sfi 7-2016 51 MOT SO'YEU TO TON GIAO TRONG T U T U A N G NHO GIAO T S L £ KINH NAM Trtfdng Dgi hpe B i Rja - Vung T i u N ho giio ddi tfl rat sdra, vdi tfl each la hpc thuylt, Khlng Tfl (751-479 TCN) li ngfldi sing lap Ut nhiSn tfl tfldng Nho giio da ed tfl trfldc Khfing Tfl, "trfldc cd m0t h^ tbdng hpc thuylt v i dgo 1^ gpi l i Nho giio, d i cd nhflng ngfldi va ting ldp Ki bpi gpi la Nho xuat hiln" (1) Nhfli^ tfl tfldng, nhflng nguyen ly co bin eua Nho giio n i m rii rae d eac bp TbU, Thi, Li, Dich Chinh Khdng Tfl li ngfldi da san djnh cie bO Kinh niy vdi phflong cham "thuat nhi bat tic", chu yiu la tiip thu nhflng til ttfdng tfl tiidi trtfdc de Igi Nho giio Ii hpc tiiuylt chfl ylu dl cip ^ nhflng vin di chinh tr; - x i h$i v i dgo dflc Tfly nhiln, xlt d tfl gdc dp Nho giio edn Ii hpc thuylt bin den cic lmh vflc giio d\ic ngtfdi frong cic mdi quan h | xa hpi, ngfldi frong cic moi quan h^ vdi ttf nhien, trdi dit, quy than, tdn giio NHO GlAO LA M O T HpC THUYDT CHfNH TR( - XA H^l VA DAOOl^C Trtfdc hit phii khing dinh ring Nho giao la mpt hpc thuyet ve cbinh fri - x i hpi va dgo dflc, De khang dinh dilu niy ehflng tdi cin cfl vio hoan canh ddi v i phgm vi flng d i ^ g cfla nd, cif thi fren ra^t s6 cO sd sau day: 0tiU Mpt Ii, xuat pbat tfl bdi einh ddi eua Nho giao, dd la xa hpi Ihrag Qudc Iuc la stf dan xen gifla hinh thii dillm hflu nd le vdi phong kiln Trieu dgi nhi Chu eing suy syp, chl dp tdng phip khong cdn dtfpc tdn trpng, cic quan h? vl kinh tl, ehhih trj va dgo dfle xa hpi, radi quan h$ gifla thien tfl va cac ntfdc ehtf hau ngiy cing Idng llo, t r ^ tfl II, nghia n h i Chu khong cdn dtfpc eoi ttpi^ Thiln tfl khong edn du thtfc quyln xet xfl cic cuOe franh chip gifla cic nfldc HI qui tat ylu dan din la lim xuit hi|n radt cue di|n mdi frongxi h$i Trang Qufic Thdi Xuin Thu, dd li "trilu dgi n h i Chu tfl dau Dong Chu din diy la hit bin Tinh frgng xen ke lin gifla cdc hmh thii chilm hflu nd I | cfl Iii din vi hmh tiiai phong kiln eit cfl mdi nly sudi vdi xu tiie hfldng tdi tgp quyln ngiy eing manh me cung chlm dflf (2) Nhilu ntfdc chtf hau d l giiiih dia vi ba chfl thiln hg cho rainh da chmh phgt lin v i vgy eing Iam cbo nhflng mau thuan vdn ed xa hpi cing gay git, stf roi logn M hpi cing gia tang Hi qui tat ylu dan tdi la, tinh frgng 11, nghia, cflong tiitfdng bj dio lOn, dgo dflc suy ddl, "ehtf hlu lin quyln tiiien til, dgi phu lan quyln chtf hau, tdi gilt vua, gilt cha, tr^t ttf xa h^i rfii loan" [1, tr 25,26] diln d nhilu noi Ben canh dd li tinh frgng trln ylu dtfdi mgnh, tang Idp dja chft radi lln cing giiu cd, lin it dja vj v i quyen Ipi cfla ting ldp quf t$c cfl, "tiiim chi ting ldp niy cdn chilm ci chinh quyln nhtf hp Qu^ thj d nfldc L6, hp Trln d nfldc Tr(3) Tmh trang roi logn x i hpi vi cic quan h^ xa hpi, chiln tranh liln miln d nhilu ndi, xuat hi|n nhilu eu^c bao dOng, khdi nghia ndng din phin khing chdng Iai chl dO nhi Chu, tit ci li nhflng hpp Iflc day nhi Chu din din bd vtfc di$t vong, Sich sfl da chip lgi "Thdi Xuin tiiu cd khoing 242 n i m da xiy 483 cu^c ehiln tranh ldn nhd gifla cic nfldc ehtf hlu"(4) M5t khie, sfl rdi logn trgt tfl x i h$i da tao m$t tinh trgng phi nhan tinh, vd dgo dang thdng tri xa h$i, lim cho eie mdi quan h | xi hpi bj bini dgng ghi gdm, khiln Tl Canh Cdng phii than r i i ^ "vua ching vua, tdi ching tdi, cha ching cha, ching con, thl diu cd lfla (day kho), ta cd t h l ngdi m i in dflpc changr(5) Dilu niy cung gdp phln ly giai tai bgc quin tfl, Sn si thdi Khfing Tfl da phii thdt lln ring: "Thiln logn Ige nhtf nfldc chiy cufin cu^n, khap ndi diu nhfl thl, cdn raong cflng ngtfdi nao lim thay doi day?" (6).ThIdcraOtthflc trang xa hpi hit sflc roi loan nhfl vgy Nho giao khong thl khdng d l cip din nhflng van de chinh tri - x i hpi Hai li, xuat phit tfl phara vi flng dung cfla Nho giao, vdi tfl cich la mpt b$ phgn ciia ki&i trflc thflpng tang xa hpi, Nho giio phin anh m$t cich trtfc tiip, cin ban cung nhtf dja