Tư tưởng Nho giáo về giáo dục ở Việt Nam.pdf

I TIT tirong Nho giao ve giao due a Viet Nam Nguyin Hiln Lirong' Tom tai: Cac hpc phai triet hpc Trang Qudc thdi co dai da co nhihig quan diem rieng ciia minh ve giao dye Trong cac hpc phai tu tudng ay, tu tudng cua Nho giao la phong phu, hf thdng nhat va tiep tuc van dpng, phat trien, ddng vai tro chu lini thdi ky trang cfi Tu tudng ciia Nho giao vl giao dye da cd anh hudng Idn din nen giao due Vift Nam thdi ky phong kien va hien Lam ro anh hudng cua tu tudng Nho giao dot vdi nen giao d\ic Viet Nam hifn la viec lam quan trpng, gdp phan thyc hifn co hifu qua chii tmcmg ddi mai toan difn nen giao dye Vift Nam Tir khda: Tu tudng Nho giao; giao dye Vift Nam; phong kiln Tir tudng Nho giao ve giao di^c ot Vift Nam thdi phong kien Nfin gido due that sir cd he thfing, ed tfi chftc d Viet Nam thdi phong kifin la nfin giao due Nho hpe vdi vdn tu chft Han Theo Dao Duy Anh thi td tien ta bdt diu hpc chft Han tft thdi Bdc thudc qua tifip xuc, giao luu vdi ngudi Han sang cai tri Viet Nam; qua nhftng ngudi nha su, dgo si phd bifin cae dao Phgt, Lao, Khdng Cac trifiu dgi phong kien phuong Bdc dfi hp khong quan tam dfin dgy eho ngudi Vift Nam, ma ehi ehu frpng day cho nhftng ngudi mang ddng mau Han Thai ky ddu ddt nudc mdi gidnh duac dgc lgp (939 - 1009), dudi cac trifiu dgi Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le, vific hpc lue tifin hdnh frong cdc trudng tu va chua, nhung chua phdt trifin*'' Trieu Ly ton tgi 215 ndm, trai qua chin ddi Vua (1010 - 1225) nhftng tiianh tuu ITnh vuc xay dyng dat nudc Id nen tang dfi nha Ly phat trien vdn hda giao due vd tgo ddi song tinh thdn cho mdt qudc gia ddc lap Nha Ly chft truang day, hpc theo che dp Nho hpc, tach Nho hpc khdi 94 mdi trudng nha chfta d l tuyin chpn d$i ngu quan Iai cai tri bd may hanh chinh vd ldm cdng tac truyen bd dgo Khong Ddy la sy dinh hudng ca ban, nin tang ve vj tri, nhifim vu, vai frd cfta giao dye khoa cu ddi vdi qua trinh xay dyng, phdt trifin dit nudc cfta qufic gia phong kien Vift Nam Triiu dgi nhd Trdn ton tgi 175 ndm, Gii qua 12 ddi vua (1225 - 1400) K I tiifta, phat huy nhftng thartii tuu gido dye thdi Lf, nha Tran tifip tue chu truang giao dye Nho hpc de chpn ngudi tai, ddm ducmg cdng vific xd hpi, cai tri dit nudc Thdi Trdn chl dp hpc hanh va thi cu cang cd quy cu va chinh quy hda Tgi kinh thanh, nha nudc lap Qudc hpc vifn Chftc hpc quan ddn dan dat dfin cap 16, phu, chdu Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhiing ldp hpc tu cac nha Nho md The Ifi thi cft vd cae hpe vi dupc quy dinh chinh thftc Tang ldp nho si cdng ddng, quan Iai xuit than tu Nho sT cdng chilm uu *' Tien si, Tnrdng D?i hpc Y Hd Nfi DT: 0906401665 Email: tranvantruong@gmai).com "* Pham Minh Hac (1994), Gido due Viit Nam tntdc ngudng eita the ky XXI, Nxb Chfnh U\ quoc gia, Hd Npi, tr.43 Tu tttang Nho gido vi gido dgc a Viit Nam thfi Tft