• KHOA HOC IMHAN V A N • TIEP CAN TUC C H d l QUAN HO XU" KINH BAC TU" LI THUYET NHAN HOC VAN HOA DINH THI THANH HUYElvT' Tdm tdt Tuc chdl quan ho, hay vdn hda quan hg, Id mat he tho'ng cdc gid tri dd dugc phdt triin ud li ldi hda bdi tdng ldp Hnh hoa ldng xd, dugc thdc hdnh qua nhiiu the hi, CO bdn sdc rilng vd CO siic lan loa, tri Ihdnh mdt Idl sdng cua cgng ddng cdc Idng quan hp vung Kinh Bac TrSn ca sd long ludn cdc nghiin 'ih'dd cd vl ddn caquan ho Bic Ninh didm kiim nhiing hudng tify c&n quan hg Bdc Ninh tn quan diim ly thuyit nhdn hgc m n Wa, bdi viii ndy, chung tdi diaiit m^t sd'hudng Hep cdn ly thuyit dlldm n^b^ dugc quan hg vdi tu cdch Id mdt thuc tki vdn hda Tit khda: Ddn ca quan hg; di sdn vdn hda: nhdn hoc nhgn thie: dm nhgc ddn tgc hoc: vitng vdn hoa Kinh Bdc Abstract: systematized Quan ho cultural practice, or quan ho culture, by village culture, practiced by generations has crucial influences to community developed and It has its own cultural characteristics is a value system and life of quan ho villages in the northern area Having researches on iSoc Ninh quan ho folk songs from a cultural anthropological sugesled some theoretical approach to highlight quan ho as a cultural Keywords: Bac culture Ngdy duyft ddng bdl summarized the author product Quan ho folk song, cultural heritage, eognUive anthropology, Nh^n bdl ngdy: IS/9/2014: perspective, music ethnology, Kinh 17/10/2014 1, Quan ho toong khong gian van hda xu Kmh Bac Dm vdl ngufli dan cac Itog quan hp, ngucn ta thuong khdng ndi hat quan hp mft la c/w, quan ho vdi mdt ngy y rdng hon dd hat chl 1ft m?t phin Id, sdiig cua hp ^ Dieu nfty d le khdng gid'ng vdi cac lo^ hmh dftn ca khac xem bftt 1ft muc dich cua cupc dpi ddi vdi ngudi quan hp, hat chi 14 mdt phuong tidn dl „ „ „ „ , qua dd ngudi o u a n VIA »KAO „ - i - 4U« uo, n g u o i q u a n h p t h o a m a n loi s d n g , , ^ ' ^ ° '^'' " * " ^ ' ^ ° ™ " >•'» D?i hpc Vin hda H i NSi Email; huyenwhagmaU.cora thd flng xi vft cftc smh hoat vfa hda !''.J'"°'^ ° " * •""'»• WiU cha "choi" dijc bi|t phS t n i v p n tKA«« ™' - i_ « - ' t r u y e n t b d n g c u a m m h C a c tfti Udu g h i c h d p v l vflng K m h B i c x u a c h o thft'v t b i S t iu»J m u a i ' " ^ " ' " " ^ >oi ca quan hpvidu^c ait dung i*ng rii B i « " i f t i u m « t phong each « n h t o ™ k dng phaJ '''*.''?.'= ã*ô 213 gi,ng ,uan h , da thfy c6 165 Un nguoihitnUitmcickiJuchoicuanguoiquanhp E] NHlN LVC KHOA Hgc XiHOl ngfl quan hg dl chi tuc choi bftt cua ngudi dfin dia phuong xufi't hidn rft't mudn Hiu hit cftc tic phim du dia chi vl vtog Kinh Bic xua dupc vilt tfl hli diu thffk^ 19 den nftm 1920 nhu Bdc Ninh phong thi ky (dto thi ky 19), Bdc Ninh dia du chi (Dd Trpng Vy (1886), Bdo Ninh 'todn tlnh dm du chi (1913); Bdc Ninh tlnh dia dU DINH THI THANH HUYEN (1814), Bdc Ninh tlnh khao di (1920)" deu cd ndi deii hat dum, ca t m hay phudng hat nhung khdng thffy ndi d i n tuc hat quan hp Cd the day 1ft ly ma mdt so nha nghien ciiu da ndu gia thuyet cho rang hat Quan hp thoat thai tfl the hftt dum ma (Nguyin Tien Chieu 1959) Nhdm nghien cflu Nguyin Vfa Phu, Luu Hflu Phudc, Nguyin Viem, Tu Ngpc (1962) cung nhfft tri vdi gia thuyet nfty d o rfag trudc dfiy ngudi I t o g Biu v t o d bat Dflm, nhung tfl hai ngudi quan thi ve trieu huu tri da giao udc ke't ban vdi thi ngudi ta mang nhiing can hftt Dum vao hat cac dip vui Ifag nhu cudi xin, khao lao Vfto dip hdi Itog Dilm t h i n g Tftm, hpi Ifag Biu t h t o g Gidng thi ngudi ta lai tu hpp ngdi quanh mpt ngpn ddn ldn d l ca hat va tfl dd, ngudi ta gpi 1ft Quan hp (hai hp nhft quan hfit vdi nhau) thay cho hftt Dum quan hp dupc d t o g nhu mdt djii tfl de chi nhiing ngudi gidi chfli quan hp vdi Theo dng, chfl "quan vidn hai hp" thudng dung de gidi thieu dam cudi d le d hen quan de'n each gpi nfty n g cung ly giai d c sach d viet v l Bic Ninh thudng d t o g mdt thuat ngfl chung la "hat dum" d l gpp tft't d cftc loai d t o ca giao duyen nam nfl, dd cd bat Quan hp Trong nghien cflu nfty, chflng tdi s i dung thuat ngfl chai quan hg bay ddn ca quan Ap 1ft d l chi loai hinh hftt giao duyen cd 11 ldi