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Xa hoi hoc so' (109), 2010 49 BAT BINH DANG GI61 VE GIAO DUG VIET NAM HIEN NAY D THIEN KINH* Gidi t h i e u Mdt nhflng thach thflc rat ldn eua giao due d Viet Nam bd'i eanh hdi nhap qud'c te hien la chat Ifldng ngudn nhan lfle tha'p Mae du Viet Nam da ed nhieu nd lfle tao eae cd hdi tie'p can giao due cho ngfldi dan, song sfl b i t binh ding giio due da b i t d i u bde Id ro bdn d d p hge Trung hge phd thdng trd len Sfl b i t binh dang ve eae ed bdi da ngan can nhieu ngfldi khdng tie'p can dfldc giac due bae eao Viee mdt bd phan ldn dan efl khdng the tie'p tue theo dudi bae hge eao da khien eho viee giai quye't van d^ ve c h i t Ifldng ngudn nhan lfle cang gap khd khan hdn Trong bd'i eanh nay, tinh trang b i t binh dang ve cac ed hdi khae ed the se tie'p tuc lam sau sac them tinb trang khd khan tie'p can giao due eua eae nhdm xa hdi ye'u the, nhdm dan cfl d vung sau, vung xa va eae tde ngfldi thieu sd' Ddng thdi, sfl each biet gifla ndng thdn va thi, gifla ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo tie'p can giao due cung se trd nen dam net hdn Bai vie't trinh bay mdt each tdng quan ve toan bd thflc trang bat binh dang cd hdi ve giio due d Viet Nam, dae biet la bat binh dang gidi giao due Khai n i e m v a n g u o n so lieu Bdt binh ddng vi ca hdi la gi? Nhflng hoan eanh khgc eua mdi ngfldi (nhfl gidi tfnh, mau da, tde ngfldi, ndi sinh, ngudn gd'c gia dinh va eae nhdm giai ting) da tao nen sfl dat cdng khac ve kinb te', xa hdi va ehfnh tri d hg; hoae la ehung da tao nen sfl hfldng thu va tiep can khac ddi vdi d c ngudn lfle kinh te, xa hgi, van hda va ehfnh tri d mdi ngfldi cd mdi hoan canh khae Dd ggi la bdt binh ddng vi ca hdi Bat binh dang bai vie't dfldc hieu theo nghia la b i t binh dang ve cd hdi va nd dfldc the Men linh vflc giao due nhfl the nao Cd nghia ring, nhflng ngfldi ed cd sd/hoan eanh xa hdi khle (tflc la ed hdi khae nhau) se nhan dfldc nhflng mfle giao due (sfl dat dflde/thanh dat ve giao due) eung khle Sfl chenh lech ve nhflng cd hdi bai vie't bao gdm: chenh lech gifla ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo, gifla ngfldi Kinh, Hoa va dan tde thie'u sd' (DTTS), gifla ndng thdn va dd thi, gifla nam va nfl Tfl sfl chenh lech nay, ta ed the Ifldng bat binh dang ve giao due thdng qua ehi sd' phan hda (lln) gifla cac nhdm ed ed sd xa hdi khae Chi sdphdn hda (cM sd' chenh lech, vie't t i t la Dis.) dfldc bang ti so' cua ke't qua giao due dat dfldc gifla nhdm ed dia vi xa hdi cao vdi nhdm ed dia vi xa hdi t h i p * TS Vien Xd hgi hgc 50 Bat binh ddng gidi vegiao due d Viet Nam hiin Bai vie't ehii