frong ting ldp nay, xudt hifin nhifiu nha tu tudng, nhd tha, nha vdn, cac hpe gia xuat sac nhu Chu Van An, Lfi Vdn Huu, Nguyen Thuyen Nho giao pbat trifin manh me cd chifiu hudng ldn at Phdt giao Thanh tuu quanfrpngthdi Tran la chu Ndm bdt diu dupc phd bifin va van dung vdo sang tac van hpc*^\ Trieu dgi nhd Ho ton tgi ndm (1400 1407), da kfi thfta eae tuu dgy, hpc, thi cfta nha Tran,tifiptye trifin khai va cd nhftng cai each mdi Hd (Juy Ly phdn ddi ldi hpc sdo rong, hpc vet, dem ldi ndi cd nhan dp dyng mpt cdch may mdc dfi xet vifie trudc mdt Ong dich Kinh thu chft Nfim dl day hpc Nha Hd tri hogt dfing ciia (Judc Tft Giam, ldp cdc trudng hpc d cac phft, ly, td chftc ky thi Thai hpc sinh, chpn duac 20 ngudi tai cd Nguyen Trdi Triiu Le Sa keo ddi 99 ndm, trai qua 10 ddi vua (1428 - 1527), da gan vdi ten tuoi nhftng vi vua anh minh, tai gidi, thuc thi nhQng chinh sach tien bp ve giao dye Nho hpc, lam cho dat nudc phat triln, cd nhifiu tyu rue r9 Nha Lfi md mang vifc giao dye thi cft vd xdy dung m§t che dp dao tgo nho sT va quan lai rdt chinh quy CJ kinh cd Qude Tft Giam hay Thai hpc vifin; d cac vung dong bdng cd cdc trudng qude lap vd trudng tu thuc Che dp thi cft nfi nep, quy cft Nhin chung cbfi dp giao due, thi cft ddi Lfi cd phin rpng rai ban trudc, bfin canh nhung em quy tdc, quan lgi cdn ca em binh ddn diu dupc di hpc va di thi*'**- MifiiL Dudi trifiu dgi nha Mae nhifiu ngudi dgt, khfing lam quan, vfi qufi md trudng dgy hpc nhu Nguyfin Binh Khiem Nha Mgc da md 19 khoa thi Dmh, cd 438 tifin sT, dd cd 11 trang nguyen, 11 bang nhan, 19 thdm hoa Nhd Mgc trd trieu dgi thi Dinh liy tifin sT dfiu ddn nhdt Ngay cdn mpt tdm bia thdi dgi Mac Ddng Duy ttong Qude Tft Gidm'** Triiu dgi Hgu Le (Le Trung Htmg) ton tgi 255 ndm (1533 - 1788) Trong phgm vi kifim soat tft Thanh Hda dfin Thudn Hda, nha Lfi Trung Hung mfit mgt chong lai nhd Mac, mat khac da eo gang gdy dung nen giao dye d vimg va dd ed nhihig cdng nhit dinh: triing tu tdn tao Qudc Tu Gidm, tnrdng cdng md tdi cdp phu, trudng tu tdn tai dfin cap xd, tri thi Huong, ndm mpt Idn thi Hdi Td chftc dupc 23 khoa thi Dinh, lay 343tiensT Thai cdc Chda Ngi^in cd 10 ddi chfta, khdi ddu la Nguyen Hoang (1600 - 1613), cufii cftng la Nguyen Anh (1780 - 1802) Dft vifc td chuc thi cft chua bang Dang ngoai, nhung dfi dap iing tinh hinh thuc te, eae khoa thi hoa vdn, thdm phdng, tam ty dd dupc md dfi chpn nhiing ngudi Iam vifie Tu thfi k>' XVIII, cac gido sT phuang Tdy da vao nudc ta truyfin dgo Thien chua Dfi thudn tifin cho cdng viec truyen gido, nhieu giao sT da hpc tifing Viet va dftng chft Latinh ghi am tieng Viet Ket qua, cudn tft vung An Nam dupc mpt sd giao sT soan, in hanh Cuoi thfi ky XVIII, ddu the Triiu dgi nhd Mgc ton tgi 66 ndm, trdi ky XDC, cfi dgo Pignean de Be'haine (Ba qua ddi vua (1527 - 1592) Do danh gja nha Mgc la ngyy trifiu, nen cac sft gia phong '^' (1976) Lich su Vi^t