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82 3Ca i)6i f)oc tJjl gioi xawi hpc s6 2(126), 2014 VON XA H O I T R O N G MOI QUAN HE Vdl THAM GIA CHINH TRI - THirC TIEN CHAU AU TRAN THI PHirONG HOA" d Viet Nam, kl tir diu nhiing nam 2000, gidi nghidn ciru da bit diu chu y din vin xd hgi nhu mdt ylu td cho phdt triin, dd ddc biet phdi kl din cac nhd xd hgi hgc Ndm 2003, Tap chi Xa hdi hgc da dich vd dang bdi vilt cua hai hgc gia cd tilng ITnh vvrc ndy Id Fukuyama vdi bdi "Ngudn gdc vdn xa hgi vd svr phdt trien: chuong trinh nghi sir nrong lai" (Fukuyama, 2003: 90-98) va cua Fortes "V6n xd hdi: nguIn gdc vd sir dp dung nd xa hdi hgc Men dai" (Fortes, 2003: 99-109) Viec gidi thidu cdc nghien ciiu vl vdn xa hdi tilp tue dugc tiin hanh tren tap chi cho tdi Cdc nhd xa hdi hgc Vi$t Nam dd tl chirc nhitag nghien ciiu nhd le, lien quan den cdc yeu td ciia vdn xd hgi nhu "Sit giao thoa giOa vdn xa hgi vdi cdc giao dich kinh tl gia dinh: so sdnh gia dinh Viet Nam vd gia dinh Hdn Qudc" (Nguyen Quy Thanh, 2005: 108-121); "Anh hudng cua mdt sd ylu to van hod su: tdng trudng kinh tl tai cdc Idng xd chau thd sdng Hdng" (Le Manh Nam, 2005: 64-72); "Cdc td chiic xd hgi tvr nguy$n d ndng thdn vd vai trd trg giiip xa hdi bdi canh nIn kinh tl ehuyin ddi" ( B I Quynh Nga, 2008: 43-51); "Vdn xd hgi, m?ing ludi xa hdi vd nhimg phi tdn" (Hodng Bd Thinh, 2009: 42-51); "Quan h? ho hdng vdi viec ddn diln ddi thda vd sir dung rugng ddt dudi gdc nhin vdn xa hdi d mgt lang Bdc Trung Bd" (Thomese, F va Nguyin Tudn Anh, 2007: 3-16) Nghien ciiu vl vin xd hgi khdng chi gidi ban ngdnh xa hgi hgc md cdn md rdng sang cdc ngdnh khdc nhu kinh tl md ta cd thi thdy qua mong mudn umg dung vdn xd hdi phat triin doanh nghiep ciia Nguyin Trgng Hoai vd Huynh Thanh Dien (2010: 22-29), hay nghien ciru von xd hdi tir tilp can kinh tl ciia Trdn Hiru Dung (2006: 82-102) Cdc nhd nhdn hgc ciing dd bat ddu chu y tdi vdn xa hgi nhu mgt hudng nghien ciiu phdt tridn, ddc biet vice qudn ly dat dai lien quan den qua trinh dd thi hda d Vi$t Nam (Nguyen Vii Hodng, 2008:11-27) Cd the ndi, gidi nghien cim Viet Nam da nhanh chdng nam bdt dugc xu hudng nghien cuu khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhan van tren the gidi, cdc nghien cuu ve vdn xd hdi da trd thdnh mdt hien tugng ke tu ddu nhOng ndm 1990 Cdc nhd nghidn ciiu Vi?t Nam ddc bift chii y din mdi lien he giiia vin xd hdi vd kinh te dd tir dd dua dugc nhiing ung dvmg cd hieu qud cua vdn xd hgi d chdu Au, ddy la hudng nghien cuu ciia rdt nhilu ngdnh nhu xd hgi hgc, kinh tl, chinh trj hgc, lich sur, iihdn hgc, tdm ly, y hoc, cdc nghidn ciiu lien ngdnh dvra tren phuang phdp tilp can 1^ thuydt vd thvrc nghiem Ddc bi$t, TS, Vien Nghien cuu chdu Au Trdn Thf Phuang Hoa 83 vdn xd hdi khdng chi Id ddng Iyc nghien cdu eua cac cd nhdn md cdn thu hut sy quan tam cda cdc td chuc todn cdu Nam 1996, Ngan hang Thd gidi (WB) dd phdt ddng hpp phdn tim hilu vdn xa hpi cde dy an WB tdi trp Sang kien nhdm ba muc tieu: 1) danh gid tdc ddng cda vdn xa hdi ddi vdi tinh hieu qud eda dy dn; 2) tim kidm cdc ylu td bdn ngodi gdp phdn vdo qud trinh hinh vdn xd hpi; 3) tim hieu tde ddng cda vdn xd hpi ddi vdi phdt tridn vd tun kidm edch tiep can djnh luang ddng gdp cda vdn xa hdi cho phdt triin Kl tu do, eac nghidn cihi ve vdn xd hpi bdt ddu dupe trien khai mgnh me Trong sd 12 du an ban ddu, cd dy dn ddnh gid von xd hdi d ede nude cd ndn kinh te chuyen ddi (Nga) vd cac xa hdi hau cdng sdn Td nam 1998, Ngan hang Thd gidi cdp kinh phi de tien hdnh 10 du dn nghidn edu ban ddu ve vdn xa hOi, didu tra tren 22 qudc gia dd hidu rd thd nao Id vdn xd hpi d nhiing qudc gia/khu vye khde trdn thd gidi Muc tieu cua cdc chuong trinh Id "cung cap nhihig hudng tidp can djnh tinh vd djnh luong nhdm hieu dupe ban chat vd npi ham cda vdn xd hdi" Cho ddn nay, Ngdn hdng Thd gidi cd mdt bd phdn danh ridng nghien cdu vl vdn xa hdi va theo ddi cdc dy an lidn quan ddn van dd Td chuc eung dua nhdng chi ddn eu the: 1) Dinh