vj, lpi ich ciia giai elp thfing tri xi hpi Cho nen, Nho giio ve cP ban Ii h | tii ttfdng, li cfing ey cfla cic ting ldp, cac giai cap vile thfing frj ve ragt chinh tri, ttf ttfdng doi vdi cie ting Idp, giai cap xa hdi khic Ba li, Xult phit tfl cau tnic, vi tri, moi Uln he, vai fro cua cac bp phgn cau thinh Nho giio Cd the ndi rang, xet vl h? thfing, Nho giio de c^p din nhieu Iinh vflc khic nhau, nhtfng frong dfi t$p trung chu yeu nhat van la Iinh vflc ehinh fri - xa hpi va dao ddc Nhflng phgm frii, nhflng nguyin I^ cd bin chfl ylu li dl cgp tdi nhQng vln dl l y Cd nghia li nhflng pham trd, nhQng nguyin Iy CO bin cfia Nho giao ehu ylu dl c^p din nhflng van d i chfnh fr) xa hpi, dgo dflc v i phue vij rayc dfch chinh fri Nho giio cdn bao gfira hpc thuyet triet hpc, tfle Ii Nho giio cung dfla nhflng quan diera ve t h l gidi (vu try, xa h$i, ngtfdi) Nho gilo nhflng quan dilm trilt hoc dfi khong chl li co sd, can Cli cho vi|c hmh hpe thuyet ehinh tri - xa hfii, m i nfi cfin Ii ey thl hda bfi sung cho hpc thuylt ehinh tri xa hfii Nho giio cung dtfpc eoi li hpc thuylt vl dgo dflc, hay ndi cich khic hpc thuyet vl dao dflc ti rafit bfi phgn cau Nho giio Bdi vi, vdi tfl eich la hpc thuyet ve dgo dflc, Nho giao da dfla cic quan ni|m vl thi|n, ic, dao lira ngfldi, cung vdi nhflng ehuin raflc nhtf nhin, II, nghia, fri, tin, hilu, dl cijng nhtf nhflng quy tic flng xfl cic mfii quan h^ dgo dflc dl dieu chlnh, d l dinh gia hanh vi ngfldi cic moi quan h^ Trang Qufic tfl thdi Tien Tan, Nho giao dtfpc eoi 14 mfit frong 14 hpc thuylt cCia giai dogn " Bach gia chtf tfl" va Ipt vao "tfip" sau thuyet noi ti6ig nhat bay gid li Nho gia, Dgo gia, Phip gia, Am dtfdng gia, Mi|ic gia va Danh gia Sufit tfl cho din t h l k^ thfl V thdi Nguy TSn- Nam Bic Trieu khfing ed ggi dgo Nho li Nho giio ei Ngay tfl thdi TUy Dtfdng efi chfl trtfdng "Tam giao nhat 52 nguyin" the nhtfng cufin" Tuy thtf", ngtfdi ta vin chfla coi Nho hpc li Nho giio N h i ntfdc cung ehtfa xem Nho giio nhfl Phgt giio hay Dao giio Tic gii Thfii Long Thuy vilt "Khong Tfl sing lip Nho hpc la hpe vln eua Nho gia chfl khfing phii tdn giao IQiii ni$ra Nho giio li ngtfdi ddi sau dflng nd d l dfii khang vdi Phit giio vi Dao giio" (7) rafit sfi nudc Ddng Nam A, nhfl Indonesia, cd thdi ky (1965), Chinh phfl d i quylt dinh cfing nhgn Nho giio Ii mpt tfin giao ldn, hp d i tfli^ phat thl eho tin dfi d l phin biet nhOng ngtfdi dan ay theo tdn giao nao va dtfdng nhiln xem no la mfit tdn gjao Tbl nhflng sau dd, vio nim 1978 hp lgi huy bd quylt dinh Nguyen nhan ngddi ta cd t h l thly dtfdc li d Trung Qufic, dgo Nho ciing khfing dtfpc xem la tfin giao Nhflng dilu cung khfing phii la nguyen nhan ed ban, bdi ed the ndi sinh tfin giio nao do Iy niy ly khie m i tfin giao khong phit triln d quoe gia dd mpt giai doan nhlt dink Ching hgn Phit giio cd ngufin gfic tfl An Dfi nhflng eung ed thdi ky i ^ khdng ton tgi phat trien chinh minh dat stnh no Theo chflng toi cd le Nho giao thieu di tinh chit linh thieng, than bi nao dd, dong thdi cac to chfle giao hfii, giao ly, giio lugt ditf a chit che, khdng rfi rang cho nen no khfing tfin tgi vdi tfl cich li rapt tfin giao thtfc thi; S6 7-2016 DgijydHpC cia mpt vj tiiln toi cao trln tiitfpng gidi hay mpt vi giio chu cd cfii^ sdng lip mfit tdn gjdo d l hoing dtfdng Nho phap"(9) Hon nfla, tgi Tnmg Quoc, que htfdng cfla idifing Tfl, cung khfing cfi gido dtfdng eua Nho giio, khfing cd dpi ngu giio si diuyen nghi?p va khdng co mpt giao hpi vdi ttf cich Ii ra^ phdp nhln rilng PGS Nguyin Dflc Stf cho ring, Khfing Tfl cd dtfa cdc ylu to tfin gido trayen thong eo dgi vio npi dung hpe thuylt eiia minh nhtfng dng Trdi d Luan ngfl khdng phai la fing Trdi kieu Chiia Trdi m i gifing vdi fing vua trln thtfpng gidi nhilu hon (10) Trong mfit bai trd Idi phdng vm Bdo Van Ngh^ GS Trln Van Giau eflng nfii: "Nho gido ndi vl ngtfdi chfl khdng ndi v l frdi (mic dii cd nfii vl m|nh Trdi), ndi vl sdng chfl khfing