JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2014 Vol 59, No pp, 125-131 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn HO TRO XA HOI D6I V6I CHA ME TRE KHUYET TAT TRI TUE Nguyen Dtic Sdn Khoa Tdm li - Gido due, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Hd Npi Tdm tat Nghien cflu khao sat sU tham gia ho trp cua cac ddi lUdng xa hpi doi vdi cha me tre khuyll lai trf tue Cac dli tfldng xa hoi iham gia hd trd cha me tre khuyet lat Iri tue kha phong phu, bao gdm nhdm cac vien gia dinh, nhom nhflng ca nhan thudc quan he xa hdi va cac ca nhan cac linh vUc hoal dpng xa hpi Nhdm cac vien gia dinh hd trd d mflc cao hcfn so vdi cac nhdm lai Cd su khac biet d mflc dp hd trp xa hoi theo lieu chf gidi tinh linh trang hon nhan va dieu kien kinh te cua gia dinh Tit khda: Ho tip xa hpi, cha me tre khuyet tat tri lue, gidi tfnh tinh trang hon nhan dieu kien kinh te Md dau Sfl tham gia ctia gia dinh vao cac chfldng trinh can thiep, tri lieu cbo tre khuyet tat ndi chung va tre cd khuydt lai trf tue ndi rieng dfldc coi la mdt cac ydu td then chol doi vdi hieu qua ciJa cac chfldng trinh dd Do vay, ben canh viec nghien cflu cac van de cua tre khuyet lat tri tue hay tre cd cac roi loan phat trien lam li chinh gia dinh tre lai trd mdt ddi tfldng nghien cflu Vdi Idgic dd, d nfldc ngoiii cd nhieu nghien cflu ve cac van di tam li ciia cba me tre khuyet tat tri tue nhfl nghien cflu mflc dp ch&p nhan cua hp ddi vdi khuyet tat cua tre, nghien cflu sfl cang thang cua cac thiinh vien gia dinh, nghien cflu mac cam cua cac vien gia dinh, nghien cflu cac dmh kien xa hdi Cd the diem qua cac cdng trinh nghien cflu nhfl: So sdnh miic dc) hd irp.xd hdi vd muc dd stress cita phu huynh tre khiiyit tdt - Robert F.Schilling Lewayne D.Gilchrist vii Steven Pual Schinke (1984); Ling phd vd su hd trp xd hdi gio dinh tre khuyet tdt tri tue Lily L Dyson (1997); Nghien cdu chi'fc ndng gia dinh, sif cdng thdng cua phu huynh vd su Iw tra xd hdi [3] Trong dd nghien cflu mflc dp hd trd xa hdi ma cha me tre nhan dflpc la mdt hfldng nghien cflu cd y nghia ca ve tam li hpc giao due hpc, cung nhfl cdng tac xa hdi Nghien cflu theo hfldng cd the cho thay nhu cau cua gia dinh tre ddi vdi cac hd trd xa hdi va danh gia ciia ho v^ sfl hd trd xa hdi ma ho da cd dfldc Ngiiy nhiin bai 13/10/2013 Ngay nhan dang-30/2/2014 Lien hi Nuiiycn Dflc Sdn e-mail: nguyensonll@yah()t).com Nguyen Dtic StJn Theo dd, bai bao trinh bay ket qua nghien ciJu miJc dp hd trd xii hpi ddi vdi cha me tre khuySt tat tri tue daa tren danh gia ciia cac phu huynh tit dd cp dildc cai nhin tong quat vl vkn de niiy Noi dung nghien ciiu 2.1 v i khai niem ditoc sur dting nghien cii'u Tre khuyet tat tri tue nghien ciiu lii nhiJng tre diidi 18 tud'i, cd chi sd tri tue (IQ) dudi 70 diem dUdc danh gia bang trac nghiem tri tue hoac cd cac linh vitc phat trien tam li bi thiSu hut hoac khiem khuySt theo cac linh vuc danh gia cila thang hanh vi thich dng Nghien ciiu dUdc tiln hanh tren phu huynh ciia nhiing tre Hd trd xii hpi dUdc hieu la sU trd giup ciia nhirng ngUdi xung quanh ddi vdi cha me cua tre khuylt tat cac cdng viec nhu chiim sdc, coi, quan tam ddng vien va chia se ve vat chat ciing nhd tinh than Cac doi tUdng xii hpi diTdc nghien cdu bao gom: vd (chdng), dng (ba), anh chi em, hp hang, hiing xdm, ban be, giao vien, cha me tre khiic cOng cd khuyet