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CHiNH T R I - A N NINH AN NINH CON NGlTOI MOT KHAI NIEM AN NINH MOfI b DONG A NGUYiN IHI IHUVnUNG' Tdm tat: Dd han 20 ndm trdi qua ki tU Chuang trinh Phdt triin cua Liin Hgp Qudc (UNDP) dua khdi niim "an ninh ngudi" ldn ddu tiin Bdo cdo phdt triin ngudi ndm 1994 O Ddng A, phdi din xdy cugc khiing hodng tdi chinh ndm 19971998, khdi niim an ninh mai ndy mdi nhgn dugc su quan tdm vd thica nhdn ciia cdc nudc khu vuc Mac dii vdy, an ninh nguai vdn Id mgt khdi niim gdy tranh cdi vd cdc nuac trang khu vuc tiep nhgn khdi niim ndy vdi thdi de dgt Vgy an ninh nguai a Ddng A dugc hieu theo nhiing cdch ndo, nhiing tranh cdi xung quanh khdi niim ndy Id gi vd viic phdt triin an ninh ngudi a khu vuc ndy gap phdi nhiing khd khdn gl? Bdi viet se phdn tich an ninh ngudi tic gdc dg ly thuyit vd thuc tien a Ddng A de trd ldi nhitng cdu hdi tren Tir khda: An ninh ngudi, Ddng A, Hpp tdc khu vuc ngudi ttdn thd gidi chdt vi HIV/AIDS nhtmg tong sd tidn chi cho vide ngan ngtra vd didu tti cdn bdnh mdt ndm chi bang sd tidn chi cho qudn su ttong ctia todn thd gidi^ Dd hon 20 nam ttdi qua kd tir Chuong trinh Phat ttidn ciia Lidn hpp qudc (UNDP) dua khdi nidm "an ninh ngudi" lan dau tidn ttong Bdo cdo phdt ttidn ngudi nam 1994 Kd tir dd, an ninh ngudi vdi tu each mpt khai nipm mdi vd an " ThS, Khoa Kinh tg hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hgc x3 hpi vi ninh da thu hut sir quan tam, chii y cua cdc y X i e n nay, trdn thd gidi cd khodng 805 - * - * ttidu ngudi (khoang 1/9 ddn sd toan ciu) khdng cd du luong thuc dd sdng khde mgnh Chau A Id chau luc cd nhidu ngudi ddi nhit, chidm 2/3 tdng sd ngudi bj ddi ttdn thd gidi' Tir nam 2005 ddn nay, cdc nude gidu nhit trdn thd gidi chi cho quan s\r gip khodng hon lin chi cho vipn ttp phdt ttidn^ Trung binh mdi ngdy cd hon 4600 nhSn van, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Hd NOi ' Trang web ciia Chuong trinh Luang thirc The gidi http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats Itruy cap ngiy 05/11/2014] ' Thep th6ng ke cua OECD, nSm 2011, 21 qu6c gia giiu nh^t the gi6i chi 830 ty dp la cho quan sir, s6 tign chi cho viJn trp phSt ttiin la 105 ty dp la [truy c^p ngiy 04/11/2014) NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C A Sd 1(167) 1-2015 ^ T6ng chi quSn sir cda toin the gi6i nim 2011 li trgn 2.000 ty Do la , frong dp chi chp HIV/AIDS trpng ciing nam li 19,1 ty Dp ia [truy cip ngiy 05/11/2014] Nghien cim khoa hgc " - An ninh y ti: dgt dupc bang vipc dam hpc gid, cac nhd nghien ciru va hogch dinh chinh sdch eug nhieu qudc gia ttdn thd gidi bao su bdo vd ngudi d miic tdi thidu Tuy nhidn, nhitng sd ttdn cho thdy tnrdc bdnh tdt - An ninh mdi truang: bao vd ngudi nhiing vdn dd mat an ninh ddi vdi cudc sdng ngudi mac dil la nhirng van de gay khdi nhiing mdi de dpa dai hgn va ngdn hgn nhidu quan ngai nhung van dijmg sau su cua tu nhidn, nhiing mdi de dpa cua quan tdm danh cho an ninh va Ipi ich qudc ngudi ddi vdi thidn nhidn vd su suy thodi ciia mdi trudng tu nhidn gia ctia cdc nudc ttdn thd gidi - An ninh cd nhdn: bdo vd ngudi khdi An ninh ngu'di la gi? bao luc du bgo luc dd gdy bdi nhan td bdn Theo Bdo cao phdt tridn ngudi ndm ttong hay nhdn td bdn ngodi qudc gia 1994 ciia UNDP, an ninh ngudi la mdt - An ninh cgng ddng: bdo vp ngudi khdi nidm rpng ldn hon khdi nidm truydn ttrrdc su mdt mat cdc mdi quan he vd gid tri thdng vd an ninh vdn chi quan tam ddn ehu •truydn thong, trudc bao lire mdn phdi vd bgo quydn, lanh thd va lpi ich qudc gia Khdi luc sac tdc nidm cd bdn dgc didm co bdn: - An ninh chinh try dam bao rang mpi - An ninh ngudi la mdi quan tdm ngudi sdng mdt xa hdi tdn trpng nhung chung cua todn nhdn loai, cua ngudi quydn co ban eua ngudi vd ddm bdo cdc khdp noi ttdn thd gidi, du d nudc gidu hay ca nhdn vd nhdm ngudi khdng chju su dp ddt hay kidm sodt vd quan didm va thdng tin cua nudc ngheo - Cdc td cua an ninh ngudi cd gidi cdm quyen tdc dpng qua lai ldn Ndi mdt each ngdn gpn, an ninh - An ninh ngudi cd the dupe dam bdo ngudi theo dinh nghia cua UNDP la "thoat bdng each ngdn ngira sdm tdt hem la can khdi su sp hdi" (freedom from fear) vd thidp sau bi