XSh&ihgcs62 (134) 2016 ^7 VON XA HQI TRONG SI/ THAM GIA CUA CONG DONG VAO HOAT D O N G XAY DI/NG CO SO HA TANG N N G THON M6I (Nghien ciru trudng hgp tgi mot xd vitng Bdc Trung bp) LE THANH TUNG" Din nhdp Xdy dyng ndng thfln rafli Id mft Chucmg trinh ttgng dilm Qudc gia cd lifln quan den mpi m§t cua ddi sflng xd hpi nong thfln d nudc ta Ben cgnh cdc ndi dung phdt triln kinh te, dam bao an ninh luang thyc, an sinh xa hfi, xda ddi gidm ngheo thi ding bfl hda ca sd tdng (CSHT) nong thfln ciing Id mot tigu chi quan trpng ciia chucmg tiinh Chu truang chung frong xay dyng ca sd tdng ndng thfln mfli la nhd nudc chi dflng vai frfl huflmg dan vd hS ttp, phdn cdn lai Id sy tham gia ciia ngufli dan Sy tham gia d ddy dupc hieu la "^«a trinh ddm bdo cho nhiing nguai chiu dnh huang cua du dn dugc tham gia vdo viec quyet dinh dtf dn Su tham gia cita cdng ddng la tim vd huy dgng cdc ngudn ly:c cua cpng ddng, qua dd ldm tdng lgi ich cho cpng dong ddn cu, gidm cdc chi phi, tdng hieu qud kinh ti vd hi$u qud chinh trf cho nhd nudc" (Shubert, 1996) Trong qua trinh tham gia vao boat ddng xdy dyng CSHT ndng thdn mfli, ben cgnh ngudi dan nhu Id nhfing thdnh vien cua cfng dflng cdn cd cac doan the xa hpi, cdc to chflc dan sy, tfl chdc phi chinh phii, nhflm cdn bp chinh quygn Sy tuang tac gifla cac nhdn td ndy dli vfli ngudi ddn,frongmpt chdng myc nhat dinh, dflu tigm dn hdm chfla nhfing dgng vin xa hpi ""mgng luai xd hpi, cdc chudn m^rc vd si^ tin egy xd hpi Id nhimg cdi gidp cho cdc thdnh viin cd the hdnh dpng chung vdi mpt cdch cd hieu qud nhdm dgt tdi nhimg muc tieu chung" (Coleman, 1988) Vdn dl ddt d day Id, ttong qud trinh xdy dyng CSHT nflng thfln mfli vd ttong quan hf tuang tdc gifla cdc nhan tl neu trgn, vdn xa hpi cfl thyc su xudt hien ro net vfli ddy du cdc dgc tnmg, hay chi d tigng thai tilm dn? Va nlu cfl thi cd anh hudng nhu thi nao din sy tham gia cfla ngufli dan? De trd lfli cho cac cau hfli ndy, bai vigt tap trung phdn tich hai logi quan hf la quan hf hp hang va quan hf ttong cdc nhflm, tfl chuc xa hpi, ding thdi ddi chilu vdi cdc ddc trung cua vdn xd hfli (cdc mang lufli quan he, cac chudn myc vd sy tin cdn, sy hpp tdc, tuang ttp iSn nhau), tfl dd tim cac hinh thuc tin tgi cfla vdn xd hpi V6n xa hpi d day cung dupc chung tfli xet nhu mgt biln sl dgc lap dl tun hilu sy dnh hudng cua nd dli vdi cac qud trinh tham gia xa hfi cua ngufli dan Bdi vilt dya tten kit qudcda cudc khdo sdt xa hpi hpc vl "Vfln xa hfli vd sy tham gia cua ngudi dan xay dyng CSHT ndng thdn mdi" tac gid thuc hifn tai xd ' Hgc vien Bdo chi vd Tuyen truyen 48 Vdn xd hpi su tham gia cda cpng ddng Quang Tara, ph6 Thanh Hda, tfl thdng nam 2014 din thdng nam 2015 Mau khao sat djnh lupng gdm 300 dgi difn hg gia dinh vd 50 cupc phdng vdn sdu tai dia bdn nghien cflu Nhan difn cdc hinh thirc ton tai cua vin xa hfi ho^t dfng tham gia xay dijmg cc sd hg t4ng ndng thon mfli 2.1 Quan h§ hg hdng Id mpt hinh thirc cua von xa hpi Hilu rapt each don gian thi hp hdng la tdp hpp nhung ngufli cd quan hf vdi