Vốn xã hội trong bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học liên minh châu âu (EU) và kinh nghiệm cho việt nam

KINH TE-PHAP LUA ^ VON Xn HOI TAONG aho TON on DANG SINH HOC O U€N MINH CHAU nU (€U) Vn KINH NGHlfM CHO VlfT miA Nguyen Thi Ngoc* Tom tat: Ciing vai su phdi trien cita nhdn logi noi chung, cong dong cdc quoc gia a chdu Au vet Viet Nam noi rieng co su Ion lai, lich luy vd phdt trien cita nhieu logi hinh von khdc nhau, Irong von xd hoi Trong bdo vi: mot Iricdng, bdo ton da dang sinh hoc, von xa hoi dupe cho la mot Irong nhirng yeu to chinh, quyet dinh den linh ben vung ciia cdc he sinh thdi Cdc quoc gia thuoc Lieu mmh Chdu Au (EU) duac ddnh gid co nhieu thdnh cong Irong ITnh vuc bdo ve moi trirang, bdo Ion da dang smh hoc nha dp dung cdc gidi phdp phdi huy nguon "von xd hoi" sdn co Bdi viel ndy sc: phdn lich ddnh gid vai Iro cita von xd hoi Irong bao ve moi Iruong, bdo Ion da dung sinh hoc o cdc nuac EU lir de xudt mot so bdi iwc /cinh nghiem co ihe dp dung a Viel Nam Til- khoa: bdo ve moi Irmmg von xu hdi luio ion da dang sinh hgc Lien minh Chdu Au Khai quat chung ve von xa hpi sinh hpc co the dirge hieu khai quat la biio ve moi truong, bao ton da dang "chuan muc" phi chinh thuc ciia cpng ddng sinh hoc ve bao ve moi truong, bao ton da dang sinh Cho den nay, 'Von xa hpi" da dugc de hpc Nguon von dupe tao nen tii' m6i cap nhieu cac nghien cim tren th^ giai lirong quan sinh dpng giira ngiroi voi song chua co mpt dinh nghia thong nhit Co nguai nguoi vai Ur nhien Ngu6ii the hieu mpt each khai quat theo each dinh \'6n na> dupe nlian biet thong qua each ha\ ngliia ciia Francis Fukuyama \-6n xa hoi la "chuan mirc" nguoi ta song, ung xir \oi mpi chuan muc phi chinli thiic, dugc bidu nhau, uiig xu vai moi truang xung quanh liien Irong thuc le, co lac dung thuc dt\y su ling xir vai cac loai Thong thuong, each irng hop liic giira hai, hay nliieu ca nlian', xu tir nguyen, nhan van se tao ngu6n v6n Theo each dinh nghia tren von xa hpi bao vc moi truang, bao Idn da dang xa hoi dang quy, dac biet iTnh vuc bao ton da dang sinh hoc Co Ihe thay ro su phu thupc cua v6n xa ' TS, Vien Nghien ciiu Chau Au ' Tiiin IliiLi Quang (2006), '-Tim hi^u khai niciii v6ri \.T hoi", Tap ehi Khoa hoc xd lidi, s6 7, Ir 74-81 hoi vao cau triic van hoa, m6i n^n van hoa se CO nhfrng "chuan muc"" khac Irong img xir giua nguai voi eon nguai, giua ^mh xa IS iuil ngu6i vai tu nhidn Chdng han, co su khdc ro ret v6n xd hSi a cdc quoc gia Bdc Au (Dan Mach, Thuy Dien, Phdn Lan), voi cdc quoc gia a Dong Au va Tdy Au^ CJ Bac Au, muc tham gia ci^ cdng dong vdo cac boat d6ng xd hoi d6 co bdo ve moi tmang, bdo t6n da dang sinh hpc cao hon nhidu cac quoc gia Dong, Tay Au Dieu duac ly giai xuat phat tir tmyen thong van hoa canh tac n6ng nghiep lich sir cdn CO su chia se, lidn kdt cua cpng dong, ket hpp vai viec thi hanh che dp phiic lai ma cac nha nuac a Bac Au thuc hien Cu the la, hau hdt cac quQc gia Bac Au c6 chd d6 phiic lpi cao, cac hoat dpng mang tinh hiep hpi, cpng dong nhu cac NGO, nha tha, c6ng dodn dupe the che hoa rpng rai ndn dd phdt huy t6t nguon von xa hpi Trong mpt so truong hpp, moi quan he tuang h6 giUa cd nhan, gia