de dpa "thodt khdi sir thidu thdn" (freedom fi-ora - An ninh ngudi lay ngudi lam want) Dinh nghia ndy dua each tidp can trung tdm.'' an ninh mdi khde vdi an ninh truydn thdng la Bao cdo phat tridn ngudi ndm 1994 tap trung vao ngudi, vdo cdc ca nhdn va dua bay khia canh chinh cua an ninh cong ddng chti khdng phai vao qude gia hay ngudi: nha nudc Tuy nhien, day la mdt khdi nidm - An ninh kinh ti: dat dupc qua vide dam rdng va linh hoat, ddi bj xem la qud rdng bdo vide Idm va miic thu nhdp ca ban'cho vd khdng dua duoc nhiing gidi hgn xac cdc cd nhdn dinh ddi tupng ddi vdi cdc nhd hogch djnh - An ninh luang thuc: dgt dupc bang vide chinh sdch Vi vgy, kd tir khdi nidm ddm bdo rang mpi ngudi dupc tidp can vdi ddi, ede nha nghidn ciiu vd cac nhd hoach ngudn cung cap lucmg thuc ea ban ttong mpi dinh chinh sach da cd gdng didn gidi vd dua thdi didm nhiJng djnh nghia cu thd ban cho khai nidm Nhirng each hidu vd ly gidi vd an * UNDP (1994), Bap cap phat trien cpn ngiroi NGHIEN CCila DONG BAC i) s61(167) 1-201S Nghien ciJcu khoa hoc ninh ngudi cd thd dupe chia hai nhdm: Nhdm tidp cdn an ninh ngudi tir gdc dp "bao vd" va nhdm tidp can tit gdc dp "phat tridn" Tidp cgn tir gdc dp "bdo vd", an ninh eon ngudi nhdn mgnh vide bdo vd ngudi khdi nhiing mdi de dpa ddn than thd gdy bao lire, xung dot hay chidn tranh Quan didm dupc ting hp bdi chinh phii Canada vd Na Uy Ddi vdi Canada, an ninh ngudi cd nghia Id sir dam bao quydn ngudi, su an todn cila nhiing sinh mgng trudc nhiing mdi de dpa lan tda Qua ehinh sdch ddi ngogi cita minh, Canada da lua chpn tap trung vin dd an ninh ngudi vao vide tang cudng ddm bdo s\f an toan eho mpi ngudi bing vi$e bdo vf hp trudc nhiing mdi de dpa bao luc^ Nhiing ngudi ting hO Canada vd mpt khai nidm an ninh ngudi hep hon cho rdng each hidu rpng vd an ninh ngudi, bao gdm nhflng vin dd vd an ninh kinh td, mdi trudng, chinh tri, dgo dire, nhan phdm sd ldm gidm sir rd rdng cda khdi nidm ndy, khidn nd trd ndn mo hd, de nhdm ldn vdi cdc khdi nidm khac nhu phdt ttidn eon ngudi, an ninh chung, an ninh phi truydn thdng, lam gidm CO sd ly ludn va lam cho nd trd ndn khd hinh dung va gidm gid tti dinh hudng ddi vdi cac nhd hoach djnh chinh sdch Caeh tidp cgn eua Chinh phu Canada nhan manh vai ttd eua Ludt nhdn dgo qudc td, Tda an qudc td vd can thidp nhdn dao ttong ttudng hpp chinh quyen sd tai khdng ed khd ndng hodc khdng cd thipn chi bdo vd ngudi dan Quan didm gdy nhidu ttanh cai bdi nd cho rdng cdng ddng qudc td cd quydn vd cd nghia vu phd vd chil quydn tuydt ddi ctia eae qude gia nhdm bao vd quydn ngudi ttong trudng hpp cdn thidt Tidp can tir gdc dp "phdt tridn", khai nipm an ninh eon ngudi dupe hidu theo nghia rdng bom Cdch tidp can gin hon vdi dinh nghia vd an ninh ngudi ma Bao cao phat ttidn ngudi cua UNDP dua nam 1994 Nd nhan mgnh ddn nhung giai phap dai han cho nhung mdi de dpa va cho rdng phdt tridn Id each phdng ngira tich cue, hidu qua hon vide bdo vd ttong ngan ban Qua phan tich ttong Bdo cdo phdt ttidn ngudi ndm 1994 cd the thdy mdi lidn he mat thidt gifla phat ttidn vd an ninh Khi ngudi mat an ninh, hp se thdnh gdnh ngng cho xa hdi va didu sd de dpa nhidu ddn an ninh qudc gia Thd gidi sd khdng thd ttdnh khdi chidn ttanh ddn dng va dan ba khdng dupc an todn d chinh nhd hp vd ttong cdng vide ctia hp Mot ttong nhiing qudc gia ting hp quan didm ddu tidn va tich cue nhdt Id Nhdt Bdn Ngay sau khai nidm an ninh ngudi ddi nam 1994, thang 10 ndm 1995, Thu tudng Nhdt Bdn Tomiichi Murayama ttong phat bidu cua minh dd coi an ninh ngudi Id mdt ehidn lupc mdi cua Lidn Hpp Qude Theo Chinh phit Nhgt Ban, vide chi tap trung vdo khia cgnh de dpa bgo lure Id khdng dti ddi vdi an ninh ngudi, dd can quan tdm nhidu ban ddn nhflng vdn dd tac dpng true tidp ddn su an todn ttong cuOc ' B0 Ngpai giap v i Ngp^i thupng Canada (2000), "Frffdom from fear: Canada's foreign policy for human security", tr * UNDP (1994), Bdo cdo phdt trien ngudi, tr 24 NGHIEN cdu OdNG B^C A s6 1(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc sdng hdng ciia ngudi dan, ttong dd cd ea cac vdn is thupc vd dgo diic, tdm ly An ninh ngudi cd thd dupc dinh nghia la sir tti vd bao vd eude sdng vd nhan phim cita