Tình dục Quan điểm tiếp cận dưới góc độ giới trong công trình nhân học văn hóa của David Hicks & Margaret A.Gwynne.pdf

Nghi§n ci2u Gia d i n h va Gi6i S^ - rinh due: Quan fliem tiep can dtfdi goc dfi glAi cong trinh nhan hgc van hoa cua David Hicks & Margaret A Gwynne Hoang Thj Ai Hoa Ban Duyen hlii mien Tmng - Phan Vien Van hoa Nghe thuat Viet Nam tai Hue Tom tit: Tfl nhflng nam 1920,1930 ciia theky XX, tinh due da trci mot va'n de ciia xa hoi va cang thu hut sU quan tam cua nhieu hpc gia khap the gifli, Vao thap ky 1960, ciing v6i cupc each mang tinh due, tiep can nghien cflu ve tinh due, tinh due vi nien, tinh due dong gicii,v.v du6i goc dp gidi dupc quan tam nhieu hOn Tieu bieu cho linh vUc nghien cflu nay, co the ke din su dong gop ciia hai tac gia David Hicks & Margaret A Gwynne, v6i cong trinh "Nhan hpc van hoa" tai ban lan nam 1996 (Cultural Anthropology, Second edition, HarperCollins Pubhshers, 1996) Nguon da lieu ve va'n de tinh due vdi each nhin tfl cac n\ldc khac nhau, cung v6i sU day cong nghien cflu ciia cac tac gia cho phep chung ta van dung no de nghien cflu, do'i sanh v6i trUPng hdp cua Viet Nam Toa soan Tap chi Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gi6i xin tran gifii thieu tfli ban dpc chii de nghien cflu TH khoa: Tinh due; Gi6i, Nhan hpc van hoa; David Hicks & Margaret A Gwynne Mcf dau Con ngfldi khao khat tinh due la dilu binh thudng, mang tfnh sinh hgc Tuy nhien, so sanh vdi dfl heu nhan hgc thi tu lieu ddi sanh gifla cac nen van hda ve quan dilm va thuc tiln Iidn quan de'n linh due lai kha hid'm va 82 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 81-92 khdng dang tin cay, bdi cac nha dan tdc hgc ft ban luan, hoac cd kidn ddi vdi ITnh vuc Quan trgng hon, thai dd dd'i vdi tinh due va thuc tiln vl van dl ludn bie'n ddi giua cae nln van hoa Chfnh vl le dd, quan hd tinh due d loai ngUdi la vdn dl ddy hfla hen mang tinh ca biet cho nganh nhan hgc, nhung trdn thuc tl, nhflng nha nhan hgc dang y thfle hon ve tinh kha thi eua vide nghidn cflu chii dl (Davis, D.L., and R.G Whitten, 1987: 69-98) Nhflng dae trUng van hda mang tfnh ca biet da tao duge sU chfl y va tu lieu dan tgc hge vl linh due tuong ddi nhilu, nhung cd ra't ft nd luc de dilu chinh nhung kham pha bi xem la biel lap Di tri trat tu, mdi xa hdi da di nhung nguydn tdc nhdm ehi ddn, kilm soal khat khao due vgng cua ngUdi, nhung cd su khae gifla cac nln van hoa O mdt vai xa hdi ed su gidi han ddi tugng tham gia hoat ddng tinh due, nhung lua chgn ban tinh hdu nhu khdng bi gidi han; mdl so xa hdi cd nhung quy dinh rat khat khe, cu the: ngUdi phu nfl bi gidi han vide chgn chdng, dd la ngudi anh (em hg) bdn phfa bd ed ta Hau hd't mgi xa hdi, quan he tinh due gifla nam va nfl dugc cho ia can ihid't, nhung vai xa hdi lai quan niem tinh due dem Iai sU chan nan hoac sg hai, Tinh trang ddng gidi khdng dugc khuyd'n khfeh d mdt