Một số rào cản khi phụ nữ tham chính.pdf

-/ e r MOT SO RAO CAN KHI PHU m THAM CHJNH DANG THI TUYET Vdn hda Id khdi niem mang npi hdm rpng vdi rat nhieu cdch bieu khac nhau, lien quan den mpi mdt ddi song vat chdt vd tinb than ciJa ngu'di La san pham ctia lodi ngudi, vdn hda dugc tgo vd phdt triln quan hf qua l^i giiJa ngudi vd xa hpi, song, chinh van hda lai tham gia vao viec tao nen ngudi, tri sir ben virng va trat ty xd hpi Vdn hda du'p'c truyen tir the h^ ndy sang the h | khde thdng qua qud trinh xd hpi hda; dugc tdi tao, phdt trien qud trinh hoait dpng va tuong tde xd bpi ciia ngtrdi Dd cung la trinb d$ phdt trien ciia ngudi va xa bpi, dugc bieu bien cac kieu hinh thuc td chiic ddi song vd hoat d^ng ciia ngudi, ciing nbu gid tri vat chat, tinh than ngirdi tao Binh ddng gidi Id gid tri van hda Nghi quygt Trung uang khda XI (2014) ve xay dyng va phat trien van hda ngudi Viet Nam dap img yeu cau phat trien ben vttng dat nudc khdng djnh; "Van hda la nen lang tinh than ciia xa hdi, la myc tieu dgng lyc phat trien ben vung dat nudc" Nghj quylt cung da xac dinh nhimg bd phgn CO ban nhal cau nen tang tinh than ciia xa hpi bao gdm xay dyng ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien, xay dyng mdi trudng van hda lanh mgnh, xay dung van hda chinh trj va kinh tg nang cao chat lupng hieu qua hoat ddng van hda phat trign cdng nghiep van hda di ddi vdi xay dyng, hoan thien thj trudng van hda, chil ddng hdi nhgp qudc le ve van hda, tilp thu linh hoa van hda nhan loai, Nhu vay, vl ban chat, cac quan niem van hda dugc dua dgu xem van hda nhu hipn than cao quy nhat ciia gia tri ngudi gdn lign vdi cac sang tao phat minh, vdi cac gia tri vat chat va tinh than ngudi sang lao Van hda gan lien vdi binh dang, dan chii, cdng bang, van minh Binh dang gidi ciing la mpt gia trj van hda Trong bdi canh hien nay, ngudi dugc coi la trung lam cua sy phat trign, dupc tao mgi dieu kien phdt trien hai hda ca nang lyc tri tue va the luc thi ygu cau ve su binh dang gidi lai cang dupc cdng ddng xa hdi quan tam C.Marx tirng ndi, "irong tinh hien thuc ciia nd ban chat ciia ngudi la su tdng hda cac mdi quan he xa hdi" dd cd viec tgo cac gia trj van hda dugc xa hdi lya chpn, khao khat hudng ldi Cac gia trj cd vj iri quan trpng Irong ddi sdng linh thdn ciia xa hdi, djnh hudng, chi phdi tinh cam va hanh ddng cua ca nhan va cdng ddng Cac gia tri van hda, vl phuang dien nao dd, da bao ham nhung gia tri vebinh dang gidi van hda dugc xac djnh la nen tang tinh than ciia xa hpi, la ddng lyc, muc tieu ciia sy phat trign Binh dang gidi cung la mgi phuang dien, mdt chi bao ciia mgt xa hdi phat trien Khoan 3, Dieu Luat Binh ddng gi&i ciia Viet Nam (2006) ghi rd: "Binh ddng gi&i la viec nam nir cd vj tri vai trd ngang nhau, dugc tao dieu kien va CO hdi phat huy nang luc cua minh cho sy phat trien ciia cdng dong, ciia gia dinh va thy hudng nhu ve qua ciia sy phat triln dd" Thyc te cho thay, nii gidi va nam gidi cd cupc sdng, nhu cdu, nguyen vgng khac ehju sy tac ddng khdng gidng tir ciing mgt