nghia vdn xa hdi; 2) Tinh hinh nghien cuu vd tridn khai dy dn von xd hpi; 3) Djnh lupng vdn xa hdi WB edn cung cdp mdt co sd dd Ii$u Idn lien quan ddn vdn xa hdi tren todn thd gidi vd dua 11 nhdm dd tdi nghien euu lidn quan din vdn xd hdi (xem website eua WB: http://web.worIdbank.org/) Ngodi WB, rat nhilu cdc td chde quie tl Idn khdc nhu UNDP, OECD, EU cung ddu tu nghidn cuu vin xd hpi vdi ky vpng phat hi?n, sd dung, ho§c xay dyng vdn xd hdi dl tu dd cd nhihig hudng dau tu hi?u qud Cd thi thdy cd rdt nhidu dpng lye dl ede nhd nghien edu tim hidu vd vdn xa hdi Ben Fine, Giao su kinh tl trudng Kinh td London, dd liet ke 12 nguydn nhdn thuc ddy dng tim hilu vd vin xd hdiridngtrong ITnh vyc kinh tl, dd khdng thd khdng ndi den nguydn nhdn vl nguIn tdi trp dii dao, vd cdc chidu canh da dgng eua dd tai vdi nhiing tranh eai xung quanh cde thuat ngii: dudng nhu chua bao gid cham ddt, vd cdc quan diem trai chilu ddy hdp dan, vd tdt nhien, ve nhung hgn chi cua nghien euu thyc nghi?m ddi vdi vdn dl va cung la khoang trdng dl cho cdc ddng gdp mdi (Fine, 2010: 2-6) Vdi kinh nghi?ra nghidn edu vl vdn xa hpi ban 10 nam va xudt ban nhilu cdng hinh lien quan Fine nhan tiiay rdng vdi Ijeh su hmh thdnh va phat hidn ngdn ngdi tu 1990, von xd hdi dd ttd thdnh mdt thugt ngd phd biln khoa hpc xa hdi, din noi khd cd thi Idm edng vide thdng thudng nhdt eua mpt nghidn cuu Id khao sdt tai lieu lidn quan den dd tai, va dng cho rdng "cap nhgt ede cdng trinh lidn quan din vdn xd hpi la mot cdng vi?c bdt khd thi Cac cdng bo mdi lidn quan din dl tai xudt hidn nhanh han kha ndng dpc [ciia tdi]" (Fine, 2010:14) Lan sdng nghien cdu ve v6n xd hdi d chdu Au thu hut sy quan tam eda ede hpe gid mgnh me ban bat cd d dau Trong nhidu hpe gid eho rang vdn xa hdi d My dang syt gidm (Putnam, 2000; Hall, 2002) thi vin xa hpi d ehdu Au van tri dupe sde manh cua no vd giup chdu Au vupt qua khiing hoang, ciing cd xd hdi ddn sy, tang cudng nIn dan chd vd cae mang ludi \xon% lidn mmh (Eneamacion, 2003; Newton, 2006; Torcal & 84 ydn xd hdi mdi quan he vdi tham gia chinh tri Montero, 2006; Steffeck vd cdng svr, 2008) Bai vilt mong mudn dugc cung cdp thdng tin vl mgt hudng nghien ciiu lien quan din vdn xd hdi d chau Au, chu trgng den vai trd cua nilm tin vd svr tham gia chinh tri qua cac nghidn ciiu ly thuyit vd thvrc nghiem dd dugc cdng bd gan day Khi cdc nIn kinh tl phdt triin cua chdu Au budc vdo giai doan hdu vdt chat, hdu cdng nghidp, ngudi ta tin rdng vin xa hdi se la mdt nhdn td mdi giiip tao tdng trudrig Dugc thiic day bdi nhimg cdng kinh tl, phan Idn cac nhd nude chdu Au ehuyin thdnh cdc nhd nude phiic loi Dilu dd cOng ddng nghia nha nude phdi ganh vde nhilu traeh nhiem hem viec phdn phdi phuc Igi cho toan dan Tuy nhien, nghia vu ndy khiln cdc nha nude bi qud tai, gdy khung hoang d nhilu qudc gia chdu Au Trong bdi canh do, vdn xd hgi cd thi ddng vai trd quan trgng giup lay lai nilm tin ciia ngudi ddn ddi vdi Chinh phd Ddu nhimg ndm 1990, chdu Au chiing kiln sir sup dd cua cdc nude Xd hgi chu nghia d Ddng Au, lam xudt hien m^t lan song ddn chii mdi Vice nghien ciiu vdn xd hdi d nhitag nude duge coi cdn thilt de hilu dugc ban chdt mdi quan h$ xd hgi, tir dd giup nhOng nude ndy hdi nhdp vdi EU, ciing la hgi nhdp vdi cdc nen ddn chu, mac du trdi qua nhilu thdng trdm nhung cho tdi vin giii viing dugc nhitag gid trj mang tinh nhdn logi cua nd Niem tin (trust) - thdnh to quan trgng ciia von xa hgi Vdi sd lugng khdng Id cdc cdng trinh lien quan din vdn xa hdi, hdu nhu cdng trinh ndo cung nhdc lai ngudn gdc ddi ciia thudt ngii nay, ndi bat Id ten tudi cua Bourdieu, Coleman, Putnam, nhitag ngudi dat nIn mdng cho cdc hghien curu vl vdn xd hgi Theo Putnam, thudt ngii vdn xS hgi ISn ddu tien dugc Hanifan, mdt nhd gido due ngudi Mj?, sir dvmg ndm 1916 (Putnam, 2002: 4) Sau thuat ngu: naj da dugc Bourdieu, Coleman, Putnam bd sung cdc ndi ham vd dinh nghia rd rang hon Ndm 1983, nha xa h§i hgc ngudi Phap Bourdieu dd khai quat lai cdc loai vdn md