vl huylt thing, theo dfl bao gIm hg npi (tiieo ddng cha) vd ho ngogi (theo ddng me), dufli gdc nhin cda nhdn hpc va xa hfi hpc, hai "ddng" quan hf ttdn chua phdn anh hit cdc mii lign he hp hang vfli tu each la mft hifn tupng xd hpi dang vgn bdnh ttong cuflc sing (Mai Van Hai, Ngd Thj Thanh Quy, 2012) Cdu hfli dupe dat la, frong hogt dfng xay dyng CSHT ndng thdn mfli, cdc mii quan he gia dinh, hp hdng cd tin tgi thyc sy nhu Id mpt nguon von xa hpi hay khflng? D I lam ro vdn dl chung ta xera xet mdt sd truflmg hpp Truang hgp thic nhdt Trudc khitienhdnh xay dyng nflng thdn mfli, d xd Qudng Tdm, dat canh tdc cfla cdc hfl gia dinh thuomg gflm nhilu manh mpng vdi difn tich lom, nhfl d cac vj tri xa gan khac Dilu ndy dan din sy manh mfln frong canh tac va khd khan cho ca gidi hfla nflng nghifp Budc vdo xay dyng nflng thfln mdi, xd Quang Tam datienhanh "don dien doi thfla", kflt hgp md rdng, xay mfli cac cdng trinh giao thflng npi dflng Nhieu cufc tranh luan xay d cac cufc hpp dan gifta cdc hp gia dmh vfli lign quan tfli quyen lpi ciia nflng hp Dg gidi quylt vdn de ndy, chinh quygn dua hai kha ndng cho cdc hp lya chpn Thfl nhat, sau bdt Iham dl nhdn dit, cdc hp gia ^nh cd the thfla thugn dg dli rugng cho nhau, sau dfl thflng qua ldnh dgo thdn vd xa Thfl hai, cdc hf cd thg ty thda thudn dh cung nhgn mft thfla ldn d ding xa, dfl hp se dupc uu tign khflng phdi bdt thdm Khflng it hp gia dinh chpn phuang an thfl hai Ly chinh Id, vdi nhftng thiia rupng Iflm, cac hp cd quan he hg hdng nhgn chung lam de thudn lpi hon cho viec ho trp lan Nhu vgy, chiriengttongvan dg dfln dien ddi thfla da cd sy hifn difn (nhu mpt lpi the) cua vfln xd hpi (quan hf hp hang) Vdi mpt thua rupng lom vd nhigu hf canh tac chung nhu the thi viec hien ddt dg lam duomg npi dong sg dupc tiln hdnh nhu thi ndo? Dufli ddy Id cdu fra ldi thu dupc tfl mft cufc phflng vin sdu: "Hp chung toi nhdn chung rupng tit ddu v&i hp hdng xdm Ndi Id hdng xdm chu thtrc cung la hg hdng gdn xa vdi cd Nhpn xong thi Uy ban din van dpng hien ddt di ldm dudng npi dong Thiea cua chiing tdi cd mpt dudng chgy qua mgt chinh vl thi cd nhd phdi hiin ddt vd nhd ndm phia khdng ndm dien vpn dpng Vi Id anh em hg hdng vdi cd nen chung tdi bdn bgc vd thdng nhiit let nhd ndo khdng phdi hiin ddt thi lui phdn canh tdc cita minh vdo sdu, di nhd cdn lgi huang phdn liii lgi bu lgi cho phdn ddt dd hien The Id, mdi hp chiu thi^t mgt it nhung dien tich canh tdc vdn bdng Hg hdng tin Le Thanh Tung 49 tudng nin cUng chdng phdi chia ddt lgi, cii- ndi mi?ng vdi nhu thi md ldm thdi Gid thi cd hp chdng tdi cd dudng to, mdy mdc vdo tgn nai, ndng sudt cao han hdn " (PVS, nam, 43 tuli, ngufli ddn) Vifc thfla thuan nhfn va chia rufng vfli nhau, hiln mpt phdn ddt Idra duomg npi dflng d day Id dya tren sy ty nguyfn, khflng cd van ban phdp ly, khong cd hpp ding xdc nhdn chia ddt ndo cda chinh quyen vd hodn todn dua trin long tin Cdc hf dd khai thdc von xa hpi frong cbinh quan he hp hdng cda minh, cy the Id s\c mong dgi, tin egy, hgp tdc, tuang trg ldn