ndi v l chet Doi vdi Nho giao, cai nhan dgo la cai sfi rapt''(l 1) Tgi Viet Nam, so nho si xuat tiian tfl "cfla Khong san Trinh" lit rdiieu, khfipg it ngtfdi tfin sung Khfing Tfl nhtf rapt nhan, cd tdn gido edn tiid Khong Tfl ngang hing vdi ci Dflc Gilsu va Phit Thich Ca nhtf dgo Cao Dii Thl nhtfng nhflng radn de trung thinh vdi Nho giao thfldng chi coi dng nhfl mfit n h i giio due ldn, mot ngtfdi cd tri diflc bach khoa Khi cde nha truyin giao phdtftig T^y din ldnh thinh Thing Long nara 1627, dang cho chiia Trinh Trang chile dfing hfi v i cufin hlnh hoc cO Ut, thl rafit vj Tiia si da ndi voi chtia Trjnh ring: "Thtfa Chiia, v l nghl thuit, chile dfing ho that ddng khen Nhtf ng v l cufin sieh thi Dfle Khfing eOa Tai Vi|t Nam, ^ o Nho dflpc du nhgp vio rlt sdm, nhtfng vdi ttf ehung ta la dii cho ci ntfdc An nara Chflng ta khoi^ d n cufin each la rapt hpe thuylt, ddng ttf ttfdr^ chfl khong phai la tfin giao sach nao khac (12) Cau ndi cung hoc lp tinh bao thu ciia tai^ Mai din t h l It^ thfl XI, Ly Cfing Uln ddi dd vl Thing Long thi ldp nho gia bay gjd hpc theo loi tim chtfdng trich efl m i smi mdi md khoa thl Tam g^o diu tien Mac du vgy, rlt nhilu nhi ehinh vua Minh Menh cflng phdi ca than: "Cdi van cfl nghiep Nho noi tilng thdi Trin nhtf Trtfdng Han Sieu, Phgm Stf Mgnh, ehi eiu ne, khufin sao, hfl liu, t a i ^ bfic lan Vi^c hpc nhfl till Le Quit, Nguyen Phi Khanh hoac Nguyen Trai, Ngd Si Lien, Le Thanh Tdng dtfdi thdi Ll cung khfing sfl dung tfl Nho giao de ehi chi trdeh ^ nhln tai cang kera"(13) Ngay chuih nhflng hpc dao Nho Ngfldi ta cho ring cfi thl inh htfdng ttf ttfdng cfla gii Trung Quoc, ong Trinh Gia Dfing ciing da phin ti'ch: "Trong LflOng- Khang m i Trln Trpng Kim viet cufin " Nho giao", nhtfng ttf tfldng cua Nho ^a, tri tiiflc v i tri tu|, hpc van vi thtfc tiln, cuon sach nay,fingvan khdng coi dao Nho la tdn giao "trilt" vi "giao" kit hdp vdi Ljch sfl trilt hpe phtfdng Tay ma la " hpc thuyet ed h? thong vk cfi phtfdng phap" khfing nhlt thiet phai cd Gilsu, t h l nhflng Uch sfl trilt hgc Trui^ Qufic cln phai d l cap den Khfing Tfl Khong Tfl la nha trilt hoc, Mpt sfi hpc gia dtfa ly Iuan ring cln phan bi?t tfin giio vdi nhien dng khfing phii la nhi trilt hpc theo kieu phfldng Tiy mpt hpc thuylt bi tfin giio hoa D l tri die dp ciia minh thfing Khfing Tfl la mgt tri gli, t h l nhtfng dng khdng phai la rapt tri gii qua ttf tudng Nho giao, chinh quyln luc da tfin giao boa Nho tiieo kilu Hy Lgp, La Ma Ddi vdi hpc thuylt Nho ^ cung v^, gjio de nfi frd thieng liing cd the sanh vdi Pbat, Dgo bay gid Mat khic, d l mpt tfl tfldng ed the truyin ba sau rpng, khuylch * nd khdi^ phai li tfin giao vi nfi khflng cd h i thfing tfin giao doc I^p"(14) Hpe gid H i Thue Minh mpt tieu lugn dang tren tiiiong dan chung nhlt la hpe vln tiiap thi dfldng Tgp chi Nghien cflu tfin gido ciing cfi nhin xet tfldng ttf: "Ndi torn tfit n h a li tfin giio hoa bing eieh vay ratfdn eie nghl 11 tiid eflng lgi, dgo Nho khfing phai la mpt tfin gido Dgo Nho la mfit hgc cfla dc tfin giao truyin thfing Hon nfla, nlu so sdnh vdi cic tfin thuylt dgo dfle, triet hpe ed tinh tdn gido Hogc cd t h l ndi ggn gido khic nhtf Kito giao, Phit giao, Hfii gjdo nhflng tin dfi mufin hdn, dao Nho 11 dao dflc tfin gido"(15) Tfl nhflng luan diem tren, gia nhap dgo diu ed nhQng nghi le chat die va phflc tgp, " chung tfii eho ring Nho giio Id hpc thuyet chlnh trj, xa hpi vi dgo dau vio" cua Nho giao khfing cd Cac tfin gjdo khie cd the thfing dfle chfl khong phai la tdn giao thflc thy ke Itfpng tin dfi cfin Nho gido tiu khfing Trong cdc giay td chflng minh cflng khfing cd ghi mye tdn giao li Nho giio cd (8) Ngoai NHO GlAO LA M T H Q C T H U Y ^ CHINH TRI • XA HOI VA ra, frong quan h? gifla frdi va ngtfdi quan ni?ra cfla Nho gido cung OAO OUC C6 Y^U TO T N GIAO khic Tin dd dgo Cfing gido cd sfing dgo dflc m l y sau chit Mpt sfi nhi nghien cflu cho rang Nho gido dtfpc coi Id tfin giao, cd dflpc nln tiianh