ngudi cd the khai thdc de phue vvi cho cdc hogt dgng sdng cua minh, gdm cd vdn kinh te, vdn vdn hda, von xd hgi, dd vdn xd hpi dugc coi la tiem dn nhieu tilm ndng cho phdt tridn nhung chua dugc nghien cuu thdu ddo Theo Bourdieu, vdn xa hdi mang nhimg tinh chat nhat dinh cua xd hdi ma dng ggi la habitus, vdi y nghia cd kit nhu nhitag tdp tinh vd ddc thii cua timg xd hdi Cudi nhOng ndm 1980, nha xd hgi hgc ngudi M^ Coleman dd xdc dinh rd hon vi tri va cdc hinh thirc bilu hien cua vdn xa hgi Theo dd vdn xa hgi "dugc xdc dinh bdi chuc ndng ciia nd Dd khdng phai Id mdt thvrc the don lap, dd Id mgt tdp hgp da dang cua cdc thvrc thi cd hai dac diem chung: chiing chiia dvmg mdt yeu td ndo cua cdu true xd hdi vd chung thiic ddy hoat ddng cua cdc cd nhdn ndm cdu tnic dd" (din theo Hauberer, 2011: 38) Dinh nghia ciia Coleman cho thdy mudn nghien ciiu vdn xd hdi phdi hieu dugc cdu tnic cua xd hdi dd, vd nguge lai, nghien cim von xa hgi se hieu duge cdu tnic xa hgi va svr van hdnh cua nd, tu dd thu dugc nhitag hilu bilt cdn ban vl xd hdi Nam 1993, sau 20 ndm tiin hdnh nghien cuu vl xd hdi Italia, Putaam dd cdng bd cdng trinh nhdn mgnh den tdm quan trgng eua vdn xa hdi phdt triin kmh tl - xd hgi Trong cdng trinh ndy, dng da dua dinh nghia vl vdn xd hgi nhu sau "Vdn xd h$i ham y cdc ddc diim cua td chiic xa hgi, nhu nilm tin (trust), chudn mvrc (norm), mang ludi (network), cd khd ndng cdi Trdn Thj Phuang Hoa 85 thi^n hidu qud xd hpi thdng qua khuyin khieh cae boat dpng hpp tde" (Putnam, 1993: 167) Mae dd cd nhilu y kiln phdn bdc nhung djnh nghia cua Putnam hidn dupe sd dyng rdng rdi eac nghien edu vl vdn xa hdi, tu tidp cgn ly thuydt eung nhu thye nghidm, nidm tin dupe coi Id ylu td quan trpng tgo nen vdn xa hdi Cd thi ndi, Putnam dd dgt vdn de nidm tin la mdt nhihig ddi tupng nghidn euu quan trpng cde nghien cdu vl vdn xa hdi Moi quan hd giira niem tin va sy tham gia chinh tri Newton (1995, 2006) dd khdo sat mdi quan he giiJa niem tin xd hdi va nidm tin cMnh trj Theo tde gidndy, nidm tin dupe djnh nghia Id mdi quan he, la thai dp eho rdng nhdng ngudi khdc sd khdng bao gid lam hai bgn, vd, trudng hpp tii uu, hp se hanh ddng theo sd thich eua bgn nlu cd ea h§i (Newton, 2006: 83) Nhu bdt cd ede nghidn cdu vd von xa hpi, vdn dd thyc nghiem ludn la mpt thdch thdc ddi vdi ngudi nghidn cihi Bdn thdn Newton cung thua nhdn rdng vi?e khao sat nilm tin ehinh trj la didu khd khdn Trong sd nhilu tidu ehi cd till khdo sdt vl nilm tin chinh tri, dng chi chpn mdt tidu chi Id niera tin vdo Qude hdi, bdi vi Qude hpi (hoac bit k^ hdi ddng lap phdp ndo) Id co quan dgi di?n chinh mdt ndn ddn chd, vd vide gidm nidm tin vdo Qude hpi Id rapt van de nghidm trpng (Newton, 2006: 81) Mpt vdn dl quan ti^ng ddi vdi nghidn edu thyc nghidm Id edch thuc gidi trinh cdu hdi khdo sat tieu chudn Cau hdi: "Ndi chung Hdu bgn cd thd ndi rang hdu hdt mpi ngudi cd thi tin cgy, hogc bgn khdng can qua can thgn giao thi?p vdi mpi ngudi?" thudng dupe ddt dd khai thde ede quan diim cda ngudi dupe hdi ve dp tin egy eiia hp ddi vdi ngudi khde Tuy nhidn, ddi thdi dp tin tudng hay chdn ghet mpi ngudi Igi mang ydu td tdm ly ed nhdn ehd khdng the hi?n tinh xd hdi Cd nhdng ngudi bdt ludn hodn ednh ndo cung ludn ngd vyc hode d mdt thai cyc khac Id ca tin Da phdn cac tdc gid cho rang sy tin cay raang sdc thdi xd hdi ban la bidu hidn eua trgng thai tdm ly bdn trong; nd Id mpt san pham cda xa hdi nai ngudi ta sinh song Nhiing ngudi ndi rdng hp tin tudng nhdng ngudi khac cho thay each ddnh gid eiia hp vd xd h0i xung quanh, eung chinh Id phan dnh thai dp cua nhiing ngudi xung quanh ddi vdi chinh ban than hp Newton cho rdng nilm tin cd nhihig biln thd rdt da dang d cac qudc gia khde nhau, tu Na Uy (65%) din Brazil (3%) Trong dd, cd nhdng nhdm quIc gia Igi cd chi sd nilm tin tuong ddi gidng Cac qudc gia viing Scandinavia va Bdc Au (Na Uy, Thyy Diln, Dan Mach, Ha Lan, Phdn Lan) la nhdm d trdn cung cua bdng xdp hang quIc td vdi diim sd tin nhiem Id 50% ho^c