TAP CHi CONG THIlllNe BAT BINH DANG THU NHAP d VIET NAM HIEN NAY: THlTC TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHI • NGUYIN THI THAI HUNG TOM TAT: Bill viet phan lich ihUc irang bat binh ddng thu nhap d Vidt Nam giai do^n 2006 - 2018 de cd cdi nhin khai qudt nha'l ve tinh trang chenh lech giau - ngheo lai Vipt Nam hien tif dd dUa nhiing khuyen nghj nhdm han che'linh trang ba't binh ddng thu nhdp lai Viel Nam Tiif khda: Bat binh ddng thu nhap, chenh lech giau - ngheo, Viet Nam I Dat vS'n de Bat binh ddng thu nhap (khoang each giau ngheo) la chenh lech thu nhap va lai san giUa cac ca nhan, nhdm xd hdi hay gifla cac quo'c gia gay anh hUdng tieu cUc de'n qua trinh tang irUdng kinh le (I j Ba't binh ddng thu nhap xuat hien tai hau he't cdc quo'c gia iren the'gidi dd cd Viet Nam Trong giai doan 2007 - 2018 nen kinh te Viet Nam lang trUdng kha cao so vdi nhieu nUdc tren ihe gidi, dat mdc binh quan 6.1% irong dd ihu nhap cua cac nhdm dan cU deu tdng len nhUng td'c dp lang Ihu nhdp cua nhdm ngheo luon tha'p hdn nhdm giau, \ d \ , khodng each giau ngheo cang gia tang |5] Vi \ a \ bai \iei phan tich thUc trang ba't binh diing irong thu nhap ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 201S, nhdm han che'bat binh ddng thu nhap tai VILM Nam irong giai doan hien 100 So 10-Thang 5/2020 Thi^c trang bat binh dang thu nh5p cua Met Nam Mdc dp ba't binh ddng thu nhap cua qudc gia hien dUa tren cac thUdc nhd he sd'GINI, he so'chenh lech giau ngheo, Thdng qua he so GINI ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2018 cho tha'y, ba't binh dang thu nhap tai Viet Nam bien ddng khdng nhieu, ndm khoang 0,424 de'n 0,436; dd khu vUc thj cd xu hUdng giam, khu vUc ndng ihdn cd xu hUdng ldng vS ludn cao hdn d lhi (Bang 1) So'lieu Bang cho thay, irUdc nam 2010, hfe so GINI d Ihanh lhi cao hdn d nong ihdn, sau n3ni 2010 he sdGINId ndng thdn cao hdn d lhi cho tha'y xu hudng ba't binh ddng thu nhap d khu \ lie thi cd xu hudng giam cdn d ndng thon cd xu hudng tdng Theo bao cdo "Wealth Distribution and Income Inequality by Country 2018" he sdGINI ciia Viet Nam la 0.424 d miJc KINHTE Bang Ba't binh d a n g thu nhap thong qua he so GINI tai Viet Nam giai d o a n 2006-2018 Ca nudc Thanh th| NSng Ihon ' 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 4241 0.434 0.433 0.424 0.431 436 0.424 0.393I 0.404 0.402 385 0.397 0391 0.372 0.378i 0.385 0.395 0.399 0.398 0.408 0.407 Xiliinii: Tong cue Tliong ke trung binh so vdi cac quo'c gia khac khu vifc Theo Cornia va Court (2001), he sd GINI khoang 0,30 - 0,45 Id nam ngudng an toan \d hieu qua, phti hdp cho tdng irifdng cao Theo dd, cd the khdng djnh bat binh dang thu nhap cua Viet Nam hien van nam pham vi an loan, nhUng dai han cd xu hUdng tang len ne'u Viet Nam khdng cd nhifng bien phap hifu hieu de giai quyet va'n d^ (Bieu 1) Bieu cho iha'y he sd' GINI tai cdc vung kinh le cd nhifng bie'n ddng tdng giamd cac ndm khde nhau, nhifng deu cd xu hifdng giam dan So vdi cdc khu vUc khac, Ddng Nam Bp la khu vUc kinh te phdt trien cd td'c phat trien cao nha't so vdi cdc khu vUc lai, he so' GINI