dinh, dong tpc nhimg quoc gia cung gop phan tao nen "chudn muc" nhat dinh cho cpng dong Didu rdt kho tim thdy o cdc quoc gia phia Dong va Tay Au, noi co chd dp phiic lpi kem phdt tridn Mac dil chau Au dupe danh gia la khu vuc CO ndn van h6a kha da dang, song dac diem chung nhat day la ndn van hoa cua nhimg ngueri "song tren lung ngua", hp co cupc song phong khoang, hai boa, ton trpng tu nhidn, ton trpng muon loai Didu gop phan tao nen "chuan muc" dao diic rieng, luon thuong true y thiic cua nguoi chau Au vd bdo ve, bao t6n cac he smh thdi ^ Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and Bonding Social Capital: Which is More Prevalent in Europe? Euronp.an Commirojnr — -> Chdng han, chuan muc "khong dn thit cdc loai thu rimg" co a hdu het cpng dong van hoa phuong Tdy, nguoi Viet Nam lai coi ddy la nhiing mon dac san va san sang chi tra de thoa man nhu cau cua bdn than Ngdy nay, chuan muc vd bdo vd moi truing dupfc nguoi dan chdu Au y thirc ro va the hidn thong qua vide xd rac thai dling loai, dung nai quy dinh hoac khong hiit thuoc la a nhiing khu vuc cong cpng v.v Ben canh do, phai cong nhan rang bao vd moi truang, bdo ton da dang sinh hpc CO su phu thupc nhat dinh giiia von xd hpi voi kha nang kinh td cua cd nhan vd vi tri xa hpi cua hp Nhung nguoi c6 didu kien kinh td, CO vi the xa hpi thuong de dang chap nhan "hy sinh" lgi ich cd nhan dd duac s6ng mpt moi truang lanh, hai hoa voi tu rihidn, voi cac loai Noi each khdc, hp de dang chap nhan cac "luat bdt van" cpng dong mien la co thd bdo vd duac moi truong song, bdo vd siic khoe eho hp Sir dung von xa hoi bao ton da dang sinh hoc ff chau Au O EU, von xa hpi duoc ddnh gid thong qua mpt so dau hidu ca bdn bao gom: la vidn cua cac hiep hpi bao ton, bdo vd thien nhidn; chi s6 nidm tin; cac chi so lidn ket von xa hpi (mang xa hpi, ho trp xa hpi) v.v Tai khu vuc ddt nong nghiep va rimg tu nhidn^ nguai dan EU co nhan thiic ro net vd moi quan he giira he sinh thai nong nghiep vaJie sinh thdi tu nhien, vi vay hp tu nguydn nhac nha cimg bdo ve ngu6n da dang 26 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196U017 sinh hpc Cang a nhimg khu vyc nguai boat dpng chan nuoi gia siic, gia cam, san dan CO y thirc cao ve cac chuan muc bao ve ban mpt s6 khu vuc dupe cpng dong dan moi truang, noi each khac hp c6 nhimg "quy cu a cac nuoc EU thuc hidn theo nhieu tdc ngdm, danh gia ngdm" chi phoi hoat hinh thiic, co hinh thirc sii dung dpng bao ve moi truang, viec day manh bao uy tin cung nhu nguyen tac ngam cua gia ton da dang cang dupe tien hanh de dang, dinh, dong tpc tai khu vuc Tham chi, nhanh chong Thong thuang, nhung quy uoc cr mpt so noi nguai ta xay dung cac nhom dupe sir dung ket hpp vai cac quy cpng dong ty nguyen bao ve da dang sinh dinh, quy tae bat bupc cac ca quan co hpc, nhu bang ducri day: tham quyen ban hanh Chang ban, cac Bang 1: Nhom cpng dong tu- nguyen bdo ve da dgng sinh hoc &Anh Cac nhom xa hoi Nhom bao ve va quan ly lim vuc Nhom quan ly rimq Nhom sir dung hpp ly nguon nuae Nhom quan ly dieh hai long hap Nhom quan ly dpng vat hoang da Nhom quan ly nghe ea Nhom nong nghiep nong thon va cai thien moi trucmg song Cac muc tieu nham cai thien da dang