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Nghi§n ci2u Gia dinh va Gidi S6 A - 2019 Nhihig yeu to tac flgng iien sutham gia cong dong cua phu nu giai floan 1976-1986 Nguydn Biec Tuyen* Tom tat: Bai viit cho tUy & giai doan 1976-1986, ty le tham gia vao cong ding vi tri va mii'c dp tham gia thip ciia nQ cao hon nam gioi, nhimg a vi tri va mii'c d6 tham gia cao Iai kem nam gioi Nguyen nhan dugc phat hien la nguoi phu nu sing cung gia dinh nha chong dugc ung ho tham gia cong ding nhung bi can trii viec g^u vj tri egng dong; quan niem cho rang nang lire phu na han che da can tro phu nii nim cac chuc vu cong dong; dieu kien kinh te kem hoac viec danh qua nhieu thoi gian va siic luc vao hoat dgng kinh te lam giam sir tham gia cong dong ciia phu nii Til' khoa: Phu niJ tham gia cong dong, Phu nfr Viet Nam; Giai doan 1976-1986 Ngay nhan bai: 10/5/2019; chinh siia: 1/7/2019; duyet dang: 8/8/2019, Sau nam 1975, dat nudc vira mdi thong nhdt da phai dli mat vdi hai cugc chiln dau bao ve bien gidi phfa Bac va phfa Tdy Nam Cung giai doan nay, giao luu kinh te vdi quoc te bi han che su cam van cua My, co chi quan ly kinh te nudc co nhieu bat cap Trong bii canh nhu vay, cuoc sing ngudi dan vdn nhieu kho khan, kinh tl khiing hoang, hieu qua san xudt thdp kem, lam phat len den han 700% (Duong Nggc, 2010) Mgt s6 nghien curu ve phu nu: giai doan thudng tap trung ve vai tro ngudi phu nu' kinh te, van hoa, giao due dac biet la nhung hoat ' ThS., Vien Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gi6i, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Kam, Nguyen Diic Tuyin 13 dgng giiip phat triln kinh tl gia dinh (Le Minh, 1996; Scott, S., 2002; Lam Ba Nam, 2016; Trung tdm NCKHPN, 1986; Trung tam NCKHVPN, 1988 ); nghien cuu ve su tham gia cong ding cua ngudi phu ntt chua dugc di sdu, cac yeu to tac dgng din sy tham gia cong ding ciia phu nu chua dugc lam ro Tir nhirng ly do, bdi viit nghien cuu sy tham gia egng dong ciia ngudi phu niJ ddng bdng Bdc Bg, tir dd phdn tfch nhiiTig ylu to tac dgng din viec tham gia egng ddng ciia ngudi phu nu qua nghien cuu trudng hgp tai xa NghTa Hung va NghTa Thdng (huyen NghTa Hung, tinh Nam Dinh) I.Co'sd'liluan Khai niem cc ban ^ Khai niem "Cong ddng": Theo "S6 tay hudng ddn phdt triln cong dong", cong ddng dugc dinh nghia: "La nhom ngudi sing pham vi thon, ban, cac xa, phudng cua khu vyc nong thdn vd thi, dac biet Id cac VLing nong thon vung sau, viing xa" (Le Van An, Ngo Tung Due chil bien, 2016: 14) Tac gia Le Tri An gidi thieu nhieu dinh nghta vl cong dong cua cac nha nghiSn cuu quic tl (Le Tri An bien soan, 2006:17) Dua tren nhiing dinh nghTa da dugc dua ra, khai niem cong dong thon, xd nghien cuu dugc xac dinh la nhdm ngudi co ciing chung mgt dac diem, to chuc nao d khong gian dia ly thon (lang) hoac xa nai ngudi sinh song Sy "Tham gia cdng ddng" dugc hieu la mgt qua trinh cac cu ddn ciia egng dong true tiep dam nhiem thyc hien mgt phdn viec ndo cong viec chung cua egng dong hoac cd tac dgng den viec lap ke hoach, thuc hien, qudn ly, sir dung hoac tri mot dich vu, phuang tien hoac mdt boat dgng nao ciia cdng d6ng (Nguyln