ban Cde quIc gia Tdy Au khac (Ireland, Iceland, Due, Thyy ST, Y, Bi, vd Ao) dupe nhdm Igi phgm vi 50 - 33% Nhilu qudc gia thudc Lidn Xd eii - khdi dupe nhdm Igi d gida bdng (Ukraine, Serbia, Bulgaria, Cpng hda Sec, Bosnia, Albania, Slovakia, Latvia, Croatia, Belarus, Nga, Estonia vd Lithuania) vdi 30 ddn 20%, va cdc nude ngheo trdn the gidi dang phdt tiiln d phia dudi (Brazil, Thd NhT Ky, Peru, Puerto Rico, Colombia) vdi 10% Dilu cho thay sy tin cay khdng chi bi dnh hudng bdi ede ddc didm cd nhdn nhu kinh nghi?ra xd hpi vd eupe sdng gia dmh, md cdn bj 86 Vdn xd hoi mdi quan h? vdi tham gia chinh trf dnh hudng mgnh me bdi eac ydu td xa h§i phd biln doi vdi ngudi ddn cda cdc quoc gia va vung lanh thd tren thd gidi Newton cdn tidn hanh nghidn edu va bilu dien mdi lien he giiia nilm tin xa h^i vd nidm tin ehinh tri (tin vao Qude hpi) trdn 65 quoe gia nhimg ndm 1990 Kit qud cho thdy, rapt nhdm cde quoc gia cd nidm tin xd hpi va nidm tin vao Quoe hpi Id tuong doi thap Nhdm bao gdm Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Macedonia, Argentina, Romania, Slovenia, Bd Ddo Nha, Cpng hda Dorainica, Belarus, Hdn Qude, Latvia, Nga, Ba Lan, Nigeria, Mexico, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ddng Dde, Thd NhT Ky, Montenegro, vd Armenia Trung binh khoang 15% cdng ddn ciia cdc qude gia nhdm thi hi?n sy sdn sdng tin tudng nhiing ngudi khdc, va nidm tin vdo Qudc hdi cd sd diem trung binh khodng 1,9 trdn thang didm Trudng hpp cyc doan la Brazil, Peru, Colombia, va Macedonia, nilm tin xd hpi dupe md td Id "khdng cd niera tin" chd khdng chi la "tin tudng thap", va didm sd tin nhidm cua Qudc hdi Id thap nhat sd 65 qudc gia Ngupc lai, cd mpt nhdm nhd hon cae qudc gia nai ma niem tin xa hpi va nilm tin vao Qudc hdi la tuang ddi cao, cd Na Uy, Thuy Didn, Dan Mach, Canada, Hd Lan, Bde Ireland, Cpng hda Ireland, Ue, Tay Ddc, Nhgt Ban vd Hoa Ky Trung binh tin tudng xa hpi khodng 50% vd tin vao QuIc hdi ed didm 2,4 tren thang diem Trong trudng hpp cyc doan cua Na Uy, tin tudng xa hpi la tren 65% va tin vdo Qudc hdi 2,8, so sanh vdi Brazil la 3% va 1,9 , hogc Peru la 5% vd 1,8 (Newton, 2006: 83) Hai nhdm cdc qude gia theo bieu dien cda Newton phii hpp vdi I;^ thuydt Tocqueville, ngudi da chi sy lidn kdt rd rdng gida sy tin tudng xa hpi va ddi sing chinh tri Tocqueville lap ludn rang nhd tham gia cpng ddng dja phuang vd cdc to chdc ty nguydn, ngudi ddn dd ddn hpc dupe "thdi quen edt Idi" cda nilm tin, eiia trao dii ed di cd Igi, doan kit, vd hop tdc, va Id nIn tang eiia dan chu Theo Tocqueville, nilra tin dupe tgo mgng ludi ddy ddc cua cac td chdc va edu Igc bp tinh nguydn (dde bi?t Id cac hi?p hpi chinh tri) dgy hp each hpp tde vd thda hi?p dk dat dupe rayc tidu chung (Newton, 2006: 82) Nghidn cdu cua Newton eho thay mli quan hp thuan gida niera tin xd hdi (ti 1? ngudi dan tham gia vdo cac td chdc ddn sy cao), nilm tin chinh trj vd niem tin vao Chinh phu Trong dd, nhdm I gom nhihig quIc gia cd ehi sd nilm tin thdp, xa hdi ddn sy ylu, cac to chdc xa hdi kera phat triin, vd nilm tm vdo Qudc hdi thdp, bdi vi h$ thing cua Chmh phd lam vide kdm hi?u qud Kit qua Id mdt vdng ludn qudn cda sy tin tudng thdp, cae td chue xa hpi kem hipu qua, vd hogt dpng kem cua chinh phu rdt khd ed thi phd vo Qud trinh hinh thdnh nIn ddn chu nude ndy la mpt nhi^ra vy khd khdn, ddi hdi nhilu thdi gian Trong dd ed mpt nhdm ede nIn ddn ehd In djnh, chd yeu Id cae qude gia OECD gidu ed, dupe ddc trung bdi ca tin tudng xd hpi tuong ddi cao va niem tin tuong ddi cao vdo QuIc hpi (Na Uy, Dan Mgch, Thyy Diln, Hd Lan, Canada, Phdn Lan va Ireland) Mdc dp tin cay xa hpi va hpp tac cua hp deu cao, cd nghia hp cd cdc td chdc xa hpi cd hi?u qua, qua dd Chinh phu cd thi lam vide hidu qua vi Ipi ieh cdng epng Chdt lupng cda Chinh phd giup tgo rapt cau true md dd cdc td chdc xd h$i c6 thi hogt dpng hi^u Trdn Thi Phuang Hoa 87 qud, eho phep mdt mdi trudng tin cgy xa hOi vd hpp tde phdt triin Kit qua la rapt vdng trdn dao ddc cda