ngudi Theo quan didm eua Nhdt Ban cung nhu ciia nhidu qudc gia khde, an ninh ngudi chi cd the dupc ddm bao ngudi dupc bao vd trudc cdc mdi de dpa vd dupc ddp iing cdc nhu cdu (freedom from fear vd freedom from want)' Bang vide nhdn manh ddn ca hai khia canh "bdo vd" va "phdt ttidn" eua an ninh ngudi, Nhgt Ban cd gang dua mdt khai nidm an ninh ngudi bao qudt hon, linh hogt hem va cd thd dupc chdp nhgn rdng rdi hon Nhirng tranh luan ve an ninh ngirdi Nhu da ndi d ttdn, cd nhidu cdch tidp can khac ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Hon nfla, vi Id mdt khdi nidm mdi ndn cd khd nhidu y kidn tranh luan xung quanh khdi nidm ndy Vdn dd tranh ludn thir nhdt Id vd sd Id ngudi ddm nhdn trdch nhidm thiic ddy an ninh ngudi Nhidu nhd nghidn cim cho ring an ninh ngudi cd thd tac dpng ddn an ninh qudc gia, dge bidt tidp can theo nghia "bao vd" cua an ninh ngudi, vdy ndu Nhd nudc cung cdc cdng cu ciia minh khdng phai la luc lupng ehu ydu ddm bao an ninh eon ngudi thi sd dam nhdn trdch nhidm nay? Quan didm phd binh khde cho rdng khai nidm ndy cd thd trung lap vdi ' Phat bilu cua 5ng Yukip Takasu, Tpng giim d6c Cp quan hpp tic da phuong Nh|it Ban tai Hpi nghj dpi thpai ve Xay dyng ctiau A ngiy mai lin thir 3, Bangkck 19/11/2000 Trang web Bp ngpai giap Nhat Bin [truy cjp ngiy 12/11/2014] cac khac nidm khae nhu an ninh todn dipn, an ninh chung, an ninh phi truydn thdng hay phdt ttidn ngudi ttong trudng hpp tidp can til gdc dp "phdt ttidn" Quan didm phd binh thli ba vd an ninh eon ngudi nhu dd dd' cap d phdn ddu la khai niem qua rpng, khd nam bdt vd khd dua gidi hgn vd phgm vi, ddi tupng eung nhu each thirc, cdng cy thire hidn Didu ldm gidm co sd ly thuydt cua nd vd gidm gid tti dinh hudng cua nd ddi vdi cac nhd hogch dinh chinh sdch Trong vin de tranh ludn ddu tidn, trdn thuc td, tidp can an ninh tir gde dp "bdo vp" theo quan didm ciia Chinh phu Canada, dd dam bao an ninh ngudi, cdng ddng qudc td cd thd ean thidp nhan dgo vdi lire lupng vu trang hoae khdng de ddm bdo thyrc thi quydn ngudi ttong cde trudng hpp xung dot npi chidn, ddn dp vu trang hpdc chidn tranh Didu ndy khien cac qudc gia lo ngai chu quydn tuydt ddi cua hp cd thd bj xdm phgm cac trudng hop nhu vgy, dgc bidt ddi vdi cdc qudc gia d Chdu A Chinh vi vdy cac qudc gia Chdu A thudng thidn vd khai nidm an ninh ngudi theo each tidp can "phdt tridn" vd dng hp quan didm cua Nhdt Bdn Ngodi ra, ndi ddn vai trd ctia Nha nudc ddi vdi an ninh ngudi, nhflng ngudi di tidn phong khdng hd phit nhan vai trd cua Nhd nudc nhung hp eho rdng Nha nudc khdng phdi la lire lupng nhdt cd trdch nhidm vd cd khd ndng ddm bdo an ninh ngudi Trong vdn dd tranh luan thu hai, til thdi ky Chidn ttanh Lanh, dac bidt Id sau Chidn tranh Lgnh kdt thue, nhidu khai nidm mdi vd an ninh da ddi An ninh todn didn, an ninh hpp tac hay an ninh phi truydn thdng NGHIlN Cflu DdNG B^C (i s61(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hoc ddu phan anh su quan tdm cang tang cua cdc chinh phti ddi vdi cac van dd an ninh mdi bdn eanh vin dd an ninh qude gia An ninh todn didn la khai nidm nham tra ldi cau hdi "tdt ca nhiing mdi de dpa an ninh qudc gia Id gi?", an ninh hpp tdc la khdi nidm an ninh dupc dam bao dua ttdn co chd hpp tac da phuang va chi cd thd dat dupc cd su can bang vd quydn lire nhdt dinh, sir minh bgch gifla cac qudc gia va thien ehi ddi thogi thay vi ddi ddu An ninh phi truyen thdng phan anh ndi dung, ten gpi cua nd Id nd lire giai quydt cac van dd an ninh mdi ndi ldn de dpa an ninh cita cac qudc gia bdn cgnh vide dam bdo an ninh truydn thdng Id chu quydn Idnh thd vd lpi ich qudc gia Mpt dac didm chung cua ba khdi nidm Id mac dil chiing dua nhflng each nhin nhan mdi vd an ninh rdng ldn hon khdi nidm an ninh truydn thdng, cac khai nidm mdi vdn tap trung vao chti thd ldn nhdt quan he qudc td Id cdc qudc gia d ddy xuit Men mdt cdu hdi: ndu cdc gia ttj va lpi ich cila ngudi xung dot vdi cde gia tri hay lpi ich cua qudc gia hay nha nudc thi didu gi se dupc uu tidn bdo vd? Cdu ttd ldi eho edu hdi se cho thiy su khac bidt giua an ninh ngudi vdi cac khai nidm ttdn Mdt ttong nhiing ddc didm co bdn cua an ninh ngudi Id nd nhdn manh ddn ddi tupng dupc bdo