Thg Vugng, 2003:16) Sy tham gia co tdc dung lam cho cac boat dgng/chinh sach phii hgp hem vdi thuc te cdng ddng va ttr quan ly hieu qua han; cdc dieu kien kinh te, xa hgi ciia ngudi tham gia dugc nang cao v l "Mirc tham gia ", cac tac gia nudc va quoc te deu hudng tdi danh gia muc chu ddng cua ngudi dan tham gia cong dong Tac gia Le Trf An phan biet muc tham gia, "Sd tay hu&ng ddn phdt trien cdng dong", cdc tac gia da dua muc tham gia (Le Vdn An, Ngo Tiing Due chii bien, 2016: 17), khung mu:c tham gia cua Arnstein CO muc chfnh (Samdong, R A., 2018: 55) Nhin chung, cac thang deu danh gia muc tham gia cua ngudi dan tu khdng biet thong tin, bi dgng ddi vdi cac boat dgng va tdng dan den miic tham gia cao nhat la kilm sodt cong dong Dua tren thang ctia cac nha khoa hgc, nhdm nghien cuu phan thang mdc tham gia, xep tir muc thap den cao: (I) thuc hien theo chi thi d 14 Nghien ciJu Gia dinh va Gi*r Quyin 29, s6 4, tr 12-21 tren; (2) thao luan va gop y kiSn cho cac hoat dong; (3) phat dong, lanh dao cac hoat dong; ngoai cung COrntrc"khong tham gia" Ly thuyet nghien ciru Nghien ciu dira tren quan diem thuySt Ntt quySn Theo tac gia Ngo Th| Tuin Dung: nghien ciiu xa hoi hpc thSp liy 1960-1970 d6 cap "chung chung" v6 quan he nam nii, nhu vay se thiSu bao quat nhCrng tang via xa hoi, bo qua nhung vin de cua phu nii Tir do, nha nghien cliu nil quyen keu goi sir chii y v8 nhu ciu, diSu kien sdng, nguyen nhan, hau qua ciia ap buc d6i vdi phu nir (Ngo Thi Tuin Dung, 2007) Thuyet nir quyen CO nhiSu khuynh huong, nhirng deu chu vao sir bit binh dSng doi voi phu nii: Kliuynh huong nir quySn tu cho rang; "xa hoi tin tudng mot each sai lim ring ban chat cua minh, phu nir kem nang lire hon nam gidi ve tri tue va (hoac) the chat^ " (Mai Huy Bich, 2006: 36); khuynh hudng nu quy6n cip tidn, cho ring: "chu nghTa nu: quyen cap tien la quan tam tdi nhimg phan tich ve sir ap bijc phu nir ho la phu n t " (Kreps, B., 1973: 239) Dira tren quan diem tren, de nghien cuti yeu to tac dong den sir tham gia cua phu nir, chiing tdi chii phan tich nhutig yeu to djnh kien, ap biic ddi vdi ngirdi phu nir tham gia cong ddng Phmmg phap nghien ciiu Bai viet la mpt nghien cim hdi cd ve sir tham gia cua phu nir giai doan 1976-1986; sir dung cac phuong phap xa hdi hoc: (1) Phan tich dinh luong 407 truang hop, ddi tuong tudi tir 60 ddn 70, kdt hon giai doan 1976-1986, CO ciu gidi; 203 nam (49,9%) va 204 nil (50,1%) Sd lieu dinh lupng bai dua cac bSng chirng cu thd ve tin suit va chidu hirdng bien ddi cac van de dupc nghien cim; (2) Nghien ciru dinh tinh thuc hien voi 18 ddi tupng (12 ddi tupng phong vin sau; ddi tupng thio luin nhdm) Cac tu lieu dinh tinh lam ro hon cac yeu to tac ddng ddn tham gia ciia phu nir cac hoat dpng cdng ddng Bac diem kinh te xa hoi dia ban nghien cuu Hoat ddng kinh te chii yeu cua ngudi dan xa NghTa Hung, NghTa Thine (NghTa Hung, Nam Dinh) giai doan 1975-1985 la san xuit ndng nghieo Chinh quyen dia phuong cung thitc hien nhidu chinh sach san xuit quy n,A Idn ctia nha nudc va gap nhidu kho khan co chd quan ly khdng phi, h vdi thuc trang nen san xuit liic biy gio Nam 1981, Chi thi 