Nam, t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xS kiln it ghi chep, bdo ton tu lieu Iich sft Nha hpi,HaN0i.tr.2I6-218 Mgc tilp tyc kl thira phdt triln cac "*5arf,tr.279 *' > Nguyin Minh San (Chii bien) (2010), Mudi thi ky tyu giao dye va thi eft thdi Lfi Sa, dd lam gido due vd dao tgo Viit Nam, Nxb Dan tri, Hd Npi, dupc nhilu vific tifin bfi nhu trung tu Van tr.75 95 Tgp chi Khoa hQC xd hgi Viet Nam, so 7(92) - 2015 Da - Ldc) da xudt ban tu difin An Nam - La tinh (1836)*^* Dudi thai Tdy San (1778 - 1802), cftng vdi vific phye hfii kinh tfi, vua Quang Trung rit quan tdm chdn van hda, giao due: lap cac nha hpc, chpn Nho sT cd ttinh dp lam giang dy tai cac nhd hpc; tfi chftc thi Huong chpn ngudi tai, Idy hang uu hpc qudc hpe, bang thft hpc trudng phu Vua Quang Trung coi ttpng ngudi tai, tap hpp eac ngudi tai Nho hpc thdi phuc vy cbo eac hogt dpng qudn su, ngogi giao vd coi vifie day hpe nhu Ngfi Thi Nham, Phan Huy Ich, Ninh Ton, Nguyen Cau, Nguyen Du, Nguyin Thifp Quang Trung rat coi ttpng dgy vd hpc chft Nfim, giiy td giao dich frongfrieudinh vifit bdng chft Nfim de cd nang lye difin dat, trinh bay nhiing tu tudng Nho giao bang cac bai tha, phu, vdn Trong thyc tfi, mye tifiu ttd thdnh muc tieu chinh Xudt phat tft myctifiuiy, d nudc ta ttong gin 10 thfi ky phong kiln, chuang ttinh giao due chft yfiu la giao due dao dftc, khfing cd ngdnh nghfi khoa hpc ty nhifin, khoa hpc k^ thudt, kbdng ed ehuang trinh day ngudi vfi san xuat ndng nghifp Trong thdi gian dai, Triiu Lfi tfi chftc thi toan, thi tuyen luang y; nha Hd cd td chftc thi todn; cac trieu dgi sau khdng kl thira, phat trien 2.2, Npi dung gido dftc Npi dung cua nen gido due Nho hpc Vifit Nam thdi phong kifin Id coi frpng giao dye dgo due, khinh tai tri, vi dfii vdi quan cai tri, Trieu Nguyen ton tgi 143 ndm (1802 - can thifit la dftc, cd dftc thi an ddn, cd dftc 1945) trdi qua 13 ddi vua Vfi tfi chftc day thi thfing cdm vdi trdi dat, thi gid hda, mua va hpc, ca ban la rap khudn Trifiu Lfi Tai thudn'^\ cdn kifin thftc va ky ndng vfi san trieu cd bp le lo vifc quan ly dgy, hpc xudt cfta cai vdt chdt chua trd thdnh ndi nudc d cac fran vua Gia Long dgt cac quan dung cfta gido dye Ngudi ndng dan hpc d6c hpc, phy ttach vifc hpc tgp Trieu ndng nghifp mdt cdeh tu phat, ngudi bufin Nguyin chft ttuang day bpc bdng chft Ndm ban eung vdy, cac nghfi thft efing nhu mOc, frong cac trudng hpc, tifip tyc tti chfi dfi ne, xay dyng, ke cd khai md, luyfin vd due giao dye Nho hpc Phu Xudn trieu sdt, CO ciing dupc truyen lgi bdng Nguyen cho xay nha Qufic hpc, gift vai ttd phucmg phap kem cap thdng qua td chftc nhu Qudc Tft Giam la trung tam gido due - phudng hpi va true tilp tham gia san xuat, dao tgo cua ca nudc O cae dia phuang trieu chft khdng cd trudng ldp, sach vd, chucmg Nguyin ldp cac trudng cdng va trudng tu trinh ^*'* Vi thfi, he thfing sach giao khoa Vfi thi cft, trieu Nguyfin to chftc