sd ngudi, nhung ngudi khac, dieu dugc khfch Id mdt each Ifch cue U day se tap trung khao sat nhung quan nidm ve quan he tinh due khae giua cae nln van hoa Khai niem gi6i va gidl tmh Trong mdi xa hdi, khac gifla nam va nfl la didu co ban nha't tao nen dilm khac biet gifla mgi ngudi Mdi gidi hinh ndn nhfrng tidu chuan khac gdn vdi ddi sd'ng xa hdi Tuy nhidn, su tuong phan gifla nam va nu la khdng rd rang "Tfnh nam" va "tfnh nu", eung nhu each cu xu ciia mdi gidi dugc quylt djnh bdi van hda hon la sinh hge Bdi vay, cac nha nhan hgc phan tfch hanh vi tinh due bdng phuong phap nghidn cun doi sanh lidn van hda, dd phan bidt nhflng khfa canh sinh hgc vl hanh ddng tinh due cua ngudi (tat ca nhflng khfa canh duge xae dinh theo nhidm sdc the) va ca nhflng khfa canh van hda cua nd (ta't ca nhung khfa canh dugc xae dinh theo van hda) Ve thuat ngfl Gidi va Gidi tinh, hidn nay, vdn chua ed su thd'ng nha't tir phfa cae nha nhan hge ve nghia cua nhung thuat ngu (Gilmore David D., and Gretchen Gwynne, 1985:3), nhung phd bid'n vdi quan diem; [I] Gidl tinh Ihudng am chi y nghia sinh hgc ma eon ngudi duge sinh la nam hay nu Gicri linh duge djnh hinh bdi cac dac dilm cua nhidm Hoang Thi Ai Hoa 83 sdc thi va ket cau co thi mang tfnh vTnh viln [2] Trong thuat ngfl Gtdi Iai hdn quan den nhung khia eanh vl tinh due bao gdm ea su djnh hudng ve due vgng (su Iua chgn cua mdt ngudi vl dd'i tac tinh due cua hg) va vai trd tinh due Van hda la yd'u td quan trgng vide xac djnh vai trd tinh due hem nhan td sinh hge Ddn chiing ve tfnh ddng nha't vl gidi eua mdt ngudi - su nhan dang hay cd la vdi tu each la nam hoac nfl khdng nhat thie't phai trflng hgp vdi gidi tfnh ciia hay cd ta nhu dinh nghia cua nganh Giai phdu hgc (Money, John, and A A Ehrhardt, 1977) Hau hel mgi xa hdi da phan Ioai nhutig dfla tre la trai boac gai tfl thud au tho va theo dd, giao phd nhflng vai trd xa hdi eho ehung Hge each nhan dang ban than nhu la vidn cua mdt gidi eu thi va dl xu su mdt each thfch hgp vdi mdi gidl ma dfla tre la mdt phdn cua xa hdi hda Vf du d Nam My, su nhan dang vl gidi the hidn qua each danh gifla ngudl eha va cau be mdl each nhe nhang va xung hd nhu the cau ay la "hidt ga du cdn" Quan sat Idi hanh xu cua ba me, cd Ihl la mdt phuong thflc td't nha'l dl eau be hinh nhan dang vl gidi Qua quan sat hanh vi cua cha va me dd bie't nhitng gi ban than nen va khdng ndn lam mud'n trd mdl ngudi dan dng Didu nguge lai se dung vdi nhung cd be Giai doan quyd't djnh quan trgng vide xae djnh su nhan dang vl gidi la tfl 18 thang tudi, di'n hoac tudi Nd'u gidi dugc phan chia lai sau giai doan dd, su phat triln tam ly cua tre cd the se bi can trd, va su phat trien d ludi day thi su nhan dang gidi se dugc dinh hinh ra't dn dinh khdng thd thay ddi duge (Money, John, and A A Ehrhardt, 1977; 179) Nha nhan hge Carol Gilligan cho rdng d My nhung ed be thudc tdng Idp trung luu