vd Id cac ca nhdn vd cdng ddng chu khdng phdi la qudc gia hay nha nudc Bdo cao phat tridn ngudi nam 1994 cua UNDP cOng nhin manh "an ninh ngudi" khdng ddng nhit vdi "phat ttidn ngudi" Theo dd, phdt tridn ngudi Id mdt khdi nidm rdng ldn ban ndi ddn qua ttinh md rdng nhirng lua chpn vd mpi mat ttong ddi NGHIEN Cdla OdNG BflC k z61(167) 1-2015 sdng cho ngudi dan "An ninh ngudi" cd nghia la ngudi dan cd thd thuc hidn vide lira chpn mdt each an toan vd tu do, ddng thdi hp cd thd tin tudng rang nhirng ea hdi ma hp cd ngdy hdm se khdng mit di hodn toan vao ngdy mai (UNDP 1994) Trong van dd ttanh luan thir ba, chinh nhirng ngudi di tidn phong vide phdt tridn khai niem an ninh ngudi cung thua nhan day la mdt khai nidm rdng va tuong ddi Iinh boat, didu ndy dgc bidt dung an ninh ngudi dupc tidp can tfl gdc dp phdt ttidn ngudi Ddi vdi each tidp can an ninh ngudi tfl gdc dp "bdo vd", khai nidm tucmg ddi rd rang bdi nd chi rd vide ddm bdo an ninh ngudi la bao vd ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bao luc Tuy nhidn, tiep can an ninh ngudi tir gdc dp se khidn cdc qudc gia, ddc bidt la cdc nudc dang phat tridn e dd trudc vide dp dung an ninh ngudi bdi nd cd thd ddn ddn kha ndng an ninh qudc gia, chu quydn lanh thd bi de dpa Hon nfla, tidp can tfl gdc dd "bdo vd" khdng du dd dam bdo an ninh cho ngudi vd edng ddng Trdn thuc td, ngudi dan d nhidu noi khdng xdy chidn ttanh hay xung dot, hp cung khdng bi de dpa bdi cdc hinh thiie bgo luc nhung khdng phai tat cd nhiing ngudi dd ddu cam thiy an toan hay dupc dam bdo an ninh An ninh ngudi dupe tidp can tu gdc dp phdt tridn ndi ddn tdt cd cac vdn dd cd thd anh hudng ddn su an todn ttong cudc sdng thudng ngdy Tinh bao trum vd linh boat cua khdi nidm an ninh ngudi la cdn thidt dd cac qudc gia trdn thd gidi, ddc bidt la cde nudc dang phdt ttidn, chdp nhdn khdi nidm ndy mdt each dd dang han Nghien citu khoa hgc An ninh ngirdi & Ddng A Mac du ddi nam 1994 va nhdn dupe su dng hd eua Nhdt Ban sau dd, an ninh ngudi ehi thuc su dupc cdc nudc Ddng A thua nhdn va dp dung sau khung hodng tai ehinh Chdu A nam 1997-1998 Khi khdi nidm an ninh mdi ddi, hdu hdt edc nudc Ddng A ddu cd thai dp than ttpng, e de bdi hai ly ehinh Thii nhdt, ddi vdi eac qudc gia khu vuc, an ninh ngudi, ddc bidt tidp edn tu gdc dp "bdo vd" ngudi trudc bgo luc, cd khd nang lam xdi mdn quan didm truydn thdng vd chu quydn, mpt vdn dd vdn rdt nhgy cdm d khu vuc ndy Thif hai, cdc nudc lo ngai rang dp dung an ninh ngudi se ddi hdi vide phdn bd lgi cde ngudn lire qudc gia nham ddi phd nhidu hon trudc cdc vdn dd an ninh phi truyen thdng nhung di sdn vd ky uc lich sit cua thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh vdn rdt ndng nd d khu vite Vao thdi didm nhflng nam ddu thdp ky 90 cua the ky trudc, Chidn tranh Lanh kdt thuc chua idu, cdc nudc khu vuc chua cd nhieu kinh nghidm hpp tac qudc td, dge bidt ttong ITnh vue an ninh, cdc thd chd hpp tac treng khu vuc chua xuat hidn nhidu, eac khodn chi cho qudc phdng cua cdc nudc, ddc bidt cdc nudc Ddng Bdc A vdn d muc cao, an ninh ngudi khdng dupe coi la md hinh an ninh hdp dan, thdm chi bi coi Id mao hidm ddi vdi cdc qudc gia d khu vuc hdi vd chinh tri eua cac nudc ndy ttong nhidu ndm Nhflng tdc ddng chu ydu cua khiing hoang tai chinh Chdu A ddn ngudi ddn: thu nhdp sut giam, ngheo ddi tang cao, ty Id thit nghiep tdng, thidu luang thitc, thidu cac djch vu cham sdc siic khde, suy thoai mdi trudng, giam kha nang tidp can gido due, bit dn chinh tti, cdng thdng gifla cdc qudc gia vd van dd ngudi tj nan vd nhdp cu trdi phdp, Tfl nhiing tde ddng cua cudc khiing hodng tai chinh Chau A cung nhflng mdi de dpa an ninh phi quan su ngdy cang tdng qua ttinh todn cdu hda vd qua ttinh phat ttidn, cdc nudc Ddng A dan ddn ddn nhdn khdi nidm an ninh ngudi vdi thdi dp tich cue hon Didu thd hidn qua vide cum tu "an ninh ngudi" xuit hidn ngdy edng nhidu chinh sdch ddi ndi va ddi ngogi cua cdc qudc gia ttong khu vuc vdi Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qudc va Thai Lan Id nhiing qudc gia di tidn phong An ninh ngudi cung dupc dd cap den chuong trinh nghj su vd cdc van bdn cua cac ca chd hpp tac da phuang nhu ASEAN-l-3 Ben canh