cd td'c dp giam manh nha'l so vdi cac khu vifc khac, khoang each ve bat binh ddng thu nhdp d khu ciing dUdc thu hep MUc dp bd't binh ddng thu nhap dUdc the hien thu nhdp cua cdc nhdm \a chenh lech giila ihu nhdp ciia nhdm \a nhdm Bang cho tha'y ihu nhap binh quan/lhdng d ca nhdm thu nhap deu ldng qua cac ndm, dd thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi mot ihdng nam 2018 ga'p 3,78 Ian so vdi nam 2008 Nam 2008, Ihu nhdp nhdm ga'p 8.9 lan so vdi nhdm Tuy nhien de'n nam 2018 thu nhap nhdm gap 9.86 lan so vdi nhdm I cho thd'y khoang each Ihu nhdp gida cac nhdm cang \a ba't binh ddng thu nhdp giai doan cd xu hudng gia ldng khd nhanh chdng id Viet Nam dang dan trd nUdc cd chenh lech siau ngheo cao So sdnh thu Bieu 1: He so GINI cua cdc vung kinh te giai dogn 2006 -2018 n -Dojta bans song Hong ->^BacTnuig Bo va Duyen liai inieii Tnutg -•-DongNainEo -Ddng bang song Cini Long 2U0d 200S 2010 :ul2 201-1 2nl6 2niS Tong CIU Thong ke So 10-Thang 5/2020 101 TAPCHiCONBTHUdNG Bdng Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi/thdng phdn theo nhom thu nhap cua Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2018 Eton vj: Nghin ddng Nam Binh quan Nhomi Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom (1) (2) 2008 995 275 477 700 1067 2458 2183 8.94 2010 1387 369 669 1000 1490 3410 3041 24 2012 2000 512 984 1500 2222 4784 4272 9.34 2014 2637 660 1314 1972 2830 6413 5753 9.72 2016 3098 771 1516 2301 3356 7547 6776 9.79 2018 3760 931 1808 2774 4110 9175 8244 9.8S : Glii chu: (I) Khodng cdch thu nbdp giita nhdm vd nhdm I: (2) Sdlctn chenh lech ibu nhgp giiia nhdm (gidu nbdi) vd nhdm I (ngheo nhdi) Ngudn: Tdng t uc Thdng ke vd Bdo cdo hdng guy ciia Hd Lao ddng Thifang binh vii nhdp niim 2018 va 2008 cho tha'y nhdm I la nhom cii mifc tdng ihu nhdp cham nhiii (tdng •^ ^S lan) so vdi cdc nhdm cdn lai Tde dp tang trudng d nhdm I van tha'p hdn nhdm dd khien cho khoang each thu nhiip \d hdi gia tang Su chenh lech tuyet dd'i ve thu nhdp gida nhdng ngUdi giau nha't vii nhiJng ngUdi ngheo nhat dang Id mgt thdch thUc ciia muc iicu phat trien theo hudng dam bao cdng bang xii hpi So' lieu Bang y cho thii'y ihu nhap d cd thdnh lhi vii nong thdn deu cd xu hUdng tang, he sd' chenh lech gida hai khu \Uc na> dang cd xu hudng giam xud'ng Chenh lech ihu nhap gida nhdm va nhom d lhi ihd'p nhii'i la 7.41 lan va cao nha't la 8.28 lan \ii cd \u hudng ngii\ cang giam; d khu wic ndng ihdn iha'p nhii't lii 6.91 liin va cao nha't la lan vd sU chenh lech cd xu hUdng tang Icii- O khu VLfc ndng thdn kinh te' cang phdt trien sU tha; doi \e cd ca'u lao dpng cixc ngdnh nghe d khu \Uc na> cang Idn dan den khoang each thu nhdp gida nhdm \d nhdm ngin cang Idn Sd liin chenh lech thu nhap giifa nhdm va nhdm I d khu vUc thi cd xu hddng giam ndng thdn cd \u hudng lang cho thav mdc bat binh dang thu nhap khu \Uc 102 So 10-Thang 5/2020 ndng thdn cao hdn khu vifc ihanh thi nen kinh te'phdt irien So'lieu Bdng cho tha'y ly le hd ngheo giam nhanh qua cac ndm Ndm 2006 ca nudccd l.'i V,r so hd ngheo, de'n 2018 giam xud'ng '> ^5'^i Khu vUc thdnh thj cd ly le hd