tat nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac xii hoi, cac bac sT, ngddi giup viec 2.2 Khach the nghien ciJfu Nghien ciiu diidc nen hiinh tren 103 cha me tre khuylt tat tri tue vdi cac miic khiic Cac phu huynh dudc gidi thieu bdi cac trung tam giiio due dac biet Miu nghien ciiu dUdc chpn ngau nhien, cd sU khac biet ve mpt sd tieu chi nhan khau hoc: ve gidi tinh (nil: 84; Nam: 19); tinh trang hdn nhan (dii li hdn: 6, hon nhiin binh thudng: 88, tinh trang khac: 9); dieu kien kinh tl (rfit ngheo: 2, ngheo: 17, trung luu: 82, giau cd: 2) Cac gia dinh dupc nghien ciiu sdng Iren dia ban phd Ha Npi 2.3 PhiToing phap nghien ciiu Nghien ciiu sd dung phiidng phap dieu tra vdi cong cu: Bang hdi ve miJc dp hd trd xa hpi da duoc xay ditng tren cd sd bang hdi: "Danh gia ve hd trd xa hdi dli vdi cha me tre khuyet tat" (MSPSS, Zimet et all, 1988) ban ding Chung cho mpi doi tupng Bang hdi bao gdm 19 muc hoi (item), de nghi phu huynh tU dua Ciic mile danh giii sU hd tro xa hpi hp nhan dUdc tir cac doi tUdng xung quanh SU hd trd xa hpi dUpc danh giii d phudng dien: sir tham gia giup dd ciia cac doi tupng xa hpi (cd hay khdng) va miic giup vdi mire: Giiip mpt chiit, giiip viia phai va giiip rit nhieu (Ciic miic tUdng ling vdi cac diem so 1,2,3 dexil li) Kiem dinh tin cay cila thang biing phuong phap Tinh he so Cronbach Alpha dUa tren dO lieu sau dieu tra cho ket quii Alpha = 0,85, thang cd dp tin cay tot Thang triii nghiem vS sit hd trp xa hoi ciia cha me tre khuyet tat (SSS-PCD, Shin &Critenden, 2001) Biing hdi bao gom 12 item, the hien dudi dang cac phiit bil'u vl trai nghiem cua phu huynh (ciim thjy cd ngUdi chia se, cd the ndi vdi ngUdi khac vl khd khan cua minh ) Nghiem the dudc de nghi diinh gia mUc dp thudng xuyen cQa cac trai nghiem dd vdi miic (khpng nao, thinh thoiing, thudng xuyen) Kiem dinh tin cay cho ket quii: He so Cronbach Alpha = 0.77, thang cd dp tin cay tdt Hd irp xd hdi doi vdi cha me tre khuyet tdi tri tue Tien hanh: qua trinh can thiep cho tre, bang hdi dfldc giao trflc ti6p cbo phu huynh cua tre, hfldng dan tra ldi va thu lai sau ngfldi tra Idi thflc hien xong 2.4 2.4.1 Ket q u a n g h i e n ciiu ve h o trd x a hoi doi vdi cha m e tre khuyet tat tri tue Ho trd tif nhu'ng ngircfi xung quanh Sfl tham gia hd trd cua cac ddi tfldng xa hdi dfldc xac dinh bdi danh gia trflc tiep cua phu huynh the hien d Bang Bdng Ket qud ve su tham gia ho tra cua cdc ddi titdng xd hpi Sd luong tham gia Thu" bac h5trd(%) tham gia Cd Khdng Chong(vd) 89,2 10,8 Bo vd 60 40 Me vd 67,7 32.3 55,4 Bd chdng 44,6 60,1 40 Me chong 47.7 Anh chi em chdng 52,3 47,9 52,1 Anh chi em vd 64,6 35,4 Con trai 76.9 " 13 23.1 Con giii 8476 '""14 15,4 " 10' Ho himg 35,4 64,6 10 11 Ban be 11 69,2 30,8 12 Hang xdm 19 9,2 90,8 13 Cha me cua tre khuyet tat khiic 87,5 16 12,5 14 Nhiin vien cdng tac xii hdi 60,9 39,1 '" i " Giiio vien cua trifdng hpc 75 12 25 16 Chuyen vien tri lieu tU nhan f8 9,4 90.6 17" Ngifdi giup viec, trdng tre 87,5 17 12,5 18 Cac td chiic xii hdi 14,1 85,9 16 19 Can bp y tl cd sd STT Nhiing do! tuidng xa hpi Kit quii cho thdy, mflc dp tham gia hd trd cua cac ddi tfldng cd sfl khac biet Nhdm nhflng ngfldi gia dinh (vd chong, cai, bd me anh chi em vd, chong) tham gia nhiki nhat vao viec hd trd {cac thfl bac 1,2,4, 5,7) Di6u niiy la phd bien thflc te vi vdi tre khuyet tat vii gia dinh