NGHIEN CUfU VON XA HOI TRONG CHIEN LlTOfC SINH KE NONG THON VIET NAM HIEN NAY NGUYiNBUCHffU* • Chidn lUBc sinh ke va vdn xa hdi " MgiSn luc xa hpi: bao gdm eie mS quan hd Theo Bp phdt tiien Qude td Vudng qudc giffa ngffdi vdi eon ngffdi xd hpi m i Anh (DFID), chidn Iffpe sinh kd l i each md hp gia ngudi dya vdo dd thue hidn cae boat dpng sinh ke, dinh sff dyng c i c ngudn lye sinh kd san cd dd chff ydu bao gdm cdc mang ludi x i hdi (eie Id kidm sdng v i d i p ffng nhffng nhu eau cude chffe ehinh tri hoae ddn sy), thinh vidn effa cic to sdng K h i nang tiep can cua ngudi ddl vcS ede chffe cpng ddng, su tiep can thj tri/dng ngudn Iyc sinh kd dupe eel l i ydu td trpng t i m Nhu v i y , ngudn lue xa hpi ehinh Id vdn xa hdl cich tidp can ve chidn lupc sinh kd Cd loai (VXH), mpt tdi s i n quan ti-png de dam b i o su ben ngudn lye sinh kd: vffng cua sinh kd • Ngudn lye Iff nhien: bao gdm eie ngudn tdi Tam quan trpng eua VXH da dupe dd cap nguydn ed mdi trudng ty nhidn md ngudi ede nghien effu cua nhieu tae gia khde tren ed thd sff dyng dd thye hidn eie hoat dpng sinh kd, the gidi Trong eudn saeh ndi tidng (Bowling vl dy nhu dat dai, rffng, t i i nguyen bidn, nffdc Alone), Robert Putnam da de cap ddn ly thuyet khdng khi, da dang sinh hpe VXH nhu Id "gid trj edt Idi effa ede mang luS xa • Nguon lye vat chat: bao gom he thdng co sd hpi" Theo dng, VXH eung nhu vdn vat chat hay lang CO b i n hd trp eho ede boat dpng sinh ke,vi vdn eon ngudi, deu Id nhffng loai "vdn" cd kha du nhu: dudng glao thdng, nhd d, cap nude thoit nang l i m tang nang suat tff nliffng t i e dpng tuong nffdc, nang lupng (dien), thdng tin, hd eua cdc mdi tutjng t i c thdng qua cae mang li/fli • Ngudn luc tdi chinh: bao gdm e i c ngudn vdn xa hpi, ede quy t i e xa hpi cung nhu nidm tin cQa khic m i eon ngudi sff dyng de dat dupe eie eon ngudi xa hpi Vi vay, VXH ed g i i trj ddi mue tieu sinh ke, bao gdm eie khoin tien tidt vdi nhffng cd kha nang sff dung no Didu dd eho kidm, Ben mat trang sffe, cae khoan vay, e i c thay, Putnam khdng nhffng da ddo sdu khdi niem khoin thu nhap VXH, m i dd xuat nhffng chi b i o nham • Ngudn luc ngudi: bao gdm cdc ky nang, ludng VXH kien thffc, kinh nghidm, kha nang lao dpng, sffe James Coleman (1988) phdn tieh tinh quan khde, trinh dp gido due ma nhffng yeu to glup trpng eua "vdn xa hpi sy hinh thinh vdn eon ngffdi thye hien eie chidn lupe sinh kd khie ngudi" Coleman phdn biet ba loai vdn: vdn vit thi v i dat dupe eie ket qua sinh kd khac d l i kdt q u i eua nhffng bien ddi v i t thd tao cap hp gia dinh, ngudn lye eon ngudi la ydu td cong ey s i n xuat, vdn ngudi l i kdt q u i nhffng quydt djnh sd lupng v i chat lupng lao dpng vd nd bidn ddi ngudi eau thdnh tdi nghd va kha thay ddl theo qui md hp gia dinh, trinh dp ky nang thao t i e v i VXH Theo Coleman, "vdn xi ning, sffe khde