chinh sach mgi bien phap hd trp phat trign Cho nen binh ddng gi&i phdi duac hieu mpt cdch ddy Sd 362 V f l Thang 8-2014 f i l l dil Id nam gi&i vd nu gi&t duac trai nghiem a nhieng diiu kien nhu di phdt huy day dii cdc nim ndng ciia minh, cd ca hgi di tham gia ddng gdp vd hucrng lgt nhic tu cdc hogt dong phdt triin kinh le vdn hda xd hpi ciia quoc gia Chiing ta phai thita nhan rang, su phat trien ciia xa hdi ndi chung va ciia dat nudc ndi rieng gdn lign vdi qua trinh dau iranh kien tri ciia xa hdi cho sy binh dang gidi, vi binh dang gidi ia myc lieu chung ciia xa hdi Nhu vay binh dang gidi mang y nghTa tich cue, tien bd va nhan van va no ciing la mgt gia tn van hda Bat binh dang gidi la nguyen nhan ciia linh trgng ddi ngheo, la rao can chinh ddi vdi sy phat trien ben vftng ciia xa hgi, la tac nhan gay khdng it lac ddng tieu cyc ldi qudc gia va mpi vign xa hdi Qudc gia nao cdn tinh trgng bat binh dang gidi mang linh phd bien va keo dai thi sg phai tra gia bang sy gia tang doi ngheo, lac hau va cac thiet hai khac Mdt xa hdi mpt qudc gia cd mite dp binh dang gidi cang cao thi qua tang trudng kinh te cang Idn, phye vu ldt cho cdng lac xda ddi giam ngheo xda dan bat binh dang xa hdi Chinh vi vay Dang va Nha nudc de muc tigu phan dau la xay dyng nudc Viet Nam dan giau, nudc manh, dan chil cong bdng, van minh vdi nhieu chii truang chinh sach, chuang trinh nham tao dieu kien de phy nir tham gia vao cdng tac xa hdi Thyc te cho thay, phy mi tham gia vao cdng tac xa hgi, quan ly nha nudc cdn rat it dac biet la td chuc bd ina\ nha^nudc, td chitc dang, td chirc chinh tri - xa hdi Hien nay, d nudc ta, phu nii chjgm Hon 50% ldng sd Ihanh vien xa hdi nhung chigm phan ddng sd nhiing ngudi ngheo khd, ngn nhan ciia cac hanh ddng nguoc dai cd ty le biet chu ndi chung thap hon nam gidi va chat lugng cudc sdng cham dupc cai thien han Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan den hau qua khdng lot ndi tren, nhung dd co nguyen nhan co ban la chiu anh hudng nhiing mat Igc hau ciia lu tudng Nho giao, the hien qua hanh vi gia trudng, cd xu hudng hg thap vj tri, vai trd ciia phu nii xa hdi, coi trpng nam gidi hon nu gidi De tiep tuc Ihiic day binh ddng gidi, 24-12-2010, Thu tudng Chinh phu da ban hanh Quyet dinh 2351/QD-TTg phe duyet Chien luge Qudc gia ve binh dang gidi giai doan 2011 - 2020 va Quylt djnh 1241 /QD-TTg 22-7-2011 phe duyet Chuong trinh Qudc gia ve binh dang gidi giai doan 2011 - 2015 Nhung rao can gia tri binh ddng gidi phu nu tham chinh Binh dang gidi dugc the hien d nhieu phuang dien nhu kinh tg y tl, giao due, chinh tri C) day chiing tdi di sau tim hieu yeu td binh dang gidi chinh trj cdng tac lanh dao quan ly, bd nhiem Chinh van hda cd van Hai Bii Trwng Tranh ctia Dao Hung M l So' 362 Thang 8-2014 GIA B I N H hda chinh tri, dd giiip khdng ngung thay ddi each td chuc xa hdi lam giau cho ddi sdng tinh thdn ngudi Van hda thdng qua cac ITnh vyc hogt ddng eua nd mpt mat dap irng nhu cdu tinh thdn cho xa hdi, mat khac thg hien vai trd cdng cy dl digu chinh xa