jjHI TCTOk TRITHDCBANDIA • TS NGUYEN DANH TIEN tudng thuc nghiem, cdch ngudi phdt trien Vien Lich su Ddng, cdc y tuong, khdi nilm vd thdi dp dl thue hien Hgc vi$n Chinh tri qudc gia Ho Chi Minh edc hogt dOng hdng Nghien cthi iing dung tri thiie ban dia tir linh vuc nghiin eiiu phdt triln cho thdy, tri thiic ban dia la cac truyen thdng ldu ddi, cac rong nhung nam gdn ddy d Viet Nam, kinh nghiem, thuc tiln sdng cua mdt cdng thudt ngii "tri thuc ban dia" (Indige- ddng lien quan din mdi trudng tu nhiln, xd nous Knowledge), "tri thiie dia hdi, ddi sdng, tu eiia cOng ddng Tri phuang" (Local Knowledge) dupc sii dung thiic bdn dia bao gdm cdc logi tri khdn, kinh ttong mpt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu vol nhilu nghiim, phong tuc, Ie thdi iing xii, cde bdi hpc ten gpi khae nhau: "tri thuc dia phuong", cua mpt cOng ddng Tri thiie ban dia dupc "kien thiic ban dia", "kien thirc dia phuang", tti, phat trien mdt thdi gian dai vdi su "vdn hda truyin thdng", "tri thiie dan gian", tuong tde qua lai rat gan gui giiia eon ngudi "ban sdc vdn hda tde ngudi", "tti thiie tpc vdi mdi trudng tu nhien Tap hpp nhung bilu ngudi", "phpng tuc tap quan", biit, kien thue vd theo nghia la mdt phan Trin thi gidi, thu^t ngii "Tri thiie bdn dia" ciia tdng hda van hod bao gdm cd he thdng dupc dung Idn ddu rien dn pham cda ngdn ngii, each dinh danh vd phdn loai, Robert Chambers xudt ban nam 1979 Sau dd, phuong thiic su dung tdi nguyen, cdc 11 nghi, Brokensha vd D.M.Warren sii dung vao ndm gid tri tinh than vd thi gidi quan 1980 vd tilp tuc phdt trien eho din nay"' Nhiing tri thuc la nin tang ca sd dl dua Mdt sd cdng trinh nghiin ciiu ciia hpc gid nhirng quylt dinh vl nhilu phuang dien eo nudc ngoai dd de cap den tri thiic ban dia va ban ciia cudc sdng hang ngdy tai dia phuang vai ttd cua nd ddi vdi su phdt trilnttongxd hdi nhu khai thde tu nhiln, cdc he thdng eanh tde dirong dai'^' D.M.Warren dinh nghia: Tri thirc va chdn nudi, tim kilm ngudn nudc, tu bao ve bdn dia Id nhtrng be thdng tri thiie va thuc va chdm sdc sire khoe bdn than; va su thich nghiim duoc phdt triln qua nhilu thi h | nghi vdi nhung thay ddi eiia mdi trudng ttong mdt Iinh vi^c cu thi tdi mdt nin van hda Tri thiic ban dia dupc hinh thdnh tiong qud chuyin biet Charies P Keyes cho rdng, he trinh tiai nghiem vd due kit qua su chpn lpc thdng tri thirc truyen thdng dupc eoi la cdc tu qua trinh van dpng cua cudc sdng, T LYLUAN CHfNH TR!-So 6/2014 n3_ TCreifN Md hudng dgn su thich nghl vdi dac digm van boa, xa hoi va mdi tnrong Nd ludn duoc lam giau qua viec tich hop cac kinh nghiem mdi hoac tri thilc mdi cd duac tu qua trinh tigp bign van boa Trgn thuc thg, bgt ky nhdm cdng ddng nao cung cd tri thuc ban dia: ndng thdn va thi; ngudi dinh cu va ngudi du cu; ngudi ban dia va ngudi nhap cu Qua trinh giao luu, xao trdn dan cu cung se dan dgn viec hinh cac tri thuc ban dia mdi, trgn CO sd cua qua trinh tigp xuc va bign ddi, dao thai (nhung gi khdng cdn phu hop) va tich hpp (tigp thu nhirng ygu td mdi cd Ieh), thudng duac gpi bing mdt thugt ngu mang tlnh bao