sy tm tudng cao, cdc td chde xa hdi tieh cyc, Chinh phd hieu qua Niem tin chinh tri ed nhilu mdi quan he 1;^ thuyit vdi chinh tri, tuang ty nhu nilm tin xa hpi gin liln vdi eupe sdng xa hdi Newton eho rang ngudi dan tin tudng cdc nhd Idnh dgo chinh tri ciia hp hp tin rdng cac ehinh trj gia se khdng Idm hgi hp, vd, tiong trudng hpp tdi uu, se chdm sde quydn loi eho hp vd lam mpi didu dd mang lai hgnh phuc cho hp (Newton, 2006: 86) Cdng dan tin vdo cde thiet chd ehinh trj hp tin rdng nhung thidt chd hogt ddng hidu qud theo nguyen tdc dan chu cda edng ly vd edng bdng Ndu nidm tin xd hpi cd thi cd nhidu td ddng nghta, nidm tin ehinh tii eiing vdy, mpt si td dimg tuang duong nhu ^ thuc va tham gia cdng ddn, tinh thdn cdng ddn, Ipi ich chinh trj vd sy tham gia, mdi quan tdm tdi lai ich cdng cdng/cdng cpng tit, khoan dung chinh tri, khd nang thda hiep vd hpp tac ddi sdng ehinh tri, nilm tin vao cdc td chde ehinh tri Moi lien quan gifra von xa h$i va bat man ve ddn chii K I td gida nhiing ndm 1970, thdi ky tdng trudng kinh tl, an ninh vd thjnh vupng nhu Id no lye phue hdi sau Chidn tranh thi gidi thu hai da chdm ddt, cupc khung hodng ddu md trd mli lo thudng trye cho nhilu qudc gia chdu Au Trong bdi ednh nay, cd nhidu y kien eho rdng ede chinh phu dan chu khdng cd khd ndng ddi phd vdi cdc thdch thdc kinh te cdng tdng, va nhimg ddi hdi ddy mdu thuan cua cdng chung s6 dan din mpt cupc khdng hoang Idn ddi vdi truydn thdng ddn ehd thi gidi phuang Tdy (Torcal, Montero, 2006: 3-4) Hai muai nam sau, sy bi quan da phan nao bien mat Sy dn dinh Idu ddi ciia cac ndn ddn chd d ehdu Au, sy tdng cudng eiia nhihig ndn ddn chu mdi ndi vdo cudi nhdng nam 1970', vd sy syp dd eua cdc nhd nude epng sdn d Trung vd Ddng Au dupe eoi Id bdng chdng vd tinh im vidt eda ddn ehd ehdu Au truydn thdng Nhung thai dp eua edng dan vd dan chu vd thd ehl dan chu cd thd khdng thuc sy thay ddi; ddnh gid cua hp vd ehinh trj vd cac chinh tri gia ed the van chua dupe cdi thien (Torcal, Montero, 2006: 3) Vi?c ndi Idn cua Idn sdng ddn chu mdi d ede nude Trung vd Ddng Au khdng ed nghTa di kdm vdi sy gia tang niem tin ehinh trj Trong bdi canh cac chinh phu ddn chd it cung rdn hon can thidp vao qud trinh ehinh sdeh, cde td chde ddn chu Igi the hi?n nhiing ddng thdi ddi lap nhau, hode thd a hode chi trich gay gdt, ngudi dan vd dai di?n cua hp ngdy cang xa each Trong thyc tl, cupc khdng hoang nilm tin dudng nhu bien, nhung khdng gdn vdi mdt tinh hudng cy the h o ^ lien quan ddn vy bd bdi chinh tri ndo, md ehu ydu tang trudng kinh tl di theo hudng xdu (Torcal, Montero, 2006: 4) Nhdng nhd ddn chu cd ddu 6c phd phan, ede cdng dan ed ddu 6c phd phdn, ede cdng dan bat man dd xudt hidn nhu Id hinh dnh mdi ITnh vye chinh trj Mdt mdt, hp ho trp mgnh rae cho ly tudng ddn chu, mdt khdc hp phd phdn manh me each tiin hanh dan chd Khai ni?m dan ehd bdt mdn (disaffected democracies) dupe sd dung, ngu y rdng nhilu cdng ddn dd xdc djnh thai dp cda hp ddi vdi tien trinh chinh trj, tl chue chinh tri, va cac tang Idp ehinh trj ' Tay Ban Nha, B Dio Nha v4 Hy Up dirge coi 1& nhttng nir6c c6 nIn dSn chu mdi n^i lgn v4o culi nhftng nam 1970, chdm diit sir cam quyln ciJa c4c nhi d$c tii (tnrimg hgp Tdy Ban Nha) ho$c chuyen chi Vdn xa hpi mdi quan he v&i tham gia chinh tr/ Newton bdt ddu nghien cdu eua minh bdng gid djnh eho rdng "ed ve nhu khdng ed moi quan h? trye tidp gifta Idng tin xa hpi vdi mdc dp bat man chinh trj" (Newton, 2006: 82) Hay ndi each khac, long tm xa hpi mang tinh In djnh ban so vdi nilm tin ehinh tri Sy ung hp hogc bat man ehinh tri ehi mang y nghia tinh hulng va tgm thdi Them vdo do, ed the vuot qua khung hodng ehinh trj dya vdo niem tin xa hpi Trong thye tl, bdt man chinh trj cd thd dnh hudng din hdnh vi theo nhdng each khde phu thudc vao bdi ednh ehinh trj Mdt sd hpe gid th$m ehi edn hoan nghdnh sy ngd vyc cua cdng ehdng, bdi vi, theo truyen thdng, sy canh giac vd hoai nghi ddi vdi m§t chinh phd vd cac nha lanh dgo cda nd Idraptsy kidm tra