d U:ln trdi cung khfing trd tiiinh Chfla Gilsu cd ylu to tfin gido Khdng phii mdi diy rai tfl nhflng nam dtfpc, edn d Nho giio ngtfdi nlu tu dtfdng dao dflc cd till 573, tiidi Bac Chu, sich Chu Thfl, Vfl De ky da chip ring:" Hiu thdnh nhan (Nhan gja vj Nghieu Thuan) gidi vl vi tri trtfdc sau cua ba gido, xlp Nho gido d hang diu Dao Nhilu hpc gii khlng djnh Khfing Tfl li rafit n h i W hidng, nhi gido tiifl hai va Phgt glao d hing thfl ba "(Bi|t thieh tam gido tiln chinh trj, nhi dgo dflc, nha giao due vi dai cua Trung Quoe co dgi hgu, di Nho giio vi tiln, Dgo giio vi thfl, Phgt gido vi hau) Roi Trpng t i m hpc thuyet cui ong la ndi vl ngfldi frong cdc mfii den tiidi Ifly Dtfdng cung cd quan nilra" Tam giio nhlt nguyen" quan h | than, nha, nfldc, thien hg va dao lira ngtfdi Cac hpc trd "Tam giio dfing quy", tflc li ba tdn gjdo Nho Dao, Phat cflng efi cua i ^ vi nhilu Nho gia " khfing he eoi Khong Tfl la hod tiian chung nguon goc, cd chung rapt dich dilm Dau t h l ky XX, Klwng ~'rft^-^rtgVJPniffifirWfTri o i r ^ h n n i Dt^jvaHpC S67-2Qi6 Hflu Yl, Trln Hoin ChflOng tiianh Igp "Hfii Khfing gido" lln tilng klu gpi coi Khong gilo nhfl qufic glio Mfit sfi hpc gii nhfl Nhi|ra Kl Du coi Nho gilo li tfin giio mpt cdch dtfdng nhiln Ong vilt:" Nho giio khfing phii chl li tfin giao v l danh nghla m i li tfin giio vi tiiflc chit "(16) N h i nghien cflu Friedrich Hefler chia cic tfin ^ l o ldn ti:ln till gidi tiiinh hai logi: Logi dfl doin (Praphetical) v i loai diln bf (Mystyeal) Logi dtf dodn gfim cdc tdn gido nhtf Ki tfi gjdo, Hfii gido Do thii gilo Logi tiiln bi nhtf Than dgo Nhjt Bin (Shinto), Ph$t gido, Dgo giio, Khfing giio Dfing tinh vdl cdch phin logi n i y cdc hpc gil nhtf LHughes, H Rowley cflng xlp Nho gido ^^0 logi Idnh tfin giio dfl doin 53 giao li tfin giio phfi biln vi cho ring Nho gido cfi de cgp den Thiln m|nh, eung cd 11 bai, clu ddo, eung bin vl cli silu viet nfii tgi, cung Io ling v l cdi vmh cflu nhfl cac tfin gido khde Nho gido cfi phil li tfin gido khfing cau hdi niy d l efi tfl liu v i d i dtfpc bin lugn d nhilu qufic gia v i din cung chfla cd kit lugn cufii cflng Iheo nhtf giio stf Trln \ ^ Doin t h i " mpi cu$c bin lugn v l khflng hoing gid tr; deu khfing d l va tdt ngai ring, cu$c bin lugn cung khd dgt tdi kit qui mong muon, cho dfl chflng ta cd dii thdi gian, cfing sdc vi tiln bac"(22) Cfi nhilu 1;^ din tdi nguyin nhan ndy Theo chung tfii nguyen nhan dau frin la gifla cdc nhd nghien cflu chfla efi stf thfing nhlt Nhi nghiln cflu Tran Khic Htfng d Indonesia cflng chl hai cac khai nifm Ngtfdi ta van dong nhat eac khdi ni|m Nho gia, diu higu chflng td dgo Nho la mpt ton giio chinh hi?u Thfl nhlt dgo Nho (Nho giao), Khfing tfl, Khong hpc Nhflng khdi nifm Nho gilo cd elu dio d Trdi Thfl hai Id d^t nilra tin vio raye tilu cfi nhflng diem chung nfii ham nhtfng ngoai diln cufii ciing cfla ngtfdi li vtfong qufic chin tiii?n ra^ Thy nhiln rat khie Chung tfii tdn tiidnh vdi quan dilm ciia GS Nguyin fing cung chi nhflng die diem khic gifla Nho giio vi cic tfin Tdi Thtf Id cd s6 d l hilu Khfing hpc (hpc thuyet ciia Khong Tfl) gido khde nhtf Nho giio cho ngflcrt li thflc the hflu hgn nhflng la Lugn ngfl, cdn ed sd de hilu Nho giio Ii Ngu kuih (Thi, Ll, cfi till thfing qua "TInh" de den vdi " Dgo" vfi hgn Con ngtfdi Djch, Thfl, vi Kuih Xuin Thu) Nho hpe li hpc tiiuylt trilt hpc eung ed till din vdi Dgo blng hpe tap, rin luyin chfl khfing phii v i chfnh trj xa hfii, ngodi cic tfnh chat tren cdn bao hdm ei khia dili ylu blng II bli (17) cgnh tfin gilo Dao Khong - Mgnh li chi hpe thuylt Khfing Tfl sang lip vd Manh Tfl Id ngfldi phit triln, v.v Nhtf vdy cung cln H Sraitii frong cufin " Khong Tfl" cung khlng dinh Nho giio phln bi|t nhflng tfl tfldng cfla Khfing Tfl v i ttf tddng cua nhflng la tfin giio dich thflc vdi If Ie, Khong Tfl tin d i n dflc cfla Trdi va ngtfdi tiuyen h i hpc thuylt cua dng sau Nho gido cung cd ty xie djnh trpng trich Ttdi glao