ngheo giam nhanh hdn khu vUc nong thdn chdng l6 ba'i binh ding thu nhap gida khu vUc ndng thdn va khu vUc thi kha Idn Anh hudng cua djch b0nh de'n cdhOi vi^c Iam ciia ngifdi lao d(ing hi^n Theo Tong cue Thd'ng ke, dobi anh hudngbdi dich Covid 19, so sanh quy 1/2020 vdi quy 1/2019 thi sd'doanh nghiep ihanh lap mdi giam, sd'doanh nghiep xin tam ddng hoat ddng, giai the tang len; cdc doanh nghiep dang boat dpng gap nhieu kho khan chie'm khoang 84,8% doanh nghiep, cd gan 67% doanh nghiep da thifc hien so' giai phap ^c lao dpng, nhU: cat giam lao ddng, cho lao dong gian viec, nghi ludn phien nghf khdng lUdng, giam lUdng So' ngUdi thd'i nghiep tuoi lao ddng quy 1/2020 la gan 1,1 trieu ngUdi ldng 26.1 nghin ngUcIi so vdi quy trUdc va tang 26.8 nghin ngUdi so viSi qu> 1/2019 Tinh den ihang 4/2020 gan irieu lao dpng bl anh hUdng bdi dich benh Lao ddng KINH TE Bang Thu nhap binh quan/ngt/di/thdng khu vac thdnh thi vd nong thon phan theo nhom thu nhgp cue Viet Nam gioi dogn 2008 - 2018 Ddn vl: Nghin c Nim Khu vyc Binh qudn Nh6m Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom (1) (2) 1605 453 868 1230 1722 3752 3299 8.28 Nong thon 762 251 415 583 829 1734 1483 6.91 Thanh thi 2130 633 1153 1611 2268 4983 4350 7.87 46 Thanh lhi 2008 2010 Nong thon 1070 330 568 821 1175 2462 2132 Thanh thj 2989 952 1672 2333 3198 6794 5842 7.14 N6ng thdn 1579 450 818 1228 1789 3615 3165 8.03 Thanh th| 3964 1267 2179 2922 4034 9421 8154 7.44 N6ng th6n 2038 565 1082 1611 2295 4641 4076 8.21 Thanh th| 4551 1452 2511 3436 4743 10623 9171 7.32 Nong thon 2423 667 1233 1865 2706 5644 4977 8.46 Thanh thj 5523 1664 2991 4174 5761 12391 10727 7.45 Nong thon 2940 787 1453 2232 3296 7083 6296 2012 2014 2016 2018 Ghi chli: (I) Khodng cdch nhdm vd nhdm I; (2) Sit ldn chenh lech gida nhdm vd nhdm I Ngudn • Tdng cue Thdng ke va Bdo cda bdng quy ciiu Bg Lao (long ThUOng binh vii Xd hgi Bang Ty le hp ngheo phdn theo khu viic thdnh thj, ndng thon gioi dogn 2006 -2018 cua Viet Nam E>an vi tinh: % 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 a nuSc 15.5 13.4 14.2 11.1 84 5.8 2018 54 Thanh th| 7.7 6.7 6.9 4.3 1.88 Nong thon 18 16.1 17.4 14.1 10.8 75 6.9 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke vd Bdo ciio hang cpiy cita Bg Lao dgng Thuang binh vd Xa hdi ciic doanh nghiep va hdp tac xii tam nghi viec chiem gan 59% lao dpng bi gian viec hodc nghi luiin phien chiem gan 28% \ a lao ddng bj mat viec chiem giin 13% Trong dd lao dong iam nghi viec Irong nganh \".in du kho bai \i\ nganh Gido due va dao tao chie'm cao nha't chiem tren 70% long sd lao dpng cua ngdnh Nganh Cdng nghiep che bie'n che' uio \ a dich vu an udng cd t\ trpng lao ddng bi ma't viec bd viec cao nha't long sd' lao dpng bj anh hddng so vdi cac nganh khde chie'm gan 20% tai mdi nganh Khuye'n nghi nhdm han che bat binh d^ng thu nhap tai Viet Nam Ba't binh dang thu nhap se dan de'n ba't binh ddng xd hpi gdy cdc va'n de nhu ty le iha'l nghiep tang i\ Ie loi pham tang, nang sua't lao So 10-Thang 5/2020 103 TAP CHJ CQNG THiriTNE ^^^^ ^'"{^ ^^'^^ giam^ dd, day la van de can giai quye't cua nhieu