sinh hpc Da dang sinh hpc Da dang sinh hpc tai Da dang sinh hpc tai nong nghiep va cac viing dem eac khu vuc can bao da dang hoa he thong ton nghiem ngat trang trai X X X X X X X X x X X X Ngudn Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social Capital in Biodivenity Conversation and Manageinenl" Conservation Biology No Volume IS pp 634 Duong nhien, nhung nguai tham gia vao eae nhom deu nhan thirc dupe viee bao \'e da dang sinh hoe se mang lai nhidu lgi ich cho tap the, tham ehi iiliie'u lpi ich cho ehinli ban than minh Thuc Id cho thdy vao nhung nam 1990, a Anh co klioang 408-478 nghin nhom cpng dong bao ve moi tnrong khae thu hut sy tham gia eiia ddn 14 27 tridu h6 gia dmh, d6 chu yeu Id cdc nhom nho til 20 ddn 30 nguiri^ Nguon von xa h6i lmh vuc bao ve moi truong noi chxmg, bdo t^n da dang sirih hpc ndi rieng cung c6 su thay ddi tiiy thudc vdo miic dp,quan tam cua chinh quyen ddnh cho timg khu vyc nhdm tri, phdt tri^n nhiing chuan myc phi chinh thiic Vi du, he thong nudi trong, canh tac ndng nghiep tmyhn th6ng a Tay Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha dugc tri miic dd da dang sinh hpc cao nha CO cdc chuang triiih hd trg bao tdn tmyen thdng canh tdc cua ndng dan dia phuong'' Hodc tai Phap, nguoi ta co nhidu ho trg tich cue giiip ngudi ddn tri truydn thdng canh tdc, xay dung cdc trang trai ndng, lam, ngu nghiep kidu cdng vidn Nhirng hd trg dugc ngudi dan dia phuang hydng img manh, tir tri, phdt huy dugc tmydn thdng canh tac qu^ bdu Ro rang, vdn xa hdi bdo tdn da dang sinh hpc khdng dd dugc khai day bdi cdc chinh sach cua nha nude nhimg nha nuoc co vai trd rdt quan trong vide thiic ddy ngudn vdn xa hpi bao ve mdi trudng thdng qua giao due, tuydn tmy^n tao thd hd cdng dan cd trdeh nhiem vdi mdi truong, cd long ydu thien nhien tha thidt Chdng han, d Dan Mach, tre em dd dugc phan cdng thdnh cdc'nhdm hpc ^ Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004), "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Biology, No.3, Volume 18, pp 634 Maria Alio, Eva Igleasias and Maria L Loureiro, (2013), Famers' Preferences and Social Capilal towards Agri-Environmental Schemes for Protecting Birds, the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's, Washington, DC, pp 3-5 l;y thuyet cung nhu thuc hdnh vd bdo ve da dang sinh hpc, tii giiip cdc em ldm quen d ^ vdi each ldm vide nhdm^ Ngudi chau Au cung nhdn thdy rang dd bao tdn da d£Uig sinh hgc, cpng ddng ngudi dan dia phuong khdng ih^ diing ngodi cudc va giua hp phai cd su tin tudng, cimg giiip dd thuc hidn muc tieu Chdng han, d Phap, dd bdo ve cdnh quan khu vuc dim Idy Pares du Marais du Contentin et du Bessm, chinh quydn khu vuc da kheo leo khuydn khich ngudi ddn dia phuang phdt huy ngudn tri thiic bdn dia vd bdo tdn cac loai ddng, thyc vat, giu gin sinh canh sdng cho chiing tir trudc tdi nay* Duang nhidn, ngudi dan phdi dugc hudng lpi tir vide bdo tdn thdng qua vide khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen d cho mye dich thyc phdm, hang hda, du licfa sinh thdi v.v Vdn xd hdi hay ndi cdch khac Id cac "chudn muc" ve bao vd mdi trudng, bdo ve da dang sinh hpc, khai thdc sii dung tdi nguydn thidn nhien, Iiic