rieng khdng giong nhU bat dum hay cac loai hinh d t o ca khfte nhu hftt ghco, hftt vi, hat trdiig q u t o vdii ding thdi ton tai biln d vflng Kinh BSc xUa Ngoai ra, cung cd mdt so' thuftt ngfl chuyen biet khac phd' bien tuc chfli quan hp c t o phai dupc bilu thd'ng nhft't Dd la bgn quan Ap vft nAd chia Bgn quan hg: Quan hp 1ft mdt ldi choi Theo tfte gii Nguyin H t o g Vf^, tren cfl dupc to' d f l c khft chfit chd, khdng chi sd phftn tich hdi flc cua ngudi d t o cac Itog l l ldi hat, mft c i hinh thflc t l chflc chdi quan hp, da dua f kid'n cho r i n g "hftt "Bpn quan hp" 1ft mdt each gpi ldi Quan hp 14 tilng hat c i a hp, hat d c i a Choi quan hp co, de chi mdt nhdm gdm quan, phuc vu cho giao tie'p vft thudng nhflng ngudi d o i h i t dupe td' chflc theo thflc c i a quan vito (tflc nhflng ngudi Iftm gidi tinh, vi t b l mft d dpn guan Ap nam vft vi$c qufa, vide cdng) Ong d n di xa hdn 6on quan hg nfl Mdi bpn thudng c6 4, cho r i n g ngudi ta khdng tin day 1ft thftnh vien gpi 14 Uln anh (bpn nam) hay nghj thujt ca hat d c i a quan lftp Uln chi (bpn nfl), vft sd cac Uln anh trudng thftnh p h t o thdi ki trudc day v t o nftng n l khiln ngudi ta e ngai ndi vl quan, vft dd Iftm khuynh hudng „ - ^ ^ " ' „ ' ' * " °*>' ™ ' ""'"e =l>a Han, d i dupc Han N6m tip hpp, dich tiSng Yijt v i duoc nghien cflu hi thien lech Theo Le Danh Wen thb Khoahpciahpiluft ban nim 2009 duffi nhan dl Khiem™ thi b t o thftn t h u j t ngfl "Quan ^ ^TLf ?°* ^ " " * ôã" '" '^" "dn Ndm GS Dmh Khic thuin chu bi§n hp" 1ft hai loai tfl d y nghia khic " Nguym Htog Vj (2010): H i t Quan ho GUi thich Trudc hit, tfl quan hp thudng duoc d t o g nguSu gdb ta lij He ban quin Ub.uaah.vnu.edu ml doc vdi f nghla 14 danh tfl de chi ten mdt kiiu TOurA,itatrou„/ J6598mHat«20,uanM20hoc L c f t n i Khiin: Nhiing d»c trung ngon ngQ Ift c hat, nhu hat vi, hftt trd'ng quto Thfl hai, quan hp In imng Mol ,S edit di vi von hoa quan ho tome tun Van hia Unh Bic Nmh Wc Ninh, tr 79-101 stll-itlt NHiN LVC KHOA Hgc XAHOl Q TIEP CAN TUC CHOI QUAN HO XIT KINH BAC Uln chi nay, tfly theo su tdn trpng cua cic thftnh vien bpn mft ngUdi ta goi hing thfl bac nhu anh Hai, chi Hai d o din anh Nftm, chi Nam Nhiing ngudi khac tre bfln tham gia vfto bgn de hpc dfli quan hp chi dupe gpi Ift cac em be, v.v Cac dpn quan hp d t h i k i t ban vdi Iftu hen tfl ddi nfty qua dfli khfte nhitng c t o g cd n h t o g dpn quan hp cbi k i t ban mdt khotog thdi gian dam bay nam roi lai tim bgn khac te kit ban hat vdi Mdi Ifag d the cd mdt boac nhilu dpn quan hp vft mdi bgn quan hp (nam hojc nfl) c i a Itog nfty se k i t ban vdi bgn quan hp khac gidi Iftng khac d l t4io thftnh mdt cftp choi quan hp Theo truyin thd'ng, mdt bgn quan hp chi k i t b^n vdi vdi dpn quan hp khac gidi d Itog khac chfl khdng k i t ban vdl bgn quan hp cung Itag MSi dpn quan hp dupc IJp vft td' chflc bdi mdt dng Trflm hay bft Trilm, ddi c t o g dupc gpi 1ft anh Ca hay chi Ca Cach k i t ban nfty t?o mdt mang ludi chfli quan hp gifla cic 14ng vilng Nhd chila: Mdt dftc dilm khac rfft qufa trpng ttong ldi d o i quan hp ol 1ft tinh tjp thi d a bgn quan Ap Mpi sinh ho?t nhu ngi bgn ti luyjn gipng, luyjn hfti, hoi hpp d c thftnh vidn, tilp dai dpn quan hg kit nghla, vft t l chflc d c buoi hat canh diu diin d "nhft chfla" Moi bgn quan hg dd deu cd nAd chia ridng, thdng thudng 1ft nhft cua mpt nguai nhdm idng rfti thdng thotog tipn lfli dl Iftm nhi chia Cung cd kbi d c thftnh vien dpn thay phidn Iffy nha c i a mhih dl Iftm nhd chiu Tfl sau cftch m ^ g t h t o g Tftm nftm 1945, tuc choi qufa hp da dfa d i n phai nh»t vft di vfto quen Ifag cho din Q NHiN LVC KHOA HOC XAHOl ngudi ta phat hidn r a gia tri fim nhac vft nghe thuftt vd ciing rieng bidt va ddc dao c i a nd tfl k h o t o g n h t o g nam 60 c i a t h i ky trudc C t o g vdi thdi gian, hat quan hp da trd lai viing Kinh Bic vdi mflc dd lan tda vft anh hudng sau rpng hfln trUdc nhd he thd'ng thdng tin dai chiing vft su cii bidn am nhac Tfl nhflng l t o dipu vd'n chi dupc hat bd (mdt gipng chinh mdt giong ludn), hat ddi vft h a t ddi nam nfl kieu hat hidn dai cd nhac ddm va ci ldi mdi Quan