quo'c gia Trong bd'i canh cdc nudc phai xu' Iy nhi?ng hau qua ciia dai dich Covid 19, Viet Nam cung can cd nhdng bien phap de khac phue nhUng khd khdn hien nay, giam bdt thiet hai ve thu nhap cho ngudi lao ddng Ve phia Chinh phii: da ban hanh nhieu chinh sach giup ngdn ngUa, kiem sodl benh dich hd trd doanh nghiep va ngUdi lao ddng thdo gd khd khan, dam bao an sinh xa hoi, dua cac gdi hd trd de giijp cho nhifng ngUdi lao ddng cd them ihu nhap giai doan bi nghi viec, gidn viec dich b6nh Covid 19 Tuy nhien de cdc chinh sdch phat huy hieu qua, can cd sU phd'i hdp chdi che, tich cifc giifa cdc Bg, nganh, cac dja phUdng nhdm thdc da'y nhanh cdc thti iuc hUdng dan, cai each thil tuc hanh chinh nh^m dam biio cdc gdi hd trd dUdc trien khai kip thdi, de'n dung dd'i tUdng Ve phia cdc doanh nghiep can phai nghien CII'U ddi mdi, dng dung lien bd k\ thuat mdi vao s^n xud't, kinh doanh: tim thi trudng mdi cho nguyen lieu dau vao, nghien cUu md rpng thi trUdng ti6u ihu siin pham ngoai cdc thi trUdng truyen tho'ng; si^ dung cdng nghe ihdng iin de dan dang hda tiir kinh doanh iruc tiep de'n kinh doanh trUc luye'n; tao dieu kien cho ngUdi lao ddng cd cdhdi dao tao nang cao trinh ky nang Ve phia ngifdi lao d(>ng: can nd lUc nghien cdu, hoc tap ndng cao trinh chuyen mdn tu irang bi cdc ky ndng mem de dam bao kha ndng thich nghi vdi sU thay doi khdng ngii'ng cua thi trudng lao dong NgUdi lao ddng cung nen hieu va chia se vdi doanh nghiep irong giai doan khd khan Trong qua trinh thUc hien trien khai cac °6ihd trd ciia Chinh phii ngUdi lao ddng can thuc hien nghiem tiic khai bao trung ihuc theo hudng ddn cua quan cd tham quyen: dam bao cac hd trd de'n dddc dung vd du ddi tUdng Trons dai han Chinh phii can ihUc hien giam bat binh ddng ihu nhap qua viec giup ngUdi dan d cdc khu \Uc tie'p can cac dich \u xa hdi cdban nhU aiao due \a y te ThUc te d Viei Nam cho thS'y.~I""0"S l^' "khoang each giau ngheo d khu vUc thi dang co xu hUdng giam dan thi d khu vUc ndng thon lai dang tang Dac bict cd chenh r c h c a o v e thu nhap giila cac \ iing mien cd khd 104 so 10-ThcSng 5/2020 khan \ e dieu kien lU nhien tang cd sd irinh dp dan iri trinh dp sdn xuai \di cac khu \Uc khde da anh hUdng den ket qua phdt trien kinh te' - xa hpi va chat lUdng cudc sd'ng ciia ngudI dan NgUdi tao ddng la dan loc thieu so', hodc e6 trinh dp hpc van Ihap, khdng dUdc dao lao, ii c6 cd hdi hudng Idi hdn cac so vdi cac lao ddng c6 trinh dp hpc van cao cung !a mpt nguyen nhan ciia bat binh ddng thu nhdp Do dd Chinh phu can cd chinh sdch Uu lien, dau tUchogidodticd viing khd khdn; can cd cdc chinh sdch hd ird \c l^i chinh cho hp gia dinh ngheo, giam bdt cdc chi phi cho giao due de dam bao cdhdi tie'p c§n giao due cho ngUdi lao dpng ngheo, mien hodc giam hpc phi cho cdc khu vUc khd khan thUc hien cdi cdch giao due nhdm can bang cd hdi va phdt inen kC nang cho ngddi lao ddng la vd cting quan irpng Chinh phii can xiiy ddng dUdc mpi chien lUdc tang ddu tu vao ngudn lUc ngUCli va khuyen khich tao viec lam, khuye'n khich hinh mOl tang Idp trung lifu rdng ldn xd hpi; thie't kC' he ihd'ng thue