hdl" cd ba d i e tinh: Thir nhat, nd thupe vao 'Dai hoc Cong dodn 44 ra* mffe dp tin cay eua ngudi x i hpi NS khic, nd tffy thupe v i o nghia vu m i mS TAP CHi GIAO Dye LY LUAN-S6 220 (2014) NBHIEN CliUngudi tu y thffe va ky vpng effa ngudi ndy d ngffdi IHAUBOI sau day: (1) su tin can l i n (tmst) hay nidm khde Thff-hai, nd ed gia tri gdi ghdm c i c lien hd xa tin; (2) sy cd di ed lai, hay s y tudng t i c ; (3) nhffng hdi v i c i c lidn he n i y mang dae tinh cua kenh quy t i e hay hinh vi m i u mye ehung va sy ehd t i i ; truydn thdng No the hidn: qua tidp xue vdi hdng (4) su kdt hpp lai vdi thinh mpt mang ludi xdm, ban be, mdi ngudi ed thd thu thap nhidu Neu dffng vj tri cua tiJng cd nhin mpt ta ttidng tin hOu ieh eho cude sdng, thay thd phan cd s y tin can nhau; Iffe nhin ea hai ngudi mdt lan thi ndo nhffng thdng tin sdeh bao, tmydn thanh, dd l i nidm tin hay sy tin tudng (Xi hai loai tin tudng: tmydn hinh ThUba, VXH edng Idn xa hdi cdng mdt l i , tin vdo nhffng ngudi m i minh bidt rd; hai l i , ed nhldu quy t i c (nomis), nhat Id nhffng quy t i e cd tin vdo nhffng ngudi minh ehua bidt rd nhung vi hp by dffng mpt eo cau, mdt td chffe ma minh tin Khdng di sdu vdo ede gid trj edt lol effa VXH till mdt nhidu ttidi gian v i cdng sffe nhffng dd mat kem trtmg phat (nomis accompanied sanctions) tffdng nen minh cung tin hp ludn, X i y dung niem tin nhff Putnam hay Coleman, nha xa hdi hpc ngudi nd ttii rat de Mpt x i hpi day rdy sy bat tin thi khd ed Phdp Pierre Bourtieu lai dat VXH mpt su hpp t i c (Baland and Platteau, 1998) khoing tidp can rpng hon, bao q u i t hon mpt Stf can thiet cua nghien effu vdn xa hpi c i i nhin ehung ddi vdi vdn kinh te, vdn v i n hda v i chien lUde sinh ke d ndng thdn Viet Nam vdn bidu tupng Hudng tidp can ndy cua Bourtieu hien cQng ed nhidu diem tuong ddng vdi Putnam v i Nhin lai c i c nghien effu vd VXH da dupe phan Coleman, nhidn, Bourdleu da ddng gdp eho he tieh d trdn, ehung ta thay nhu cau thye sy effa vide ttidng ly thuydt VXH mpt khii nidm bet sffe ed g i i nghidn cffu ve VXH tiong chidn lupc sinh ke d trj, dd l i vdn bidu tupng, Vdn bidu tupng dffpc xem ndng thdn Vidt Nam hidn nhff nhffng g l i trj vd danh dff, uy tin hay sy cdng nhan dupe Idng mpt ngff canh van hda Fukuyama qua t i e phd'm 'Vdn xd hpi vd phdt tridn" (Fukuyama, 2002) nhan manh ddn tinh tieh Trade het, vide nghidn effu vd VXH d khu vye ndng ttidn sd giffp nhan vai trd tieh eye effa loai vdn ndy giai doan ddi mdi, day manh CNH,HDH va hpi nhap qude td hidn Mac du, cue effa VXH, T i c gia n i y b i n ve mdi lidn hd giffa cdc nghidn cffu vd VXH d Vidt Nam da dat dupe VXH vd s y phdt tridn tren pham vi todn cau Ong nhffng thdnh tyu nhdt djnh Tuy nhidn, c i c nghidn ehi eich md VXH ed thd ddng gdp v i o phdt trien cffu ve VXH ndng nghidp, ndng thdn, ndng kinh td v i xda bd ddl nghdo