hpi theo nhung muc tieu nhdt djnh ma chinh tri la yeu to quylt dinh Mdt nhiing myc tieu ma chinh tri hudng tdi la su dan chii, binh dang, cdng bdng xa hdi Thuc hien binh dang gidi ciing chinh la tao cac gia trj dd, vira la muc tigu vira la ddng luc thuc day su phat trien xa hdi Ngugc ddng Hch sii, Viet Nam chiu dd hd hon 1000 nam Bdc thudc, dd cung chiu anh hudng it nhigu ciia van hda phuang Bac Nhirng luan ly, gia tri, chuan myc Nho giao da anh hudng den nhgn thirc, quan niem ciia ngudi dan nudc Viet Trong dd, nhiing quy dinh khdt khe ciia Nho giao da khien cho vi thg, vai trd ciia phu nu han che irong gia dinh cdng ddng va xa hgi Hien thdi cugc da ddi thay, cac gia tri, chuan myc ciia Nho giao ciing ddn dan dugc xoa diu; song, nhan thuc ciia xa hgi ve phu nir vdn cdn nhigu djnh kien khdt khe Chinh dieu da hgn che kha nang va sy thang tien cua phu ntr cac ITnh vyc dd phai ke dgn ITnh vyc chinh trj Cdc ygu td vdn hda dugc coi la cd anh hudng true tigp, quan trgng sy thang tign ciia phy ntr bao gdm: gia trj - quan niem; chuan muc gidi; nhCrng trai nghiem thdng qua qua trinh xa hdi hda ca nhan ciia ban than phu nii lac ddng den sy tham chinh tiln dugc coi Id mau myc xu su ciia phu nii truyen thdng Vdi nhiing quy tac Nho giao phong kien, ngudi phu nit phai xir sy theo dja vi thap kem va dan den tam ly ludn cd mac cam kem cdi so vdi nam gidi He qua la, tu tudng lac hgu trpng nam, khinh nti da dn sau vao nep nghT, hanh vi, each img xir cua ca nam gidi va nir gidi, Hign nay, khdng it nam gidi van suy nghT ve phu nfr theo lu tudng Nho gido trudc day, coi Ihudng kha nang ciia phu nii nhat la coi thudng kha nang lanh dgo va quan ly ciia phy ntt Mgt bd phan nam gidi cd tu tuang khdng phuc tiing phu nii, khdng mudn lam viec dudi sy lanh dao ciia can bd nii Hon nira, tu tudng Nho giao da khien cho mdt bd phan phu nii cdn ty li, an phan, chua chii ddng vugt khd vuan Ign Trong ndi bd phy ntr cdn cd tinh trang niu keo, chua iing hd nhau, Nhu vgy, lu tudng Nho giao da anh hudng rat ldn den nhan thirc va hanh vi ciia mdi ngudi, dd cd phu nti Tu ludng ay da Ird mdt gia tri thang pham hanh ciia ngudi phy ntr va ngudi phy nif hau nhu phai chap nhan vd thi hanh Neu di trai lgi vdi nhiing gia trj dd, hp se bj Ien an va phan xet bdi du luan xa hgi Cd the ndi, nhtrng gid tri thudc ve phu nO nhu phai lam viec nha, biet each cham sdc gia dinh phuc liing va hy sinh da anh hudng den sy tham gia vao cac hogt ddng bgn ngoai xa hgi ciia hp Phy ntt cd quyln ly va binh dang vdi nam gidi tren nhigu phuong dien hem so vdi trudc day; song, gia tri, quan niem truyin Thie nhcif, rdo cdn tu vdn hda Nho gido thdng ve phu ntr gan vdi cdng viec gia dinh dudng nhu thay ddi rat cham chap, chua theo Iruyen thdng Tu ludng Nho giao da an sau vao ngp nghT kjp yeu cau ciia ddi mdi Cac gid tri, quan niem tam ly hdnh ddng quan niem xa hgi ciia dai da phu nir phai biet Io toan cdng viec gia dinh, phy sd ngudi Viet Nam dd cd phy nir dgc biet nii phai biet nudi day cai, phu ntt phai la la lu tudng trgng nam, khinh