hp da dfldc s t o khft'u hda, chuyen nghiep hda vft thuong mai hda Bdn canh cac lao nghd n h f a vdi quan ho truyin thd'ng, the hd tre da phftt triln quan hp sang mdt giai doan mdi; vi thi, d cftc Ifag quan hp, ngudi ta thudng ndi din hai ldi chfli quan hp, dd 14 quan hg cuu vft quan hg tin n h i m nhft'n manh sy khac biet gifla ldi dfli quan hp truyin thd'ng vdi hat quan hp mdi hijn Cac nghien cflu ve d t o ca quan hp cd xu hudng t j p trung vfto nhflng 11 ldi c i a quan hp cuu nhflng bieri dli c i a hinh thflc diln xudng, 11 ldi hat quan hp, hmh thflc t l chflc ldi chfli, ky t h u j t vft dipu thflc hftt cung nhu nhflng hftnh vi tog x i vft v t o hda dam bao hoat ddng qufa hp nhu ftm thuc vft trang phuc deu dang t r i i qua nhflng thay dd'i sftu sftc Tuc chfli Quan ho truyin thong, dfl v i n dang dupc thuc hftnh d mdt vfti nhdm quan hp, nhung khdng cdn dupc tri nhu mdt thilc t h i toto ven nfla, dilu nfty dftt r a mpt nhu ciu tft't yeu phai tim h i i u xem ldi chfli quan hp da thay dd'i nhu the nfto vft nhflng ylu to nfto da t i e ddng den quft trinh bien doi ffy? Tie'p Cfn t u c c h a i q u a n h o til ly thuyet n h a n hoc van hoa Sil1-»« DINH THJ THANH HUYEN Am nhac d t o tpc hpc (ethnomusiology) nay, d u n g tdi dUa vfto ba he thdiig ly l u j n hay nhu t t o gpi gfa day, n h t o hpc v l am d u y«i, bao gom ly thuyet v l (1) truyen nhfc (musical anthropology) 14 mdt llnh thong v4 bien doi d a di s f a vfa hda; (2) VUc ngbien ciiu dUflc quan tftm tfl lau khai niem v l khu vflc l i d s i - d t o tdc hpc ngftnh nJito hpc ndi d u n g va da dat v4 vung vfa hda dia phUflng; v4 (3) vjn dupe nhflng thftnh tUu d t o g ke ve mat ly dung quan diem cila n h t o hpc n h t o thflc lujn Cihodariul® cho r i n g n h f a hpc ve vfto Hm hieu vft bao ton di s t o v t a hda phi fim nhac se d y nghia thiet thuc nd vftt the Dudi day d i i n g tdi se Ifa luflt tdm trd thftnh mdt vien canh d a nghien ciiu t a t d c y tudng vft viec v t o dung n h t o g ly xa hpi bdi vl am nhac 14 mdt hinh thflc thuylt nfty vfto nghien cflu tuc choi hay giao tiq) d a ngudi ni4 nha nghien vfa hda quan hp nhu the nfto cflu d t b l qua dd hieu dupe t o t o hd t b l 2.1 Ly thuyit vi truyin thong va bUn gidi vft dcti song vfa hda ma minh d m g doi cia vdn /ida ddn gian tim hieu Dftc biet nhft nghidn ciiu nfty Trong nghien cflu cila minh v l d t o ca ctog d o r i n g fim nhac d t o gian d mm quan hp vdi tu d d 1ft mdt di s i n vfa hda hen hJ chftt che vdi tdn giao vft c h i de n4y phi vftt t h i , d t o g tdi se vjn dung quan cung ciiilm mdt vi tri trung tam cac dilm ve truyin thong vft bie'n doi cua nghien cflu n h t o hpc am nhac mjc dfl ddi Roger JanelU (2010) vfto viec thu thjp, phfa nghi le c i a am nhac lai thudng p h t o t i d vft x i ly thdng tin d l nhjn dien hi ldp ve so vdi p h t o my d a nd ldi choi quan hp xua vft d Bic Ninh Xufft phat tfl quan diem cho ring, JfaelU 1ft giao su v l vfa hda d t o gian vft Quan hp 14 mdt loai hinh sinh hoat vfa fim nhac d t o tdc thudc Dfi hoc Indiana, hda d bfa sic ridng, dupc 11 ldi hda, d Bloomington vft 1ft d ' v f a d a UNESCO ve mfi Uen hJ chftt che vdi nghi l l tdn gifto bio tdn di s t o vftn hda phi vjt tbl Trong d a cdng ddng, vft dd hat quan hp 1ft mdt bfti vilt ngfa c i a minh nftm 2010, mdt thftnh t l d t loi tao nen thuc the vdn dng dft tdm luoc quan dilm c i a cac nhft hoa quan bo c i a cac Itog quan hp vflng nghien c t o v l tinh hdn tuc (continuity) Kinh Bic XUa Tuy nhidn, d i thuc t b l vfa c i a vfa hda dd d o r i n g thay dii li hda ffy, cung gidilg nhU hfft cfl loai binb mdt thugc ttnh cd bdn cia vin hda din sinh hoat v t a hda nfto khac, khdng h i gian truyin thong Theo dng, dilu don d t o g yen mft ludn h trang thai vftn ddng, gito nfty p h i i cho den t j n n h t o g nftm 60 vft dfag doi thay d l t h i d flng vfto bcTi d a the ky trudc mdi dupe gidi nghidn d u cinh chinh trj - xa hdi mdi hofic sd dfa thfla nhjn, vft nd chi trd thftnh h i l n nhien dfa mai mpt vft biln mfft De hieu dupc h i u het d c nghien cflu mdi v l loai qua trinh biln dli vft cac tac n h t o cila nd, h m h v t o hda