ye'u dfla vao ngudn so' lieu Khao sat mfle sd'ng hd gia dinh Viet Nam (VHLSS) cac nam 2002, 2004 va 2004 eua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke (TCTK) Tfl ngudn sd' lieu nay, tae gia da tie'n hanh phan tieh theo gdc b i t binh dang cd hdi ve giao due Tuy nhien, ngudn sd' lieu VHLSS cdn ehfla diy du (ehfla lfldng ke't qua hgc tap thee diem sd', hoae ehfla ed nghien cflu dinh tinh ve b i t binh d i n g giao due) Chfnh vi vay, bai vie't da sxi dung them ngudn sd' lieu tfl de tai d p Vien Xa hdi hgc nam 2008: "Bit binh dang ve giao due d khu vflc ndng thdn Men nay" De tai da Ifldng bat binh dang cd hdi ve giao due theo diem sd' mdn Toan, mdn Van/Tieng Viet va diem trung binh eae mdn hge ea nam tai ldp hge sinh (mdt ldp va hai ldp 9) Ddng thdi, de tai eung thflc Men mdt sd' eude phdng v l n sau va thao Man nhdm dd'i vdi giao vien va phu huynh hge sinh Tong q u a n ve b a t b i n h d a n g giao d u e d Viet N a m a Bdt binh ddng cd xu hUdng gidm ddn theo thdi gian Hien nay, Viet Nam da dat dfldc phd cap giio due tieu hge Nhflng ehfnh saeh ve cai each giao due da lam tang cd hdi hge tap eho mgi ngfldi O Bang 1, theo ke't qua cac cudc Dieu tra mfle sd'ng dan efl (VLSS va VHLSS) tfl nam 1993 de'n 2006, ta thiy sau 13 nam (1993-2006) ti le (%) di hge dung tudi pham vi ca nfldc deu tang d mgi d p hge (trfl d p Tieu hgc) nhfl sau: 30,1 -^ 61,7 -> 72,1 -^ 78,8 d elp Trung hgc ed sd (THCS) va 7,2 -> 28,6 ^-41,8 -^ 53,9 d d p Trung hge phd thdng (THPT) Dieu chflng td r i n g ed hdi giio due dang dfldc md rdng d Viet Nam Dong thdi, khoang d e h chenh lech (Dis./lan) ve ty le di hge dung tud'i d d p THCS va THPT gifla ndng thdn va thi eung dfldc thu hep d i n nhfl sau: 1,8 -> 1,4 -> 1,2 ->• 1,1 (THCS) va 3,7 -> 2,4 -> 1,6 -> 1,3 (THPT) Khoang each chenh lech ehfnh la sfl the Men b i t binh dang ve cd hdi Sfl giam di ciia b i t binh dang ed hdi ve giao due gifla ndng thdn va dd thi eho t h i y nen giao due d Viet Nam thdi ky dd'i mdi da dem lai nhieu ldi Ieh cho tre em ndng thdn Dieu se lam ehe khoang each ve giao due gifla ndng thdn va dd thi dfldc rut ngan din Rieng ddi vdi clp Tieu hgc, xu hfldng giam ve bat binh dang la khdng re rang Bdi vi d p Tieu hge da dfldc phd cap ddi vdi quang dai tre em tud'i di hge Tflc la, ed hdi hge tap d d p Tieu hge da md rdng rai eho mgi ngfldi Do vay, sfl b i t binh dang d d p Tieu hge gifla ndng thdn va dd thi la khdng ding ke Phan tfch tfldng tfl dd'i vdi nhflng chenh lech khae (ngfldi Kinb/Hoa va DTTS, ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo), khoang d e h ba't binh dang eung ed xu hfldng giam dan theo thdi gian (1993~2002) d