quat hon la tri thuc dia phuang (7ocalknowledge] Cd nhigu each phan loai tri tbuc ban dia theo nhirngtiguchi khac nhau, thudc vao tung chuygn nganh khoa hpc Cac nha dan tpe hgc thudng phan loai nhu sau: - Su nhan biet cac ygu td tu nhign (dac digm dia hinh, dia mao, thd nhudng, cac dac tlnh sinh hpc cua ddng - thuc vat, hau - thdi tigt, ngudn nude ), cac kinh nghigm khai thac, su dung va quan ly cae ygu td dd - Cae tri thirc hgn quan den qua trinh muu sinh (cae phucmg thuc muu sinh va cdng cu thuc hanh sinh kg cu the, cac gidng cay trdng - vat nudi, mda vu ) - Cac tri thuc hgn quan den ddi sdng vat chat (thdn lang, nha cua, trang phuc, an thuc udng, phuongtienvan chuygn) - Cac Oi thucttongviec quan ly xahdi (tiiigt che tu quan thdn lang vdi vai trd cua luat tuc, ngudi gia va cac thu Unh, ddng hp va gia dinh) - C^c tri thuc ttong ddi sdng tinh thgn (tin nguang, lich phap, y - dupc thuat, cac chuan muc ttong ung xu va giaotigpxa hpi, cac loai hinh van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian) Lf LUAN CHlNHTRf-So 6/2014 Su phan loai theo phuang phdp dan tpc hpc khdng mau thuan vdi each phan loai ciia eac nganh khoa hoc khac Nd khdng chuygn sau ban theo mpt tri thuc eu thg niio dd nhung lai mang tinh bao qu^t toan dign ban so vdi cac nganh khoa hpc chuygn biet bdi dg cap, phan tich nhieu ban vg cac ygu td ngudi va xa hdi Trong bdi canh eua mdt nen khoa hoc lien - da nganh, su ket hgp giira cdng tac nghign euu ea ban vg dan tde hpc vdi cac nganh khoa hgc chuyen sau la hgt siic cgn thigt Trudc day, tri thuc ban dia - tri thde dia phuang thudng dupc hieu la ddi lap vdi "kign thuc chinh thdng" (formal knowledge] "kign thuc khoa hgc", "Qudc tg" hay "Hien dai" - he thdng kign thde phSt trign phin ldn dua trgn nen tang giao diie, dupc cac trudng dai hgc, vien nghign ciiu, su dung phuang ph4p kboa hpc xay diflig nen; duoc kigm chiing phdng thi nghigm, dugc x4c nhan nhirng vSn kien, nhirng nguyen tie, lujt lg, nhirng quy dinh va tSng ky thuat Song thuc te cho thSy, sau mdt qui trinh giao Itm va bien ddi, dao thii va tich hop, tigp thu va eai bien, da cd nhieu digm chdng chgo giua kign thuc ban dia va kien thuc khoa hpc; nhigu kign thuc phuang TSy da duac ban dia had kign thuc cua ngudi dgn ngn nhieu se rat khd phan bigt giua hai loai kign thuc nhirng qudc gia dang phattiign,he thdng tri thiic ban dia ludn tdn tai song song vdi cdc he thdng kign thiic chlnh thdng Tign si John Ambler eho rtog: "Tri thuc dia phuong cd thg dupc phan biet lam hai lo^ chlnh Mdt loai cd thg duac gpi la "tri thiic ky thugt" Mpt loai khae hgn quan dgn cac tgn ggi nhu: "luat lg dia phuang" hoac la "phong tuc" hay tuc le Tuc le cdn ddng vai ttd quan trgng ban ttong nhilu hoat ddng xa hdi, cd tde ddng thuong mgi eua tri thiic ban dia tren thuc t l din qudn ly tai nguyen thiln nhiln dia cdn rat ldn Nhu vay, tri thiic dia phuong phirong Tue Ie ciing cd tbi quy dinh quy ehl khdng nhung ehi cd gid tri phuc vu eae giai khac nhu; ngudn nudc ndo dupe phdn phdp phat triln, md nd edn la kho bau vdn phdi cho be thdng tuoi tilu d vimg