d t o gian diu chi r f a g c t o g nhu 14m the nfto d l tun kilm nhflng giai pbap k h i thi b i o tdn di s f a vfa bda » CShoduiu, Marian, (2011) A rough guide to muaienl ddc dao nfty, cfa cd su dfa dftt c i a mdt he anthropology Jounud of Compamllve Research In thd'ng \f l u t o xftc dtog Trong nghidn d u ^ J J * | ^ g ^ a « i Sodology Volume 2, Nol, Spring sill-zgii NHAN IOC (HOA HOC XAHtl Q Tl£p CAN TIJC CHOI QUAN HO X& KINH BAC ngudi dfa dia phutmg v t o thudng Uen tuc cii biln d c ldi ca, d d hat, k i d bfa, c a d dien xuft't, v.v dupc gpi 1ft co truyin c i a hp Muc d i d cila sU cai bien nhU vay 14 de the hien y nguyen, chufa mUc vft hinh thflc didn dat mang tinh tap the d a Itog xft vft cdng dong nhd d a chu t h i vfa hda Ong cho r i n g cbi cd nhflng hinh thflc thdng tin da dupc vfa b t o hda tren giffy trfag mile den mft nhft nghidn c t o thu thap dupc thi mdi khdng thay doi, cdn vdi cac binh thflc truyin k h i u thi sU thay dd'i Ift tat yeu Thjm chi, theo dng, trUdng phfii ly thuye't h j u Men dai cdn di xa hfln kbi cho r i n g truyen thd'ng thUc chl 14 mdt khfti niem ton tai tri nao d f l khdng phai Ift mpt thuc t h i Ly thuye't v l tinh Uen tuc cua v t o hda tjp trung vfto khai niem "truyin thdiig" vft cfti gpi Ift "hlnh thfti gdc" ciia cac tjp tuc vft sinh boat vfa hda dan gian n g d t o nghiin c t o c i a Bestor (1990) ve khai nipm "truyin thd'ng" v4 cho r t o g cac tjp tuc vft sinh boat vfa hda c l truyin thuc vfa dang thay dd'i cdng ding sd hflu v t a hda dd, va hp ndi dd Ift truyin thd'ng thi cfag khdng d nghla Ift nd vftn dang cdn d trang thfti gd'c mft thdng thudng thi dft cd su thay doi tfl trudc dd rft't Ifiu rdi JaneUi da tim hiiu each tiep cjn nghien c t o vft bio t i n di s i n v t a hda phi vjt the cua H t a Qudc, mdt quoc gia cd chlnh sftch bao ton vftn hda dupc cho 14 tdt nhft't d dfiu A, vft nhftn thffy tinh trang ludng nan c i a cftch tiffp cjn "hmh thai gdc" cia di sin Ong cho bilt Hftn Qud'c dft bftt diu cbinh sftch bao ve di san vfa hda phi vjt t h i tfl hon 50 nftm trudc, vft da d [g NHiN LUC KHOA Hgc xi ngi h t o mdt i y ban c i a Chinh p h i v l bao t i n v f a hda, cic nhft nghidn c t o vftn hda d t o gian vft cac chuydn gia v t o hda Hi lfc khac tham gia Quan dilm cua cic nha nghito c t o va c i a i y ban 1ft p h i i bao t i n n h t o g hinh thfti v f a hda gdc cua ngudi H t o Qud'c trUdc bj thUe dfin N h j t cad tri Theo hp, thuc d t o Nhjt da xda bo, bidn dd'i vft n g t o c t o nhilu hinh thflc v t o hda b f a dia di bieii nd gfa giii vdi vftn hda Nhjt, dd, n h t o g hinh thfti v t o hda trudc hi thuc d t o Nhjt cai trj dupc xem la "hlnh thai glc", vft dd mdi la bilu tupng cua ban sftc d t o tdc Hfa Tfl quan dilm nfty, ngudi ta da nghien cflu n h t o g di s f a vfa hda t i n tai trudc bi i n h hudng bdi thUc d t o vft sau dd phuc dung Iai theo h l i flc d a chu t h i v t o hda d l dua vfto he thd'ng cdng n h j n di s t o vft bao t i n N h t o g nghd nhfin cd bilu bilt vft ky n t o g thudng dUflc cdng n h j n 1ft "bftu vjt sd'ng c i a qudc gia" vft duoc Nhft nudc tra phu cfi'p, cd vj the xa hdi vft hp c6 trach nhidm dfto tfo t h i h p tre k i t u c Tuy nhidn, cfti gpi 1ft hinh thai gd'c cin dupc bao tdn nfty cd t h i se khdng d t o g vflng cac nha nghien c t o v t o hda dftn gian diu cdng n h j n r i n g di s t o v t o hda phi vftt t h i khdng bao gid d trfng thai tinh mft ludn vjn ddng v4 khdng n g t o g thay dd'i Nhu vjy, khai nidm "truyin thdng" dang' gjp phai mdt t h i c h thflc khdng h i nhd, vft dd cai gpi Ift di s i n v t o hda ctog cin p h i i dflfle xem Ifi Bao t i n t r u y i n thong cd f nghia quan trpng hdi vi cd nhilu t j p tuc vft sinh hoft v t a hda dfag hi mai mpt, t h j m chi mft't hftn khdng thich tog dupc vfto xa hji mdi, vft the he tre mai sau cd t h i khdng cd sin-ant DINH THI THANH HUYEN CO hdi tim lfi dupc b t o s i c vft ngudn cpi v t o hda d t o tdc Hinh thai gdc c t o g d t h i 1ft nguon s t o g tao nhiing net mdi v t o hda Neil tiep tuc d n g nhftn cai mdi thi viec bao tdn cai d khdng cdn cd y nghia gi nfla Tuy nhien, v f a de dat r a Ift bio ton