t i t ea eae d p hge (xem ddng chi sd' phan hda Dis eho ngfldi Kinh/Hda va DTTS, ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo - Bang 1) Bdng 1: Ty l# di hpc dung tudi (%) Trung hpc phd thdng Trung hpc co sd Tieu hpe Cd nuac 1993 1998 2002 2006 1993 1998 2002 2006 1993 1998 2002 2006 86.7 9h0 90,7 89.3 30.1 617 72.1 78.8 7.2 28.6 47,5 53.9 Nhom ngheo nhdt 72,0- 81,9 84,5 - 12,1 33,6 53,8 - 1,1 4,5 17,1 - Nhom gdn ngtieo nhdt 87,0 93,2 90,3 • 16,6 53,0 71,3 - 1,6 13,3 34, > - Do Thiin Kinh 51 Nhom trung binh 90,8 94.6 91,9 - 28,8 65,5 77,6 - 2,6 20,7 42,6 - Nhom gdn giau nhdt 93,5 96,0 93.7 - 38,4 71,8 78,8 - 7,7 36,4 53,0 - Nhdm gidu nhdt 95,9 96,4 95,3 - 55,0 91,0 85,8 - 20,9 64,3 67,2 - Gidu/Ngheo (Dis.) 1.3 1.2 1,1 - 4.6 2.7 1.6 - 19,0 14.3 3.9 - Ngudi Kinh vd Hoa 90,6 93,3 92,1 - 33,6 66,2 75,9 - 7,9 31,9 45,2 - Cde ddn toe thieu so 63,8 82,2 80,0 - 6,6 36,5 48,0 - 2,1 8,1 19,3 - Kinh-Hoo/Dns (Dis.) 1.4 1.2 1,2 - 5.1 1.8 1.6 - 3,8 3,9 2,3 - Thdnh thi 96,6 95,5 94,1 89,7 48,5 80,3 80,8 82,8 17,3 54,5 59,2 66,3 Ndng thdn 84,8 90,6 89,2 89,1 26,3 57,9 69,9 77,7 4,7 22,6 37,7 50,3 1.1 1.1 1,1 1.0 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 3.7 2.4 1.6 1,3 Od thi/N.thdn (Dis.) Nguon: l/de tmh dfla tren sd'lieu eiia VLSS 1993 - 1998 va VHLSS 2002 (Ngan hang The'gidi, 2003: 62); TCTK, 2007: 68 (eho nam 2006) Tie'p theo, xem xet sfl b i t binh dang ve giao due b i n g nhflng d e h Ifldng khle eung the Men xu hfldng giam d i n theo thdi gian Do khudn khd ban ehe eua bai vie't, tae gia khdng trinh bay eae bang sd' lieu eua nhflng each Ifldng nay, ma ehi dfla ngudn sd' lieu va ke't qua tinh toan nhfl sau: (i) Nam 2002, kbi Ifldng qua ti le bie't chfl eiia dan sd' tfl 10 tud'i trd len thi ngfldi dan dd thi ed ti le bie't chfl eao gip 1,1 lln so vdi ndng thdn Ti le da giam xud'ng edn khoang 1,0 l l n vao nam 2006 (TCTK, 2007: 63) (ii) Nam 2002, Ifldng qua ehi tieu eho giio due thi khu vflc dd thi ed mfle ehi tieu ve giao due eho ngfldi di hge nam eao gap 2,9 l l n so vdi ndng thdn Ti le da giam xud'ng 2,6 l l n vao nam 2004 va giam tie'p edn 2,3 l l n vao nam 2006 (TCTK, 2007: 76) Tfldng tfl, xu hfldng b i t binh dang giam dan eung the Men d sfl chenh lech v l ebi tieu cho giao due gifla nhdm giau cao gip 6,0 l l n so vdi nhdm ngheo (2002) Ti le da giam xuong edn 5,7 lln (2006) (TCTK, 2007: 77) Nhfl vay, dii cho xem xet theo bdt ky cdch ludng ndo (ti le di hge dung tudi, hoae ti le dan sd' bie't chfl, hoae ehi tieu eho giao due) vd theo bdt ky sd chenh lech vi ca hdi nhd the ndo (giau - ngheo, hoac Kinh/Hoa - DTTS, hoac ndng thdn - dd thi) thi tinh trgng bdt binh dang ca