100 (con a o T "khoan 100") da gdp phin thao gS nhirng khd khan, vudng mjc cua • doan trudc dd, nhung vao nhirng nam 1983-1985, Khoan 100 lai bj^'f.' nhidu yeu kem, lam cho nang suit va cdng giam di rB ret, ddi "^ ngudi dan gap rit nhidu khd khan (Dang bd xa NghTa Thing, 20o'8- 89 ?n"? BCHDBxa NghTa Hiing, 2015: 81-89) "'-lOS; N g u y l n Birc Tuy6n 15 Dac diem tham gia c o n g dong cua ngipd*! phu nu> 2.1 Tinh tur nguyen cua viec tham gia cong dong Md hinh san xudt va kinh doanh d nong thdn giai doan 1960 din nam 1988 d miln Bdc chu ylu la hgp tac xa (HTX) (Phan Dai Doan, 2001 ;216) CJ dia ban nghien cdu giai doan 1976-1986, ty le ngudi tham gia vao HTX nong nghiep rdt cao, 342/407 ngudi dugc khdo sat (84,0%) Trong 342 ngudi tham gia HTX, iy tham gia thudng la tu nguyen: 82,2% "theo phong trao", va 20,8% "nhan thdy co y nghTa/cd ich" ty Ie nhiing ngudi bi "bat budc phai tham gia" thdp: 2,2% Co 65 ngudi khong tham gia HTX, sl nay, "mu6n lam an tu do" la chiem ty le cao nhat, 32,3%, sau la "do cdc diiu kien cong viec, cugc song", 30,8% Nguyen nhan kh6ng tham gia bi ngdn can rdt thdp, chi cd I ngudi dua ly "HTX/doan thi khong cho tham gia" va ngudi "gia dinh/hg hang ngan cdn khdng cho tham gia" Ty le^ngudi tham gia doan thi la 184/407 ngudi dugc khao sat (45,2%) Cung gilng nhu ly tham gia HTX, 184 ngudi tham gia doan the, hai ly nhieu ngudi lira chgn nhdt la: "theo phong trao", 74,5%; "thdy cd y nghTa", 34,8% Cd 223 ngudi khong tham gia doan thi, vdi hai ly chinh: "ban Idm an kinh te", 59,6%; va sau la "ban nho/gia dinh", 32,7%; ly bi ep bugc, ngan can tham gia/khdng tham gia it Tham gia vao td chuc van hoa vdn nghe, so lugng it nhung ciing co ket qua tucmg tu: chi co 41/407 (10,0%) ngudi tham gia tl/dgi van hod van nghe Trong so ngudi tham gia, ly do: "theo phong trao" chiem 85,4%; va ly "thdy cd y nghTa" 39,0%, cac ly khac rat thap Ci nhihig ngudi khong tham gia, ly khong tham gia chii yeu xuat phat tir nhu cdu cugc song: "ban Idm dn kinh te", 53,0% vd "ban nho, gia dinh" 33,6% 2.2, Dac diem gioi tham gia cong dong Theo so lieu khao sat 407 trudng hgp, so ngudi cdp liy Dang, chfnh quyen cap xa/thon giai doan 1976-1986 Id 30 ngudi (7,4%) So lugng nii khong kem nam ddm nhiem vi tri lanh dao cap trudng/pho (Bf thu, Phd bi thu, Thudng vu Ddng uy, Chii tich, Phd chii tich UBND, UB hanh chinh xa) nhung lai khong cd ngudi ndo giii vi trf can bg cap thdn xa (xa dgi, cong an, nhan vien van phdng ), do tdng so nil cdp liy Dang, chinh quyen cdp xa/thdn (9 ngudi) kem han ban nam (21 ngudi) Ngoai viec phu nu chiem it vi tri chfnh quyen, miic tham gia cung kem ban nam: muc tham gia cao "Phat dgng/lanh dao/dinh hudng cac boat dgng" la ngudi dd chi co la nQ; "tham gia thao luan va dong gdp y kien cho cac boat dgng" cd ngudi, khong co nu' 16 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va GI&I Quyin 29, s6 4, tr 12-21 Ty Id tham gia HTX cua nit 177/204 ngudi (86,8%) cao hon nam 165/203 ngudi (81,3%), nhung sd lugng ngudi phu nit CO chuc vu / "B it hon nam 17 ngudi , Vd mirc dd tham gia HTX, sd 342 ngudi tham gia,
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