se trd ndn vd cung quan trpng, nd cd the giiip cdng ddng quan ly tdt dugc cac ngudn tai nguydn, kim ham, han che dugc hanh ddng gay dnh hudng xdu tu chinh cdng ddng hoac tir bdn ngodi Thdng thudng, nhung vi pham cdc "chudn muc" hay nhimg "quy tdc ngdm" se bi cdng ddng Idn an, khdng chdp" nhan, lam cho ducmg su xdu hd,.tir doTam thay ddi ^ Hiru Tuc, (2010), Visao nguai Thuy Si Dan Mach hanh phiic nhdt the gi&i? URL: http://vtc.vn/2256929/xa-hoi/vi-sao-nguoi-thuy-si-dan-mach-hanhphuc-nhat-the-gioi.htm, truy cap 28/04/2014 * Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Biology, No Volume 18, pp 635 28 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196).2017 hdnh vi cua ca nhan, tham chi dudi khdi noi cutni De bdo vd cdc loai chim d Tdy Ban Nha, ngodi no luc ciia chinh phu, ngudi ta ciing ghi nhdn nhiing ddng gdp dang ke cua cdng ddng dia phuang nhd nhirng "nguydn tac ngdm" rang budc quan he giiia cac cd nhan d dia phuang Nhd dd, hp da tu nguydn bao thay ddi thdi quen canh tac phd hoai da dang sinh hpc cii bang hinh thiic canh tac mdi, xay dyng "chuan muc" canh tdc mdi nham giu gin sinh cdnh sdng cho cdc loai chim Cac khu vuc canh tac dugc thuc hien theo phuong thiic luan canh vira tao dugc lupng thuc pham thidt ydu hdng vira tri dugc cho tni an cho cdc loai Thuc td cho thdy "mang ludi xa hdi" d chau Au rat phat trien Trong ITnh vyc bao vd mdi trudng, cd sy xuat hidn va gia tang dang kd cua nhidu td chiic tinh nguydn nhttng nam gdn ddy Nhiing td chiic da va dang thu hiit dugc sy tham gia cua cdng ddng dia phuang, tham chi cd nhidu td chiic cdn xuydn qudc gia Trong mpt didu tra cua Claire Wallace' va dugc Euro Barometer ghi nhan cd tdi 62,2% sd ngudi dugc hdi khdng dinh hp la vidn cua 14 td chiic khdc nhau, la vidn cua cac td chiic vd bdo vd mdi trudng, da dang sinh hpc Miic dp tham gia cua cdc vidn cao nhat Id cdc nude Bac Au, sau dd giam dan d Tay Au vd th4p nhit d Ddng Nam Chau Au Tuy nhien, sy tham cua cdc thdnh vien cung d nhidu cdp dp khac nhau, cd vidn chii dpng, cd thdnh vidn bi dpng, trudng hgp ngudi diing dau to chiic Id ngudi cd hoat dpng tdt, Idy dugc nidm tin cua cdng ddng thi duong nhien s6 cd nhieu thdnh vien tich eye va chu ddng tham gia Ci tim VI md, Lien minh Chdu Au va chinh quydn cac nude vidn da xdy dyng dugc hd thdng ludt phdp, chinh sdch tao ca sd thudn lgi cho td chiic, mang ludi xa hdi phi lpi nhudn vd bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc tam vi md, cdc qudc gia ddu phat huy vai trd cua cac td chirc, mang ludi xa hoi, ndng cao nhdn thiic cdng ddng vd bao vd mdi trudng, chii y ddn giao due, dao tao ngudn nhdn luc, ndng cao trach nhidm ciia ca nhan trudc cac van dd chung Day cung la nhiing kinh nghidm quy cac nude trdn thd gidi ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi ridng CO the tham khao va van dung D I xuat nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Vidt Nam Vidt Nam Id mdt 16 qudc gia co tinh da dang sinh hgc cao tren the gidi Da dang sinh hpc ddng vai trd quan trpng vide tri sy cdn bang ciia cdc chu trinh va he sinh thai tu nhidn, ddng thdi la ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng dd phdt tridn ddt nude* Tuy