can thilt vl hdnh dpng cda chinh phu va tdng cudng sy ty cua ca nhdn Do dd, mde dp eao cda sy bdt mdn chinh tij rapt qudc gia ey thi ed thi khdng mang tinh tieu cyc Tuy nhien, d mpt sd qudc gia, bdt mdn chinh tri cd thi gay them khodng cdch giiia ngudi dan va cdc dgi dien cda hp, tdng cudng sy bat binh dang chinh trj, Bdt mdn ehinh tri ed the dan ddn sy thd a ehinh trj Idn hon tdt cd cde hinh thdc tham gia chinh tri Gilng nhu nidm tin xa hdi, nidm tin chinh trj Id m$t sy phdn dnh quan diim td ben ngoai vd mang tinh khach quan vl ddi sdng chinh tri Nd khdng mang ddc diim tinh edeh npi bp, nhu ddnh gid eua the gidi ehinh trj dii ngogi Nilra tin chinh tri thdp (cd nghia Id, bdt mdn ehinh tri cao bode tdng) eho thiy mdt eai gi h? thing chinh tri dang boat ddng kem Nd cd the la hogt ddng kem cdi cua cdc ehinh tri gi^ hode cae td ehde, ho§c ed hai, hode sy mong dpi ciia ddn chiing qua cao Trong bat lugn trudng hpp ndo, nilm tm thdp cho ehiing ta bilt mdt edi gi dd dang trye trdc Dilu dan din cdu hdi, thi hi^n sy tin tudng chinh trj cao vd ly tgi sao, vd lieu cd m$t mdi lidn hp gifta nilm tin xd hdi vd sy ty tin chinh trj? Newton dd dya vdo mpt sd bien sd lidn quan ddn ehinh trj: Quan tdm ddn ehinh trj va mong mudn dupe thdo ludn vl nd; Ty hao vd ddt nude va vao hp thong ehinh trj; Nilra tin vao chinh phu md; Cdnh td va cdnh hihi (Nhdng ngudi eanh hdu cd xu hudng the hi$n nilm tin ehinh h^ vdo Qudc hpi canh hijru ehiira da sd chinh phu, tuang ty, nhihig ngudi cdnh td thi hi^n su ty tin cdnh td ndm quyln) Ngodi dng cdn khdo sdt rapt sd bidn lidn quan din x3 hpi: Niem tmxd hdi Gido dye Tuoi Thu nhlp Thda mdn vdi cdng vi^c Tham gia vdo cdc td chdc ty nguydn Trdn Thj Phuong Hoa 89 Hanh phiic Hai long vdi tdi chinh gia dinh (Newton, 2006: 90-91) Kit qud eho thdy mdi liSn quan yeu vd khdng ddng deu gida niem tin xd hgi vdi niem tin chinh tri Chi sd 19 qudc gia cung cdp cdc he sd cd y nghia thing ke, nhung cung khdng dat dugc mdc dg cao nhdt Mdt idn niia Newton cho rdng cd it bdng chiing ve mdi lien he giiia niem tin xd hdi vd niem tin chinh tri Ngudi ddn cd thi dat niem tin to Idn vdo ddng bdo cua minh, cd tmh than tvr hdo ddn tdc cao nhung ehua chdc hg dd tin vao Chinh phu hay Qudc hdi (Newton, 2006: 92) Ddc biet, nilm tin chinh trj mang tinh co gidn va thay ddi, thudc vao bdi canh kinh te vd vdo kha ndng lanh dao, quan ly cua chinh phii Trong mdt nghien cull khdc ve cdc nude chau Au nhung tap trung vdo cdc nude chuyen ddi d Trung vd Ddng Au, Evans vd Letki cung dua kit ludn tuong tvr vdi Newton viet "phdn tich cda chiing tdi vd cdc nude hdu cgng sdn cho thdy cae 1^ thuydt vdn xd hgi khdng mang tinh "pho qudt"; tin tudng xd hgi khdng phdi ludn ludn dnh hudng tich cvrc tdi svr tham gia cua cdng ddn vd khdng phdi ludn ludn tac ddng tieu cvrc tdi bdt man chinh trj Miic dg tin tudng xd hgi d Trung Ddng Au khdng phdi Id ddc bidt thdp, nhung ngudi ddn khu vvrc cd ve tuong ddi that vgng vdi svr chuyen ddi chinh trj va kinh te dang diln ra" (Evans, Letki, 2006: 147) Tnrdng hgp ciia Thyy Dien Giira nhirng ndm 1960 vd 1990, svr img hd chinh tri d Thviy Dien gidm manh hon d hdu het cdc nen ddn chu phuang Tay khac Vao ndm 1986, niem tin vao Qudc hgi (Riksdag) va ngi cac Id 51% vd 47%; nam 1996 sd da gidm xudng cdn 19% vd 18% Ndm 1968, "ndm cua cugc cdch mang", mgt nira ddn so Thviy Diln tin rdng Riksdag quan tdm din nhiing gi mgi ngudi thudng nghi, vd 60% tin rdng ede ben da quan tdm din y kiln cua ngudi dan; nam 1994 sd la 28 vd 25% (Newton, 2006: 97-98) Trong dd, khdng cd bdng chiing cho thdy svr suy gidm Idng tin xd hgi, vdn xa hgi d Thyy Diln Nguge Iji, svr tham gia vdo cac td chiic tvr nguyen cao bdt thudng so vdi tieu chudn thi gidi nhiing ndm 1950, vd van d miic cao hoac tdng len mirc cao hon vdo nhihig ndm 1990 Trong giai do?n sau chiln tranh, pham vi ciia khu vvrc tinh nguyen tdng manh vl quy md thdnh vien, sd lugng cac to chdc, miic dg ho^tt ddng va tdi chinh Cung khdng cd bdt k>' bdng chiing ro