cao, dupc hda can dupe bao ve va sii dung that hiiu ich Trong lanh dgo su nghiip xay dung va bdo phip hogt ddng d khu rung ndo, bao lihllu sue vat cd the chan tha d nhirng ddng ed riing, ky ve Td qude Dang va Nha nudc Vilt Nam da cd nhdn thiic, ddnh gid dting giattiva vai trd cua thugt eaiih tde ndo dupc chap nbdn"'^' Nhu viy, tri thiic ban dia la tii thuc dugc tri thiic ban dia Phat huy gid tri tri thiic ban hinh thinh tiong qua ttinh lich sulau dai, qua dia da gdp phdn quan trpng vdo viec giai kinh nghiim dng xd cua ngudi vdi mdi quylt ede van dl dia phuong • tiudng va xa hoi; duac luu tiuyin tu ddi qua ddi khie qua tii nhd, qua thuc tiin sin xuit va thuc hinh xa hoi Tri thuc ban dia chiia dung tit ci cac linh vuc cua cuoc sdng xa hoi nhu sin xuit luang thuc, thuc phim, chin nudi; cit truva che biin thiic in; thu hii, sudung cay thudc vi cich chda binh; truyin thukiin thuc qua cic thihe giio due; bio ve, quin ly va khai thic hap ly cic ngudn tii nguyin thiin nhien; td chuc quin ly cdng ddng, gia tri xa hdi, cac luit li truyen thdng lang ban Tri thiie ban dia cd tam quan trpng Idn vile thuc hiln cdc du dn phdt triln mangtinhben viing cho nin khdng nhiing chi cac nudc dang phdt triln ma cac nudc cd nen (1) Hoang Xuan Ty va L6 Trgng Cdc, iien thuc dan khoa hpc phdt triln eao cung rdt ehu y suu dia cua ddngbao vHngcao ndng nghiep va tam, phan rich vd iing dung tri thiie ban dia, quan iy tii nguyen thiennhien, Nxb Nong nghigp, nhdm tim kilm nhiing giai phdp quan Iy ben HaNgi, 1998, tr.l2 viing ed truyin cung nhu gia tri cua cac tai (2) Xem Pham Quang Hoan, "Tri thiic dia phuong nguyen ma khoa hpc hiln dgi ehua biet tdi (tri thiic tmyIn thdng) ciia cac dan t6e thieu sd Viec phdt huy va dp dung tri thiic dia Viet Namttongddi sdng xa hgi duong dai", Thdng phuong trin thi gidi da mang lgi nhilu thdnh bao Dan tgc hgc, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hfii, Ha Ngi, cdng ldn Dd Id viec hop tac vdi thd dan tten 2005 mil eao ttdng khoai tdy bdng hat da tgo dupc (3) John Ambler: Kinh nghiim nghien cdu phat gidng khoai sach benh d PIru Rat nhieu trien mien niii: Mgt sdn^t Idiai quit tu chau A, Ba nghien cuu cho rdng, da dang sinh hpc phai cao tai Hpi thao khoa hpc "Su dung hop ly tai van dung tri thiie bdn dia ndm ttong nen van nguyen thien nhien va bao ve moi trudng vung hda cila cdc tde ngudi dia phuong Gid tri Binh - Tri - Thien, Hug, 25 din 29-3-1996 LfLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 6/2014 ... vai trd cua thugt eaiih tde ndo dupc chap nbdn"''^'' Nhu viy, tri thiic ban dia la tii thuc dugc tri thiic ban dia Phat huy gid tri tri thiic ban hinh thinh tiong qua ttinh lich sulau dai, qua... gia tri xa hdi, cac luit li truyen thdng lang ban Tri thiie ban dia cd tam quan trpng Idn vile thuc hiln cdc du dn phdt triln mangtinhben viing cho nin khdng nhiing chi cac nudc dang phdt triln... nhu gia tri cua cac tai (2) Xem Pham Quang Hoan, "Tri thiic dia phuong nguyen ma khoa hpc hiln dgi ehua biet tdi (tri thiic tmyIn thdng) ciia cac dan t6e thieu sd Viec phdt huy va dp dung tri thiic