t r u y i n thong theo phfldng phap tU nhien, d l cho nd tU phat trien nhu nd vffn thi, hay bao tdn theo each khdng tU nhien, tflc gifl lai cai "hinh thai gdc" vft khdng cdn phat t r i l n hay thay doi dupc nfla Cftc nhft nghien c t o c t o g lo ngfi r i n g chinh cftch bio tdn "cac hinh thai goc" nhu vjy dfag 14m cho di s i n trd thftnh mdt cai gi dd thieu sflc sd'ng, mft't di tinh Unh hopt vft n f a g Iflc sfag tao Chftng hfn, co gfag bio t i n cac bfti ca gieo lua cua Dao Jmdo b i n g each cdng nhjn di s t o thi da Iftm mfft di sflc sdiig vft sang tfo c i a t b l lofi nfty, bdi vi ban d a t cua Idi ca vft nhip dieu cac bfti hat phai dupc stog tfo hat ddi dip, nhung neu bao t i n theo kiiu hinh thfti glc thi nd da mft't tinh s t o g tfo von 1ft sflc sd'ng cila dfa ca ltf lujn v l tinh hdn tuc cua vfa hda dfin gian mft JanelU ndi tdi d tren d mdt f nghia quan trpng djc bidt nghidn cflu cic di sfa vftn hda phi vftt t h i vft tim kilm giii phftp bio t i n Thay doi 1ft mdt hfag s i d a vftn hda Cfic xa hdi dang phat trien d f i u A, dd cd Vipt Nam, dang diln rft't nhilu thay dd'i Cudc tranh lujn \f thuylt v l truyen thd'ng vft bien dd'i d a v t a hda d t o gian vft cic giii phftp bao t i n di sfa vfa hda ndi trdn tf o tiln de d o vide soi rpi vfto thUc t l smh hoft vfa hda qufa hp Bic Nmh Trdn thuc t l , chtog ta thffy, quan hp gd'c cho din da khdng sill-ant d n 1ft mdt thuc t h i tofa ven nhu "hinh thai g6c" niia, vft mpt kieu choi quan hp mdi dang hinh thftnh Quan diem c i a cac t i n g ldp xa hdi rfft khac v l vide bio ton hinh thai gcfc cua quan hp hay chtfp nhftn mpt mflc dp cai hidn nhfft dinh d l n f a g cao vft pbat t r i l n quan bp Dilu nfty tfly thudc rfft nhieu vfto thai dd chinh tri d a Nhft nude, vft quan dilm ddi vdi vai trd d a v t a hda phi v j t t h i viec b i o ton bfa sftc vfa hda ddc dio d a mdt cdng dong hay mdt v t o g vfa hda Trong qua trinh t t o h i i u lfi dfli quan hp xua vft nay, cupc tranh luan ly thuyet nfty se dupc vftn dung d l xem xdt vft phan tich Trdn thuc t l , vide nghien c t o n h t o g hinh thai vfa hda gdc d a lfi chfli quan hp c t o g cd mdt y nghla quan bdi vi nd se cung cffp mdt nguin tU lidu vft 14 phUOng tidn de phuc hdi n h t o g ndt v t o hda co truyin cua ngudi dfa v t o g Kinh Bic vft Bic Bd trudc ida 2.2 Tiip can dia - vdn Ado vd khdng gian vdn hda Lich s i d t o tdc hpc/nhfa hpc vfa hda da t t o g sfa sinh nhilu trudng phai Iy thuylt de giup cac nhft nghien cflu soi rpi vftp d c hidn tupng vftn hda d l hiiu dupc b t o chfft d a nd Du cd k h i c Iy lujn vft quan diem giai thich vftn hda, cac nhft nghidn c t o dudng nhu d i u n h j n thffy cd n h t o g khac biet vftn hda mang tinh v t o g mien vft khu vuc, c t o g nhu n h t o g net tuong dong vfin hda khd nhjn bilt dupc dd Ift hpc hdi, giao tiep, vay mufln hay y l u to v t o g miln Trong so d c phuong phap t i l p cjn vfa hda dfin gian, cac nhft n h f a hpc thudng co gftng dfit hidn tupng minh quan sat dupc vfto mpt NHiN LUC KHOA Hgc XAHOl Q TIEP CAN TUC CHOI QUAN HO XtJT KINH BAC khong gian rong 16n hc^ de tim xem moi lien he cua no vdi tong the van hoa cua mot dia phUdng hay mot khu vile nhat dinh Joel Bonnemaison ia m6t nha dia ly hoc nhan vkn ngiicfi Phap ^ a i hoc Paris IV), nhitng ong lai dac biet quan tam d^n each tiep ckn khong gian vkn h6a Ong cho rSng s6' cac khai niem quan cua nhan hoc thi "khdng gian" co m6t vi tri noi bat vi giQa khong gian vk van h6a CO m6t moi H§n h% chat che b6i vi khdng gian \k mot b i & so chinh anh hU&ig den nh^n thiic vk hknh vi cua ngiicii Tiif nhAn dinh hhxi vky, Bonnemaison cho rfing it nha't c6 ba chieu kich cua khong gian canh quan dia - vftn hoa cdn dildc ph§n tich, lk: YSu to liSn quan dg'n lanh tho nhtf cSc dudng bi&n gidi, cac t^ chiJc xa hoi chfnh trj vll nhQng khu vUc t n m g tkm vk ngoiii vi - Y^u t6' liSn quan deh moi trtfdng sinh thai, bao g6m da't dai, thtfc vftt, ntfdc, hftu, mftt dan ctf, h$ thong lien lac - NhQng bilu ttfdng v§t chat dai di§n cho m$t khdng gian dia ly vft nhQng gia tri mft ngtfdi tao canh quan ^y Trong 1^ luftn vi h$ thong vftn h6a cua cua Joel