nii Tu tudng ngudi biet giir hda gia dinh da dugc hien van tdn lgi va dang gay trd ngai ldn cho sy xa hdi hda tir cdn tho au Khi sinh ra, cac be gai da dupc day dd Iam ihl nao 6B trd phat trign ciia phu nii tren nhigu phuang dien, Thuyet tam tdng tie diec da cot chat ngudi ngudi phu nii ngudi me tdt luong phu nii vdi gia dinh vdi ngudi chdng, ngudi lai, cdng vdi nhirng va chain hang vdi nam gidi Ngudi phy nii truyen thong phai ldy nhiing ngudi than, dac biet la ngudi me, ngudi due hanh, gia dinh lam trpng Niip dudi bdng ba da khien cho cac gid trj, quan niem vl trach chdng con, Io loan gia dinh de chdng thang nhiem, thien chiic cang trd ngn sau sdc han S6362|r| Th^ng 8-2014 nhgn thirc ciia hg Cho nen, vj tri, vai trd cua ngudi phy nti ludn gan vdi trach nhipm gia dinh va cai Chinh cdc gia tri, quan niem da trd vat can doi vdi sy tham gia cac hoal ddng ben ngodi xa hdi Bdi le, neu phu nii mudn tham gia tdt cac hogt ddng xa hdi thi hg phai can jam trdn bdn pban, trach nhiem vdi gia dinh Dieu dd, vd hinh chung da khiln phy nOr phai thyc hipn nghTa vu kep va hp cung phai ddi dien vdi van dl lam Ihl nao 66 vai trd kep deu dugc v?n ca ddi dudng Nhiing trd ngai ay de dan den can bd nii gap han ehe viec nang cao trinh dp chuygn mdn trinh ly lugn chinh trj he qua la dan den hgn chg vg kha nang ldnh dgo, nang luc quyet doan Cudi ciing, phy nii it ca hpi tham gia vao cac vj tri chii chdt cac quygt sach quan trpng, thieu sy iing hp ciia cap dudi Tit dd hinh anh nu" lanh dao cac co quan dan v d dia phuong md nhgt hon rat nhigu lan so vdi nam gidi Nhin chung phu nu: vln chua cdi bd hoan loan chiec ao van hda da dugc cdng ddng va xa hdi gdn cho hp dudi danh nghia vai trd thien chuc, cho nen dudng chitc nghiep ciia can bd nii van cdn nhieu chdng gai Vi vay dg can bd nii tham gia cac quyet sach mpt each day dil can phai tdng cudng nang cao vi the ciia hp cac vi tri chien luge ma d dd, can can quyen lyc ngang bdng giOa nam gidi va phu ntr Thir hai, rdo cdn chudn muc gi&i vd dinh kien giai Thuc te cho ihay, hinh anh ciia mdi gidi ludn dugc xa hdi gdn vdi nhiing ky vpng va mong dgi cu the Trong gia dinh phy nii ludn dugc xd hdi ky vpng la ngudi giii lira, cdn nam gidi ludn dugc xem la ngudi try cdi gia dinh Ngoai cdng ddng nam gidi dugc ky vgng la nhiing ngudi cd dia vi cao xa hdi, cdn ddi vdi phu nii, dudng nhu su ky vgng ciia xa hdi rat md nhat Do dd, hinh anh lanh dgo quan ly ciia mdi gidi se dupc xa hpi xay dung rat khac Viec xay dung hinh anh lanh dgo ciia moi gidi ehju sy anh hudng ciia cac chuan myc xa hpi Hp qua H I So 362 Thang 8-2014 ciia sy rap khudn gidi linh irong viec xay dyng hinh anh da dan tdi su thien Ipch can can co hpi thdng tiln ciia mdi gidi Va dT nhign bat Igi \%\ roi vao trudng hgp nii gidi Trong che dp gia trudng ngudi dan dng ludn dugc gdn cho nhiing trpng trach "tg gia, iri qudc, binh thien hg" Trong do, ngudi phu nit lai bj coi nhu mdt phdn tdi san ciia ngudi dan dng, chiu sy kiem soat ciia dan dng mgi hoan canh, mpi ITnh vyc nhu phap luat kinh