su quan tdm cia nhflng nhd hogch djnh chinh sdch, an ninh ngudi cflng thu hut su quan tdm nghien cuu ciia gidi hpc gid d khu vuc nay, didu ndy cd thd duoc nhdn thay rd rdng qua sd lupng ngdy cdng nhidu cac cdng ttinh nghidn citu, cdc bdi nghidn citu, edc eudn sach vidt vd cac vdn dd an ninh ngudi khac d khu vye Tuy nhidn, quan didm da thay ddi rdt nhidu sau xdy cudc khung hodng tai chinh Chdu A nam 1997-1998 Cudc khung hoang khdng chi tdc ddng ndng nd ddn ndn kinh td cua mdt sd nudc Chdu A ma nd cdn dd lgi nhung hdu qud nghidm trpng ddn xa Tu thuc tidn dp dung va phat ttidn an ninh ngudi d Ddng A cd thd thiy an ninh ngudi d khu vue ndy ed ba dac didm chinh: An ninh ngudi dupe cac qudc gia khu vuc tiep can tir gdc dp "phdt tridn" nhidu ban tu gde dp "bdo vd"; an ninh ngudi NGHIEN Cflu OONG B^C (i s61(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc khdng phdi mpt khdi niem mdu thuin vdi an ninh qudc gia vd cdn dupc bdo ddm thuc thi vd tri bdi cdc Nhd nudc; an ninh ngudi la mOt quan didm cd khd nang hd ttp qua trinh hgp tdc ctia eac qudc gia ttong khu vitc Thli nhdt, cdc nudc Ddng A tidp can an ninh ngudi tfl gdc dp mpt khdi nidm rdng Idn va ludn kdt ndi khai nidm ndy vdi cdc vdn dd phdt tridn nhu ddi ngheo, bit binh ddng hay mOt logt cae vdn dd an ninh phi ttnydn thdng khde nhu d nhidm mdi trudng, tpi phgm xuyen qudc gia, bidt ddi hdu, thien tai hay djch bpnh Di tidn phong ttong vide phdt ttidn khai nidm an ninh ngudi d khu vyc Id Nhdt Bdn vd Thai Lan Ddi vdi trudng hpp Thai Lan, didu ndy ed thd dupc ly giai bdng vipc ehinh phit dupc bdu cfl giai doan 1998-2002, sau cupc khiing hodng tai ehinh Chdu A, la mpt chinh phii ed mdi lidn hf gdn gui vdi cac to chflc phi chinh phu mang tu tudng ty va dit nudc thudng doi mdt vdi nhiing ttanh chdp bidn gidi cung nhu ddng ngudi tj nan vd ngn budn bdn ma tfl Myanmar Qudc gia tidn phong va tich cye nhit ttong vipc phdt ttidn khai nidm an ninh ngudi d Ddng A la Nhgt Ban Sd di nhu vgy vi bdn thdn Nhgt Ban la mpt nudc thudng xuydn phai ddi mdt vdi nhidu van dd de dpa an ninh ngudi (hidu theo nghia rpng), thdm vdo dd, an ninh ngudi dudng nhu la mpt cdng cu httu hidu giup Nhdt Ban ed thd ddng mdt vai trd tich cye hon ddi vdi an ninh khu vyc, khdng phu thupc vao My ddng thdi khdng de dpa ddn cdc qudc gia lang gidng An ninh ngudi gidng nhu mpt cdng cu ttong chinh sach ngoai giao cimg cac chuang trinh vidn ttp NGHIEN CttU O O N G B ^ C A s d 1(167) 1-2015 giup Nhat Ban tao dyng mdt hinh dnh tich cyc hon ttong mdt ban be qudc td, ddc bidt ddi vdi cac nudc ldng gidng Ddng Nam A Chinh vi thd, bdn canh vide thidt ldp Co quan phdt tridn an ninh ngudi nhdm giai quyet cdc van dd an ninh ngudi nudc, Nhdt Ban cdn rdt tich cyc thuc ddy vide thdnh lap Uy ban An ninh ngudi ciia Lien Hpp Qude Uy ban ndy ndm 2003 dd dua mdt bao cao tim didm chung va can bdng gifla hai ddng quan didm vd an ninh ngudi la "bao vd" eon ngudi va "phat tridri" ngudi Bao cdo nhan mgnh cd hai khia cgnh ndu ttdn ddu quan ttpng vd cd quan he vdi Quan didm vd an ninh , ngudi cua Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn Id dung hda vd kdt hpp cd hai gdc dp tidp cdn nhdm ddm bdo an ninh cd ttong ngan ban va ttong ddi ban cua ngudi dan Quan didm thudng ,bi phd binh la qua rdng, qua linh hogt va khdng rd rdng Tuy nhien, chinh sy linh hogt eug khai nidm ngudi theo quan diem cua Nhdt Ban khidn eho khai nidm de ddng dupe chdp nhdn hon d Ddng A Sd dl cac nudc Ddng A chip nhgn va phat trien khdi nidm an ninh ngudi theo quan didm eua Nhdt Bdn vdo thdi didm sau Khung hodng tdi chinh Chau A ndm 1997-1998 vi hai Iy chu ydu: Nguydn nhdn thfl nhit Id mpt quan diem rdng rai, linh hogt va thidn vd cdc vdn dd phat tridn cua an ninh ngudi phu hpp hem vdi bdi cdnh vd quan didm an ninh cua cac nudc ttong khu vyc Vdi ddc diem chung cua hdu hdt cdc nudc Ddng A la timg bj xdm chidm hay bi can thidp, gdy anh hudng ttong thdi ky thue dan va thdi ky Chidn ttanh lgnh, edc nudc Ddng A rat nhgy cdm vdi nhiing Nghien citu khoa hgc vdn dd cd thd de dpa ddn chil quyen hay cdc linh vuc an ninh ngudi dupc quydn ty quydt ciia minh Didu thd hidn hy vpng Id sd dem Iai sy ttp giup qudc td cho rd qua vide cdc