thi Huang, ciia nin gido dye Nho hpc vl ca bdn la sach thi Hpi, din vua Thifu Tri td chuc thi Dinb kinh difin cfta Nho gido dupc tap trung ttong bp Tu thu va Ngu kinh, dupc vilt bdng chft D^c diem cua nen giao dye Nho hoc Han Ve co ban ttong gin 10 thl ky tfin tai Vift Nam thdi phong kien cua nen giao due Nho hpc Viet Nam chft 2.1 Mftc tieu cua nen gido due Nen giao due Vift Nam thdi phong kiln Sdd tr.87 thyc chit Id nfin giao due Nho hoc Muc ''' "*' Tr^n yfin Gidu (1993), Cdc gid trj tinh thdn tieu ciia nen gido dye la xdy dung mau truyin thing eUa ddn tgc Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc ngudi 1^ tudng cfta Nho giao cho xd hdi - xahfi,HdNpi,tr.94-95 IA Vfin Giang (2003) Ljch su gidn lugc han 1000 ngudi qudn tft; dfing thdi tap luyfn cho "* ndm nin gido due Viit Nam, Nxb Chfnh trj qu6c gia, ngudi hpc dfi dgt tdi vdn hay, chft tdt, tuc la HdNpi, tr.l6 96 Tu tuang Nho gido vi gido due a Viit Nam Han Id chft dpc tdn ttong xa hdi, chft dgy va thi mSi cap bpc vd bdc hpc 2.3 Phmmg phdp gido due Phuang phap giao dye kinh vifin va giao dieu Moi thang giao quan dinh mfit sd ngdy gidng sach; dfin gid dd, hpc trd din giang dudng dfi nghe gido quan giang nghia Tft thu, Ngu kinh Mfii thang, mfii quy cd mdt so ky tap lam van Khi gido quan chim xong, thi tap hpp hpc sinh lgi dl trinh bay va cho dilm theo loai: uu, bmh,tiift,lif t*^\ Tre mdi hpc vd Idng da dupc day nhftng cdu nghia ly vien vfing Tre em phai hpc thupc ldng; ldn len it tudi thi hpc vdn chuong, (cau ddi, cau tha) chft ylu hpc truyfn nudc ngoai'^l Cd tbfi ndi, tft di hpc dfin di thi, hpc sinh phdi ren luyfin theo khufin khd Nho gido, hpc tap sach kinh dien cfta Nho giao va ljch sft cac vuang tiilu phuong Bdc Ddi vdi tdng ldp nho sT, lam quan la ly tudng cao sifiu nhdt; tit cd ly tri, tinh cam va hdnh vi cua hp phai theo dung "dgo cfta hifin" Ldi dao tgo dd tit nhifin ban chfi dau de suy nghi dpc lap, bdp nghpt ly tri phfi phan cua ngudi'"** Tdm lgi, ttong qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trifin cfta chfi dp phong kiln Viet Nam tft the ky XI den nfta ddu thl ky XIX, giai cip phong kien Viet Nam dd lya chpn tu tudng Nho giao Iam can eft eho minh ttong hoach dinh vific giao dye - khoa cft dfi lya chpn nhan tai nhdm gdp phdn tri, ciing cfi ehfi dfi phong kifin Anh hudng cfta tu tudng Nho gido vfi giao due tft npi dung din tfl chftc va qudn ly dfli vdi Viet Nam thdi phong kien la rit ldn Bac diem cua nin giao due & Viet Nam hifn Nen gido dye each mgng Vifit Nam ddi vdo thang - 1945, vdn dfing va phat trien gdn liln vdi nhftng giai doan each mgng Vifit Nam dudi sy lanh dao cfta Dang Cdng sdn Vift Nam M6i giai dogn lich sft each mgng Dang dd kip thdi nfiu lfin nhiing quan difim chu dgo, chft truang va giai phap thye hifn frong thyc tiln cua nfin gido dye Gido due cd sft mfinh nang cao ddn tri, phat trifin ngufin nhan Iyc, bfii dudng nhdn tai, gdp