xu HUJOTNG BAT BINH DANG VE M Q C SONG VIET NAM TRONG 20 NAM (1992-2012) BO THIEN KINH* T rong thdi ky ddi mdi, bat blnh dang v l mffc sdng va phdn hda gidu ngheo la van d l xa hpi nil Idn d Viet Nam Nd dd thu hdt su chd y vd quan tdm cda cac nhd nghien cffu va hoach djnh chlnh sdch Theo djnh hudng phdt trien bin vffng cia Viet Nam, day la van de can duac quan tdm chd y bdn canh nhffng va'n d l then chdt khde nhu cai cdch the che vd dau tranh, phdng chdng tham nhung Mffc sdng dupc ludng d day qua cac chi bao thu nhap vd gia trj tdl san cho d chinh Bat binh dang dupc ludng qua he sd GinI cd gid tri tff din (bang Id binh ding tuyet ddi vd bang la bat binh dang tuyet ddi), fldu chuan "40%" va chdnh lech giffa nhdm hd giau so vdi nhdm hp ngheo (lan) Cu thi: "Tidu chuan "40%" cia Ngdn hang Thi gidi dua nham ddnh gid phdn bd thu nhap cda ddn cu Tieu chuan xet ty trpng thu nhap cda 40% dan sd cd thu nhdp thap nhat frong long thu nhap cda todn bfl ddn cu Ty trpng ndy nho hon 12% la cd su bat blnh dang cao v l thu nhap, nam khoang tff 12%-17% Id co sir bal blnh dang vffa vd Idn hdn 17% Id cfl su tuong ddi binh dang" Ddi vdi cac nhdm tff gidu den ngheo dupc phdn to theo nhdm chi fieu/thu nhap cda nhffng cd nhdn (do ngudn sd Hdu quy djnh) Dau lien Id sap xIp tat ca cdc thdnh vien cia hp gia dinh mau dilu tra theo chi fieu/thu nhap binh qudn dau ngudi Iff thdp nhat din cao nhat Sau Id chia sd vien dupc sap xIp thdnh nhom co sd ngudi mdi nhdm bdng (vdi quyln sd/trpng sd tuong • Tieh si, Phbng Ndng thdn, VUn Xd hgi hoc, Vien Hdn tdm Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam TAP CHl GIAO ogc I t LUAN - S6 236 (10/2015) dng) Nhdm cd mffc chi Bdu/thu nhap thap nha't gpi Id nhdm ngheo vd nhdm cd mffc chi fidu/thu nhap cao nhat gpi Id nhdm giau Tff cdc nhdm gidu ngheo theo ca nhdn, ta cd thi quy v l cac nhdm hd gidu ngheo Nhdm hd gidu Id nhdm hfl cd tat ca cac ca nhdn dlu thudc nhdm gidu, cdn nhdm hd nghdo Id nhdm hd cd tat ca cdc ca nhdn dlu thudc nhdm ngheo Bat binh ding ve thu nhap Ddy la chi bao dau Sdn v l mffc sdng ddng vai trd quan trpng nhu la "dau vdo" de quylt djnh "dau ra" v l cac khoan chi tieu cho nhu cau ddi song Do vdy, ngudn thu nhdp cia hp gia dinh ddng vai trd quan va quylt djnh din mffc song cda cdc thdnh vidn hp IHe sd Gini dffpc Iffdng qua chi tieu ddng (VLSS 1992/93-1997/98) va thu nhap (VHLSS 2002-2012) Dua tren ngufln s l lidu thdng kd qua 20 nam (1992-2012), cd thi thay, bat binh dang d Viet Nam da cdng tang Idn (he sd Gini tff 0,33 nam 1992/93 tang Idn 0,424 nam 2012) Chdnh Idch thu nhap vd phdn hda giau ngheo ddn cu cdn dffpc nhan biet qua tieu chuan "4C%" cia Ngan hdng The gidi: "Ty trpng ndy d nudc ta tinh theo sd hd la 17,98% nam 2002, 17,4% nam 2004,17,4% nam 2006, 16,4% nam 2008, 15% nam 2010, 14,9% nam 2012" Bdi chieu sd lieu cia Tdng cue Thdng ke vdi fidu chua'n "40%", thi phdn bd thu nhdp ddn cu Vidt Nam tff nam 2008 