nudc khu vye ludn dd qua trinh phdt tridn cua eac nudc ttong khu eao nguydn tdc tdn ttpng chu quydn tuydt vye Do dd lua chpn bao vd an ninh ddi, todn vpn lanh thd va khdng can thidp ngudi tfl gdc dp "phat tridn" nhdm bdo vd vdo cdng vide ndi bd bdt cu co chd hpp ngudi ddn, tfl dd dam bao an ninh qude gia tdc song phuong hay da phuang ndo Day la lya ehpn phu hpp hon vdi cdc nudc Ddng cung chinh la ly an ninh ngudi khdng A dupc chdp nhdn va chu y nd ddi Thli hai, an ninh ngudi khdng hodn vao gifla nhOng nam 90 cua the ky trudc todn mau thudn vdi an ninh qudc gia vd can Didu ciing ly gidi quan didm vd an ninh dupe ddm bao bdi Nhd nudc Mpt sd quan ngudi nhin tfl gdc dp "bao vd" didm cua cde nha nghidn euu vd cdc nha ngudi nhu chinh phu Canada ndu vdi hogeh dinh chinh sdch cho rdng an ninh nhflng khd ndng vd vide can thidp nhan dgo ngudi cd thd Idm gidm quydn luc tdi cao ciia cita cdng ddng qudc td rdt khd cd thd dupc nha nudc va lam xdi mdn chu quydn qudc chap nhdn d khu vyc Quan didm vd an gia Quan didm ndy dupe ndu xem xet ninh ngudi gan vdi cac van dd phat tridn an ninh ngudi tfl gdc dp 'bdo vd' nhidu hon vipc chi gidi hgn khdi niem ndy d ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bao lye vdn dd bdo vd ngudi trflde eae mdi dpa cac cupc xung dot vu trang, xung dpt npi bao lye khidn cac nudc Ddng A cdm thiy tin chidn hay chidn tranh Theo quan diem cita tudng vd thoai mai hon chinh phu Canada, Na Uy va nhung ngudi Nguydn nhdn thu hai Id nhung vdn dd an ung hd quan didm nay, cdng.ddng qudcte ed ninh ngudi gdn vdi phdt tridn nhu Nhgt "trdch nhidm bao vd"^ vd ean thiep nhan dao Ban ndu dgc bidt cdn thidt ddi vdi cdc cdn dupe tidn hanh, chu quydn qude gia cd qudc gia khu vyc bdi cdnh Ddng A thd bj phd vd ttong nhflng trudng hpp can sau khiing hddng xdy So vdi thidt nhdm bao vd quydn cua ngudi Mpt mOt sd khu vyc khde trdn thd gidi, kd tu sau Chidn tranh Lgnh kdt thuc, Ddng A * "Trich nhi?m bip v§" (Resppnsibility to Protect - R2P) khdng chung kidn nhieu cudc xung dot ndi li khai ni^m dupc Uy ban qu6c tl vS vin ik can thi^p vi chidn hay xung dot vu trang gifla cac qudc chu quyin qu6c gia Chinh phu Canada thinh l§p dua n-ong Bio cip "Trich nhi^m bap vfi" nim 2001 'Trich gia Trong dd, cdc vin dd an ninh phi nhi?m bip v§' c6 thi dupc hiiu mpt cich ngin gpn li cic truydn thdng nhu ddi ngheo, suy thodi kinh nhi nudc can phii bip ve nguoi dan cua minh trudc nhimg tpi pham huy diet hing hpat la tOi pham diet chung, td, djch bdnh, d nhidm mdi trudng, thidn tai, toi pham chong lai Icii ngudri, tpi pham chiin tranh vi ngdy cdng de dpa cdc nudc khu Ipc sic tpc Theo dp, chu quyin qupc gia khcng the dupc d§t tren cpn ngupi vi quyin cpn nguiri Cpng dpng vyc Hon nfla, da sd cac nudc khu vyc quic ti cd trich nhiem h6 trp cic nha nudc thuc hifn frich Ddng A ddu la nhiing nudc dang phdt tridn, nhiem ciia hp Trong hirdng hpp cic nhi nuOc khong thi bap ve rigudi din cua minh thi cpng ding quic ti c6 trich nhiing nudc phai ddi mat vdi rdt nhidu nhiem can thiep bing cic bien phip khic nhu trtmg vdn dd an ninh ngudi, vi vdy hpp tac phat kinh ti hay can thiep quan su (can thifp quin su li lua chpn cuoi ciing) 10 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BgC fl i61(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc quan diem vd an ninh eon ngudi nhu vgy rdt ASEAN-l-3 vd sau dd la Hdi nghj thupng khd dupc ehdp nhdn d Chdu A ndi chung, dinh Ddng A (EAS) Sd dt nhu vgy vi edc Ddng A ndi ridng Chinh vi vgy, dp dung qudc gia ttong khu vyc ddu nhdn thdy nhflng an ninh ngudi, cdc nude Ddng A thudng mdi de dpa chung vd dd ddi phd vdi nhiing gan khdi nidm vdi cdc van dd phat tridn mdi de dpa dy hp cin hpp tdc cung theo quan didm cua Nhgt Ban Gidi quydt Trong mdt sd nudc ttong khu vuc vdn nhflng van dd phdt ttidn, nhiing vin dd an cdn nhiing mau thudn hay ttanh chdp vdi ninh phi truydn thdng gdn lidn vdi an ninh vd cdc vdn dd an ninh truydn thdng nhu ngudi nham dam bdo sy an toan ttong ttanh chdp lanh thd, vide cung hpp tac cudc sdng thudng cua ngudi ddn nhin giai quydt cae vin dd an ninh phi truydn vd Idu ddi sd hd trp eho vide dam bdo an thdng, an ninh ngudi cd thd Id cdu ndi ninh va lpi ich