phan quan ttpng phdt trifin dit nudc, xdy dyng nfin vdn hda vd ngudi Vift Nam Phat trifin giao dye cftng vdi khoa hpc 2.4 H§ thong trudng idp va cdng nghf la qude sach hang diu; diu tu Nen giao due Nho hpc Viet Nam thdi cho giao due la diu tu cho su phat triln phong kien chua cd sir phdn chia cdc cdp Ddi mdi can bdn vd toan difn giao due theo hpc ddi vdi dpi ngu gido vien, chua cd chuong ttinh, tai lifu, sdch giao khoa quy nhu cdu phat trifin cua xd h^i; nang cao chit dinh ch^t ehe, phft hpp nhu Tuy Iupng giao due theo yeu cdu chuin hda, thi cft, phdi kiem fra ket qua mdi dupe thi hifn dgi hda, xd hdi hda, dan chu hda vd hpi Huang, dgu thi Hucmg mdi thi Hdi, dgt yfiu nhdp qudc te, phye vy die luc cho su edu thi H0i mdi dupc thi Dinh, nhung nghifp xay dung va bdo vf td qudc Ddy chuang ttinh, tai Iifu cd the rpng, h?p ban mgnh xdy dung xa hpi hda hpc tdp, tgo ca frong chftng muc ndo dd, khdng dupc quy hdi vd dieu kifn cho mpi cdng ddn dupe dinbrorft'"^ Trudng chia lam hai logi: trudng cdng va *^* LS Vfin Giang, sdd, tr.48 - 49 trudng tu Trudng cdng td chuc d kinh dd *'* Phan K l Binh (1997), Vi?t Nam phong tyc, Nxb Chi Minh, tr.l58 va cac tinh, phft, huyfn, cdn trudng tu cd Tp.Ho *'** Lich sti Vi?t Nam 1.1, sdd, tr.279 mpi noi, tft kinh dd den cac xdm *'" Le Vfin Giang, sdd tr.42 97 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 dai hpc); gido due sau dgi hgc (cd trinh dp Muc tieu giao due la ddo tgo ngudi thgc sT va tiln si) Phuang thftc giao due cd Viet Nam phat trien toan dien, cd dgo dftc, cbinb quy va khdng chinh quy Van bing he tri thftc, sftc khde, thim my vd nghe thflng giao due qudc dan gdm bdng tdt nghifp, tnmg vdi ly tudng ddc lap nghifiptifiuhpc, tnmg hpc ca sd, thfing dan tdc va chft nghla xa hdi; hinh va trung hpe, trung cdp chuyfin nghiep, hpc bdi dudng nhdn each, phim ehdt va ndng nghfi, cao ddng, dgi hpc, thae sT, tien sT luc cua edng dan, dap ftng yfiu can xdy Chftng chi ciia he thong giao due quoc dan dung va bao vf td qufic cap eho ngudi hpc dfi xac nhan kfit qua hpc Nfin giao dye Viet Nam la nfin gido dye xd tdp sau dupe dao tgo, bdi duong ndng hpi chft nghia cd tinh nban ddn, ddn tfic, khoa cao trinh dp hpe van, nghfi nghifip hpc, hifin dai, Idy chu nghTa Mac - Lenin vd tu Mot so anh hirdng cua tu tirdng tudng Hd Chi Minh lam nen tang Nho giao ve giao due doi vdi nen giao dye Hogt ddng giao dye phai dupe thue hifin Viet Nam hien 4.1 Anh hu&ng tich cfrc theo nguyen ly hpc di ddi vdi hdnh, gido Tu tudng cua Nho gjao ve giao dye cd dye kfit hop vdi lao ddng san xuat, ly ludn gin lien vdi thuc tien, gido dye nhd trudng nhiing mat tieh cyc ddi vdi sir nghifip gido ket hop vdi gjao due gja dinh va giao dye dye cfta Viet Nam hien ThU nhdt, dd Id tu tudng hifiu hpc Nhihig ngudi sang lap xa hpi Ndi dung giao due la toan difn, thiet Nho giao la nhihig ngudi ham hpe ndi thyc, hifn dgi va cd he thflng; coi ttpng