ddn 2012 d mffc bat binh dang vffa vd dang cd xu hudng tang dan mffc bat binh dang Cd sff chdnh Idch v l chi tidu/thu nhdp giffa 25 NEHIEN cuu CHINH TBI-XA HOI nhdm hp gidu va nhdm hd ngheo tang len qua 20 tri tdi san chd d chinh, ta thay mffc dp bat binh nam Bat binh dang giau ngheo b Viet Nam da dang cao ttt nam 1992 den 2012 vd bat binh dang ngdy eang tang len tff 4,9 lan nam 1992 tang Idn Id cao hon so vdi phdn bo v l thu nhap 9,4 lan nam 2012 Bdl vdi ngudn tai san la gid trj chd d chlnh thi Ddi vdi khoang each chdnh lech c i a cac nhdm su bat binh dang giau nghdo cdn Idn hon nffa (so hp cdn lai d giffa so vdi nhdm hp ngheo dd the vdi thu nhdp) Trong ca nudc thdi ky 20 nam hidn mdt sff phdn cffc qud trinh ba't binh (1992-2012), gid tri nha d c i a nhdm ngheo chi dang tang len b Vidt Nam Mpt cue la nhdm hp chiem khoang 1,1%-2,0% (trung blnh Id 1,4%) giau, cue Id cdc nhdm hp cdn lai (trong dd tong sd c i a toan xa hpi Trong dd, d cue nhdm hp ngheo la thap nha't) Nhu vdy, su phdn Id nhdm giau cd gia tri tai san chd d chiem hda gidu ngheo hidn d Viet Nam cd xu hudng phan to hon rat nhilu (64,6%-79,9% - tmng binh phdn hda hai cue (tuong phan) hoac gpi la Id 73,7%), mac du mdi nhdm giau ngheo d l u co phdn cue gidu ngheo 20% ddn sd bang Bat binh dang ve gia tri tai sen nai d Bdy Id chi bao thff hai v l mde sdng Cdng vdi Mpt so khai quat ve bat binh song d Viet Nam tmng thdiity dang mi/c 20 nam (1992 • thu nhap, chi bdo nha d cung dong vai trd quan 2012) Mffc dp bat binh d i n g vffa dang tang Idn theo trpng t h i hidn mffc sdng cda ddn cu Sau lao ddng cd ngufln thu nhap de frang trai nhffng nhu fidu chuan "40%" va he sd Gini qua 20 nam cau thilt y l u ddi sdng hang ngdy, cdc hp (1992-2012) Tuy theo mfli tieu chuan ludng gia dinh thudng cd gang d l danh phan lich Idy (chi bdo) cd the dua nhffng danh gia mffc dp cho vide tu tao vd xdy dung noi d c i a minh Nhu bat binh d i n g mdt cdch khac Hd sd Gini va vdy, cd the coi gia tri tai san noi d nhff Id tai khoan chdnh Idch giau nghdo v l thu nhdp cho thay, xu thu nhdp "cdng ddn" sau nhilu nam lao dpng hudng chung v l bd't binh dang ngdy cdng tang Theo each hieu nhu t h i , chi bao nha d cd y nghTa Idn d Viet Nam 20 nam Tren co sd chi bao •gap nhilu lan" so vdi chi bao thu nhap frong su thu nhap va k i t hpp vdi gid trj tai san chd chinh, phan dnh mffc sdng cda ngudi ddn cho thdy bat binh d i n g mffc sdng d Vidt Nam il Hd sd Gini vd tieu chud'n "40%" doi vdi chi bao nhat da thudc loai mde dp bat binh dang vffa tU gid trj tai san chd d chinh c i a hp gia dinh dupc nam 2008 den 2012 Bdng thdi, mpt sd mat khac udc lupng Ihdnh Bin ttieo thdi gid thj trudng He c i a mffc sdng (nhff gid trj tdi san chfl d) da d mic sd Gini va lieu chuan "40%" dfl'i vtiii gid tri tdi san dp bat binh d i n g cao ca 20 nam (1992- chd d chinh d l u ttil hidn su bd't binh dang cao 2012) hon so vdi chi bao thu nhdp Qua dieu tra VLSS