qudc gia Vi vgy, tidp can giup cdc nudc ttong khu vyc tdng cudng ddi d gdc dd nay, an ninh ngudi ed thd cd thoai, tao didu kidn cho qud trinh hpp tdc tde ddng tucmg hd ddi vdi an ninh qudc gia Vdi thuc tidn ede mdi de dpa an ninh Thdm vao dd, nhiing vdn dd an ninh ngudi cang tang, ed thd dy dodn ttong ngudi mudn duoc gidi quydt cdn phai cd sy tupng lai sy quan tdm ddn vdn dd ndy se cdn didu hdnh va sfl dung cdc cdng cu quydn lye cao hon vd an ninh ngudi sd ddng vai ttd cua nhd nudc Cd thd ndi, Nha nudc vdn Id thuc ddy qua trinh hpp tac cua cac nudc lye lupng chit ydu nhit giiip thuc thi vd ttong khu vyc tti an ninh ngudi d khu vue ndy Nhiing khd khan qua trinh Thic ba, an ninh ngudi cd kha nang thuc day an ninh ngirdi d Bong A v i n duoc coi la mpt khdi nidm tucmg ddi hd trp qud ttinh btprp tdc cua cdc nudc ttong khu vyc Nhu da dd cap d phan dau, mdt mdi me ddi vdi cac nudc ttong khu vyc, an ttong nhiing dgc didm cua an ninh ngudi ninh ngudi da va dang gap phdi mdt sd theo Bdo cdo phdt tridn ngudi nam 1994 khd khan ttong qua trinh phat ttidn d khu cua Lidn Hpp Qudc Id an ninh ngudi vuc khdng phai la vdn dd ciia ridng mdt qudc gia Thir nhdt, ky uc vd thdi ky thuc ddn ndo, nd la mdi quan tdm chung cua toan ttong ljch sir va gdn day Id nhirng quan didm nhan logi, vi vdy dd cd thd giai quydt cae vdn phdn ddi qua ttinh todn cdu hda, cdc nudc dd an ninh ngudi cdn ed sy hop tdc vd Ddng A cd thai dp khdng miy tich cyc ddi phdi hpp cua tit ca cdc qudc gia Dieu ndy vdi mpt sd khai nidm cua phuang Tay Khi cd thd thdy ttdn thuc tidn d Ddng A Vdn dd khai nidm an ninh ngudi mdi ddi da an ninh ngudi dupc chdp nhdn vd thue cd nhidu y kidn tranh ludn vd tinh phd qudt diy d Ddng A tu sau cudc khung hoang tdi cua nd Do ddc didm nhan mgnh ddn an ninh chinh Chdu A ndm 1997-1998 Sau cudc eda eac cd nhdn, cdng ddng thay vi an ninh khung hodng nay, mdt logt cac co ehd hpp qudc gia, nhidu ngudi cho rdng khdi nidm tac da phuong ddi d khu vyc nhu nhdn mgnh ddn gid trj ca nhdn vd chi dgi NGHIEN Ctiu DdNG B^C ^ SO 1(167) 1-2015 11 Nghien citu khoa hgc didn cho quan didm phuong Tdy chu khdng phai quan didm phuong Ddng Tu dd, mac du dupc chip nhdn d Ddng A vdi each tidp can rdng rdi, linh hogt gdn Udn vdi cde van dd an ninh phi truydn thdng, mdt sd bd phgn ttong gidi lanh dao vd gidi hpe thudt d khu vyc vdn e dd cho rang khdi niem la mdt vd bpc cho nhung quan didm phuang Tay vdn Id ttd nggi ttong quan he cua mdt sd nudc phucmg Tdy va Chdu A vdi la ddn chii va nhdn quydn Didu ndy khidn khai nidm an ninh ngudi vdn dupc tidp nhdn khd mudn d Ddng A tidp tuc cd nhflng budc tidn chdm ehgp ttong qud ttinh ddm bdo an ninh ndi chung d khu vuc Van dd dde bidt trd nen khd khan an ninh eon ngudi theo each ly gidi cua UNDP bao gdm cd an ninh chinh ttj, nhdn quydn, vdn la nhung vdn dd nhay cam vd it cdi md d Ddng A Thi hai, an ninh ngudi ddt ttpng tdm vdo cd nhan, cpng ddng chfl khdng phai qudc gia, nhd nudc, didu mdu thudn vdi quan nidm cita Chdu A rdng lpi ich cua quoc gia, ddn tdc phai dupe ddt ldn trudc lpi ich ca nhan Mpt nhiing ddc didm co bdn cua an ninh ngudi Id ehuydn sy quan tdm vd an ninh tfl ddi tupng qudc gia sang ddi tupng cd nhdn va ede cdng ddng Didu khidn mdt sd quan didm vd an ninh ngudi d Ddng A cho rdng khai niem ddng nhdt vdi quan didm phuong Tay vd nhdn quydn va ty ddn chti, khdng phu hpp vdi bdi cdnh vd ljch sur cua Ddng A Hon nfla, mdt quan didm ddt an ninh, loi ich cd nhdn ldn trdn an ninh, lpi ich qude gia nhu vdy sd ldm xdi mdn quan didm truydn thdng 12 vd an ninh vd lpi ieh cdng ddng d khu vitc Thli ba, ede qudc gia khu vye lo nggi rang an ninh eon ngudi du tidp can theo each ndo ddu bao hdm kha ndng can thidp tfl bdn ngoai vao cdng vide ndi bd hay chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua hp Trong trudng hpp bdo vd ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bgo lye lye luong ben ttong hay bdn ngodi qudc gia, nhflng ngudi di tidn phong ddng quan didm ndy da dd cdp ddn mdt sd bien phdp can thidp tfl triing phgt kinh td, cd lap, su dung Lugt nhan dao qudc td hay vidn ddn Tda dn tdi phgm qudc td ddn bidn phdp eudi ciing Id ean thidp qudn sy Nhung bipn phdp can thidp ndy