Vdn xd hfi frong truflmg hpp dd cd tdc dpng tich cyc din tdt cd cdc bgn cung tham gia Trong hp fren, chi cdn mdt hp khflng tin tudng, khdng hpp tdc, thi dudmg ndi ddng phye vy cho co gifli hfla nong nghifp se khdng dupc triln khai Trudng hgp thti hai La mgt xa ven dfl, qua trinh dfl thj hda dien rit nhanh ngn quy hogch nha d khdng dupc qudn ly ch§t che Rdt nhilu hg ddn ldn chilm ddt xay tuflmg rdo, cflng trinh phy Khi tien hanh quy hogch ndng thfln mdi, chinh quyln vgn dpng ngufli ddn ty nguyfn pha bd cac cdng trinh Ian chiem dd Tbeo bdo cao cda UBND xa Quang Tam, cfl 13.120 m^ tudng rao, 19 leu quan da dupc ngudi dan ty dpng thao da de lui phdn dit cfla minh vao bfln Ngudi ddn dd keu gpi sy chung tay gflp sdc cfla cdc thdnh vign ttong gia dinh, hp hdng va hang xdm xung quanh Mflt s6 nhdm hfl thyc hifn dli cflng lao dpng cho "Chiing toi a ddy diu tu nguyin phd dd cd Gid thue mudn cdng lao dpng cQng ego, cdng viec thi khdng nhieu nin hg hdng, ngudi thdn cd rdi rdi thi nhd hg tgp trung ldm eho mdt hdm Ciing vi cdng vi$c khdng cd nhiiu nen ldm cho nhd ndy, mai lgi tiip tuc keo qudn sang nhd khdc Anh em hg hdng, hdng xdm thdn thich cd nen chd tinh cdng xd gi Hit ngdy ndu biia cam dn vui ve la dugc rdi" (PVS, nam, 37 tuli, ngufli dan) Sy lifln kit hp hdng d ddy da ldm cho mpi vien tham gia mflt hoat dfng cu thi ndo dfl diu dupc hudng lpi Viec tuang trg, giup da ldn qud trinh hogt dpng vd sdn xudt diu dtra trin ea sd trdch nhiem vd s{r tin cdy Dilu ndy hoan todn phfl hpp vfli quan dilm vl hf qua cfla vin xd hpi md Puttiara dua ra: Gia trj cfla v6n xa hpi thi hifn d sy giup da qua Igi, sy hop tac, tin cfy, va cd tinh hifu lyc dti'nhchdt thi chl (Puttnam, 2000) Nhu vdy, vfln xa hfi mft lln nfla lgi xudt hifnfronghoat dfng thu hai ndy Hai trudng hpp tren chi Id dai difn cho 15 trudng hpp cd y kiln trd Idi tuomg ty dupc tdc gid phdng van sdu tgi thfln noi cfl ty If hiln dat rufng dl ldm dudng nhilu nhit la Thanh Kien, Chiln Thdng, Phuc Thp cua xd Qudng Tam Cd thi tiidy quan hf hp hang la mgt dgng vfln xd hpi da thi hifn ttong hogt dfng xay dyng CSHT ndng thon mdi d dja ban nghien cflu Hifn nay, tai xd ndy cd 11 ddng hp ldm nhd, thdnh vien 11 ddng hg ndy lai cfl cac rail quan hf hp hang md rpng khdc Ddy la mot nguon vin xd 50 vdn xa hgi su tham gia cua cgng ddng hpi rdt Iflm gflp phin thuc diy sy tham gia cd hifu qud cfla ngufli dan vao hogt dfng xdy dyng CSHT ndng thfln mfli 2.2 Nhdm x3 hpi vd tS chiic xa hpi Id mpt hinh thirc vSn xa hpi NIU quan hf giafflnh,hp hang Id mft dang von xd hfi "co cym" tW nhdm xa hfi va tl chflc xa hpi lgi Id mft dgng thflc vfln xd hpi "vuan bfln ngodi" Theo Puttnam (2000), vin xa hfi bilu thj cam kit cdng ddn vd la cflng cy dl huflmg tdi sy thjnh vupng Vin xa hfi tang cudng cdc chudn muc phfl hifln, lam dan gidn hda sy hpp tdc, vd cung d p khudn mdu vdn hfla cho cac gidi phdp cda hanh dfng tap thg d nudc ta, cd nhieu tfl chflc chinh trj - xd hpi, dodn thi; cdc td chdc lien ket thdnh vien frong to chflc minh vfli nhau, dong thdi