Sil phan cue ve mirc song: Trong qua trinh bal 1992/93-VHLSS 2012 cho thay, 40% dan sd cd binh dang tang len d Vidt Nam da xuat hidn su gid tri tdi san chd d chinh d mffc thdp nhdt phdn cue xd hdi Mpt cue Id nhdm giau cd mirc ca nudc chi chiim khoang tff 4,0% den 6,8% sdng cao nhat, cue Id cdc nhdm cdn lai (trong (tmng binh Id 4,8%) trdn tdng sd gid trj tdi san cho d chinh toan xd hpi vong 20 nam Bdl chilu vdi tieu chuan "40%" thi su phdn bd ve gid tri tdi san chd d chinh ca nudc Id thudc mffc dfl bat binh dang cao Iff nam 1992 den 2012 Cu t h i Id, hd sd Gini v l gid frj tai san chd d chinh ca nudc dao dpng khoang tff 0,651 d i n 0,754 Tdm lai, nhin long t h i vd phdn b l c i a gia 26 dd nhdm ngheo Id thap nhat) Nhu vay, su bS binh dang hien b Viet Nam cd xu hudng phdn hda thdnh hai cue (tuong phan) Ban chat cua sif phan ci/c ve mirc song Cung mpt nhdm giau (hoac nghdo) cd t h i bao gom nhung thdnh vien c i a nhieu nhdm xa hoi khac (gidi tinh, hpc van, n g h i nghiep, ddn tdc, vdng/miln ) hpp thdnh Do vay, cdch nhin TAP CHi GIAO D g c LY LUAN - s 236 (10/2015) NBHIEN cuu CHINH TBI • XAHBI phdn hda gidu ngheo b trdn da xda nhda su khde bidt ve mat xa hdi giffa nhffng cd nhdn vdi Ban chat cda bat binh ding v l mffc sdng la md hinh phdn tang xa hpi quy ff|nh, ma bilu hidn cda nd frong ddi sdng xa hdi Id hidn tupng phdn hda giau nghdo Tffc Id, sir bat binh dang ndi tai (Iff nd) he thdng phan tang xa hdi dupc bilu hidn cu the hon qua hidn fr/png phdn hda gidu ngheo ddi sdng So sanh giffa hai each nhin bat binh dang theo phan hda giau ngheo vd bat binh ding theo he thdng phdn tang xd hdi, cho thay: Dudi gdc nhin phdn tang xa hdi, sir bat binh dang eang tang Idn (2002-2010) giOa cac tang Idp xa hpi cd hinh dang "Kim lu thap" b Vidt Nam (Hinh 1) Trpng dd, cac tang Idp b nffa Irdn "Kim tu thdp" cd sir cai thidn v l mffc song hp gia dinh nhieu hdn so vdi cdc tang Idp d nffa dudi Trdi lai, cdc tang nhdm d dffdi day lai cd ti le hp gia dinh bj giam sdt mffc sdng nhilu hon so vdi cdc nhdm xa hpi d dinh thap phan tang Dd la sir bat binh ding In djnh bin vffng, mang tinh cau true va la thuflc tinh cia hd thdng phdn tang xd hpi hinh kim tir thap d Viet Nam So sanh dilu ndy cDng phi hop vdi each nhln bat binh dang tang Idn cao giffa cdc nhom gidu ngheo Bdng thdi, tff gdc nhin phdn tang xd hfli cung cho Ihay su phdn cue giffa mdt vdi tang ldp d trdn dinh thap so vdi cac tang idp phia dudi (dac bidt Id so vdi vdi tang Idp ndng ddn) Id rat rd rdng vd ngdy cdng each xa Nhu the, he thdng phdn tang xa hpi cd hinh kim tu thap hien d Viet Nam cd xu hudng Id mdt md hinh phdn lang hai cue Cue thff nhat la cdc tang Idp d nda trdn thap phdn tang thudng chiem hOu vd kiem sodt nhilu hon cac loai ngudn lire cia xa hpi Do vdy, cac tang Idp ndy cd cupc sdng khd gia hon cdc tang Idp b phia dudi - la cue thff hai co it ngufln luc nha't So sanh dilu cing phu hdp vdi each nhin bat