Fukuyama giii thieh ddn vdn edn rat it Mpt sd nghien cffu ve VXH d rang VXH d i giff val trd quan trpng ti'ong s y phit ndng thdn mdi chi tap tmng ti'm hieu VXH tridn effa nhieu doanh nghidp d My La tinh VXH quan he hp hdng v i pham vi nghidn cffu cffng ehi eung glup eho nhidu ngudi vupt khdi nhffng khd gidi ban d mpt ling cy the Tren thuc te, can cp khan giai doan suy thoii kinh td v i that nhffng nghidn effu ve VXH tren pham vi rpng hpn, nghidp gia tang d khu vye niy Qua mpt nghien bdn ngoii cdc quan he hp hing, ddng tiicri, cung effu khie, vdi tidu dd "Vdn x i hpi, xa hpi d i n su vd can thidt phii cd ed nhffng nghidn effu vd VXH phit tridn", Fukuyama (2001) khing ijinh VXH Id khdng ehi mpt ling, md trdn nhldu ling x i khic nhffng chuan muc khdng ehlnh thffc thuc day sy Dieu n i y giup mang lai sy hidu bidt cy the hpp tdc giffa ede e i nhin Theo dng, tiong c i c hon vd t i c dyng ti'eh eye eua VXH d khu vuc ndng boat ddng kinh td, mdi e i nhin sd glim dupe thdn Thye te l i kd Iff sau khoin 10, cdc hd gia nhldu ehi phi glao djch nhd v i o VXH giffa hp Mae dff edn ed nhffng tranh luan xung quanh dinh ndng d i n dupe x i e nhan trd lai l i mpt don vj h/ chff trpng s i n xuat vd kinh doanh Tuy nhidn, cieh tidp edn ve VXH, nhung e i c hpc g i i deu hpp tdc x i ndng nghidp bj giai thd vd nen kinh td ttidng nhdt ve khii nidm n i y d mpt sd dac trung chuydn sang cd chd thi tii/dng thi cdc "don vj tu TAP CHi GIAO Dye LY LUAN - S(5 220 (2014) 45 NBIHENCim-JHABBBI ehu" ndy dffng trude vd vdn khd khan: hp khdng me, anh em bd mdt thit; nhurig ngudi quen ehittiieu vdn, thidu edng cy, thidu kinh nghidm san ttidn cua gia dinh, ede ban be effa ca nhdn va xudt md edn ttiidu ca nguyen vat lidu dau vdo vd nhffng ngudi khde nhffng nhdm vd td ehffc x i hdl tidu thy s i n pham d dau Dffng tiude vo v i n khd m i hp cd nhffng mdi lien he nhat djnh qua khin dd, lidu ngudi ndng ddn cd ehff dpng khdi trinh sdng, sinh boat, hpe tap vd tham gia vio phyc, phat trien van dyng vd neu cd thi hp da khdi ngudn Iyc sinh ke VXH ed vai trd tn/e tidp Idm cau phyc, phdt tridn, van dyng nhy ttid nao cac ngudn ndi va hd tn? tim kidm sinh kd Cd ba kleu mang VXH dd ttiich ffng vd phat trien kinh td, dn djnh ddi Iffdi x i hpi ed ttid ho trp ngudi d i n khu vye ndng sdng effa hp Cd the ndi, sy van ddng va nhOng tae ttidn ti'ong vide chuydn ddi sinh kd Dd Id: (1) kidu dpng tich cue effa VXH d ndng thdn, eho den nay, ttuyen thdng: ed nhdn ehff ydu dua v i o c i c quan v i n la van de edn bd ngd Thii hai, vdi ban chat hai mat, VXH khdng chi he gia dinh, (2) kidu hien dai: ca nhan chu ydu dya v i o eae mdi quan he chffe nang vdi eae ed quan, cd nhffng tdc dpng tieh eye md edn gay nhffng td ehffc va ede thidt ehd x i hdl, (3) kieu hdn hop, he qua Sdu eye thye tidn eupe sdng Lieu dd l i kdt hpp giffa tmydn thdng v i hidn