nhidn, hidn Viet Nam ' Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and * Nguyen Huy Dung, Vu Van pOng 2007, Bdo ton da Bonding Social Capilal- Which is More Prevalent in dang sinh hgc a Viel Nam-m6i lien he vdi phat tri Europe?, European Commission, pp ben vung vd bien doi hdu Hoi thao chuvfin dk vh (h : acx* 29 HIM dang phai ddi mat vdi thuc trang suy thoai da eac chuan muc ciia cdng ddng ve bao ve mdi dang sinh hpc khai thac, su dung dat bira trudng tai dia phuang minh bai, thdi quen danh bat buy diet, xay dung ca sd lang at Thir hai, can cd ehinh sach nham ban che "di vdn" va phat huy vdn xa hdi Chang Bao vd da dang sinh hpc la nhiem vu han cac ca quan hoach djnh chinh sach eiia quan trpng, dugc Dang, Chinh phii va Bp Tai Nha nude can cd nliung nghien cim thiet nguyen va Mdi trudng dac biet quan tam ihuc nham xay dung mot co chd tham gia song ket qua thu dupe cdn nhieu han ehe, hidu qua eua cdng ddng, mang ludi xa hpi, Vlpt nhung nguyen nhan la viec chua nhat la nhirng epng ddng bi anh hudng tieu phat huy dugc vdn xa hpi viec bao tdn cue khai thae, sir dung qua mire ngudn tai da dang sinh hoe tai cpng ddng Tir viec nguyen da dang sinh hpc; han ehe tdi miie nghien cim viec sir dung ngudn vdn xa hpi thap nhat, tham ehi xda bd thdi quen an thit bao ton da dang sinh hpc d cac nude cac loai ddng, thyc vat hoang da cd nguy ea chau Au, tac gia manh dan de xuat mpt sd bi de dpa v V kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam Hien nay, Viet Nam cd nhieu Id ehuc xa 3.1 Gidi phdp vT mo hpi phi lpi nhuan vd bao tdn da dang sitili Tliir nhdl, can xay dung he thdng luat hpc dang hoal ddng lir trung uang den dia phap va eae chinh sach ro rang, lao dieu kien phirang nhu eac hdi doan the, hiep hdi, thuan lpi de eac to chirc phi lgi nhuan Id v.v Do vay, cdng tae quan ly can duge chire phi ehinh phii, mang lirdi cpng ddng ve Nha nude ehii trpng ddng thdi tao dieu kien bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc; cho cae td chirc tir quan mdt each cd khuyen khich mang lirdi xay dung, gui trach nhiem theo ''quy irde huong udc" giu cae quy lac hay la eae ehuan muc ve bao dupe chinh hp dc ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc, 3.2 Gidi phdp vi mo Chang han, Nha nude va Chinh phii ed nhimg uu dai nhat dinli cho cpng ddng dia De ngudn vdn xa hdi bao ve da phuang lu quan \ e biio ve da dang sinh hpc dang phat huy tdt d cap dp cpng ddng Viet nhu lo ehiic tuyen duong, hd tra eho eae ca Nam can ed nhung bien phap du> tri phat nhan, tap the cd sang kien hay bao ton huy ihdng qua \iec thudng xuyen giam sat, da dang sinli hoe, bao ve eac loai dpng thuc nhac nhd kjp thdi de cac ca nhan tir nhan vat quy hiem Chinh quyen dia phuang cd thay dupe gia tri eiia da dang sinh lipc \'a tu the tham van va hd trp cpng ddng xay dimg hudng cac hanh dpng eiia minh nham bao ve gia tri nay, Da dang sinh hoc va Bien doi hair Moi lien quan lai ngheo doi va phat trien ben vfintJ Ma MA, ([• \ Cae hoat ddng truyen thdng dai ehiing ve bao \'e mdi truont: bao \Q da dans sinh 30 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°in96).2017 hpc can tien hanh thudng xuydn, den mpi and tang lap nhan dan, dae