cho de raflu clu hgnh phuc cho ngfldL Trong sdch Luin [ ^ cd ke ring, Cdng Bi Lilu dira qui trinh phdt trien Iau dii Ijch sfl tfl hRio glao nguyin tiiu^ pha Tfl Lp vdi dgi phu Quy Ton, i ^ e ehuy|n Khdng Tfl ndi: "Dgo cfla Khfing Tfl den thdi Han Nho vdi stf quing bd cfla Dong Trong ta nlu dtfdc ltfu hinh, ly cung ra|nh Trdi Dao ta nlu phii Thtf, rfii Tfing Nho vdi cic dai bilu noi bat nhtf Trinh Hgo,Trinh vong phi, ly cung m | n h Trdi Ngfldi Cfing Bi Lilu lira cdi Di, Chu Hy Khfing Tii cd bin ve trdi dat, quf thin nhtf: "Dgo dypc cdi minh TVdi"(18) sap dtfpc thtfc hi|n tf? Do Ii m|nh frdi Dgo sip dtfpc phlbd tf? Dfi la m|nh trcfl" (Lugn Ngfl Hien vln) Ong khen Nhan tfl Nha nghiln cflu Trung Qufic, Mau Ttfdng Tara cung ed nhflng nhin xit tfldng tfl:" Trung Quoc trtfdc diy, khfii^ efi nhflng Ii ngtfdi hilu hpe, nhtfng "khdng may menh ngin ngiii, chet rfii" (bat hgnh doin menh, tfl hi! - Lugn NgQ Ung da) Tfl Ha la hpc trfi tfin giio theo logi hinh (kieu tdn gido phtfdng lay), the nhtfng flng eung nhlc lgi ldi dng: "Sfing chit cd mfnh, giiu sang tai trdi" hgc vln cfla Dgo gia, Nho gia diu cd tdc dyng ton giao Cho nln (Tfl sinh hQu minh, phfl quf tai thien - Lugn NgQ Nhan Uyen) cd thl xera nfi li rafit loai tfin giio Bdi vl nhdng vln dl m i n^ Nhtfng flng lai cho rang ngtfdi co the nhgn bilt dtfpc mfnh raufin gili quylt la vln d l Io Ilng v l cii vinh cflu mang tinh tfin trdi Qng ty eho minh rang: "Nam ratfol tufii mdi bilt dupe minh gido Nho gia nfii Thien dgo, Thiln dgo raang ban tfnh sdng tgo trdi" (Ngu thap nhi tri thien raf nh - Luan NgQ Vi Chinh) Ngodi Bin tfnh eua Thtfpi^ d l cung sang tgo Nlu dera Thiln dao clch vj hod till dd ehlng phli 11 Thtfdng dl, li thin cd nhan each hay ra, fing cfin ehu trtfdng khfing yen minh, bilt mfnh nhtfng lgi eo sao?(19) Iim khde Cfi ngtfdi nhgn xet vl fing vdi vdi hgc frd fing: "La ngfldi da khfing the Idm rad CIJI ldm fl?"(Thi fri ky bat kha vi chi Vift Nam, dgo Nho dtfpc coi nhtf li tfin glio dtfdi thdl nhd Ly dafl?- Luin Ngfl Hien van) Khfing Tfl cung khdng phii nhgn stf Cac gjao Sl phtfdng T^y din ntfdc ta trayen giao cQng eoi Nho tdn tgi ciia quy than, dng van tin ring cd quy thin Theo dng: "Te gido li rafit tdn gido Alexandre de Rhodes frong cuon sleh "Phlp 11tillnhtf Id cd, t l tiian tiii nhtf li efi than d dd" (Te nhtf tai, t l tiiln giing tira ngiy" cd v i l t " Ding tiifl nhat Ii vl k l dang hay chfl, gpi nhfl thin tgi - Luin i ^ Bit dat) y/k dng chu trfldng dfii vdi thin Id dao Nho Dang thfl hai li k l thd quiradlira vi|c dfii gpi li Dao Ii phli kinh trpng, Nhtfng mat khac fing cung xa linh quy thin: Dang tiifl ba Ii kl this Byt gpi la But Sfl ddng sau bdi ntfdc "Kfnh trpng nhtfng m i phdi xa Idnh quy than" (Kinh quy than nhi Indian md ra"(20) TirIn Trpng Kim vio nhQng nara 30 cfla till kJ' vien chi - Lugn NgQ Ung da) v i khfing cau xin d quy than, khong XX cung cd vilt cufin" Nho giio" Cdn cdc tie gia cfla eudn" Anh raong quy tiiln ban phdt hfldng cua cac h^ ttf tfldng v i tdn giio doi vdi ngfldi Vi|t Nam hfim nay" c u i ^ viet: "Cde hpe thuylt hi tfldng, cdc tfin gido, cdc Tfl nhflng phdn ti'ch tren chung ta cd t h l nhgn djnh ring, kbl tin ngfldng hi|n dang ton tgi d ntfdc ta thl cd rat nhilu nhtfng ban din frdi dlt, quy thin, Nho giao khfing the khfing cfi mlu cfi t h l chia Iim bfin loai chfl ylu sau diy: Cdc hgc thuylt fruyin sic tfin gido, khfing t h l khfing efi ylu tfi tfin gido Tuy nhien d ttf thfing, cie tfin glio vi tin ngtffingxfla nay, cie trio ltfu ttf ttfdng ttf ttfdng Khfing Tfl lufin tfin tgi tinh hai mat mau thuan Mpt mat, san phfldng l a y c|n hi^n d^, Chu nghia Mic -Lenin vd ttf tfldng thfla nhin sflc mgnh cua frdi dlt, quy than; nhtfng ragt khde coi Hfi Chi Mhih Cic hpc thuylt fruyen thfing tfu cd ba dgo: dao frdi dat quy than khong phai Id sfl quyet dinh tat cd, chi phoi sfl ton Nho, dgo Phit vi dao Lla "(21) tgi vi phdt triln ciia ngfldi, md chinh ngtfdi quyet dinh Nhtf