Bonnemaison ndi trgn, khong gian dia IJ cQng dtfdc xem 1ft mot ye'u to cliu thftnh he thong Ro rftng khong gian (iia ly, co the bi ngtfdi Iftm big'n ddi, di lai dft'u ft'n cua minh khdng gian ly, nhtfng ve cd ban, khdng gian dia \f 1ft mpt khai ni$m thuoc ve gidi ttf nhiSn Khdng gian dia IJ chi 1ft cai n^n mft tr§n dd cftc hg thcTng vfin hoa ton tai vft v|tn dOng Trong say stfa vdi khai niem khdng gian, Bonnemaison da Id di vai trd EJ NHAN L ^ KHOA Hgc XA HQI cua cac chu thg vfin hda va khdng dSit nd vfto bdl canh dia ly cu the di xem xet Tren thtfc te', hg thdng vfin hoa cua mdt cdng dong chii yg'u dtfdc hinh thftnh vft phat t r i l n tron^ mdt b ^ canh dia IJ nha't dinh Trong qua trinh ttfdng tac vdi ttf nhign cua khdng gian dia ly minh sinh sd'ng, ngtfdi tao r a vftn hoa, vft den Itfdt no, vfin hod thich Qng vfto khdng gian ttf nhign dg lam ngn ban sfic vfin hda cua tOng vung mien Phtfdng phap tigp can dia - vfin hda vft dia - lich sQ da dtfdc n h i l u nhft nghien cQu Vidt Nam van dung tQ kha sdm GS Trln Qud'c Vtfdng, mot t|ip hdp cac bfti vigt v$ Viit Nam, cdi nhin dia vdn hoa da gdi J ring: "Mot vQng vfin hoa 1ft mot tdng the - h$ thd'ng mdt khdng gian vdn hod (cultural space) vdi mot cft'u trQc hg thdng (structure - system) bao g6m cac h$ dtfdi - hay tilu h§ (Sub-system) theo ldi tigp c^n hd thdng (system-analysis)."'^' Day 1ft mdt gdi J cd y nghla quan cho vigc v^n dyng vfto tig'p cftn khdng gian vfin hda quan ho n g cho r^ng cac nen vfin hda dtfdc xfty dtfng vft dinh vi mot khdng gian nhStt dinh, gidng nhtf mdt td'ng t h i cliu tnic-hg thd'ng, vft ng'u tig'p cfin tQ h$ thd'ng thi cd t h i thfly r ^ g mdt khdng gian vfin hda vdi ttf cftch 1ft mdt t^ng t h i c^u tnic, cd the tim cac hd thd'ng nhd hdn mft dng goi 1ft nhQng tiiu hS thd'ng Trong mdt nS ltfc tie'p cftn vfin hda Vi§t Nam tQ quan dilm ly thuyg't dia-vfin hda, GS Ngd DQc Thinh da dtfa khai ni$m ™ Tr^n Quae VU(?ng (1998): Vi4t Nam cai nhin dui oin hod Ha N$i, Nxb Vfin hoi Dfin t ^ & Tap chf Vfin hoi nghl thu^t, tr.l5 stf 11-2014 DINH THI THANH HUYEN viing vfa hoa d l "budc dau phac thao mpt phuong an plian vilng v f a hoa Viet Nam", Iftm CO sd cho nhflng nghien cflu sftu hdn sau nftyra Ong cho r f a g de nhfln thflc dupc cac dac trUng vfa hoa v f a g vfa hoa truygn thcmg, phai dac biet quan tam den IM song vi nep song caa nguoi nhu iftm lung, fa, mac, d, giao tiep cpng dong, vui choi giai tri, phong tuc, le nghi, tin nguSng, hpi hi; tin eac hogt ddng van hda nghi thudt ddn gian nhu v t o hpc dfa gian, am nhac d f a gian, dfa ca, mua d f a gian, cac hinh thflc dien xuang, san khau d f a gian, cac khia canh tam 1^ vft phong each song ciia ngudL Tfl d6, ong cho r t o g dftc trUng vfa hoa | | P n g , hay ti6u chi de nh|m dien viing vfa hoa "chinh Id vdn hda din gian hogc ca bdn Id van hda ddn gian" vft n6i d & vtog vfa h6a tflc 14 noi den viing v t o h6a dfagian*^ vfa hda npi sinh Trong nghien cflu d i a minh c h t o g tdi dac bipt luu y nhflng gai ^ co tinh ly thuyet ve khdng gian v t o hda vft tiep c t o dia - vfa hoa ndi tdi d tren H l u hSt cac tfti heu vilt v l v f a hda Viet Nam cho den deu thdiig nhtft xac dinh dia h t o Kinh Bac xUa la mpt tieu vung v t o hda mft Nga Dflc Thinh tam gpi la Tilu v t o g Kmh Bftc - Hft Bftc™ 2.3 N/idn hgc nhdn t/iiic arU/iropology) (Cognitive Cho d & nay, cac nhft n h t o hpc vfa hoa vftn dang titfp noi mpt truyen thdiig kinh diln phuong phap tilp cftn v t a haa cua cac nhft n h f a hpc thtf ky XX, da xem xdt vft giai thich cac hiftn tupng v f a hda tii quan diem chu q u t o cua nhft nghien ciiu Lm titfp cftn nfty ngfty ngua ta gpi 1ft "etic (scientist-oriented) approach" Vfto nftm 1954, nhft n h f a hpc v t o hda MJ Kenneth Pike dua tren cd eS ly l u ^ titfp c^n he thtfng ftm cua mpt ngdn nga, gpi 1ft "phonemic" (am vi hpc) vft "phonetic" (ngfl am hpc), da di dtfn gia thuytft cho rftng he thtfng v t o haa ndi chung c t o g cd t h i titfp c&n nhu ngon ngfl hpc titfp c t a h^ theng am cua mpt ngdn nga v»y Dilu dd cd nghia 1ft vfa hda cd t h i vft c i n phai khao sat tfl qufa dilm cua n g u a cupc hoSu: cua n g