hdi vi gido due d Viet Nam cung dang gidm ddn theo thdi gian (1993~2006) Day la mdt nhflng cdng cua he thd'ng giao due thdi ky dd'i mdi Dieu ed nghia rang ed hdi giio due dang dfldc md rdng d Viet Nam Sfl giam di eua bat binh dang ed hdi ve giao due gifla ele nhdm xa hdi eho thay nen giao due d Viet Nam thdi ky dd'i mdi da dem lai nhieu ldi feh eho tre em d cle nhdm xa hdi ye'u the khae Dieu se lam cho khoang each ve giao due gifla eae nhdm -xa hdi dfldc rut ngin din NMn rdng cae nfldc tren the gidi cung deu the hien xu hfldng b i t binh dang ve giao due cang giam mfle edng nghiep hda cang cao (Bondon, 1974: 53, 62, 102) Nhfl vay, d Viet Nam eung the hidn xu hfldng nhfl eae nfldc tren the gidi 52 Bdt binh ddng gidi vegiao due d Viet Nam hien b Bdt binh dang cd xu hddng tdng ddn theo edp hgc Bang tren day dfldc sap xe'p theo thdi gian hen tuc d tflng d p hge va ta da nhan t h i y bdt binh ddng gido due cd xu hudng gidm ddn theo thdi gian Khi Bang dfldc s l p xe'p lai theo cle d p bgc lien tie'p theo tflng nam nhfl d Bang thi ta se nhan thay mdt dieu khae: bdt binh ddng cd xu hUdng tdng ddn theo cdp hgc Bdng 2: Ty l# di hpe dung tudi (%) 1993 C6 nuac TieuH THCS 1998 THPT TIeuH THCS 2002 THPT TieuH THCS 2006 THPT TieuH THCS THPT 86.7 30.1 7.2 97,0 61.7 28.6 90,7 72.1 41.8 - - - Nhom ngheo nhdt 72,0 12,1 1,1 81,9 33,6 4,5 84,5 53,8 17,1 - - - Nhom gdn ngheo nhdt 87,0 16,6 1.6 93,2 53,0 13,3 90,3 71,3 34,1 - - - Nhom trung binh 90,8 28,8 2,6 94,6 65,5 20,7 91,9 77,6 42,6 - - - Nhdm gdn gidu nhdt 93,5 38,4 7,7 96,0 71,8 36,4 93,7 78,8 53,0 - - - Nhdm gidu nhdt 95.9 55,0 20,9 96,4 91.0 64,3 95,3 85,8 67,2 - - - Gidu/Ngheo (Dis.) 1.3 4.6 19,0 1.2 2.7 14.3 1.1 1.6 3.9 - - - Ngudi Kinh vd Hoa 90,6 33,6 7,9 93,3 66,2 31,9 92,1 75,9 45,2 - - - Cdc ddn tde thieu so 63,8 6,6 2,1 82,2 36,5 8,1 80,0 48,0 19,3 - - - 1.4 5.1 3.8 1.2 1.8 3.9 1.2 1.6 2.3 - - - Thdnh thj 96,6 48,5 17,3 95,5 80,3 54,5 94,1 80,8 59,2 89,7 82,8 66,3 Nong thon 84,8 26,3 4,7 90,6 57,9 22,6 89,2 69,9 37,7 89,1 77,7 50,3 1.2 1.8 3.7 1.1 1.4 2.4 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 Kinh-Hoo/DHS (Dis.) Dd thj/N.thdn (Dis.) Ngudn: xem Bang (bang la sfl sap xe'p lai Bang 1) O Bang 2, xem xet sfl chenh lech gifla nhdm giau va nhdm ngheo nam 1993, sfl b i t binh dang tang dan tfl elp hge thap (Tieu hge) la 1,3 lln, de'n 4,6 l l n (THCS) va de'n d p hge eao (THPT) la 19,0 lln Xu hfldng b i t binh dang tang d i n cung dien tfldng tfl cho nam 1998 la 1,2 -^ 2,7 -^ 14,3 (lln) va nam 2002 la 1,1 ^ 1,6 -^ 3,9 (lln) Xu hfldng eung dien tfldng tfl ne'u ta xem xet sfl chenh lech ve ti le tre em di hge dung tud'i gifla ngfldi