tg, chinh tri van hda Hp cho rdng, hau het hp thong chinh trj xa hgi, d tat ca cac cap dp deu ngudi dan dng chi phdi, lir cac hdi ddng lang xa cho din nghi vipn Chi mdt sd it phy nti: cac dang hoge td chitc chinh trj quyet djnh so phgn ciia dat nudc Tham chi sd phy nS co chiic vu chinh trj quan trgng thi luc dau hp cflng cd sy dan ddt ciia dan dng Tir thyc tg ndi tren, chiing la thay rang hinh anh ciia ngitdi phy nft ldnh dgo dudng nhu bj md nhat bdi le, xa hpi mac nhign cd ihdi quen, suy nghT coi cdng vi?c la ciia nam gidi Mpt he qua ciia sy phan biet ve hinh anh lanh dao nam va ntr la phu nti gap nhieu kho khan han nam gidi xem xet, cat nhdc vao vj tri lanh dgo Khi tham gia vdo chinh trudng, mdi gidi se cd nhttng thg manh ngng ciia hp, song dudng nhu dudng tham chinh ciia phy nCt gap nhieu chdng gai Hon Nhu da phan tich, phu nti gap vd sd rao can nhu dinh kien gidi ganh ngng cdng viec gia dinh nhirng chi'nh sach quy djnh lign quan den chg nghi huu, cahpi dao tao Mdt thuc te khac, nam gidi khdng mudn chap nhan cap tren ciia minh la phu nii Digu cho thay, cdc gid tri Nho gido vdn cdn suy nghT nhdn thirc vd hdnh vi ctia nam gi&i Boi theo cac gia tri truyen thdng, phu nti la nguoi phu thugc, khdng gian boat ddng ciia phy nii dupc gdi trpn d gia dinh vdi vai trd xay td am, trdch nhipm cua phu ntr la cham sdc gia dinhva cai Cpng vdi gia tri truyen thdng ddi vdi nam gidi nhu phai la ngudi try col, la ngudi I3nh dgo mdt bd phan nam gidi khdng chap nh?n cap tren la phy nii Va neu cd, hp cung sg chdp ftJlAOlNH nhgn mdt each miln cudng Do dd, dg tao thi can bdng giiia nam va nii dudng dua chinh trudng, cdn phai cd thay ddi nhgn thitc, hanh vi khdng chi cua nam gidi ma todn xa hdi vl cac gia trj chuan myc truyin thdng ddi vdi nam gidi va phu nii Nhu vay, chinh cdc chudn muc gidi cho phu nii va nam gidi da tgo ylu Id sau xa din din dinh kien xa hpi ddi vdi phy ntr lanh dao, quan Iy Dinh kiln dy se la trd ngai ddi vdi can bd dudng chitc nghiep va lam cho dudng ay cang gian nan hon Thie ba, nhieng trdi nghiim cua phu nie tham gia ldnh dgo, qudn ly Trai nghiem ciia ban than phu nii la qua trinh hp ciing hgc hdi cdc gia trj, chudn muc xa hpi dl rdi cd nhting hanh vi dng xit phii hgp vdi mong dpi, ky vpng ciia xd hpi, Trong thyc tl, moi ca nhdn dgu cd mpt khat vpng va mdu hinh dl Iam muc tigu cho minh phdn ddu Dieu dd the hign rat ro thdng qua sy trai nghiem ciia ban than chudi tha du cho den trudng Tuy nhign, trai nghigm dy ciing khdng thi vugt qua cac gia tri, chuan myc ciia xd hdi quy djnh Va, sy trai nghiem cd giiip gi cho can bd nff trd can bp ldnh dao, qudn ly hay khdng? Trong qua trinh chuc nghiep phu nii ludn ky vpng rat ldn ve sy iing hd ciia ngudi than, dac biet la ngudi chdng Bdi vi, ngudi chdng la ngudn dpng vign va chia se Idn nhdt ciia phy nii tham gia ISnh dgo quan ly Bgn canh dd, trai nghipm tir nhiing ngudi ldnh dgo lot cung trd bieu tugng khidn cho bdn than can bd nii mong mudn tham gia ldnh dgo quan Iy Nhin chung, m6i nhdm cdn bp d tirng bdi canh thdi