rdng ciia svr suy giam nilm tin xa hdi phd qudt Khdo sat xa hdi chdu Au cho thdy nilm tin phd qudt d Thyy Diln tang tir 57% nam 1981 Idn 67% ndm 1997, va da phdn dirng d miic 66% - 67% ba cugc dilu tra ndm 1990, 1996, vd 1997 Nlu svt suy gidm nilm tin chinh tri d Thviy Dien vdo cudi thi ky XX khdng lien quan din nguon von xa hdi va niem tin xd hgi, thi ddu Id nguyen nhan? Rothstein (2002: 239) gidi thich: "Cd thi Idp ludn rdng mdi ngd vvrc chinh hi tdng la kit qud cua mgt loat cac VV be bli chinh trj hode khoang cdch ngdy cdng tdng giOa cde cir tri vd cdc chinh t4 gia" D?ic bi$t, nhihig gi Rothstein ggi Id "vdn xd hgi cd td chirc" d Thuy Bifo ^ bj phd v8 Nhiing td chUc la cac co quan ddc biet qudn ly mdi quan he gitta cdng dodn 90 Vdn xd hgi mdi quan he vdi tham gia chinh tri cdc nha tuyin dung, va chinh phd (Xa hdi Ddn chu) Kit qua su that bai cda hd thdng thuong lupng tiin luong gay Igm phdt, dong tidn mdt gid, vd sy syt gidm manh hogt ddng kinh tl khien Thuy Diln tyt bgng td thd tu bdng tdi san cua OECD ndm 1970 xudng thd mudi tdm ndm 1997 Nhu vdy, day khdng phdi Id sy xdi mdn niem tin, vin xd hdi, md Id rapt giai dogn ddt doan cua thuong tang kidn trdc lien quan den dieu hdnh kinh tl vT md, da gay sy bat man chinh tri eiia Thyy Diln Ket luan D I ed thd khdo sat thyc nghidm mdi lien quan gifta Idng tin xa hpi vd vdn xd hpi vdi niem tin chinh tri vd vdn chinh tri Id khdng dan gidn Moi quan he dupe tim thdy d muc dp tdng hpp cua toan xd b^i Rdt khd cd thi xdy dyng mpt he thing dan chu tgo sy hai long vdi he thing chinh trj ma khdng ed rapt nIn tang vung chdc cua nilm tin xa hpi vd ede td chuc x3 hpi, do, mdc dp tin cay cao xa hdi vd cdc td ehde xd hpi cd hi^u qud khdng bin dd tao sy hai Idng vdi hd thdng chinh tri Nilm tin xa hdi vd nidm tin chinh tri xd hdi ed nhiing nIn tang khde Tin tudng xd hdi mang tinh cl kit xd hdi nhilu hon vd nd dupe hinh thdnh dilu ki$n cd sy tham gia vd thdu hidu ciia tdt ca cac ben, nilra tin chinh trj chu ylu bdng khd ndng boat ddng cua h? thing chinh tri Trdn toan the gidi, cap eao nhat eiia nidm tin xa h$i thudng lien quan vdi mdc thdp nhdt eua bdt man chinh tri Na Uy, Phdn Lan, Thyy Diln, Dan Mgch va Ha Lan Id nhiing vi dy Ddy ddng thdi la nhiJng nude cd ndn kinh te phdt tridn vdi GDP trdn dau ngudi ludn dan dau bang xdp bgng the gidi Trong d mdt sd quoc gia dang phdt trien, niem tin xa hpi thap va niem tin ehinh tri eung thap Newton eho rdng didu ki^n kinh td khdng cho phep cdc td chdc xd hpi ho trp cho chinh phu dd Idm vi?c ed hipu qud, mdt khde, yeu kem quan ly kinh te cua chinh phu de dan tdi bat mdn chinh trj (Newton, 2006: 98-99) Ngupe lai, cae nude ed mdc d§ tin edy xd h^i cao cd thi cd cac td chdc xa hdi va ca sd hg tang giiip tri rapt ndn dan chu tidn tien Dd la nhihig xd hdi dan sy ben viitig, vdi mpt muc dp tin cay eao, ed khd ndng thda hipp vd hpp tdc, vd mpt logt cdc to chdc tu nhan va cdng cpng Id ndn tdng edn thilt eho chinh phu Idm vi^e hi^u qua Trong nhiing trudng hpp nay, tin tudng xd h^i eao vd nilra tin ehinh trj cd xu hudng lidn quan mat thilt vdi Na Uy, Thuy Diln, Dan Mgch, Canada va Hd Lan Id nhung vi dy Tdi li^u tham khao Nguyen Tudn Anh Vdn xa hpi vd sy can thidt nghien edu vdn xa hpi d ndng thdn Vi?t Nam hi$n Tdi li^u Hdi thdo "Ddng gdp cda Khoa hpc Xd hpi - Nhdn vdn phdt trien Idnh ti - xd hpi" Bjonskove, Christian 2009 Economic growth, Vcoag sdch Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen (eds.) Handbook of Social Capital The Troika of Sociology Political Science and Economics, Edward Elgar, 337-353 Trdn Thi Phuang Hoa 91 Tran Hihi Diing 2006 Von xa hdi va kinh tl, Tgp chi Thdi dgi, 82-102 Eneamacion, Omar 2003 The Myth of Civil Society: Social Capital and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Brazil, London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan Evans, Geoffrey & Letki, Natalia 2006 Understanding the relationship between social capital and political disaffection in tiie new