lien kit vfli cdc tl chflc khdc, tgo mpt mgng lufli xa hpi rpng khdp Tgi khu vyc nong thdn thi sy lifln kit ndy gidp cho ngudi dan ty tin horn vifc tham gia cac hoat dfng chung cua cdng ding, ciing nhu bdo vf cdc quyen lpi hpp phap cua hp Thyc tl dd cho thdy, tiong qud trinh xay dyng ndng thfln mdi khdng the khong tinh den sy hifn difn cua cdc lien kgt va mgng lufli xd hpi ndy Tgi thdi dilm khdo sat, xa Qudng Tdm dang cd cac tfl chuc xd hpi nhu sau: 1) cdc tl chflc chinh tii - xa hpi dodn thg nhu Hfi Nong ddn, Hfi Phu nfl, Doan Thanh nien, v.v ; 2) cdc hifp hpi nganh nghg, sd thich; 3) cdc nhdm hf gia dinh, ddng hp, phe giap Nhihig nhflm xa hpi, td chflc xd hpi ngu fren cimg ton tgi ttong mgt cgng dflng va ngudi ddn diu la thdnh vien cfla mgt hfi, mflt to chflc nao dd Day cfl the dupe xera la chi bao ve sy tin tgi ciia vdn xd hdi tigm ndng Va de lam ro sy tdn tgi cua von xa hfi, n ^ e n cihi tap trung tim hieu hogt dfng cu thi Hogt dpng tuyin truyin van dpng Trong tflng sfl nguoi tra lfli la cfl tham gia tuyen truyen van dfng xdy dyng ca sd hg tdng nflng thdn mdi thi gdn 70% Id thdnh vifln cfla cdc dodn thg xd hfli khdc Cfl thg thdy, tinh tich cyc cda nhdm cao hem so vdi cac nhdra khac Nhumg vien Clia cac dodn the xa hpi khac dgu nhdc nhd, dfln ddc ngudi dan tham gia vdo cdc boat dpng xay dyng ca sd hg tdng nflng thdn mdi Hg ciing cd thi dnh huflmg den cdc thdnh vien khac gia dinh, gifl gin vd ndng cao uy tin cho bdn thdn va gia dinh cpng dflng Nhung hinh thdc van dpng khac va sy lan tda thflng tin gifia cdc vien cdc tfl chuc tao mgt phong trao ty nguyfn Tfl sy cdng cua phong ttdo, moi cd nhdn, tl chuc vd cd cfng dong diu dupc hudng lpi ve dieu kien song va thu nhgp; va cung co tbi khai thdc vfln xd hdifrongmang ludi nhdm dem lgi cac lpi ich kinh tg thflng thudng Hogt dpng ddng gdp ngdy cong lao dpng vd kiim tra, gidm sdt Cdc td chflc xa hpi - nghl nghifp d dja phuang dflng vai trd quan frpng ttong vifc thilt ldp va to chflc cac nhdm dli cflng lao dfng vd cdc nhflm giam sdt Mii ca nhdn vgn dgng, tuyen truyen y thflc dupc ttdch nhiem va quyln Ipi cda minh ttong cdc boat dpng ma hp tham gia Vin xd hfi tin tai trudng hop thfl hai ndy bao gom: cac mgng ludi xd hfi, cac chuin myc (norms), va nilm tin xd hfi (social trust) - la nhflng cdi giflp Le Thanh Timg 51 cho cdc thdnh vifn cfl thi hanh dfng chung vdi mft each cd hifu qud nhdm dat tfli nhiing muc tifu chung (Coleman, 1990) Tgi dja bdn nghiSn cHu, ting sl 133 ngudi cd tham gia ddng gdp ngdy cdng lao dfng thi cd 67 nguoi (chiem 50,4%) trd Icri Id hp cfl tham gia vdo cdc nhflm dfli cdng lao dfng Cdc nhdm dli cflng phin lfln Hfi Nflng ddn tfl chirc (63 nguoi, chifra 47,4%); t^ If tham gia ddi cflng lao dfng Hpi Cyu chien binh tfl chiic la 21,2%; sl cdn lgi tham gia dudi sy tfl chiic cua mpt sfl dodn thf nhu Hdi Phu nil (10%), Doan Thanh nifn (9%), nhdm dan cu ty to chirc (9%), vd cac tl chile khdc (6%) Tuomg ty nhu vgy, vifc kiem tta, giam sat cung chu ylu dupcfliychifn thdng qua hf thdng cdc td chiic vd