ludn gdy lo nggi cho cdc qudc gia dang phat tridn Do dd, md hinh an ninh ngudi tidp can tfl gdc dp khd cd thd dupc chap nhdn d Ddng A Tidp can ngudi tu gdc dp rdng ldn hem, gan lidn vdi cdc vdn dd an ninh phi qudn su, an ninh phi truydn thdng cd thd dd dang dupc tidp nhan d khu vuc hon nhung vin khdng hodn toan logi bd nhiing e nggi vd kha ndng anh hudng tfl eae nudc bdn ngoai Phdn ldn cac nudc d khu vuc Ddng A ddu la cdc nudc dang phdt tridn, nhung nudc ndy ludn dting ddu danh sdch nhdn vidn trp nudc ngodi cua cde nudc ldn ttong khu vyc vd trdn the gidi Thyc td cho thdy cd nhidu trudng hpp cdc nudc ldn da dung sflc mgnh kinh td cua minh, thdng qua cdng cy vidn trp kinh td de gdy sire dp, dnh hudng ddn chinh sdch cua cdc nudc dang phat tridn An ninh ngudi dupc thiic ddy ddi hdi ed sy hpp tdc giua cdc qudc gia dd gidi quydt cdc vin dd lien quan ddn NGHIEN C(IU OdNG BflC fl sd 1(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hqc phat trien nen nhiing e ngai \h kha nang bi can thiep, gay anh hucmg la kho tranh khoi Co thg noi 20 nSm khong phai la mot quang thoi gian dai de mgt khai niem moi ve an ninh' chung minh dugc tinh phu hgp va can thiet cua minh quan he quoc xk nhung cung khong phai la quang thcri gian qua ngan "An ninh nguoi" da Idiong dugc don nhan tich cue a khu vuc Dong A Khai niem moi doi nhung sau do, yeu cau thuc tien, cac nuoc khu vuc da din din chap nhan va ap dung an ninh nguoi chinh sach ciia minh Co th^ noi khu vyc Dong A la mgt nhung khu vuc cho thay xu the hgp tac phat trien thay the cho xung dOt ro rang nhdt tren the gioi Do quan didm ve chu quyen tuyet doi cua quoc gia, quyen tu quyet cua nha nuac va mOt chirng muc nao do xu huong xung dot giam r5 r$t a khu vuc nay, khai niem an ninh nguai dugc cac qu6c gia day ap dung theo khia canh phat trien, doi vai nhiJng moi de dga an ninh phi truyen th6ng han la khia canh bao ve nguoi truoc nhung moi de dga bao luc truac mit Cach tiep can doi vai an ninh nguai khien cho khai niem dugc chap nhan khu vuc mgt each de dang han, dong thofi no cung cho thay kha nang ho trg an ninh quoc gia dai han ciia an ninh ngucri MSc du van nhieu kho khan viec ap dyng va khong phai tat ca cac quoc gia Dong A deu de dang don nhan khai niem nay, dua tren boi canh thuc tiln va tinh hinh quan he qu6c te day, co the khing NGHIEN tdtl OdNG B^C ^ , SO 1(167) 1-2015 dinh thai gian toi, an ninh nguoi se dirge van dung va thuc day mot each tich cue hon a khu vuc TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Acharaya, Amitav (2001), "Human Security: East Versus West", International Journal, 56(3): 442-460 Acharaya, Amitav (2008), "Human Security" John Baylis, Steve Smithe va Patricia (CB), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press; 491-505 Brendan Howe, The Protection and Promotion of Human Security in East Asia, Palgrav Macmillan, 2013 Chuang trinh phat trien Lien hgp quoc (UNDP) (1995), Bao cao phat triSn nguoi nam 1994 Chuang trinh phat trien Lien hgp quoc (UNDP) (2014), Bao cao phat triSn nguai nam 2014 Evans, Paul M (2004), "Human Security and East Asia: In the Begirming", Journal of East Asian Studies 4(2004): 263-284 Feigenblatt, Otto von (2009), "ASEAN and Human Security: Challenges and Opportunities", Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies Working Paper No 09-5 Mely Anthony, "Human Security in the Asia-Pacific: Current" Trends and Prospects," David Dickens, ed The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 2002 13 ... ddm bdo an ninh ngudi Trong vdn dd tranh luan thu hai, til thdi ky Chidn ttanh Lanh, dac bidt Id sau Chidn tranh Lgnh kdt thue, nhidu khai nidm mdi vd an ninh da ddi An ninh todn didn, an ninh hpp... an ninh phi truydn thdng NGHIlN Cflu DdNG B^C (i s61(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hoc ddu phan anh su quan tdm cang tang cua cdc chinh phti ddi vdi cac van dd an ninh mdi bdn eanh vin dd an ninh. .. tiep can doi vai an ninh nguai khien cho khai niem dugc chap nhan khu vuc mgt each de dang han, dong thofi no cung cho thay kha nang ho trg an ninh quoc gia dai han ciia an ninh ngucri MSc du van
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