post-eommunist democracies, sdeh Mariano Torcal, Jose Ramdn Montero (eds.) Democracies: social capital, institutions and politics, Routledge, London and New York, 2006, 130-154 Fine, Ben 2010 Theories of Social Capital: Researchers Behaving Badly, London, New York; Palgrave Macmillan Fukuyama 2003 Ngudn gdc vin xa hpi vd sy phdt triin: chuang trinh nghj sy tuang lai Tgp chi Xd hdi hpc, sd 4, 90-98 Hall, Peter 2002 The Role of Government m the Distribution of Social Capital, sach Robert Putnam (ed) Democracies in Flux: the Evolution of Social Capital in contemporary society, Oxford University Press, 21-58 Hauberer, Julia 2011 Social Capital Theory: towards a Methodological Foundation, VS Verlag for Sozialwissenschaften Nguyin Trpng Hoai va Huynh Thanh Dien 2010 Xay dung khung phdn tich vdn xd hpi doanh nghidp cho dieu ki?n Vi?t Nam: Ting quan ly thuyit vd cdc nghien cihi thye nghiem Tgp chi Nghien ciru vd ludn bdn, si 6,22-29 Nguyen Vu Hodng 2008 Vdn xa hpi dd thj: rapt nghidn edu nhan hpc vl hdnh ddng t^p thd d m^t du dn phdt tridn thj tgi Ha Npi Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc, si 5, li-27 Kaase, Max & Newton, Kenneth 2002 Belief in Government, Oxford University Press Le Manh Ndm 2005 Anh hudng cua mpt sd ydu td vdn hod sy tdng trudng kinh tl tgi cac lang xa chdu thd sdng Hong" Tgp chiXa hpi hpc, sd 3,64-72 Newton, Kenneth 2006 Institutional Confidence and Social Trust: Aggregate and Individual Relations, sach Mariano Torcal, Jose Ramdn Montero (eds.), Democracies: Social Capital, Institutions and Politics, Routiedge, London and New York B I Quynh Nga 2008 "Cac tl chdc xd hpi ty nguy?n d ndng thdn vd vai trd trp giup xd hdi bdi canh nIn kinh tl ehuyen ddi" Tgp chi Xa hdi hpc, so 2,43-51 Pannier, Emmanuel 2008 Phan ti'ch mgng ludi xa hdi: cdc ly thuyet, khai ni^m vd phuang phdp nghidn cdu Tgp chi Xd hpi hpc, sd 4,100-114 Portes 2003 "Von xa h0i: nguon glc vd sy dp dyng nd xd hdi hpc hi?n dai" Tgp chiXd hdi hpc, so 4, 99-100 Putiiam, R D 1993 Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modem Italy, Princeton, USA: University of Princeton Press 92 ydn xd hdi mdi quan lie vdi tham gia chinh trj Putnam, R D 1993 Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modem Italy, Princeton, USA: University of Princeton Press Putnam, Robert D 2000 Bowling Alone: Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster Rothstein, Bo 2002 Social Capital in the Social Democratic State, sach Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen (eds.) Handbook of Social Capital The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics, Edward Elgar, 289-332 Steffek, Jens et al (eds) 2008 Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance: A Cure for the Democratic Deficit! London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan Nguyen Quy Thanh 2005 Svr giao thoa giua vdn xd hgi vdi cdc giao djeh kinh tl gia dinh: so sdnh gia dinh Viet Nam vd gia dinh Han Qudc Tgp chiXd hdi hoc, sd 2,108-121 Hoang Ba Thinh 2009 "Vin xd hgi, m?ng ludi xd hOi vd nhiSng phi tin" Tgp chiXd hgi hQC,d 1,42-51; Torcal, Mariano& Montero, Jose Ramdn 2006 "Political disaffection in comparative perspective", sach Mariano Torcal, Jose Ramdn Montero (eds.) Democracies: social capital, institutions and politics, Routledge, London and New York ... Macmillan Nguyen Quy Thanh 2005 Svr giao thoa giua vdn xd hgi vdi cdc giao djeh kinh tl gia dinh: so sdnh gia dinh Viet Nam vd gia dinh Han Qudc Tgp chiXd hdi hoc, sd 2,10 8-1 21 Hoang Ba Thinh 2009 "Vin... nghi?ra xd hpi vd eupe sdng gia dmh, md cdn bj 86 Vdn xd hoi mdi quan h? vdi tham gia chinh trf dnh hudng mgnh me bdi eac ydu td xa h§i phd biln doi vdi ngudi ddn cda cdc quoc gia va vung lanh thd... eho thay mli quan hp thuan gida niera tin xd hdi (ti 1? ngudi dan tham gia vdo cac td chdc ddn sy cao), nilm tin chinh trj vd niem tin vao Chinh phu Trong dd, nhdm I gom nhihig quIc gia cd ehi
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