dodn thf xd hpi Bfn cgnh dfl, cfln cfl mft bp phgn nguiri ddn tham gia vao eac nhom gidm sdt ddn cu ty thdnh lgp Cfl 96 ngucri (chilm 32%) dupe hfli cho bilt ttong gia dinh ho cfl ngudi tham gia kiem tta, giam sat cac cdng trinh xdy dyng Trong sfl dfl, 31,3% tham gia qua Hfi Cyu chiln binh tl chiic, 20,8% thfln tl chiic, 10,4% cac nhflm dan cu ty tl chitc, 11,5% Hfi Nflng dan td chiic, 20,8% Doan Thanh luen tfl chirc, va 5,2% Hfi Phu nil tl chile vifc cac doan thi chinh tri - xd hdi lgp cdc nhdm dfli cflng lao dfng da giiip giam thieu sy ddng gdp vl mdt tdi chinh ciia ngudi dan Thyc vgy, dl tang ttdch nhifm ttong timg logi cflng vifc, truflmg cdc khu phi, khu dan cu xdc nhdn vfli ngudi ddn vl sl cdng lao dfng ma hp ddng gdp dl quy dfli tiln mdt Sy dflng gflp cflng lao dfng ldm cho mil cd nhdn dSu cdm thiy dupc chung tay gflp site, vd nhiing ngufli cfl thu nhgp thip, ngucri ngheo van tham gia dupc vdo qud trinh xay dyng nflng thfln moi Kilm tra, gidm sdt Id boat dpng thf hifn cao nhit sy tham gia cua nguiri ddn; vifc cdc dodn thi chinh hi xd hfi dflng vai ttfl Id ngufli tl chitc cdc hogt dfng ndy da cho thay dupc tdm quan ttpng ciia nfl BSn cgnh cdc tl chirc xd hfi - nghl nghifp, tgi dia ban nghifn cilu cfln cfl nhilu hfi doan hogt dfng duoi hinh thiic ty nguyfn nhu hfi dflng mdn, hfi bdng da cdc khu vyc, hfli suih vgt cdnh, hfi dong ngii, hfi ding nifn, hfli cyu gido chile, v.v Chiing tfli chua cd thflng kf diy du vf so lupng cua cac to chile ndy, nhung sy da dgng cua cac td chiic xd hpi ty nguyfn d xa Quang Tam cd 16 dam bdo cho bat ki thdnh vifn nao cd nhu ciu tham gia Thflng qua hogt dpng cug cac tfl chirc ty nguyfn, ngucri dan cfl co hfi mfl rfng cac Hfn kit va tuang tac xa hfi Tat ca cdc thdng tin chinh quyen cung cdp, gdm cd cdc thdng tin vl xay dyng CSHT ndngtiidnmfli, s8 dupc lan tda mft cdch manh mettongcdc mgng lufli xa hfi ma moi ngudi dantiiamgia Vifc ngucri dan tham gia vdo cdc nhdm xd hdi, cde tfl chiic xa hdi tao thdnh nhung mang lufli xa hfi cho tiiiy sy hifn hOu cua vin xd hfi hogt ddng xdy dyng CSHT nflng thfln mfli Bdn than cdc to chiic xa hpi ciing y thuc dupc minh Id nhimg ylu tl ciutiianhciia mgng lufli xd hfi rfng lom hon fl dja phuong 52 Vdn xd hgi sy tham gia cda cgng ddng Von xa hpi nhir mft yeu t l dac thii xay di^g cff sd h? tang ndng thon mdi Nhu da phan tich d tren, vdn xd hfi d dia ban nghien cflu tin tgi tilm tdng ttong cdc thilt chl nhu gia dinh, ddng hp; cac to chflc, hpi nhu Id nhimg mgng ludi xd hpi cfla cac cd nhan ho^c cfla cdc nhdm xd hdi Vdy von xa hfi cd anh huflmg nhu the ndo den cdch thflc va mflc dg tham gia cfla ngudi ddn ttong xdy dyng ndng thdn mfli? 3.1 V6n xa hpi Id yiu to thuc diy huy dpng them cdc ngudn l^c Xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi Id mpt chuong trinh cfl quy md rat ldn, Nhd nudc chi cung d p cdc ngufln Iyc ho ttp, phan quan trpng Id phdi huy dfng sy tham gia cfla ngufli ddn Chfl thi ngufln lyc d day chinh Id cpng ddng ddn cu vd cdc hp gia dinh Ba nguIn lyc chinh md