vgy, mde dfl eho ring Nho gido cd nhflng dilra khic bi?t vln rainh c6a minh k l ed cdi chet Nhtf fing ndi: "Chda Idm viec vdi tfln giio lay phfldng nhflng nhflng f kiln khing djnh Nho cho ngudi, lira t h l nao Iam vifc cho quy?" Luan NgQ Tiln tiln), 54 "Chfla the bilt vife sfing, lira bilt dflpc vifc chit?" (V| tri sinh yen, tri tfl?" (Lugn Ngfl Tien tien) D&i ddi Mgnh Tfl (372-289 Tr.CN) tiii ylu td tim, tfin giao d l rd net h d n Tuy viy nd vin chi li cfi ylu tfi tfin ^ o ma khfing phai tfin giio thtfc thy O i ^ vilt" Ching vife ^ xiy m i ching ndi mfnh TrdL Minh nen thuin rai nhgn lay cdi rafnh diich dangly" Hogc' Trdi sinh din d coi ddi nay, cui^ suih ngtfdi lim vua, ke lam thiy Vua va thay giiip sflc Thtfpng de ma cai tri din, giio hoi dan Cho nen bon phtfdng hai bgng ngtfdi dd dtfdc Trdi yeu men cadi dic-bilf (23) Trdi quy djnh "tinb tiuen", lam cho ngtfdi eui^ cd pham dilt nhln, nghia, 11, tri, tin, cho r i i ^ thtfc hifn cde pham diat li phu h ^ vdi tinh trdi li ctf sd dedgt tdidjayj thfing trj O i ^ ndi: "Ai dtfa v i dflc v i thtfc hifn dilu nhin i ^ d i ay hm vua' (Mgnh Tfl Cfing Ton Sflu thtfpng), "Bio ve dan thi ldm vua' (Mgnh Tfl Ltfdng Hue Vtfdi^ thtfpng) "Dflpc din till dtfpc tiuln ha" {Manh Tfl Tan tdm) VI viy sflc imnh cua fing trdi thuc chat la sflc manh eda dao dfle pbong k i ^ chfl khdng phai la sflc raanh eua dng trcfl efi nhln eieh thtfc tbu Sang tSi Dfing Tipng Thd (180-105 Ti.C3i) thi Nho giao ffi frd thinh mpt twi giio day dfl vdi c i nhfli^ ^ to ctfc doan Chang hgn, dng gin ^ I p eietiiufletinh cua Ara dtfdng ngfl hdnh vio cic bifn tflpng x i bfii Ong cbo quan Igi, nhd d m quyln tluific menh Kim, cdn quan chung nhln din flng vdi menh Mde ^ Kim khac Mpc (quan cai tri din ) li hpp quy l u i t Ngtfdi ldm dio Nho ^ i o thinh cd ndi dung than hoc li Doi^ Trpng Thtf, bgc dai nho ddi Hdn O i ^ de xfldng thuyet "thien nhan hpp nha^, "ihiin nhln cdm flng (bay tfldng dO)" coi eon ngddi v i Trcfi gifing vl hinh the Trdi ed 365 ngiy ngtfdS cd 365 dot xfldi^ Trdi vi ngfldi gifing vl tinh d m , gifing ve quy luat Trcri la mpt vu try ldn, ngtfdi Id mfit vu try nhd Quyen vua la Trcfl trao Vua la ngtfdi t n u ^ gian Id gach noi gifla Trdi va ngtfdi Trcfl li cha diiin^ chi phfii eoi ngtfdi, kiem sodt hanh vi cua vua l i d i nhflng tai dj (bi(^ lut, dji^ bfnh,-.) ^ d n h cdo va nhflng dilm ldnh de khuyln khich theo vife lara'tot bay xau eiia vua Tam cUOng ngu thudi^ dtfpc tic dinh Ii nln tdng dgo dflc, dieo Dfing Trong Thtf Id ed ngufin gfic tfl Trcfl Tfl ddi Han, ratfdi ba cufin sdch dtfpc coi Id "kinh" cd ffit diflc bde Sl de day Chfl va n^iia eua kinh dtfpc xie %di diinh thflc Nhiing ehd ed nghi vin thl nha vua dich than ehu tri thao luan d l quylt dinh cadi bieu Viec n h i nfldc thd ciing Khong Tfl nhfl mflt vj thanh, rapt bac vua chfla khffl^ tri vi cung bat diu tfl ddi Hdn (Han Cao To nam thfl 12) Coi Nho giao li mpt hf thfing cac vj thanb truyen tiifla till da ed tfl Mgnh Tfl nhflng den Han Du (768 - 824) mdi dl xfldng "dao thong" d l dfii ^ vdi Phgt giio v i Dgo giio Nhtf till, chflng ta thay tinh c h a tim, tdn giio cua Nho giio n ^ y eai^ dim net, cing ngiy cdi^ raS di tinh chat tioi bd, nhin ban troi^ ttf ttfdng cua Khfing Tfl buoi ban dau Dgc bilt ldu tang Idp thfing tri lay tu tudng cua Nho giao lam hf ttf tfldng cua minh thi muon tdn giio hod nd d l tang thim stf thiing Ueng Gin eho vua tfldc hifu " Thiln tfl", vua tiiay trdi tri ddn, thay dan t l frdi GS Trln Dinh Hfldu nhin xet ve xa hpi phong kien bay gid: "Dfli^ dau rapi day frit til la Thiln tii ThilntiJthay Hoang ^ vfla li dia vfla Id thay ciia rapi ngfldi Thien tfl hay vua ddi vdi din cui^ nhtf cha ^ i vdi cd trach nhif thtfdng ylu, chara sdc, nufii nang, S(3 7-2016 DpifvaE^ dgy d6'(24) Cbinh quan nifm lim dio the quyen d phdOM: Dfing Iudn gin vdi than quyln v i nd d l mflt i^uyoi tac "Sp eua vua la dgo cua ntfdc Chuin d day li ^ n gik) cua tii^^j phii la tfin giao cua