dNU'O'C NGOAl tgc tgl Viet Nam la d i l u khdng t h i Nhyng al m u l n t i l p egn dygc vipc lam cd chuyen mdn va ky nang d i u phai dygc dao tgo lgi d mgt trydng dai hpc, trydng n g h i cua nydc sd tgi Tuy nhien, t h i he thd hai cija ngygl Viet djnh c y d nydc ngoai cd trinh dp hpc v i n cao hgn cha dng hp nhilu va t i t nhidn, vj thd kinh t l - xa hdi ciia hp cao hgn, vay chi s l hpl nhgp xa hpi gida cac the he ngydi nhap cy cd sy khac blpt tyang d l l Idn Nghien cdu cung cho thay, ngydi Viet djnh c y d nydc ngoai hpl nhap kinh t l cang cao (cd vj t h i kinh t l xa hpl, thu nhgp on djnh, cd tai san, ) nhu c i u thyc hanh va tri nhdng gia trj, ban s i c van hda Vidt cang cac va cang cd nhilu kha nang thyc hien nhdng nhu c i u dd ddi s i n g hang ngdy vl mat phygng phap ludn, k i t hgp phyang phap djnh lygng vd djnh tinh d l nghien cdu hipn tygng hdi nhgp xa hdi cua ngydi Viet Nam djnh c y d nydc ngoai la mpt s y lya chpn thich hgp Nhdng d d lieu t d cac cau chuyen, nhdng trai nghipm khach the nghien cdu k l lal, nhdng quan sat thyc tlen cudc s i n g , nhdng bdc anh, dygc k i t n i i Igi, khai quat cau chuyen Idn se giup chung thyc khach quan, lam cho t h i gidi xung quanh ta dygc md ta s i n g ddng va cd y nghTa Nhdng cau chuyen Idn cung c i p cho chiing ta mdt c i u true bao triim ldn toan bp nhyng cdu chuyen da nghe k l , k i t hgp Chung mdt t h i chat Che nhy mdt bilu tygng Nhdng hien thyc dd dygc xa hpi chia se va dygc nhilu ngydi c h i p nhdn Bo cung la ly giai thich cho viec chung tdi dgt trpng tam vao vide nghien cdu nhdng dleu gi xay qua trinh ngydi Viet dinh cy g nydc ngoai hpi nhdp vac xa hdi sd tai va ly tgl lai cd nhdng hidn tygng dd VI du, dygc hdi tai bgn rdi Viet Nam djnh cy d nydc ngoai, da s l ngydi da s d dung cau chuyen Idn "Giic ma My" va "Boi ddi" lam cdu tra Idi, the hidn mgc dich di cga hp Cdu chuyen da tdng va v i n cdn la sy ky vpng cua met bd phgn ngydi Viet hien Va nhdng cau chuydn k l , nhdng trai nghipm ciia tdng ngydi cupc da phan anh s i n g ddng ban chit cua nhdng cdu chuydn dd Nd giiip ta kham pha dygc khudn m l u di cy va ca chd c i n thilt d l giiip ngydi di cy vygt qua dygc nhdng rao can, hpi nhap vao xa hdi sd tai, gdp p h i n vao s y phat triln ciJa ca ca nhdn va cdng ding Q ta kham pha dygc ban c h i t cua hidn CHlJ THiCH "'Chitlnh ngydi thuin Vidt, khSng tinh ngydi da chung tOc TAI Lieu TRiCH D A N Aguilar-San Juan, Karin 2008: Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Audrey Singer, Domenic Vitiello, Michael Katz, David Park 2008 Recent Immigration to Philadelphia: Regional Change in a Re-Emerging Gateway BROOKINGS November Austin Argentieri and Ariel Diliberto 2011 In South Phiily, Subtly Staking Territory December 14 TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI so (198) 2015 Australian Bureau of Statistics 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia, xem nOi dung tai http://en.wikipedla.org/wikiA/ietnamese_Australian Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Social Trends -4102.0, 1994: Population Gmwth: Birthplaces of Australia's Settlers Retrieved 2008-03-14 Bao T h i gidi Vipt Nam Tiim nang va phin bo cua ngudi Vipt d nude ngoii http://v™w.tgvn.com.vn/ltemA/N/KieuBao/2012/8/AC00DE8998409F1F/ Daniel Amsterdam 2007 immigration to the City of Philadelphia: An Economic and Historical Oven/iew Philadelphia Migration Project Working Paper December 2007 Elif Kisar Koramaz 2013 The Spatial Context of Social Integration Soc Indie Res, DOI 10.1007/S11205-013-0481-X Accepted: 15 October 2013_ Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Heckmann, F and Schnapper, D (eds.) 2003 The Integration Of Immigrants In European Societies, Stuttgart, Lucius and Lucius 10 http://www.medlaflre.com 11 http://vi.wikipedla.org/wiki/Ngydi_My_g6c_Viet 12 Hoc vipn Ngoai giao 2012 http://www,vietnameseinaustralia,com,au/Association/Statistcs/ Census2001_001Summa ry,asp - Tiem nang va phan bo ciia ngwdi Viit d nwdc ngoii 13 Jacob L Vigdor 2008 - Associate Professor of Public Policy Studies and Economics, Duke University, Faculty Research Fellow, National Bureau of Economic Research: Measuring Immigrant Assimilation In the United States Civic Report No 53 May 2008 14 Jae-Hyp Lee 1998 The Dynamics of Ethnic Identity: Three Asian American