cua tre thi nhflng ngfldi thfldng xuyen hd trd viec chiim sdc vii nudi dfldng ire khdng phai khac ma la nhflng ngfldi irong gia dinh Ket qua cung kh^ng dinb lan nfla vi vai trd ciia gia dinh viec thflc hien cac chfldng trinh can thiep hay tri lieu cho tre: moi chfldng trinh tri lieu va can thiep cho tre, gia dinh phiii ddng vai trd chfl chot Tuy nhien, van cd nhflng gia dinh ma nhflng ngfldi than khdng 127 Nguyen Diic Sdn tham gia hd trd: 10% vd hoac chdng khdng hd trd (du day la ti le khdng Idn nhUng cung rSt can quan tam) Cac doi tupng xa hpi thupc cac nhdm khac cd tham gia nhung vdi miic dp it hdn ban Rat can chu y vdi doi tupng giao vien Giao vien dUdc danh giii la ngUdi tham gia vao viec hd trd hang dSu so cac ddi tUdng xa hpi ben ngoai gia dinh (thd bac - cao hon mpt so ddi tupng khiic gia dinh) Rd rang, tre khuylt tat tri tue di hoc khong the thiiu sU quan tam va hd trp rieng cua giiip vien Gia dinh cua tre hdn het hieu ro va danh gia cao vai trd Ket qua mpt mat khJng dinh vai trd ciia giao vien giao due tre khuyet tat tri tue, mat khiic ddi hoi phai nang cao nang lUc lam viec cua hp ddi vdi tre khuyet tat Kit qua dilu tra cho thay bit dau xuSt hien su hd trd cila ciic chuyen vien tri lieu, cha me cQa cac tre khac vii nhung ngudi lam cdng tac xa hdi, mac du sU tham gia ciia cac ddi tUdng cdn it di Day la tin hieu cho thay cilc phu huynh da cd sif lien he nhat dinh vdi de cung chia se, giup dd Ciich lam kha biln d cac nUdc phat trii'n, no cd the tiio cac nhdm ho trp xa hoi hflu i'ch viec cham sdc, nudi day tre va tap sit nang dd tinh than cho cac phu huynh Kit qua danh giii MUc dp ho trd dudc the Men d Bang Bdng Mdc dp hd tra cua cdc doi tupng xa hpi STT 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Cac doi tuong xii hoi Chong(vd) Bd vo Me vo Bo chong Me chong Anh chi em chdng Anh chi era vd Con trai Con gai Ho hang Ban be Hiing xom Cha me ire khuyet tat khac Nhiin vien cdng tac xa hpi Giao vien ciia trudng hpc Chuyen vien trj lieu Ngifdi giiip viec To chifc xii hoi Ciin bo y le co sd Thu- bac Do lech chuan MUc ho trd (DTB) 0,6 2,38 1,27 1,2 1,6 1,2 1,0 1,2 1,3 0,7 0,8 0,8 1,7 10 0,6 1,2 15 0,3 0,6 17 0.24 0,6 13 0,4 0,6 14 0,36 0,6 19 0,1 0,3 11 0,95 0,59 1,2 1.1 12 0,42 0,8 0,65 1,1 0,6 18 0,18 0.8 16 0,28 Ghi chu: DTB cdng lien den thii bdc cdng cao K6t qua cho thay sfl tfldng ddng gifla sfl tham gia ho trd cua cac doi tfldng xa hpi va mflc dd cfla sfl hd trd dd Cu the: Hd tra xd hdi doi vdi elm me tre khuyet tdt tri tue Cac ddi tfldng nhdm gia dinh van la nhflng ngfldi hd trd dfldc nhieu nhat, bdi vi hp la nhflng ngirdi tham gia trflc tidp vao cudc song gia dinh nen cd the ho trd nhieu cdng viec cu the (vd - chong thfl bac 1, me vd thfl bac ) Mflc dd hd trd cua cac ddi tfldng gia dinb dfldc danh gia vfldt trdi so vdi cac doi tfldng khac cd tham gia Vi du: mflc dp giflp dd cua vd chdng la 2,38 so vdi anh chi em la 0,7; 0,8 Rd rang cung tham gia hd trd gia dinh tre khuyet tat nhflng mflc dp bd trd cu the ciia tflng ddi tfldng la rat khac biet Trong nhdm cac doi tfldng ngoai gia dinh, giao vien la doi tfldng dfldc danh gia cd mflc dp hd trd cao hdn cac doi tfldng khac, vdi thfl bac Ket qua thong nh4t vdi danb gia ban dau vd sfl tham gia hd trd cua cac doi tfldng Cac ddi tfldng tham gia ho trd thfldng xuyen hdn ddng thbi cung la cac ddi tfldng dem lai sfl giup dd