dai rang viS eo che thj trudng v i bdi einh todn cau Trong dieu kidn edng nghidp hda - dd thj hda hda hidn nay, vide sff dyng VXH d ndng ttidn ed didn manh me nhy hidn nay, vide chuydn ddi tao nhffng gidi han ddl vdi vide dd'y manh phit sinh ke tff ndng nghidp sang phi ndng nghidp l i tridn kinh td? VXH giffa nhffng ngffdi ndng d i n d mpt tat yeu Chinh vi vay, s y kdt hpp giffa mang eung dja bdn cu trii ed dung ndn r i o c i n ngan hp l u ^ tmyen thdng vd hien dai nham phit huy hidu hpp t i e l i m an vdi nhffng ngudi ben ngoii ling, q u i eao nhat ngudn VXH l i mpt xu hudng phd dja phudng effa hp? Them nffa, t i e dpng trdi ehidu bidn Kdt qua eua vide idm n i y Id tao mpt chldn effa VXH ed gdy nen sy mat doin ket, mat d i n lupc sinh kd da dang, trdn ed sd sff dung cic ehu, thieu minh bach treng thye Ben cude sdng d ngudn luc hpp ly de ndng eao thu nhap v i gdp khu vuc ndng thdn hay khdng? Nhffng edu hdi nhu phan tao mpt eupe sdng day du hon.lEI the tff ngdy ddl m(!ri (1986) ddn nay, gan 30 ndm r d i / « « t h a m khdo: da trdi qua, ndi chung, v i n chua dude tra Icri mpt l - Chambers, eich thau die trdn CP sd nghidn effu thue nghidm ,., , .,,.7 • I, ' lu •- u J Ddy la mot khoang each eo thue giua hoat dong • , J ^ , i , j^' •, khoa hpe va dpi song thue Ben eua dat nUOe Nhffng nghidn cffu thye nghiem ve vide khai t h i c v i sff dung VXH effa ngudi ndng ddn s e gdp phan , ' , , , , xoa dan dl cai khoang each giua khoa hoe va thue , ^ a • • tien ddl song xd hpi dang van hinh hidn R and G R Conway (1992) Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts fim the 21st century IDS, IDS Discussion Paper No 296 m Diana Carney 1998 Implemetmg the sustainable Livelihood Approach", chapter in D Carney (ed) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contriftofe Can We Make?, London: Department for International Development , „ , „ „r„„,n ir n ~ - Bourdleu, Pierre (1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice Ngoii ra, nhung nghidn effu nhu vay se eho phep - Coicman, James (i98S) "Social Capital in khii q u i t hda ve mat ly thuyet s u v i n ddng lin vai u'^ I •'ui-'i' u, , v/vu * tro cua VXH Chien lupe sinh ke nong then hidn Vin dung ly thuyet vd phUOnq phap tlep can \,\j,,\ ' , u ^ l L.,^ -iL u u' , J , • VXH, ta CP the tim hidu ro phan va kieu dang "•" Creation of Human Capital" American Journal of Sociology Supplement 94: S95-S120 Wellman, B ' „ , ^ and Scot Wonley (1990) "Different stroke, from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support" Amerwan Journal of Sociology 96:558^ Loury, Glenn (1977) A Dynamu: Theory of Racuil ; „ , „ „ , nifferences chapter S of Women, Minorities cdc quan he xi hpi md ede ed nhdn ed the sff dung and Employment Discriminaiuin, Ed PA Waiiaa dd ed mdt chldn IffdC sinh kd phu hop Nhffng yeu ,.f L'' , ' , , ,