biet la ngudi dan sinh Critical sdng d khu vyc cd tinh da dang sinh hpc cao, Environment Development, Vol 16, 355 eac khu bao tdn thien nhien Natural Resource Perspective", Management: The Journal A of Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Day manh giao due dao ditc mdi trudng, Bridging and Bonding Social Capital: Which bao vd da dang sinh hpc tir gia dinh tdi is More Prevalent trudng hpc nliam giiip the he tre nlian thiic Commission in Europe?, European dupe vai trd va trach nhiem eiia minh ddi vdi Thomas Macias and Elysia Nelson viee bao ve cae gia tri chung, xay dung nep (2011), "A Social Capital for Environmental sdng van minh, gan gui vdi ty nhien, Trai Concern: nghiem, kliam pha tu nhien ed the coi la hinh England", Rural Sociology thiic hiiu hieu giiip khoi day Idng yeu thidn 4, pp 562-581 nhien eho hpe sinh va nliiing ngudi tham gia, Kinh nghiem tu eae nude EU cho thay, nha trudng ciing nhu cac td ehue bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpe can cd khuyen khich, im tien eho hpe sinh tham gia vao eae hanli trinh kham pha tim hieu tir Capital Evidence Ton in van the from Schaik European Norther New No.76, Volume (2002), Social Values Study Surveys, working paper at the OECD-ONS Intemational Conference on Social Capital Measurement London, September 25-25, 2002 nhien, tir dd giup hpc sinh tieh liiy them nhung ky nang can thidt cho cupe sdng eiing nhu khai day long yeu que huang, dat nude Neiralsabel and PortelaMarta (2010), "Social Capital and Growth in European Regions", Regional and Sectoral Economic Ngoai can tap trung bdi dudng, xay dimg dpi ngii tri thirc, ianh dao, cac nha khoa hpc cd tinh yeu sau sac vdi thien nliidn, am hieu ve da dang sinli hpc de hp cd the phat huy tdt vai trd la ngudi lanh dao tap the, loi keo ngudi khac tham gia vao eae phong trao Tai lieu tham khao WimVanOorsehot, Wil Arts and John Gelissen, (2006), "Social Capital in Europe: Measurement Distribution and Social of a and Regional Multifieaceted Phenomenon", ACTA Sociologica Volume 49, No 2, pp 149-167 Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004), "Social Capital m Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Studies, No 2, Vol 10, pp 19-28 Biology No.3, Volume 18, pp, 631-638 Jerome Ballet, Nicolas Sirven and Melanie Regmers (2007), "Social Capital Nguydn Quang lukn (2008), Phdi huy von xa hoi Irong bdo ve moi Irmmg URL: http://www.tapehicongsan.org.vn/Home/non g-nghiep-nong-lhon/2008/757/Phat-huy-vonxa-hoi-trong-bao-ve-moi-truong.aspx ... kinh nghidm quy cac nude trdn thd gidi ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi ridng CO the tham khao va van dung D I xuat nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Vidt Nam Vidt Nam Id mdt 16 qudc gia co tinh da dang sinh. .. thirc dupe viee bao 'e da dang sinh hoe se mang lai nhidu lgi ich cho tap the, tham ehi iiliie'u lpi ich cho ehinli ban than minh Thuc Id cho thdy vao nhung nam 1990, a Anh co klioang 408-478... dang sinh hpc CO su phu thupc nhat dinh giiia von xd hpi voi kha nang kinh td cua cd nhan vd vi tri xa hpi cua hp Nhung nguoi c6 didu kien kinh td, CO vi the xa hpi thuong de dang chap nhan "hy sinh"