cho khdng triel lieu ddng lUc lam giau ciia nhdng ngUdi giau; tang dau tUcong \ao nhifng khu vUc kdm phai Irien; dong Ihdi, ndng cao chat lUdngquan ly dau lUcdngciJng nhU cdi thien chd't lifdng cdc dich vu cdng, de cdc kel qud dau lUde'n vdi ngUdi ddn dac biet la nh6m ngUdi dan ngheo \'e chinh sdch hd tr(i y te: Chinh phii tie'p tuc thuc hien chinh sdch mua the bao hiem y le cho ngUdi ngheo, dong bao dan tde ihieu sd'; ho ird bao hiem y te cho ngUdi can ngheo va hpc sinh, sinh vien h6 trd cho viec khdm, chda benh cho cic viing kinh le khd khiin De gidi quyel bd't binh ddng thu nhdp d Viet Nam Chinh phii can xay dUng dUdc mpt chien lUdc lang trudng kinh te mdi cung vdi cac chinh sdch phan phd'i thu nhap ihich hdp lap irung vao cdi each the che phdp luat, lhi trUdng canh tranh, cdng bdng va md, lao "san chdi" binh ddng cho ca cdc doanh nghiep Idn, vUa vd nhd; dong ihdi dat van de binh ddng, cdng bdng xa hpi va nang cao chat lUdng cupc sd'ng dan cUdUa tren cd sd phdt trien cdc loai hinh kinh te' khuyen khich ngUdi dan lam giau va thUc hien phan phoi thu nhap theo sU ddng gdp ciia cac nguon lUc • KINH TE TAI LlgU THAM KHAO: Comia and Court (2001) Inequality Growth and Pmerty in the Era of Liberlization and Globalization Helsmlci, Fmland \\'orld InstituLe for De\L-lopmenl Economics Research United Njiuinv Universin' Luca Venla (2019) Wealth Distribution and Income Inequality b\ Countn 20IS Global Finance Magazine B;io cao tinh hinh kinh te - xa hot cua ctic tinh giai doan 2006 - 2018 Bin tm cap nhiil thi trttSng lao dtnig Viet Nam cua Bo Lao dong ThUtfng binh vii \j hoi \a Tiing cue Tho'ng ke Tong ctic Thong ke (2018), Nien giiim thong ke 2007 - 201S Ngay nhan bai: 15/4/2020 Ngay phan bi?n danh gia va siiTa chffa: 25/4/2020 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 5/4/2020 Thdng (ill Idc gid • TS NGUYEN THI THAI HlJNG Khoa NgSn hang - Hgc vi$n Ngan hang THE INCOME INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM: THE CURRENT STATE AND RECOMMENDATIONS • Ph.D NGUYEN THI THAI HUNG Faculty of Banking, Banking Acatdemy ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the current state of income inequality tn Vietnam from 2006 to 2018 in order to get an overview on tite current rich - poor gap in Vietnam, thereby making recommendations to curb the country's income inequality Keywords: Income inequality, rich - poor gap, Vietnam So 10-Thdng 5/2020 105 ... ldng qua cac ndm, dd thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi mot ihdng nam 2018 ga'p 3,78 Ian so vdi nam 2008 Nam 2008, Ihu nhdp nhdm ga'p 8.9 lan so vdi nhdm Tuy nhien de'n nam 2018 thu nhap nhdm gap 9.86... So 10-Thang 5/2020 101 TAPCHiCONBTHUdNG Bdng Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi/thdng phdn theo nhom thu nhap cua Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2018 Eton vj: Nghin ddng Nam Binh quan Nhomi Nhom Nhom Nhom... sd GINI khoang 0,30 - 0,45 Id nam ngudng an toan d hieu qua, phti hdp cho tdng irifdng cao Theo dd, cd the khdng djnh bat binh dang thu nhap cua Viet Nam hien van nam pham vi an loan, nhUng dai