Kinh/Hoa va DTTS (trfl trfldng hdp ngoai le nam 1993), gifla ndng thdn va dd thi ea nam 1993, 1998, 2002 va 2006 Nhfl vay, qua eon sd' d ddng he sd' chenh lech (Dis., Bang 2) ta t h i y nd'i len xu hUdng van ddng cua chflng la: Cdng hgc len cao thi sU bdt binh ddng vi gido due d tre em cdng ldn (hodc Id bdt hinh ddng cd xu hUdng tdng ddn theo cdp hgc) Xu hfldng da dfldc tie gia khang dinh trflde day qua nghien cflu ngudn sd' lieu VLSS 1993 va 1998 (Dd Thien Kfnh, 2005: 55) Theo thdi gian (dfldc bd' sung them ngudn sd' lieu VHLSS 2002, 2006), ta cd the khang dinh tie'p tue r i n g xu hfldng v l n khdng thay dd'i Sd di bat binh dang d d p hge thap khdng ldn nhfl d d p hge eao, bdi vi elp hge thap thfldng dfldc phd' cap dd'i vdi quang dai q u i n chung nhieu hdn Tflc la, ed hdi hgc tap d d p hgc tha'p da md rdng rai eho mgi ngfldi nhieu hdn Dd Thiin Kinh 53 Xu hfldng bat binh dang nhfl da phan tfch tren day van dfldc quan sat t h i y ro rang ta xem xet theo nhflng each Ifldng khac Chang ban nhfl la sfl dat dfldc bang ca'p eao nha't eua dan sd'tfl 15 tud'i trd len; hoae la sfl dat dfldc ve ke't qua hgc tap eua hge sinh phd' thdng Ca hai each Ifldng deu the Men va nam mdt nghia rdng hdn Dd la sU dgt dugc ve gido due Do khudn khd ban che cua bai vie't, tic gia khdng trinh bay cae bang sd' lieu eua bai each Ifldng nay, ma ehi dfla ngudn sd' lieu va ke't qua tinh toan nhfl sau: (i) Nam 2006, dan sd'tfl 15 tudi trd len d nhdm giau cd b i n g ca'p cao nha't la td't nghiep Tieu hge (hoac THCS) ebi bang 0,6 l l n (hoae 0,9 lln) so vdi nhdm ngheo Nhflng d ele loai bang d p eao hdn (td't nghiep THPT, Trung hge ehuyen nghiep THCN va Cao dang, dai hge - CD, DH) thi nhdm giau lai eao gip 2,9 l l n (THPT), 12,8 lln (THCN) va 74,4 l l n (CD, DH) so vdi nhdm ngheo (TCTK, 2007: 65) Nhfl vay, ngfldi ngheo thfldng ed bang d p d trinh t h i p (Ti^u hge va THCS) nhieu hdn ngfldi giau Trai lai, ngfldi giau lai cd bang d p d trinh eao (THPT, THCN va CD, DH) la nhieu hdn ngfldi ngheo Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ngfldi ndng thdn thfldng cd b i n g d p d trinh tha'p nhieu hdn ngfldi dd thi Trai lai, ngfldi dd thi lai cd bang d p d trinh cao la nhieu hdn ngfldi ndng thdn (TCTK, 2007: 65) Nhflng dieu ed nghia ring, nhflng ngfldi x u l t than tfl gia dinh kha gia (va/hoae x u l t than tfl dd thi) se ed nhieu ed hdi dat dfldc bang d p eao hdn so vdi nhflng ngfldi ed hoan eanh gia dinh ngheo khd (va/hoae sd'ng d ndng thdn) (ii) Trong nam hge 2005 - 2006, eon em la hge sinh phd thdng d nhdm giau xe'p loai hge lfle Ye'u kem (hoae Trung binh) ehi bing 0,2 l l n (hoac 0,5 lln) so vdi nhdm ngheo Nhflng