nhieu hdn Ket qua Kiem dinh T- test theo tieu chi gidi cho thay cd sfl kbac biet viec danh gia mflc dp hd trd cua vd va chong ve vai trd ho trd gifla hai ngfldi vdi p = 0,02 < 0,05 Nhfl vay, mac du diu coi sfl hd trd cua vd va chdng chiSm vi tri sd nhflng nhflng ngfldi chdng danh gia vai trd cua vd cao bdn Day la 6iiu di li giai vdi van hda va tap quan cham sdc cai d nfldc la, ngfldi me, ngfldi vd ludn cd vai trd Idn hdn Mflc dp ho trd cfla cac doi tfldng khac khdng cd sfl khac biet 2.4.2 C a m nhan ve m d c ho trd xa hoi Danh gia v^ mflc dp hd trd xa hpi thdng qua cam nhan va trai nghiem cua phu huynh dfldc the hien d Bang Ket qua cho thSy, nhdm gia dinh van la ddi tfldng dem lai sfl hd trd tdt nhSt vdi cac thfl bac 1,2,4,5, cac ddi Ifldng khac cd cac thfl bac thap hdn De tra Idi cau hdi: trai nghiem ve ho trd xa hdi cua phu huynh vdi cac didu kien kinh le tinh trang hdn nhan khac cd khac biet hay khdng? Chflng tdi tien hanh kiem dinh sfl khac biet bang T - test Ket qua the hien d Bang Theo tieu chi tinh trang hdn nhan: cd sfl khac biet gifla hai nhdm ddi vdi muc hdi (item) the hien d bang tren, cac item khac khdng khac biet Di6u dfldc hieu la phu huynh cd tinh trang hdn nhan binh thfldng cd dfldc sir chia se de dang vdi ddi tfldng khac (chdng, vd), nhflng phu huynh da li hdn gap khd khan hdn viec tim ki^m mpt ngfldi cd the chia se cung; gia dinh day dii thuan ldi hdn viec cham sdc va nudi dfldng tre Day la ket qua hoan toan phu bdp vdi suy luan thdng thfldng va chflc nang tam li xii hpi cua gia dinh Trong gia dinh day du vien, cac vien (vd, chong) la ngfldi cd kha nang chia se dl dang nhSt Theo tieu chi dieu kien kinh te: cd sfl khac biet gifla nhdm ngheo va trung Iflu d muc hdi the hien d bang tren, cac muc hdi khac khdng cd sfl khac biet Sfl kh;ic biet cd the li giiii theo hfldng, cac gia dinh tre khuyet tat cd dieu kien kinh te khd khan khd tim kiem sfl trd giflp tfl phia ban be va gia dinh hdn la gia dinh cd diiu kien kinh te tdt Lieu cd mdi quan he gifla dieu kien kinh te va mflc dp hd trd xa hdi? dilu kien kinh ti thap se keo theo mflc dd ho trd xfi hdi thap hdn? Day la vfln de can nghien cflu sau hdn ngoai pham vi nghien cflu nay, bdi moi quan he dd cdn lien quan den ca y nghia ve vi ihl cua nhdm xa hdi mil nia dinh tre thau thudc, ve phuc ldi xii hdi va tinh nhan van cua cdng ddng Nguyen Biic Sdn Bang Cdm nhdn vi mtic dp hd trp xc hdi Miicd6(%) ThiJ bac DTB Khi anh chi can luon cd mpt ngUdi ben 2,18 34,8 48,5 16,7 anh chi Anh chi cd the chia stj niem vui, noi 1,96 11 37,9 50,0 12,1 buon vdi mdt ngubi nao dd Anh chi co mpt ngudi dac biet la nguon 25,8 2,25 , 45,5 28,8 an iii cho anh chi Anh chi cd mpt ngudi dac biet quan tiim 12 1,95 37,9 28,8 33,3 den nhiJng tinh ciim cua anh chi Gia dinh anh (chi) thuc su co g^ng giiip 2,56 28,8 63,6 7,6 anh (chi) Anh (chi) nhan dupc su ho trd ve tinh 2,6 66,7 3,0 30,3 than tli phi'a gia dinh minh Gia dinh anh chi san sang giiip anh chi 2,4 34,8 54.5 10,6 dua cac quyet dinh Anh chi CO the noi vdi gia dinh minh ve 2,27 42,4 15,2 10.6 cac kho khiin ciia anh chi Ban be thuc long muon giiip dd anh chi 2,09 69,7 19,7 10,6 Anh, chi cd the nhd vii ban be ciia anh 2,05 10 72,7 16,7 10,6 chi gap kho khiin Anh chi CO nhUng ngudi ban ma anh chi 2,53 63,6 6.1 28,8 CO the chia se niem vui va noi buon Anh chi CO the ndi vdi ban be ve nhflng 