u a ngofti cudc LJ thuyet tiep c t o khach the vft chii t h i vfa hda tfl dd dft d i n dupc phftt trien vft ngfty cfag thu hiit dupc sU quan tftm cua cftc nhft nghien cflu Cach titfp cfa p h i bitfn n h t o hpc nhSUi thflc nfty dft T6m lai, ve m|it ly luftn, cac nhft nghiSn cflu vft ngofti nude d i u thong nhtft cho rftng kh6ng gian vfa hoa bao gSm: khong gian dia ly - b l nhien mft trftn ngucd - chii t h i v t o h6a sinh sfiig; n g u a tuong tac vdi tu nhien vft sfag tao vfa hoa Khdng gian vfa hoa do 1ft nhfa to gop p h i n Iftm hinh thftnh die trung v t a h6a cua he thSiig Sxf bien doi cila khang gian vfa hoa se k&i theo sU bien dli tuong flng cua chn t h i vfa hoft, hoat dpng vfa hoa vft dftc trung vfa hoa cua tofa he thong Tuy nhien, kh8ng gian v t o haa khang phai la nhiing oc dao v t o haa, tren khang gian fty thUcing xuyen dien cic qufa hp giao luu vft tiep h i m vfa haa gifla cu dfa ban dja vdi b«n ngoai, ""^l-d'n'-ngvi phdn Vdng d i n dSh ket qua 14 sU tiep thu nhiing yeu ZSffJ^^'^' to vfa hfia ngoai smh ca t h i Iftm thay d& " Ng6 Ddc Thinh (1993) aid, tr 11 " NBO Dflt Thinh 0993), Sdd, tr.l76 NIUN l f l ; KHOA HOC XAHOl Q H E P C A N T U C CHOI QUAN HQ Xtjf KINH BAC dupc nhft n h t o hpc My Jennifer Cash (1995) xem nhu mdt cftch titfp can hay mdt phupng phftp l u t o m a ttong n h f a hpc Tiip can chi thi (emic approach): Ly thuyet nhfa hpc n h f a thflc cho r t o g titfp can chu t h i 1ft nhftm t t o hieu xem chu nhfa ciia vfa hda mft ta nghien cflu cd cftch suy nghi, n h t o thflc, khu biet the g i a vft cac nguyen t i c tog xfl ciia hp, va chi cd hp m a 1ft n g u a hieu no cd y nghla thtf nfto, tudng tupng vft dien giai cac sU vftt the gia ciia hp Tfl quan diem nhu vfty, each titfp can chii the tftp trung xftc dinh nhflng n6t vftn hoft dftc thii ben cd y nghia dc5 vdi cftc thftnh vien ciia mdt xa hdi cu the, vft cftc thftnh vidn cua n i n vfa hoft ban dia chinh 1ft n h t o g n g u a cd thft'm quyin cao nhtft d l phfa xdt v l gift trj vft dd tin cfty cua n h t o g ktft qua ngliidn c t o theo cftch titfp c t o "tfl chii thi" Dd 1ft cftch nghidn c t o theo quan dilm ciia n g u a cudc Tiip cdn khdch thi (etic approach): Ngupc v a cftch titfp c&n chii t h i , xem xdt vftn hda tfl quan diem ciia n g u a c u ^ , each titfp cftn khftch the tftp trung vfto quan sftt, phftn loai, cftt nghia vft dftn giai cftc su v4t vft hien tupng tfl q u M dilm cua nhft nghidn c t o Cach titfp c ^ nfty cho rSng c&c thftnh vidn ciia mpt n i n v t a hda thuaig dinh h'u sftu vfto cftc su vide ndn khd cd the ly giai vftn hda cua hp mdt cftch khftch quto Do dd, each titfp cfa khftch t h i 1ft cin thitft Cach titfp c t o nfty cftn cfl vfto n h t o g khfti nidm vft pham tru xfty dvng tfl ben ngofti (cd y nghla ddi vffi c&c nhft khoa hpc) d l xac dinh cac gia tri v t a hoft Chi cd cac nha nghien c t o vftn hoa 1ft n h t o g n g u a ca t h i m quyin danh gift nhflng gift tri vft c t a cfl cua mot I NHlN ltfc KHOA HOC XiH$l nghien c t o v f a hoa hpc tfl bdn ngofti (Tthfteh the") Dfty 1ft each tiep cftn vtfii dl tfl quan diem cua n g u a ngofti cudc Vftn dung If thuytft n h f a hpc nhfin thiifc ndi tren vfto nghien c t o tuc c h a quan hp Ble Ninh, c h t o g tdi muon kit hpp ca hai phUOng phftp l u f a nh^m tim hieu v f a hoa quan hp tfl chinh chii thi vfin hda vft cftch hp nhin n h t o cac gia tri vft f nghia cua ldi c h a quan hp d a stfng cua ca nhftn vft cdng ding Tuy nhien, nhu ly thuytft n h t o hpc nhftn thflc ndi trdn da chi ra, n g u a vffi tu cftch Ift chu t h i cd t h i chi nhin nhftn vtfn d l cua chinh hp, vft dd thucIng khd d^it dUpc cai nhin khftch quan Hon the nfla, htog loat cftc nguydn t i c , tftp tuc, 11 luftt, vft thuc hftnh cua nguffi chffi quan hp tr3 nen qua d6i binh thudng vffi hp vft dd, c6 t h i khdng cd n h i l u f nghla vdi nguM CU0C nhUng nd'u nhin tfl mftt nguffi ngofti cudc, cd t h i giflp khftm phft n h t o g khia c^mh mffi de hieu vft'n d l toftn dipn hdn Ket l u a n D t o ca quan ho Bic Ninh dupc dinh vj 1ft mdt loai hlnh di san v t o hda phi vilt t h i cua n h t o loai da dupc UNESCO xep hang Dilu