quin vtfdng Pbat the mdt ditc tin tfin ^ ndo dfi tiiay in mpt dflc tui ton gjio khic se keo dieo mfit npi' dunh tti tflc tiidi"(25) Nhtf viy khdi diu li rapt hpc tiiuylt chlnh trj dgo dflc xa hgi^ chinh Kh&ig Tfl ciing cd fldc nguyfn l l y dflc day chd mote vaC raong cii biln xa hpi giio hod mufin din, cflu tiuln fag Ong £ bfln ba, chu du 13 nira fr^ di thuyet khich de raong dtfdc (&f thuylt "nhin tn" cfla minh That bai, nam 484 (tr.CN) Ong n i trd vl n h i md trtfdng dgy hpc, san dinh Thi, Tho, hifu dfnh I I , Nhac, gidi thich Kuih dich Mai vl sau, tranh hlin, doi ^ cic hpc thuyet khae nhtf Dgo ^do, Phit giao nd mdi x ^ A ^ ^ hinh hpc vi thinh lugn thuyet trilt hpc vi tiep tye ] ^ trien de tid tfin giia Sddi vd tMnh hien dtfpc coi nhtf kinh ^en ! $ dung hpc ^ u y l t ^ p c than tMnh hoi, cdn d c nha sang % due phung thd tKHig \ ^ Mi& Theo GS Kaji Nobuyuki (Nhat Bdi^ thi dgc dilm ciia tfin giio viing Dflng Bac A la gidi thidi TI dl chit va the g j ^ ben k ^ Ong vilt "Tinh tfin ^ o cua dao Xhoi^ la r ^ id rang trang dc n g ^ Ie thd cflng to tien, nhiing i ^ le cb t ^ nhiln Uln quan mat thiet den d i dilL.Tadi dgo Khong la kiui viec thd cflng td tiln thl c h i i ^ khac ^ ttf de bd d i Iy tfin tai di) Trilt hpc"(26) Alexandre de Rhodes eflng ghi lai rang: "Dau nani vua difla An Nam lim phep d ntfdc va quan quoc cflng thien hg eiing di rai giao t l vdi Thtfdng dl^ Doi khivua d ^ £ t l Thtfpng d l dogn tbi dai thin cung d v i thiln ba mdi lay Tua dnf Nlu tich ttf ttfdng cua Mic- A n ^ i e n ma phdn tidi rieng tiu DD eiing ed nhiing diem khac so vdi ^ doan cua LInin v i ding khac so vdi sfl phat tri& sau d d e ntfdc XHCN Nlu eoi Nho giao la todn bd hoc thuyet tfl Khong Tfl dio din sau niy till nfi tni tgi nhfl rafit tdn gido Di nhiln tfin giio ndy cd nhfli^ Aon khk bift so vdi d e tdn gido d phtfcmg Tay Cdn chi ri^g ttf ttfdng CB Khoi^ - Mgnh thi nd ehtfa phai la mpt tdn ^ a o ma la mfit hoc thuyet chinh tri, dao dfle x i hdi (» yeu to tdn gido ma tbu Tdm Igl Nho giio khdng phai vd thin ma eflng khfii^ph^li tdn giio truyen b i dfle tin v i hfldng ve the gidi ben khu chd mof hanh phflc sau ehiL Nhtfng thtfc te hing chyc the t ^ no van tfin tai nhtf mot tdn gido, nhat la chl quin chd d i E ^ che efi f thflc sfl dyng Nho gjio nhtf mdt cdng ey tfln gido de ca trj, bin cgnh chinh qayen va quan doL Nho gilo tfin tgi nhtf agt tfin gido vdi nhflng cd sd thtfc t l la nen van minh ndng i ^ i i ^ f^ xu htfdng tdn gido da thin Thl che tip trung diuyln chl trln ed sd ling hp [diln tan cote vdi truyen thdng tdn tpc lau d ^ vd tinh hinh dd^ nbi mffc xahdi da than hoi hiln, biln Nho giio tfl lirafithpc tiniffi chinh tri dao dflc rapt tfin giao cflng ed du kinh dien, dan difn, thdnh dia v i mpi nghi thflc thd cung Hay nfii d e b khk Nho gjao thdi Khfing Tfl dii mdi c^ nhflng yeu to mim mSufr Uln quan dia tdn giao till hiln d moi Uen h i tdi trdi dat, quf than, t l td, thd cung Nhtfng b ^ dau tfl thdi ffin trd £ , duflng IU the on djnh cyc dien ehinh tri chl dp phong kiwi trui^ ddng tap quyen ddi, de bio vf quyln Ipi cua giai c ^ tiifing tritillcic t h l Iflc d m quyln d i lpi dung Nbo gido vd tuylt ddi hda mgt s6 mat cd tinh cfle doan, frd tiiinh t i m v i niai^ tuih chfi too giio ro ret (Ql JDW^ffjHpCsC 7-2016 55 TAI U|U THAM KHAO Trln Vin Giiu (1993), SUphM triln cia U tuing Vilt Nam til TAM QUAN TRONG thtlt) XIX iln cich mmg TUng Tdm, t l , NXB.Tp Ho Chi Minli (Tiip theo trang 50) (l)tr.5 Quang D ^ (1994), Nha giio xUa va nay, Nxb Vin hoi H i N9L(2)tr.21:(4)lr.36:(10)tr.42; Visn nghiin ciiu Hin Nom (2002), NgU van Han Ndm, tip Tl! Ihu, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi (3) tr.25 4.Chu Hy (1998), TU thU t4p chu, Djch v i chii giii Nguyen Dulc Lin, N A Vin hoi thong tin Ha Nji (5) tr.484i (6) tr.646; (18) tr.553|(23)tr.773; Thbi Long Thiiy, Suy ngM vesu pbat triln Nho hpc d Trieu : Tiin.