dugc xa hgi hda khac vdi cac eau be, chung dugc khuyen khfch de tri su gdn bd dd'i vdi gia dinh, cu thd la ngudi me, nhiing cau be thi khdng nhu the Nhflng thilu nu trudng eoi trgng gia trj phat triln ciia xa hdi va thi'eh nghi vdi nd trai lai nhflng can be trudng coi trgng su dde lap va ddy hid'u chid'n (Gilligan, Carol, 1982) Nhflng quan didm dugc ehung minh thdng qua dd'i sanh gifla cac nln van hoa Nancy Chodorow chi rdng: mdt vai xa hdi, nhung cau be khdng cha'p nhan cac dac tfnh nfl gidi va su gdn bd vdi me qua trinh trd mdt ngUdi dan dng Vf du, ngudi Shavante (Braxin), nhflng cau be phai rdi khdi gia dinh va sdng mdt ngdi nha dac bill dl hge nhung hanh vi thfch hgp cho nam gidi Ngugc lai, ddi vdi gai, tri md'i quan hd vdi me tfl rat sdm, gid'ng nhu hg trd mdt ngudi phu nfl thuc thu (Chodorow, Nancy, 1974: 43-66) 84 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 81-92 Nhi/ng quan diem nhin nhan ve quan he tinh due 3.1 Nhung quan diem xem quan he tinh due la tieu cue Quan he tinh due rdt phd bid'n nhung khdng dugc thfla nhan d mdt sd xa hdi Mdt sd xa hdi phan ddi tinh due, xem dd la su ghd tdm va tim each kim ham nd Trirdng hgp ngudi Shaker (New York), hg tin rdng: tinh due la xa'u xa va suy ddi; hg trdnh quan he tinh due va kd't hdn Vao the ky XIX, nhiing ngudi theo phai Shaker da tid'p nhan 6000 tin dd, nhung vi kidng linh due nln khdng cd ngudi ke vi Vi the, giao phai da bie'n mdt (Frayser, Suzanne G., 1985) Tuong tu, ngudi Thonga (ehau Phi) tin rdng: hoat ddng tinh due cd the anh hudng theo chilu hudng bdt [gi ddi vdi tu nhiln va ngudi Nhung ngudi da kd't hdn, duge xem la "ndng bdng" vl tinh due, va vi If dd ma nguy hiem Quan hd tinh due Ihudng xuydn, nhflng ngudi "ndng bdng" chde chdn se dao Idn sir can bang mdng manh ciia tu nhidn va Iam tdn thuong de'n nhung ngudi Idn tuoi hoac nhihig ngudi dd se bj dau dm (Frayser, Suzanne G., 1985:1) O Utah Pradesh (An Do), mdt sd ngudi eho rdng, tinh due chi nln nhdm mue dfeh sinh con, khdng dl thda man nhu edu nhue due Ngudi Manus (NewGuinea), gidng nhu ngudi Shakers, xem su giao phd'i linh due la tdi ldi va d danh Trudc day, ngudi Bella Coola (Tay Bdc Thai Binh Duong) tin rdng tinh due lam cho loai ngudi ylu di, vi vay, de edng su nghiep ndn tranh, chang ban nhu san bdn, ngudi dan dng khdng quan he tinh due trudc di san Mdt so nln van hda eung quan diem trdn, cho rdng: tinh due ed the vdt can ca nhan, dae bidt la nam gidi, cai sinh khf cua hg Nhihig xa hdi nhu thi thudng gidi han hoat ddng tinh due eae cdng vide ddi hdi sii dung ky nang, sflc manh hoac sflc luc.Nhflng phat hiln cua nha nhan hoe W.Arens, vdi tu each la mdt sinh vidn dai hge, W.Arens da di bdng xe buyl dd'n Iran dau bdng da eung vdi ddi cua anh la va chflng kid'n viec hai ngudi ehoi hdi ngudi hua'n luydn rdng; lieu ngudi yeu ciia hg cd the di tdi tran da'u ciing vdi hg khdng Hudn luyen vidn