blnh ding hidn Id cd xu hudng phan hoa thdnh hai cue giffa cac nhdm gidu ngheo Mat khde, tff md hlnh phdn tang xd hpi chia thdnh hai cffc ta cd thi nhan didn dffpc hai cue bao gdm hp la vdi nhffng tdn gpi cu the TAP CHi GIAO ogc L* LUAN - SO 236 (10/2015) theo cac tang Idp xd hpi (Hinh 1) Hp cung chi ylu Id cdc nhdm giau ngheo vd da Ira Idi cho cdu hoi dat d trdn 'Trong dd, each nhin bat binh dang theo phan hda/phdn cue gidu nghdo da xda nhda su khac biet ve mat xa hpi giffa nhffng cd nhdn vdi So sdnh v l dilu ndy, ta Ihay rang each nhin bat binh ding he thfl'ng phdn tang xa hfli la can ban hon each nhin bat binh dang giau ngheo Sd dl nhu vay, bdi vl bat binh dang he thdng phdn tang xa hdi thudc ve cau tnjc xd hpi, nd nam d tang bdn dudi quy djnh hien tupng phdn hda giau ngheo tren bl mat cupc sing Do vay, each nhln ba't binh dang nhu thi m^ Id can ban Chinh vl md hinh phdn tang xd hfli chia thdnh hai cue da lam cho su bat binh dang the hidn rat ro vd cdng tang len Khoang each bd't binh ding doang da lam cho nhffng ngffdi vdn trudc cd thu nhap d mpt mffc dp ndo dd, thi hidn hp cam ttiay rang cung vdi mffc thu nhap ay nhung lai it hpn so vdi ngudi khac d trdn hp rat nhilu Dd Id chua k l trang thai tdm ly cia ngudi lao dflng chdn chinh so sanh v l tliu nhap cia hp vdi khdi tdl san cia ngudl tham nhung Khoang cdch bat binh dang (Joang cung lam cho nhilu ngudi d nffa dudi cia thdp phan tang cam thay minh bj "tudc doal" mdt cdch tucrng ddi Dllu dupc bilu hidn thuc t l cupc sdng Ihdng qua nhffng hidn tupng gpi Id "bat an xa hfli": Vi pham trat tu va quy tac xd hdi, bao Iffc va gdy rdi, nhffng cupc khdi kien ddng ngudi chdng lai chinh quyln, dac biet la nhffng cupc khilu kidn cua nhffng ngudi ndng ddn Tat ca nhffng hidn tupng ndy dlu thi hidn sU long leo cda gan kit xa hpi Ndi each khac, bat binh dang tang len se lam ylu di sir gan kit xa hpi Neu bat binh ding ngdy cdng tang len nhilu, cd Ihl din tdi sir dau tranh giffa tang Idp thap vdi tang Idp cao nham phdn chia lai ngudn luc cda xa hdi cho cdng bang hon Dd Id mau thudn va dau tranh ndi tal he thdng phdn tang xd hpl hinh kim tu thdp quy djnh Dieu ndy cfl the se la hau qua xay vd no thi hien ban chat su phan cue v l mffc sdng giau ngheo 27 NEHIEN cuu CHINH THI • XAHBI Lanh dao Doanh nhgn C.Mon Hlnh • He thong phdn ting xa hoi hlnh "kim tuthap" d Viet Nam Do he ttidng phdn tang xd hfli hinh kim tff thdp cho ndn su bat binh ding d nudc la hidn la su bat binh dang mang tinh cau trdc, Iffc la nd Ihuflc v l he thdng phdn tang quy djnh Nhff vdy, mudn thay doi su bat binh dang (giam bat binh dang) thi phai thay doi lai hinh dang he thdng phdn tang Tffc Id djch chuyin tff mfl hinh kim tff ttidp sang md hinh qua frdm viS tang Idp trung luu bin vffng cda mpt cau tnJc xa hpi hidn dai D l ttiu hep khoang each bat binh dang dang diln hien nay, can phal Ihay doi md hinh phdt trien xa h9i bang cdch djch chuyin tff md hinh kimfrrSlip sang mfl hinh qua trdm vdi tang Idp frung luu ddng dao d giffa Bay Id sff nghiep cdch mang quan trcing va cap thiet vi sir phdt trien cda da't nudc.B Tdi lieu trich ddn: ddng dao d giffa Su tang Idn cia tang Idp tmng ^ • ^ ^ Than Kinh, 2014: Can trd doi udi luu cd tdc dung lam giam di su xung ddt xa hdi ' " " f ' * " " ^ "*?".'"