giao tieng Hp eho rang neu khdng ham hpc thi due tu tudng vd y thftc cflng dan; bao tfln va "mudn nhan Igi hda ngu", "mudn dimg phat huy truyfin thdng, ban sdc van hda hda phan logn", *'mu5n cucmg lgi hda nhan logi; phu hpp vdi sy phat trifin tam cudng bgo" Khfing Tft cho ring ngudi thdng thudng phdi chiu dyng khd khdn vdt sinh ly Ifta tufii cfta ngudi hpc Phuong phap gido dye Id phdt huy tinh va mdi bifit Day la mpt quan difim tien bp ti'ch cue, ty giac, chft ddng sang tgo cfta lam cho cac mdn de cfta dng trai qua ban ngudi hpc; bdi dudng ndng lyc ty hpc, ldng hai ngan nam lich sft, van tifip tyc tinh thin ham hpc, tmh thin hpc khong biet chdn, say me hpc tap vd y chi vuan lfin Chuang trinh giao dye dupc cy tbfi hda gdp phdn quan trpng cd vft phong trao hpc saeh gjao khoa, giao trinh, phu hpp tap Ngay nay, dit nudc ta budc vdo thdi ky vdi muc tieu gido due ciia tung bgc hpc, cap cdng nghifip bda, hifin dgi hda, ngudi hpe va trinh dp dao tao, dam bdo tinh fin dung trudc mdt ddi hdi ldn ve phat trien tri tuf, phdt trien ndng lire sang tgo Vi the, dinh vd tinh thdng nhit viec hpc d nudc ta ddi vdi moi He thong gido due qudc ddn gom: gido ngudi, moi gia dinh va xa hdi la yfiu ciu dgc mdm non; gido due thong (bdc tifiu cap thifit Tinh thin ham hpc, hpe khdng hpc tft ldp dfin ldp 5; bac trung hpc cd bifit chdn cfta Nho gjao cd y nghia rit ldn trung hpe ca sd tu ldp I - 9; trung hpc phd thdng tft ldp 10 -12); gido dttc nghe nghiip (cd tnmg hpc cbuyen nghifp vd hpc nghe); *'^' Ddng Cpng san Vift Nam (2011), Van kiin Dgi hgi dgi bieu lodn qudc ldn thir XI, Nxb Chinh trj gido due dgi hgc (cd trinh dp cao ddng va qu6c gia Ha Npi, tr.77 hpc tap suflt ddi''^* 98 Tu titdng Nho gido ve gido dvc a Viet Nam ddi vdi vifc xay dung xa hpi hpc tap hifn Tft, Manh Tft cho tdi cae nha Nho thdi sau, Thu hai, dd la tu tudng ve cac mdi ngudi ta cu "fin cd di", "dn cd lai" Cach quan he giiia Hpc vdi Tap, gifta Hpc vdi hpc cfta hp la lgp di, lap lgi, thude long nhu Hdnh, gifta Dgy va Hpe Ddy ciing la tu eon vet, nhd vanh vach, thudc liu liu, du tudng cd gia tri ve phucmg phdp giao due khdng bifiu rd ciing cbdng Npi dung de thyc hifn nguyfin ly "hpe di dfii vdi cfta bai hpc, phai qua tyng nifm hdng thang, hanh, giao dye kfit hpp vdi Iao dpng san hdng nam, hdng ehuc ndm Ngudi nao ma xuit, ly lugn gdn lifin vdi thuc tifin" khfing hilu dupe la tu chit hpc kem qud tiinh day va hpc hifin Khfing Tft Ngay nay, ldi hpc vet iy vdn cdn dupe ndi, mudn hpc dfi bifit, cdn cd bfin kbdng: khuyfin khich va dp dung dfii vdi tudi fre, "khdng y, khdng tit, kbdng cd, khdng ngd" ddi vdi quin ehung Nfiu quay vfi cdi cdng Nghia la, neu chua hpc hodc chua that sy cfi xua thi cang tot, cfing vice "tgp ky dgi hpc den ncri dfin chdn ma (K cd sin y nay, y thanh" edng nhifiu eang hay Neu gdp khac ve ddi tuong va ndi dung hpc thi rit de nhifiu, gom nhieu thdnh qud eua eo nhdn thi khufin