tra Idi: "chdc chdn la khdng" nhung dilu dd se dn neu nhung cd gai dd va ngudi yeu cua hg ciing di vl nha Vai nam sau, hflng thu vdi vide phan tfch su so sdnh van hda vl hanh vi bilu tugng, W Arens van dung su vide trdn tid'n hanh nghidn cflu phong tuc cua nhflng ngudi choi bdng chuydn nghidp d My Kit qua nghidn cuu cho tha'y, nhflng trai huan luyen, cae cdu thu thudng bi H o a n g T h i Ai Hoa 85 each li vdi phu nfl; ca nhflng van ddng viln da kit hdn cung phai sd'ng tap trung d trai, rdi xa vg, va ngudi vg dugc phep dd'n tham khdng cd tran ddu, hoac khdng cd budi luyen tap nao vao tid'p theo Tuc Id trai vdi kd't qua nghien cuti ciia khoa hgc rdng, hoat ddng tinh due trudc su dung sflc manh vl Ihl chat cd the cd Igi bdi vi dugc thu gian, nhung ke't qua nghien cfln khac chi rdng, tinh due tudc di sflc manh cua ngudi dan dng 3.2 Nhiimg quan diem xem quan he tinh due la ti'ch cue Hdu hit ngudi phuong Tay xem tinh due la khfa eanh tfch cue mdt vai tinh hud'ng (vf du, nd dien ta tinh ydu gifla vg va chdng) va trd nen lieu cue (khi nd Iruyen bdnh qua dudng tinh due lfl ngUdi sang ngudi kia), mac dfl mai cho tdi gan day, tinh due ngoai hdn nhan xa hdi phuong Tay bj phan dd'i (D'Emilio, John, and Estelle B Freedman, 1988; Flandrin, Jean - Louis, 1991) Hau he't nha thd Co Ddc quan nidm quan hd trudc hdn nhan va ngoai tinh la trai luan ly Tuy nhidn, giai doan vai thap ky sau dd, thai edng chung ddi vdi hoat ddng tinh due da thay doi tridt dl thdng qua eudc Cdch mgng linh due Su da dang each hanh xumang tfnh nhuc due mdt vd'n bi xem la ddi bai hoac tham chf vd dao dflc, da dugc tha thfl va xem dd la dilu binh thudng Trdn thuc te, su Ihay ddi sau sac nay, da bat ddu each day hon nfla thd' ky Vao nhung nam 1920, lflc Ire, nhutig ngudi My thude tang Idp trung luu bat dau nhay mdl the loai nhac mdi day cam cua ngudi da mau, ed tdn la Jazz, xem nhihig ngudi phy nfl quyln ru trdn phim, dge eae tac phdm cua nhung lidu thuyet gia mang ndi dung tinh due dugc xuat ban mdt each rgng rai, nhu Sigmund Frued va Havelock Ellis (D'Emilio, John, and Estelle B Freedman, 1988: 241) Trong The ehiln II, ddng dao phu nu My dam nhan nhflng cdng vide d nha may vd'n trudc dd dan dng nam gifl, bdi dan dng da phuc vu quan ddi, vi vay ca nam gidi va nfl gidi dugc giai phdng khdi nhung quan nidm truyln thd'ng (Margolis, Maxine, 1984) Vao ddu nhung nam I960, vide gidi thidu "thud'c tranh thai" da gdp phan vao su thay doi thai eua ngudi My dd'i vdi tinh due Cu the, phu nfl duge giai phdng khdi md'i de dga tfl vide mang thai ngoai mong dgi, ed thi thoai mai hon quan hi linh due Su kien linh due dugc giai phdng mdt each manh me gdn liln vdi phong trao phu nfl vao eudi nhung nam 1960 va 1970 Bay gid hg khdng phai chiu nhieu hinh phat hon nam gidi vi hoat ddng tinh due da gdp phdn vao su binh ding xa hdi cho ngudi phu nfl Sau dd, vao ddu nhutig nam 1980, can