(7)tr.l3Sl Do Quang HUng (Chu bien) (2001), Ton gido vd mdy vdn de ' ttn gido Nam Bo Nxb KHXH (S) tr.lH (14) tr.200; (15) Ir 196: D^ng Nghiem Van (chu bien) 1996, Ve ton gido tin ngUdng VNhUn Nxb KHXH (9) tr.275 Bdo Van nghl 28-3-1991 (11) tr.3 9.A.Rhodes(1994),UchsUvUOngciu6cDdngNgoili, TisdchDai k&.(12)tr.l00: W Dfi Nam IhUc luc chlnh biln, ldp W (13) tr.2S0 11 Tap thlNghiln ciu Tonpio so 11)5) nam 11)2001) 12 Trdn Khac HUng Vdn lat ve linh ton gido cda Nho hoc Ir.l015 13 Trinh Cia Bong - Nha Njftiln aiu Trung Quic Ir.984-98S 14.ARhades(1993),Phdpgidngldmngiy Tu sdch Bai kit (20) 11.104-105 15 Nguyin Tdi ThU (chi biln) (1977), Anh hudng cia cdc hi tU tudng vd Ion ffio doi vdi ngUdi Vtet Nam hien Nxb Chinh tri Qufic gia (21) tr.21 16 Tjp chl Nghien cilu Con ngii6i (so 2-2003), Khung hodng cac gia tri Nho giio, (22), tr 17 Trdn Binh HUdu (1989), Van hoi Viet Nam, Nxb Van boi 10 Moore, B N., & Parker, R., 2007 Critical thinking (8th ed.) Boston: McGraw Hill H Newmann, E M., 1990 Higher order tiiinking in teaching social studies: A rationale for the assessment of dassroom thoughtfiilness./ourno/o/CurricM/um Studies, 22 (1), 41-56 12 Nosich, G M., 2009 Learning to think things throu^: A guide to critical thinkmg across the curriculum (3rd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson Prentice Hall 13 Paul, R., & Elder, L., 2008b Critical thinkmg: strategies for improving student learning, part II Journal of Developmental Education, 32(2), 34-35 ReO-ieved from http://www.ncde appiiate.edu/publications/jde/ 14 Paul R., & Elder, L 2009a Close reading, substantive writing, and critical thinking: foundational skills essential to the educated mind Gifted Education International 25(3), 286-295 15 Paul, R., & Elder, L., 2009b, Critical thuiking: etiiieal reasonuig and feir-rainded thuiking, part Journal of Devdopraental Education, 33(1), 38-39 Refrieved frora http;// www.ncde.appstate.edu/pubUcations/jde/ SUMMARY Criticcd thinkingisan essential thinkingsktll in education today as the world changes at an ever-faster pace which requires learners to be more flexible and active in their thinking Therefore, the Vietnamese high school learners should be improved their thinking skills because they are entering an expanding and diverse job market To help the secondary-level leamers to develop their critical thinking both educators and their students should have a good basic background ofthe theory This article provides people with necessary information about how important developing critical thinking in the high school level in Vietnam is Key words: critical thinking developing critical thinking high school students, Vietnam (24)lr.214 18 Din tbeo "Vl ton giio" (1994) tdp I, Nxb KHXH (25; tr.223 19 Viln "Mng tin KHXH (1997) Nhogiio, mot tdn giao bi ldng quhi, Trong cuon: Tdn gido vd ddi songbiln dai (26) tr.22 SUMMARY Thi article outlined the basis of confirmed Confucianism is a social and political and moral theory Even newly formed (^nfucianism (Confucius time) is not a true religion which only some faint religious factors When Ibefeualism of China was born, the authorities regarded Confudarnsm as a tool to maintain social order, so Confucian had clearly religious nature Keywords: Religion, Confucianism, social and political, doctrine Nhan bii ngiy 28/5/2016 Sia chUa xong 417/2016 Duyit ddng 4/7/2016 VI SLf nghiap phat tridn GiAo Dye ... ta vin chfla coi Nho hpc li Nho giio N h i ntfdc cung ehtfa xem Nho giio nhfl Phgt giio hay Dao giio Tic gii Thfii Long Thuy vilt "Khong Tfl sing lip Nho hpc la hpe vln eua Nho gia chfl khfing... ta van dong nhat eac khdi ni|m Nho gia, diu higu chflng td dgo Nho la mpt ton giio chinh hi?u Thfl nhlt dgo Nho (Nho giao), Khfing tfl, Khong hpc Nhflng khdi nifm Nho gilo cd elu dio d Trdi Thfl... ti'ch: "Trong LflOng- Khang m i Trln Trpng Kim viet cufin " Nho giao", nhtfng ttf tfldng cua Nho ^a, tri tiiflc v i tri tu|, hpc van vi thtfc tiln, cuon sach nay,fingvan khdng coi dao Nho la tdn