ngufli dan cd thi ddng gdp Id tiln, ngdy cflng Iao dpng va hiln dit Theo bdo cdo (thdng 12 ndm 2014) cfla UBND xa Qudng Tdm, tdng kinh phi xay dyng ndng thdn mdi cfla xd la 380,67 ty ddng thi cd tdi 155,3 ty ding (chiem 40,7%) la nhan dan dflng gdp Tfl ndm 2G12 din nay, da cd 110 hd hiln ddt vuflm phye vy vifc rad rpng duflmg giao thong nflng thdn, vfli difn tich ddt la 33.210 m^, thdo dd 13.120 m^ tudng rao, 19 llu qudn va cfl 200 hf hiln 14 dit san x d t nflng nghifp dl ldm mdi vd md rfng duflmg giao thflng npi dflng, tuomg ducmg vdi 59,6 ty dflng (UBND xa Quang Tam, 2014) Vdy vdn xa hfi dflng vaifrflnhu the nao ttong nhihig ddng gflp ndy? Cfl thg din y kien tfl hai trudng hpp phdng van sau dign hinh sau day Truflmg hpp thfl nhat: "Muc ddng gop md chinh quyin dua nhiiu ngudi khdng dong tinh Hp nhd tdi ddy CO hai dng bd gid dm yiu vdi gid lgi phdi nudi thim mgt dica chdu vi bd me nd di ldm dn xa Tiin ddng gdp ctia xd doi vdi hp tdi Id cao qud Khi ngdi ndi chuyen vdi nhiiu nguai xdm cUng ed y kiin tuang t^f Nhung thay mgi ngudi da phdn diu ddng y ddng gdp, gid nhd minh chong ddi khdng ddng thi mgi ngudi lgi cho Id keo kiit, bdn xin " (PVS, nft, 55 Uili ngufli dan) Truflmg hgp thu hai: "Nhd tdi hiin gdn sdo ddt rupng cho nhd nuac xdy sdn van dpng, ban ddu tdi tiec ldm khdng mudn hiin ddu vi day Id ddt ldm mdu, mdi ndm tdi thu hogch dugc mdy tg bdp cdi Cdn bp phu nH din van dpng nhiiu ldn nhimg tdi khdng mudn tham gia Rdi dng nhd tdi di hgp vi ndi la mgi ngudi tham gia hiin ddt cd rdi dng dy cdn ndi thim Id cdng trinh phiyte vu cho chinh eon chdu minh, bgn tre gid khdng cdn chd ndo dd bdng nen todn vdo qudn di?n tti chen Chinh quyin cdn chd cd mdi nhd tdi tham gia hiin ddt la cd thi cho khdi cdng Gid minh khdng hiin thi eon mpt miii ndo nhin anh em hg hdng, hdng xdm ldng giing" (PVS, nfl, 54 tuli, ngudi ddn) Le Thanh Timg 53 Hai y kiln tten tiiy khac song lgi cflng cd nghTa rdng cd nhftng gid tii chung lien kit cac ca nhdn cfng ding; dd la uy tin, vj thi xd hpi cua gia dinh ttong mdt bd xdm gilng vd du lugn xd bfi Nlu mpt ca nhan hay mft hp gia dinh khdng dflng gdp cdc khodn theo djnh mflc chung hode khflng tham gia theo mft phong trdo nao ddy, se cam thiy "khdng on" Va so vdi nhihig khd khdn vg tai chinh thi vifc bj mpi ngudi cdng ddng xem thudng, khong coi trpng dudng nhu la khd chip nhdn han nhilu Nhu vdy, vin xd hpi dupc hinh thdnh ttong qud trinh tucmg tac giua cac cd nhan vd ngufln vdn ndy chi dupc tri vd phat triln dya tren sy hpp tdc CJ ddy, vdn xd hfi vd mang lufli xd hpi la mft nhan to thflc day sy hpp tdc, phdt triln quan dilra \i lpi ich cfng ding thay vi chi nghT vl lpi ich cd nhdn Mpt so sanh khd thu vi tu y kiln cda mpt cdn bp hpi cyu chien binh dupc phdng vin duoi ddy cho thdy sy dnh huflmg khdc cua vin xa hpi d hai dia ban: phfl Mdi - mft dja ban cfl mflc dp dd thj hda cao va thfln Chien Thdng - mpt thdn thuan ndng cua xd Qudng Tam "Phd Mdi Id khu viicc Mnh doanh budn bdn, hg sdng chd khdc gi thdnh phd cd Phdn tich cu thi nhiing lgi