benh AIDS bdi ddu tac ddng den hoat ddng tinh due phucmg Tay (hay nhflng noi khac), nhung can bdnh 86 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 81-92 truyln nhiem qua dudng Iinh due nhu benh iau, giang mai ra't phd bidn, ddi trd djch bdnh, gdp phan dieu chinh hanh vi tinh due, nhflng bdi ehung cd the dugc didu trj hoac kilm soat ndn nhflng anh hudng ddn hoat ddng tinh due bi giam Tuy nhidn, AIDS la can bdnh gay chd'l ngudi, va nd nhanh ehdng tang len vao nhung nam 1980 va dd'n nhung nam 1990, theo dd quan he tinh due ed nhieu thay ddi (D'Emilio, John, and Estelle B Freedman, 1988) Mae du, AIDS khdng tudc di thai phan ddi tinh due eiia ngUdi phuong Tay, nhung nd lam cham nhjp quan hd tinh due Va lidu su thdng lgi cua y hgc ddi vdi can benh cd ddn tdi sU trd lai cua linh trang quan he linh due bi budng long nhiJng nam 1970 Bat cha'p vdi can benh AIDS va nhting bdnh lay nhidm qua dudng tinh due, hdu he't ngudi d thdi hien dai xem su dfnh Ifu dd'n tinh due nhu la nilm khao khat Hg quan hd dl Ihu gian cung nhu nhdm tri ndi gid'ng, ben canh su thu vi va khde manh O Bde My, nhirng nha quang eao da van dung Igi the' dd ciia linh due vide quang cao cac san pham Hg kd't hgp cac san pham tfl xe hoi eho din eae dd diing lau nha vdi hinh anh nhung ngudi cd sflc hap ddn, ggi cam nhdm nang gia tri cac san phdm Vdi phuong thuc quang cao dd, hang nam, ngUdi My tidu phi hang tridu dd la dl tang su thu hut vl tinh due bdng each mua nhiing san phdm dd Tre em va nhumg cam xtJc tinh due Bang chflng khoa hgc cho rdng, tre em ed kha nang the hiln cac kieu tfnh due nhu nhung ngudi trucmg thanh, bao gdm su cucmg ldn va su cue khoai (Ford, Cleilan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951; 197; Ma.sters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985; 200) Tuy nhien, cac nln van hda CO each nhin khac dd'i vdi hoat ddng linh due d tre em cung nhu d gidi Ire Nhung thai thudc pham vi phii nhan edng khai hoat ddng tinh due thdi nien thid'u nhu su ngan ca'm, chl tn'ch, su khdng quan tam, su thich thu, nilm tu hao hoac ea nilm khfch Id (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985:623) Mdt vai nen van hda khdng chap nhan quan dilm rang, ire em cd sU ham mud'n vl tinh due (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951:180), mdt thai phu hgp dd'i vdi xa hdi phucmg Tay, mai cho dd'n xua't hidn dl xua't nghidn cun eua Sigmund Freud Mdt vai xa hgi, hoat ddng tinh due d tre em dugc tim hid'u nhung bj kidm soat Ngudi Kwoma (New Guinea) phat mdl be trai rdt nang vi da Ihu dam, bdi chiing dugc hgc rdngkhdng duge eham vao vung sinh due ca di tilu tidn Trong hau he't nhutig xa hdi nghiem khdc dd, ngudi trudng thdng ddng im lang vl hanh vi tinh due cd tre em hidn didn va chung khdng duoc Hoang Thi Ai Hoa 87 phep gap ngudi trudng dang cd ham mudn vd tinh due O xa hdi phucmg Tay, hg cd the duge nghe