ô'ãJ " ' ' " « ^ ? f ' ? " « " , r* ,^ , , , •„ 'N hai Viet Nam hien Tap chl Xa hot hoc, SO Tang Idp frung luu nhu la mpt khdu trung gian , 2,4-14.' nhu Id chile "van an todn" cd tdc dung "dllu hda' 2.DSTkien Kinh, 2012: He thong phdn ting su xung dot xd hpi, ldm giam dl su xung dot giffa car lann Ifin rih^iriti * ° ' ' P ' ^ ^'?' ^^m hien (Qua nhUng cuSc Bieu tra Miic so'ng Hd gia dinh Viet Nam 2002- cac tang lopo nai cue Sff phdn cue giau ngheo la thuflc ve md hlnh phdn tang xa hpl hinh kimfr;thdp quy djnh Bdy Id cosd de din tc« khuyin nghi rang, can phai xdy dung md hlnh cd cac tang' Idp cda xa hdi 2004-2006-2008) Nxb Khoa hoc xd'hsi, Hd Ndi, BS Thien Kinh, 2011] Bdo cda ke't qui ngkUn ciiu dl tdi khoa hoc cap Bg 2009-2010 "Mgt sd udn deed ban vebiehdo'icd cau xd hit d T ' ^ ' f r eiai doq.n 2oii-2020- (Tdi lieu luu trS ,f, ,^., , : • tai thu uien ViSn Xa hot hoc, Viin Hdn loM cdng nghiep va hidn dai d giua (phan than thap - KHXH Viet Nam) tang Idp frung luu) phinh to nha't hoac gpi la md 4- Tong cue Thang ke, 2014: Ket qui Khio s6t hinh xd hfli frung luu cd hinh dang qua tram Md ^'"^ """^ **" "^^ ^'^'""'" ^"'^^ ^^ ''^'•' "''• hinh xa hdi tmng luu cd dang qua tram se Ihay ^'Js *!/™" ' ^ f *"'*,„„ ^ ^ , i l , i , h „ _ - k - k kA - -l-.i u, .L the Cho mo hmh phdn tang xa hpi hmh kim tu thap hien Day cung la xu hudng van dpng cia xd hpl d cdc nuflc dang frong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda Md hinh xa hdi cd tang Idp trung luu dflng /lir , a r „k« k— T 1.1 - k? i , dao se it phdn cue hon Tang Idp xa hpi tmng luu se dam bao cho sir phdt triln on dinh, hai hPa vd 28 • Tons cue Thong ke, 2011: get qua Khdn Sd MdcsdhgDdncundm 2010 Hd Ngi: Nxb ThSn, he s - Tong cue ThSng ke, 2000: Bieu tra ItHe * ° " f ' ' " " ' " ^ " f ' ' ' ' " " 1997-1993 Hd Not: Nxb ^f^i'; _,., ,^ ,„ ' • ^""S cue Thong ke, 1994: Khdo sdt Mic sdkg Ddn cu Viet Nam 1992-1993 Hd Ndi: Nxb Thdng ke TAP CHi GIAO Dgc It LUiiN • S6 236 (10/201 ... binh nam Bat binh dang giau ngheo b Viet Nam da dang cao ttt nam 1992 den 2012 vd bat binh dang ngdy eang tang len tff 4,9 lan nam 1992 tang Idn Id cao hon so vdi phdn bo v l thu nhap 9,4 lan nam. .. nhdp cho thay, xu thu nhdp "cdng ddn" sau nhilu nam lao dpng hudng chung v l bd''t binh dang ngdy cdng tang Theo each hieu nhu t h i , chi bao nha d cd y nghTa Idn d Viet Nam 20 nam Tren co sd... thong phdn ting su xung dot xd hpi, ldm giam dl su xung dot giffa car lann Ifin rih^iriti * ° '' '' P '' ^ ^''?'' ^^m hien (Qua nhUng cuSc Bieu tra Miic so''ng Hd gia dinh Viet Nam 2002- cac tang