gian, khdng gian, van hda dgu cd sy khac vg nhiing trai nghiem cugc sdng cua ban than Song, trdi nghipm ndy chi ndm khudn khd cua cdc gid tri, chudn muc ctia xd hpi quy dinh cho hg Do dd, nd khdng phai nhan td quyel dinh sy tham gia ldnh dgo, quan ly cua can bg nti ma chi la nhan td xuc tac de giiip hp den dich nhanh va an toan ban dudng dua tham chinh Nhu vay, yiu id vdn hda, cy the la cac gid tri chudn muc, mdi la ygu td dnh hu&ng true tiep vd quyit dinh din nhan thiic va hanh vi cua phu ntr va nam gidi vl vi tri, vai trd ciia hg ITnh vuc chinh tri Vi thi, dl tao thi can bdng giffa nam va nii dudng dua chinh trudng, cdn thay ddi nhgn thuc vd hdnh vi viec thuc hien cdc gia tri, chudn myc gidi dugc xa hdi mac dinh cho mdi gidi Viec lam khdng chi rieng phu nti ddu tranh dg thuc hien ma can cd su chung tay gdp sue ciia nam gidi va loan xa hgi Cd nhu vay co hdi Iham chinh se chia dgu cho nam gidi va phu ntr, gdp phan lgo binh dang gidi ITnh vyc chinh tri d bdi canh tucmg lai Tdm lai, sy anh hudng ciia cac yeu td vdn hda nhu gia trj, chuan myc va djnh kiln gidi den sy tham gia lanh dao, quan ly ciia phu nti, gitia nhgn thiic va thuc lien cd mdt khoang each nhdl dinh bdi vi cac gia tri, quan nigm truyin thdng vdn cdn hien hiru mdi trudng hanh dpng cua hp Vai trd te gia ngi trg van ddng vai trd chii yeu ddi sdng hang ciia ngudi phy nti Nd the hien qua sy lya chgn cac gia trj cho ban than va phan cdng lao dgng gia dinh Hinh anh ciia phy nii vdn gdn vdi gia dinh, ndi trp, cham sdc va nudi day cdi Dieu phan dnh rdng, mac dii bdi canh xa hdi da ddi thay nhung cac gid trj quan niem truyen ihdng vl thien chiic cua phu nii van cdn tuong ddi nang ne ddi sdng chinh tri - xd hgi va dang cd nhtrng tac ddng nhat djnh Trong do, hinh anh lanh dgo nam ludn dugc xuat hien vdi bilu hien quygt doan, day uy lyc De rdi, kit qua la cd sy khac biet rd viec cat nhdc, dk bgt, quy hogeh va dao tao Sau xa hem, vdn cd tinh trgng dd ky, phdn xei khdt khe ddi vdi lanh dgo nii va nam gidi dugc uu tien cudc choi chinh trudng Dgc biet, dgt boi canh ddi vdi cac dan tpc it ngudi thi nhiing ygu td van hda nhu: cac chuan myc gidi truyen thdng, cac tgp quan, phong tyc, Iudt Ie cua tpc ngudi da anh hudng khdng nhd nhieu trudng hgp, no da tao nhiing rdo can ma phy nii khd cd thi dl vugt qua de tham gia vdo he thdng chinh tri cua dja phuong cung nhu phdn ddu trd thdnh lanh dgo qudn Iy d cdp cao han J D.TT Sd362|JJ Th^ng 8-2014 ... sy tham gia cac hoal ddng ben ngodi xa hdi Bdi le, neu phu nii mudn tham gia tdt cac hogt ddng xa hdi thi hg phai can jam trdn bdn pban, trach nhiem vdi gia dinh Dieu dd, vd hinh chung da khiln... nam gidi xem xet, cat nhdc vao vj tri lanh dgo Khi tham gia vdo chinh trudng, mdi gidi se cd nhttng thg manh ngng ciia hp, song dudng nhu dudng tham chinh ciia phy nCt gap nhieu chdng gai Hon... se Idn nhdt ciia phy nii tham gia ISnh dgo quan ly Bgn canh dd, trai nghipm tir nhiing ngudi ldnh dgo lot cung trd bieu tugng khidn cho bdn than can bd nii mong mudn tham gia ldnh dgo quan Iy