Communities in Philadelphia (^sas) 15 John R Logan and Weiwei Zhang, 2013, (Department of Sociology, Brown University): Separate but Equal: Asian Nationalities in the U,S US2010 discover America in a New Cenfu/y June 2013 16 Kibria, Nazli 1994 Household Structure and Family ideologies: The Dynamics of Immigrant Economic Adaptation among Vietnamese Refugees Social Problems 41 (1) 17 Michael Katz, David Park, Audrey Singer and Domenic Vitiello (Michael Katz Walter H, Annenberg Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania), 2008 Recent Immigration lo Philadelphia: Regional Change in a Re-Emerging Gateway Report November 13, 2008 18 My-Thuan Tran 2008 Vietnamese Nail Down the U.S Manicure Business Los Angeles Times Ngay 5/5/2008 Tmy cap 27/10/2009 19 Regional Australia Gmwth Australia (Catalogue 3310.0) ABS Febmary 2001 20 Ruth Alsop, Mette Bertelsen, Jeremy Holland 2006 Trao quyin tmng thue ti: tir phin tich din thuc hiin A World Bank Learning Module May 2007 The International Bank tor Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank Ha Npl: Nxb Van hoa Thong tin 21 The Los Angeles Times 2008 indicted Louisiana Rep William J Jefferson Loses Reelection Bid Associated Press, 7/12/2008 22 True Quynh 2014 Ciu sieu cho tat ci nhu-ng ngudi linh hy sinh vl bien dio Tiln Phong online, ngdy 04/4/2014 23 U.S Cencus Bureau 2000 SF1, table PCT7; Cencus 2010 SF1, Table PCT7 In Asian Americans Advancing Justice: A Community of Contrasts - Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians LE THI MAI - NGU'O'I VIET NAM DINH CU' O NUOC NGOAl and Pacific Islanders in the Northeast 2013 24 U.S Census Bureau, 2006 - 2010 American Community Sun/ey 5-Year Estimates Table B16004 Table B25091 Table B25070 in Asian Americans Advancing Justice- A Community of Contrasts-Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific islanders in the Noriheast 2013 25 US Census Bureauang 2013 2006 - 2010 American Community Sun/ey 5-year Estimates, table B15002 ASIAN Americans Advancing Justice: A Community of Contrasts Boston NewYork Philadelphia 2013 26 US Census Bureau, http://factllnder2.census.gov/faces/tablesen/ices/jsf/pages/ productview xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S0201&prodType=table xem npi dung tai http://www.mediafire com/?s791 b2lzceibrsp 27 United States Census Bureau, 2007 American Community Sun/ey Selected Population Pmfite in the United States, xem npi dung tgl http://www,mediafire,com/?s791b21zceibrsp, 28 Wolfgang Bosswick and Friedrich Heckmann 2006 Integration of IVtigrants: Contribution of Local and Regional Authorities European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Research Institute: European Forum for Migration Studies (EFMS) at the University of Bamberg, Germany, Research managers: Hubert Krieger Foundation Project, Labour Market Mobility and Access to Social Rights for Migrants 29 Wolfgang Jagodzinski: Economic, Social and Cultural Determinants of Life Satisfaction: Are there Differences Between Asia and Europe? Springer Science+Business Media B,V 2009) 30 Xiongfei Cao & Xitong Guo & Hefu Liu & Jibao Gu: The Role of Social Media in Supporting Knowledge Integmtion: A Social Capital Analysis Inf Syst Front DOI 10.1007/S10796-0139473-2 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 31 Yann Algan (Sciences Po), Alberto Bisin (NYU), Thierry Verdier (PSE) 2012 Perspectives on Cultural Integration of immigrants: An intmduction Trong sach Cultural Integration of immigrants in Eumpe Edited by Yann Algan, Alberto Bisin, Alan Manning, and Thierry Verdier Ebook Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King's Lynn ... vdi mde 10,7% (nam 1990), va 4,3% (nam 2000) V l phygng dien hpc v i n - tinh theo s l nam hpc trydng, ngydi Viet cd s l nam hpc binh qudn 11,8 nam vao nam 2010, ngydi Hoa la 13,9 nam, ngydi Philippines... lgi xa hdi, trg giup vide lam (Xuan Linh, 2013) ''Chdng tdi di ew vio Nam nam 1954: Li Sal ti quin Sdi Viet Nam Cdng hda Nam 1993 di cw sang My theo dien HO Thdi gian Sau sang My: hai va ehdng... Jibao Gu 2013) Khi chiln tranh d Viet Nam kit thuc thang 4/1975, ngydi Viet Nam sang djnh cy tgl My tang nhanh Vao cull nhdng nam 1970 va 1980, ngydi Viet Nam, Campuchia va Lao d tgi My da xay
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