theo y ngbia sai da cd tnrdc hpc difiu gi hifin tgi vd tuomg Iai eung cd Khi tim hilu ddi tupng ma dua vdo nhimg thl bifit dftng din, cung cd thl lam thdnh phan doan chua chdc chdn rdi khing dinh cdng Nhieu ngudi vdn tin vao cdng phu tdt phai thfi the thi vific tim hifiu se "dn cd tri tdn" cho rang gdp dupc cdi hay, thilu khach quan, khd dat tdi chit ly cdi thdnh, eua cdc dgo ly, cdc hpc thuylt, chdc chdn sfi dat dupe nhftng cdi hay cai 4.2 Anh hudng tieu cyv Phuang hudng hpc tgp cua Nho giao la eai hoan myttfinddi Trong thyc hudng ve ddi xua, ngudi xua va viec xua tl, Nho giao ludn ludn luin quin, khdng Gap vdn dfi thi phai tim hieu xem cac "tifin thoat khdi nhftng eai khung "nhit vucmg", "tien thanh", "tien hiln" da dat bat bifin" cfta xa hOi cft Hpe bdng each "fin vd giai quyet thfi nao Khac vdi "thien cd", cfi" la vira nhfii nhet cho ky, cho chac, eho "cd nhdn" Id sai Id chuyfin quai gd, la difiu vfta, eho nhieu, cho du mpi cai ed lpi cho tfii loi Cac nudc bi ngudi Han thdng tri minh ngudi khdc nghi ra, ndi Hpc chft yfiu hudng vfi "tifin vuong", "tifin xong thi day ngudi chua biet Cach day la thanh" va "tien hien" cua ban thdn ngudi thugt dling y nguyen nhu dd "fin" Cu thl, Han nudc ta, cho dfin gifta thfi ky XIX, thfi hf thay thuat diing y nguyfin eho thl hf mpt sd nhd Nho sang Phap, vfi ndi ehuyfn ttd, thfi he ttd hpc xong trd thiy lgi "xe khfing cd ngudi day ma chgy", "den thudt dling y nguyfin cho the he ttd kfi tilp khdng cdn ddt ma chay sang" dfiu bi theo Bang each "thudt lgi" nhu vdy, sy phat coi la chuyfin quai gd, hoang dudng Tinh trifin va sang tao rdt ngheo nan Trieu dgi than hifiu ed, quay ve thdi xua, da de lgi cac nfii tifip trifiu dgi, thfi he nfii tifip thl hf, vil hdn sau dgm ttong nep hpc cfta xd hpi nhung chi cd "thfim" hoac "bdt" chftt it tu cfi Din nay, vfit bin ay cdn gay nhifiu ttd tudng cfta "thanh hifin" Ngay nay, tu tudng nggi cho sy phdt trifin tri tuf tren dudng Nho giao vfi giao dye cdn dfi Igi hdu qud phat triln Ngdy xua, cac nha Nho l|p di ldp nhdt dinh frong giao due each hpc "fln Iai b6n chft "fin cd tri tdn" mdt each khoan cd" cfta cac nha Nho ddi trudc Chiing ta khoai Doi vdi nhftng cai mdi, cft dn eu cho phai nhin rd va xda bd trift de nhihig each ky, cho sdu la ed thfi bifit dupe Tft Khdng hpc tieu cue dd 99 ... dye Nho hpc vl ca bdn la sach thi Hpi, din vua Thifu Tri td chuc thi Dinb kinh difin cfta Nho gido dupc tap trung ttong bp Tu thu va Ngu kinh, dupc vilt bdng chft D^c diem cua nen giao dye Nho. .. thi, hpc sinh phdi ren luyfin theo khufin khd Nho gido, hpc tap sach kinh dien cfta Nho giao va ljch sft cac vuang tiilu phuong Bdc Ddi vdi tdng ldp nho sT, lam quan la ly tudng cao sifiu nhdt;... dudng Nho giao vfi giao dye cdn dfi Igi hdu qud phat triln Ngdy xua, cac nha Nho l|p di ldp nhdt dinh frong giao due each hpc "fln Iai b6n chft "fin cd tri tdn" mdt each khoan cd" cfta cac nha Nho