69,7 2,06 12,1 18,2 khd khiin ciia minh Ghi chii: DTB cdng lien den ihd bdc cdng cao STT Npi dung i 10 11 12 Tieu chi kiem dinh Tinh trang hdn nhan Dieu kien kinh te / Bdng Kiem dinh si/ khdc biet theo mdt sd tieu chi Kiem dinh Ghi chu T-test (sig) Kiem dinh nhdm: Li "Anh chi cd the chia se vdi mpt P = 0,000 hdn - hdn nhan binh ngudi dac biet nao do" thudng "Gia dinh anh chi thflc sif giup P = 0,000 Nhif tren anh chi" "Anh chi cd the nhd va ban be Kiem dinh nhom: P = 0,001 gap khd khan" Ngheo - trung luu "Anh chi nhan dUOc sU hd trp va P = 0,038 Nhu tren giiip dd tfl gia dinh minh" "Gia dinh anh chi san sang giup P = 0,008 Nhu tren anh chi dUa cac quyet dinh" Ghi chii: Khdc biel vdi P < 0.05 Noi dung - item Ho trp xd hdi ddi vdi cha me tre khuyet tdt tri tue Ket luan Gia dinh tre khuyet tat tri tue cd sfl hd trd xa hdi tfl nhieu ddi tfldng khac Trong dd hd trd chu yeu la nhflng ngfldi than gia dinh Dieu dd la cdn thiet nhflng chfla du Tuy cdn it di, da cd nhflng sfl hd trd xa hdi tfl phia cac ddi tfldng xa hdi ben ngoai rat dang Iflu y De tang cfldng sfl hd trd xa hpi doi vdi gia dinh tre cham phat trien tri tue cln khuyin khich cac doi tfldng tham gia d mflc dp tich cflc hdn va hd trd nhieu hdn can nghien cflu sau hdn vl nhu ciu dfldc hd trd xa hdi cua gia dinh tre cham phat trien in' tue de tfl dd td chflc dap flng cac nhu ciu dd, mdt each gian tiep giflp cho viec cham sdc tre cham phat trien tri tue cd hieu qua hdn, ddng thdi nang cao chit Ifldng cupc sdng cho gia dinh tre TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Trin Ngpc Giao, Le Van Tac (dong chfl bien), 2010 Qudn Iigido due hda nhdp Nxb Phu nfl, HaNdi [2J Nguyen Dflc Sdn, 2013 Thuc nghiem can thiep sdm cho tre chain phdt men tri tue Tap chi Tam li hpc, so 1-2013, trang 47-62 [3] Lily L Dyson, 1997, Fathers and Mothers of School-Age Children With Developmentcd Disabilities: Parental Stress, Family Functioning, and Social Support American Journal on Mental Retardation: June 1997, Voi 102, No 3, pp ldi-219 [4| Robert F.Schilling, Lewayne D Gilchrist and Steven Pual Schinke, Jan , 1984 Coping and social support in family of developmental disable chidren Vol.33, No The family with Handicapped Member, pp 47-54 ABSTRACT Social support for parents of children with intellectual disabilities This study describes the social support that is now available to parents of intellectually disabled children It was found that parents receive support from family members, friends, neighbors and people in in social organizations and schools, with family members providing comparatively more support The support level available to those of different gender, maritual status and socioecomic condition differs significantly ... sU trd giup ciia nhirng ngUdi xung quanh ddi vdi cha me cua tre khuylt tat cac cdng viec nhu chiim sdc, coi, quan tam ddng vien va chia se ve vat chat ciing nhd tinh than Cac doi tUdng xii hpi... be, giao vien, cha me tre khiic cOng cd khuyet tat nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac xii hoi, cac bac sT, ngddi giup viec 2.2 Khach the nghien ciJfu Nghien ciiu diidc nen hiinh tren 103 cha me tre khuylt... dinh tre cham phat trien tri tue cln khuyin khich cac doi tfldng tham gia d mflc dp tich cflc hdn va hd trd nhieu hdn can nghien cflu sau hdn vl nhu ciu dfldc hd trd xa hdi cua gia dinh tre cham