nhung cau ehuydn hoang ludng vl em be sinh tfl dau va tri sir thd a vl tinh due mang dae tfnh van hda eho den hg kd't hdn Tuy nhidn, khdng cd chung cd nao chung minh su ham mud'n mang tfnh sinh hge ciia nhiing dfla tre da bi kilm nen Trong mdt so xa hdi, vdn tdn tai quan nidm ndn khuyd'n khfch linh due thdi nidn thid'u NgUdi Alorese sd'ng trdn hdn dao Trobriand (Papua New Guinea), cho phep nhiing dfla tre cua hg thu dam mdt each thoai mai va tham gia tro choi tinh due cung nhflng dua tre khae Mdt so xa hdi khac, tre da trudng khdng chi dugc khfch Id hoat ddng tinh due thdi nidn thie'u ma cdn tham gia vao boat ddng dd Vf du, nhflng ba me ngudi Siriono (Bolivia), vudt ve mOn trdn cac cua hg (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951:188), mac dfl mdt vai ngudi hg ndi rdng, hanh ddng dd chi don thudn la su dd danh chung (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny 1985:632) Cac xa hdi cd each nhin cdi md dd'i vdi hoat ddng tinh due thdi nidn thilu, tre em thudng dugc phep quan sat ngudi trudng dfnh lfu tdi hanh vi tinh due Vf du, nhung dfla tre Alorese quen vdi mgi hanh vi ve su giao ca'u tinh due d ngudi trudng vao lue nam tudi (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951:189) Tinh due tru6c hon nhan, ngoai hon nhan va sau hon nhan 5.1 Tmh due trudc hdn nhan Mdt so xa hdi, cdm tinh due trudc hdn nhan; nhidn, sd khac cho phep va khfch Id didu dd Vdi quan nidm nhung ngudi tre tudi khdng ndn quan he trudc hdn nhan la dieu khae thudng mot sd nln van hda Xa hdi phucmg Tay la mdt mdt vai xa hdi ma d dd quan he linh due trudc hdn nhan ra't phd bie'n sd nhung ngudi chua kd't hdn, nhu la each de thehidnsirtrinh tie't hoae tranh tinh trang cd thai (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985:627) Ngudi Maasai (Ddng Phi) khuyd'n khfch quan he trudc hdn nhan Sau tie'n hdnh nhung Id nghi danh da'u kit thiie thdi nidn Ihieu, nam gidi rdi khdi Iang va de'n sd'ng d trai Ifnh - nhflng khu dd't hi rdo hao quanh Trong 10 nam hay 15 nam lilp theo, ngudi eon trai trai qua eudc sdng nhu nhung ngudi Ifnh ma khu dat bi rao ehfnh la nha cua anh la day, ngudi ifnh Idn ludi se day each chie'n dau va cudp bde gia sflc ciia nhung bd tdc khac Ngudi Ifnh khdng the kit hdn nhung dugc phep quan he tinh due vdi nhung phg nfl tre eung ehung sdng d khu da't Nhflng md'i quan he khdng nhdm lien din hdn nhan Cd gai mang thai se trd ve lang cua minh 68 Nghien cihj Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, s o 6, tr 81-92 noi cd ta kd't hdn Cd ta se khdng bj bdu rieu vi da quan hd trudc hdn nhan hoac Id cd thai, bdi vi ngudi Maasai ddn chao nhiitig dfla tre Khi het thai gian sd'ng nhu mdt ngudi Ifnh, chang trai trd ve Iang, kit hdn, thuc hidn quyln va nghia vu cua mdt ngudi chdng va ngudi cha (Saibull, Ole Solomon, 1981; Sailoli, OleTepilit, 1988) Ngugc Iai, nhilu xa hgi vflng Dia Trung Hai, quan