ich ciia hg md hg cdn khdng tham gia ddu Din Idti cdn bp Id ngudi a tham gia, thdi gian sau hg thdy dtrgc cdi lgi ro rdng viec budn bdn thi hg mdi tham gia Khdng nhu d nhieng thdn thudn ndng ndy, moi ngudi ni nhau, sg bi ndi Id khdng tham gia vdo cdng viec chung nin gdy dung phong trdo nd di (Jf ngodi phd Mdi, nhiiu dudng chi chd cd mdi mgt nhd gidi tda, hiin cd 3rr? ddt md vdn khdng xong, khdng gidng nhu phdi nhin anh em, xdm giing md ldm " (PVS, nam, 56 tudi, cdn bd hfi cyu chien binh) Ndi tflm lgi, vifc ngudi dan tudn thfl cdc nguyen tdc, chuin myc chung cfla cfng ding thong qua cdc tuomg tdc la mft ylu tl tich cyc vifc huy ddng ddng gdp cdc nguon Iuc Vdn xa hpi dflng mot vai fro rdt quanfrpngttonghogt dfng va la nflng cit thuc diy sy tham gia cda ngudi dan Tuy nhign, moi cfng dflng cd mflc vin xd hgi vd each thflc sfl dung chdng khac nhau, phu thugc vdo nhieu ygu tfl, dd, cd sy khdc bift giua nhihig dja bdn thudn nflng vfli nhflng dja ban nong thdn ven 3.2, Von xa hpi gdp phin ldm tdng tinh tir nguydn tham gia cua ngudi dan Vifc tham gia cdc tfl chdc dodn the xa hpi, cdc td chflc xd hfi nghe nghifp, cdc hpi, dodn tu nguyfn tai dja phuong dd giflp cho moi cd nhdn, hf gia dinh tgo lgp dupc mgng ludi cdc quan hf xa hpi rfng khdp Ci xa Quang Tam, gin nhu mii mpt cd nhan diu tiiam gia it nhat mft tl chflc hfi, dodn ndo dfl Ddy Id mft lpi thi ttong cong tdc tuyen truyin van dpng tai dja phuomg Cdc cd nhan cdt can ttong cac tl chflc chinh trj - xd hfi quan ttong nhu Hpi Nong ddn Hoi Phy nft, Hpi Cyu chiln bmh, v.v diu la nhihig tuyen truyin vien ca sd Hp phdn tich cho mSi ngufli ddn hilu rdng raoi hfl gia dinh tham gia vdo vifc xdy dyng hg ting ndng thfln mfli tiudc hit la dam bdo nhflng quyln lgi cua hp va cfla ca cflng ddng, qua dd khai dgy sy ty nguyfn tham gia cfla ngudi dan 54 Von xd hgi s{r tham gia cUa cgng dong "Minh Id hgi viin, minh cd tyc nguydn thi nhiing ngudi xung quanh minh mdi tu nguyin tham gia dugc O ddu chdng biit nhimg d thdn Chiin Thdng ndy cdc hpi viin hpi ndng ddn tham gia tich cy:c ldm Ban ddu hgp chi hpi nhiiu hpi vien cUng nhiiu y kiin khdng hudng ung, nhimg ddn mgi ngudi cUng nhdn thiic dugc vdn di vd tu nguyin tham gia " (PVS, nam, 41 tuli, nguoi dan) Ket luan Trong hogt dfng xdy dyng CSHT ndng thfln mdi d dja bdn nghien eflu, vin xd hfi tin tgi dufli cac hinh thflc Id quan hf hp hdng vd nhdm xd hpi, cdc td chflc xa hpi va dd thg hien dupc vaifrflnhit djnh ciia no Vin xa hpi thflc day vifc huy dpng them cdc nguIn lyc va ldm gia tdng tinh ty nguyfn cfla ngufli danfrongcac hogt dpng tham gia Vdi ndng cflt la sy tin tuflmg, tmh than trach nhifm va sy giflp dd h5 trp lan frong quan hf hp hang, ngudi dan dd bilt phat huy nguIn vin xa hfi tilm In xung quanh mmh Ben cgnh dfl, thufc vao nhung dac trung vl lii sflng, ^lu kifn kinh tl, sy tuong tac khflng gidng md vdn xd hpi d moi cfng dong nbd ciing khdc Vi the, can cd nhirng hinh thflc khac de nguoi dan huy dfng tfli da dupc vin xd hdi cfla minh tham gja vdo hogt dpng xdy dyng CSHT