d mfle hge lfle eao hdn (Kha va Gidi) thi eon em nhdm giau lai eao gap 1,4 l l n (hge Khi) va 4,9 l l n (hge Gidi) so vdi nhdm ngheo (TCTK, 2007: 84) Nhfl vay, hge sinh phd thdng cle gia dinh ngheo khd thfldng hge kem hdn so vdi gia dinh giau kha Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, hge sinh d ndng thdn ed hge lfle Ye'u kem va Trung binh nhieu hdn d dd tbi Trai lai, hge sinh d dd thi ed hge lfle Kha va Gidi la nhieu hdn d ndng thdn (TCTK, 2007: 84) Ndi each khae, hgc sinh d ndng thdn hge kem hdn hgc sinh d dd thi NhQng dieu cd nghia rang, nhflng hge sinh xuat than tfl gia dinh kha gia (va/hoae x u l t than tfl dd thi) se ed dfldc tich hge tap cac hdn sd vdi nhflng hge sinh eon nha ngheo (va/hoae sd'ng d ndng thdn) Nhfl vay, du cho xem xet theo bdt ky cdch lUdng ndo (ti le di hge dung tudi; hoae sfl dat dfldc bang ca'p eao nhat; hoae xe'p loai hge lfle cfla hge sinh) vd theo bdt ky sU chenh lech vi ca hdi nhU the rido (giau - ngheo, hoae ndng.thdn - dd thi) thi tinh trgng bdt hinh ddng ca hdi vi gido due d Viet Nam cdng dang tdng ddn theo sit dgt dugc vi gido due Dieu ed nghia rang, nhflng hge sinh x u l t than tfl nhdm ed dia vi xa hdi eao se ed nhieu ed hdi dat dfldc ke't qua hge tap td't hdn so vdi nhdm ed dia vi xa hdi thap Bat binh dang gidi ve giao due, nguyen nhan va van de dat muc tren day, ta da phan tfch hai xu hfldng b i t binh dang ve giao due theo sfl 54 Bd't binh ddng gidi vi gido due b Viet Nam hiin chenh lech ve d e dang ed hdi (giau va ngheo, ngfldi Kinb, Hoa va DTTS, ndng thdn va dd thi) khae nhfl the nao Dd'i vdi sfl chenh lech ve cd hdi gifla nam va nfl nen dfldc phan tich rieng va la mdt nhflng ndi dung quan trgng eua bai vie't Nhflng d e h Ifldng mue tren day (ehi tieu eho giao due, ti le bie't chfl, ti le di hgc dung tudi, xep loai bgc lfle va bang d p eao nhat) van dfldc sxi dung de tim hieu sfl b i t binh dang ve giio due gifla nam va nfl (Bang 3) O Bang the hien mdt dieu dfldng nhfl la nghich ly: nfl thfldng hge gidi hdn nam, nhflng bg lai ehi ed dfldc trinh giao due thap hdn nam Cu the nhfl sau: (i) O diem x u l t phat la d p Tieu hge, ti le di hge dflng tudi gifla nam va nfl la tfldng dfldng (89,3% va 89,2%) Nhflng d eae d p hge eao hdn (THCS va THPT), ti le eua nfl la ldn hdn nam (Bang 3) Dieu chf ed the dfldc giai thfeh bdi nam hge dflp nhieu hdn nfl, cho nen nam di bgc dung tudi ft hdn Hoae la, d loai hge Iflc Ye'u kem va Trung binh tbi tf le eua nfl la ft bdn nam: 0,6% < 1,5% (Ye'u kem) va 41,8% < 53,3% (Trung binh) Nhflng d eae loai hge lfle Kha va Gidi, ti le cua nfl lai ldn bdn nam: 40,4% > 33,1% (Kha) va 16,6% > 11,2% (Gidi) Dieu