da mdt m§t k h i n g dinh gift tri cua quan hp da vupt qua khdng gian vft t h a gifa de dupc thfla nhftn S t i m qudc tl, m^t khfte nd cflng cho thtfy ddng gdp ldn lao cua cac nhft nghidn c t o ftm nhac - dan tec l)pc Vi0t Nam da no luc khdng ngtog de g i a thi^u dupc gift tri dftc bidt cua loai hinh nghd t h u p d t o ca dftc sftc nfty den vffi thtf g i a Cho den nay, dfa ca quan hp dupc titfp c&n tfl nhilu gdc dd dd c&c gia trj sfag t?o nghe thu4t quan hp 1ft dilu sin-zou i DINH THI THANH HUYEN khong cd gi phai b t o cai Cac nhft lam Kokot, Waltraud (2006): Van hda vd chinh sach ciing da de xuat n h t o g giai khing gian: Tiip can nhdn hgc (Ban dich phap bao ton quan hp kheng gian t i & g Viet cua Nguyin Thanh Ttog) v t o hda xfl K n h BSc xUa Tuy nhien, hao http://phebiiihvanhoc.com.vn/?p=2737; ton quan hp hlnh thai goc cua nd, hay 27/07/2012 bao ton quan hp hinh thai song dpng Janelli, Hoger L (2011): Cde thdch nhu nd vftn vft dang b i & dd'i khdng n g t o g thie ly t/iuyit ddi vdi cdng tdc bdo ton Bi theo t h a gjan d t a g la trpng tfai cua sdn Vdn hda Phi vgt the Ban dich titfng tranh luftn khoa hpc Viet NguySn Thi Thu Hucing, Vien Vfa N g u a d t o cac Ifag quan hp ngfty hda Nghe thuftt quoc gia phfa hidt hai hinh thflc hat quan hp, gpi Le Danh Khiem (2000): NhOng die 1ft quan hg cUu (cu, theo 11 loi co truyin) tning ngdn ngi la ca quan hg hi Jlfp< vft quan hg tdn (mdi, hat cd nhac dem) so vdn dive vdn hda quan hg.TluagtamVan Bftng each ndi dd'n hai hinh thflc hat q u t a hoa tinh Bftc Nmh, Bfic Nmh, tr 79-101 hp, n g u a ta thfla n h t o quan hp dft thay Le Danh Khiem (2011): Quan hg: LM dm vft xutft hien hinh thflc quan hp mffi, ca va binh gidi, Trung t t a i Vfa hoa tinh (Oc sfa khft'u haa va thflong mai haa Bfic Nmh, Bfic Ninh N h t o g nghidn c t o v l q u t a hp gid dfty Ly T t o g Hieu (2012): Vdn hda vi hi dd khdng t h i Id di thuc ttf d t o g t i n tai ma thSig vdn hda Dftng tren http://vanhoahoc cin ly giai quy lujt bien dli vft quan dilm hcmussh.edu cua n g u a d t a v l vfa haa cua hp Chfag Ngd Dflc Thinh (1989): n i bdn vi tdi cho rftng q u t a hp la mpt thUc t h i vfa tiip can hi thdng nghien ciu vdn haa la d l nhin n h t o met thuc ttf 1ft quan ~ hoa ddn gian Tap chi VSn hda d t o gian, hp, c t o g nhu v t o haa, d t a g thay dli BO 2, tr 3-9 khong ngtog Quan diem ciia nguffi Ngd Dflc Thinh (1993): Van hda vilng cupc, day la cua n g u a q u t o hp, cd y vd phan viing vdn hda d Viet Nam Nxb nghia stfng cdn vide nhm n h t a gift Khoa hpc xfi hdi, Hft Ndi tri vft phuong thflc bao ton di san v t a hda 10 Nguyin Hflng Vy (2010): Hdt Quan nfty thtf nfto hg - Gidi thich nguon gdc ti ky ic bdn qudn hb.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/jspui/bitstreani/ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO /5598/2/Hat%20quto%20hoc.doc Cahodariu, Mariam (2011) A rough 11 Nguyen Tie'n Chidu: (1969) Tim guide to musical anthropology Journal of hieu nguon gdc quan hg Bac Ninh, T w chl Comparative Research in Anthropology Bich khoa, stf 64, tr.42-44; stf 65, tr.36-40 and Sociciogy, Volume 2, No.l, Spring 12 Nguyen V t o Phu, Luu H t o Phudc, 2011; 183-195 NguySn Vidm, Tu Ngpc (1962): Bdn ca Krshenblatt-Gtoblett, Barbara (199S): quan hg Bdc Ninh, Nxb Vftn hda, Hft Npi Destination Culture: Totuism, Museums, 13 T t i n Qudb Vupng (1998): Viit Nam tad Heritage Berkeley: University of cdi nhin dia vdn hda Nxb Vto hoa Dfa tdc California & Tap chl Vfa hoa nghe thuftt, HS Ndi si 11 a i t NHANL|ICKHOA HQC XAHOl Q] ... d cftc Ifag quan hp, ngudi ta thudng ndi din hai ldi chfli quan hp, dd 14 quan hg cuu vft quan hg tin n h i m nhft'n manh sy khac biet gifla ldi dfli quan hp truyin thd'ng vdi hat quan hp mdi... d vflng Kinh BSc xUa Ngoai ra, cung cd mdt so' thuftt ngfl chuyen biet khac phd' bien tuc chfli quan hp c t o phai dupc bilu thd'ng nhft't Dd la bgn quan Ap vft nAd chia Bgn quan hg: Quan hp... thflc t l chflc chdi quan hp, da dua f kid'n cho r i n g "hftt "Bpn quan hp" 1ft mdt each gpi ldi Quan hp 14 tilng hat c i a hp, hat d c i a Choi quan hp co, de chi mdt nhdm gdm quan, phuc vu cho