nflng thfln mfli Sau cflng, ddy chi Id mft nghign cuu nhfl, mang tinh phdt hifn vin dg, vi vay, chua the ddnh gia dupc toan bp cdc hinh thflc ton tgi cung nhu sy anh huflmg toan difn cua cdc loai vfln xd hfl ttong chu de nghien cflu Cdn cd nhflng nghidn cflu chuyen sdu han, todn dien hem nhdm lupng hfla cdc nguon vdn cfl sdn tgi moi cfng ding; djnh hinh cy the hon cdc hinh thuc tdn tgi de cd nhihig bien phdp huy dfng vd su dyng hifu qud boat dfng xdy dyng CSHT nflng thfln mfli ndi rieng, va ttong toan bp chuang trinh xay dyng nong thfln mdi nfli cbung Tai lifu tham khao Amstem, S.R 1969 A ladder of citizen participation Journal of the American Institute of Planners Ban Chi d?o ChuongfrinhXiy dyng nong thon mdi 2012 Kyyiu tdng kit chuang trinh xdy dipig thi diim mo hinh nong thon m&i tit ndm 2009 din ndm 2011, Hi Nfi, thing nim 2012 Bp Nong nghifp vi Phit friln n6ng thon 2009 Hu&ng ddn xgy d^mg nong thon m&i cdp xa Clarence Shubert 1996 Bulding parmership for urban poverty alleviation - Community - based programmes in Asia Publisher Nahobi United Nations Centre for Human Settlements Coleman, J S 1988 Social Capital in the Creation of Human-Capital American Journal ofSociology, 94 Coleman, J.S 1990 Foundations of Social Theory Cambridge (Massachusetts) Harvard Universily Press Choguill, Marisa 1996 A ladder of community participation for under developed counfries Habitat International Hoing Bi Thjnh 2009 Vin xi hfi, m?ng ludi xi hfi vi nhthig phi tin Tgp cMXS hgi hgc, so Hoing Chi Bio 2006 Vdn dl quan hf giQa xi vi thSn, quin ly vi ty quin Nhitng vdn di xd hgi hgc cong cugc ddi m&i Nxb Chinh frj quic gia Hi Nfi Le Thanh Timg 55 Mai van Hai vi Ngd Thj Thanh Quy 2012 Vaifr6cua hp hing ldy ci nhin lim trung timfrongho^t dfng kmh tl d nang th6n hifn Tgp chi Nghien cuu Gia dinh vd Gi&i sl Nguyin Tudn Anh 2011 Vin xi hfi vi sy cdn thilt nghifin ciiu vin xi hpi ndng th6n Vift Nam ngiy Hgi thdo quoc ti Ddng gop dia khoa hgc x3 hgi - nhm vdn phat triin kinh ti - xa hgi Putnam, R D 2000 Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York, etc: Simon & Schuster Tran HOu Dung 2006 Vin xa hfi vi phit friln kinh tl Tgp chl Tia sdng sl 13 UBND xa Quing Tim 2014 Bio cio ting kit chuang trinh xiy dyng ndng th6n mdi Weber, M 1947 The Theory of Social And Economic Organization Oxford University press, Newyork Willeox, D 1995 Guide To Effective Participation York: Rownfree, Newyork ... 96 ngucri (chilm 32%) dupe hfli cho bilt ttong gia dinh ho cfl ngudi tham gia kiem tta, giam sat cac cdng trinh xdy dyng Trong sfl dfl, 31,3% tham gia qua Hfi Cyu chiln binh tl chiic, 20,8% thfln... nhiing lgi ich ciia hg md hg cdn khdng tham gia ddu Din Idti cdn bp Id ngudi a tham gia, thdi gian sau hg thdy dtrgc cdi lgi ro rdng viec budn bdn thi hg mdi tham gia Khdng nhu d nhieng thdn thudn... tir nguydn tham gia cua ngudi dan Vifc tham gia cdc tfl chdc dodn the xa hpi, cdc td chflc xd hfi nghe nghifp, cdc hpi, dodn tu nguyfn tai dja phuong dd giflp cho moi cd nhdn, hf gia dinh tgo