dfldc the Men qua day he sd' chenh lech (Dis./lln) gifla nam va nfl cd xu hUdng gidm ddn tfl loai hge lfle Yeu kem eho de'n loai Gidi la: 2,5 -> 1,3 -> 0,8 -> 0,7 (Bang 3) Tflc la, so' hge sinh nam ed hge lfle Yeu kem eao gap 2,5 l l n so vdi nfl, nhflng ehi bang 0,7 lan nfl d mfle hge lfle Gidi\ (ii) Dd'i vdi sfl dat dfldc ve giao due, thi nam lai thfldng ed trinh eao hdn nfl Chang ban nhfl ea nam 2002, 2004 va 2006, ti le bie't chfl cfla nam ludn cao hdn nfl (Bang 3) nhfl sau: 95,1% > 89,3% (2002), 95,9% > 90,2% (2004) va 96,0% > 90,5% (2006) Hoac la, d loai bing d p td't nghiep Tieu hgc thi ti le cua nam va nfl cd the ggi la tfldng dfldng (24,4% va 23,7%) Nhflng d ele loai b i n g elp trinh eao hdn (THCS, THPT, CD, DH va tren DH), thi ti le cfla nam ludn eao hdn nfl (Bang 3) Dieu dfldc the Men qua day he sd'chenh lech (Dis./lln) gifla nam va nfl cd xu hudng tdng ddn tfl loai bang d p trinh thap (td't nghiep Tieu hge) de'n trinh cao (tren Dai hge) la: 1,0 -^ 1,1 -^ 1,2 -^ 1,3 -^ 2,0 (Bang 3) Tflc la, d die'm x u l t phat la d p Tieu hge thi ti le dat dfldc bang d p td't nghiep la tfldng dfldng gifla nam va nfl, nhflng de'n loai b i n g d p tren Dai hge thi ti le eiia nam dat dfldc eao gip 2,0 lan so vdi nfl Dd la ehfla ke den hai mfle d i u tien "Chfla bao gid de'n trfldng" va "Khdng ed bang d p " thi ti le eua nfl ludn cao bdn nam: 11,2% > 4,7% va 16,5% > 12,3% (Bang 3) ' Mgt nghien cdu thUc nghiem cua Vien Xd hgi hgc (ndm 2008) duac di cap dphdn ddu ciia bdi viet ndy cUng dd chdng to rdng: Khi lUdng theo diem sd'cdc mon hgc (trong so diem hgc sinh) cdng cho thdy ket ana Id hgc sinh nd co diem so'trung binh cdc mon hgc diu cao hcfn hgc sinh nam Dong thdi, hgc sinh nH CO ti le xep logi hex lUc Gioi vd Khd Id cao hem nam Trdi lgi, hgc sinh nam co tl le xe'p loai hgc lUc Trung binh vd Kem Id cao hcfn nd Do khuon khd hgn che cua bdi viei, tdc gid khong trinh bdy cdc bdng sdiieu ve cdch lUdng ndy 55 Do Thiin Kinh Bdng 3: Bdt binh ddng gidi ve gido due Chl giao dgc binh quan nguai dl hgc trang n6m (1000 d): 2002 2004 2006 Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO 627 641 611 826 847 803 1211 1240 1180 771$ biet chu cua dan sotCi 10 tuoi trd len: 2002 2004 2006 Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO 92.1 95,1 89,3 93,0 95,9 90,2 93.1 96,0 90,5 Tl 1$ di hgc dung tuoi (2006): Tieu hpc Trung hpc phd thong Trung hpc co sd Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO Chung Nam NO 69,3 89,3 89,2 75,8 78,3 79,2 53,9 51,5 56,4 HQC igc cua hgc sinh thong (ndm hqc 2005-2006): Tong Gidl Khd Trung binh Ye'u l
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