niem nfl gidi phai gifl trinh tilt cho dd'n kd't hdn, nd'u khdng se ehju su chi trfch ciia du luan va khd la'y ehdng Bdi vi, quan nidm hdn nhan la "mdl lieu chudn quan irong han cd cugc ddi" (Brandes, Stanley, 1985: 113) Bd me quyd't lidt bao vd su trdng cua gai Vi du, d thi tra'n ctia Monteros (Tay Ban Nha), "dieu kien tien quyet hdn nhdn cua ngifdi phu nff Id sif trinh tie't" Bd me d Monteros ndi vdi gai hg rdng "gd td't dugc cat gil? nfang ludn cd gid irf Hai quan diem trai chilu vl quan hd trudc hdn nhan ton tai trdn khdp the gidi, dfl khdng mang linh phd bid'n Trude tidn, hai quan diem trai ngugc tren duge ggi la chudn mtfc kep (double standard), chi phd'i viec nhin nhan va phan xet vd hanh vi tinh due cua dan dng va phu nfl cung mdl xa hdi Tac gia Frayser nghien cfln 61 xa hdi, cd 18% dong y quan hd lien hdn nhan dd'i vdi nam gidi nhung khdng dugc ddi vdi nfl gidi (Frayser, Suzanne G., 1985' 203) Nguge lai, khdng mdt xa hdi nao cho phep nu gidi dfnh liu tdi quan hd tinh due trudc hdn nhan ca'm hanh vi tinh due d nam gidi Sau dd, theo su so sanh gifla cac nln van hda, chudn mtrc kep cang bj kid'n, nhdt la ddi vdi hoat ddng linh due trude hdn nhan d nam gidi Tuy nhidn, Frayser bd sung them, 82% cac xa hdi ma phu nfl duge ehgn Iam mdu nghidn eflu, chudn mue kep khdng tdn tai Trong nhung xa hdi nay, vien ciia ea hai gidi phai, hoac Iranh quan he trudc hdn nhan, hoac bdng khdng thi ea nam gidi va nu gidi diu duge phep thda man nhu edu eiia chfnh ban than Quan dilm khac, cha'p nhan quan hd trudc hdn nhan ne'u chi nhdm thda man nhu cdu tinh due ma khdng dugc phep smh san (Frayser, Suzanne G., 1985: 204) Hay ndi each khac, quan hd tinh due duge phan loai vl nhu cau ihl xac hem la mang tfnh xa hdi 5.2 Tmh due ngoai hdn nhan Khdng tdn tai xa hdi hinh thflc hdn nhan nhdm thda man ham mudn tinh due; phd bid'n d khdp noi hidn tugng su khdng tuong hgp, su dau dm, hoae su vdng mat thinh thoang la dilu khdng thi tranh khdi (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985:634) Quan hd ngoai hdn nhan la nhiJng quan hd tinh due lien quan dd'n ft nha't mdt ngudi Hoang Thi Ai Hoa 89 da kd't hdn nhung khdng phai vdi ngudi ban tinh hidn tai So lugng xa hdi chaip nhan quan hd ngoai hdn nhan thudng roi vao nhiing hoan canh cu thd Kd't qua nghidn cuu cua Ford vdi 139 xa hgi, cho Ihay 39% cho phep hoac cha'p nhan chuydn ngoai tinh (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951:113) Vf du, ngudi Toda d An Do, ca nam gidi va nfl gidi dugc phep quan hd ngoai hdn nhan, va ngdn ngfl ma hg dung khdng bao gdm lfl "ngoai tinh" Nhflng noi cho phip quan hi tinh due ngoai hdn nhan, ddi tugng ban tinh bi gidi han - thudng la ngudi anh hoac ngudi chi cfla chong hoac vg Ngudi Siriono (Bolivia) thfla nhan rdng ngudi chdng ed quan he tinh due vdi ehi em eua vg hoac vg cua anh trai minh, hoac ca nhflng ngudi chj em cua nhflng ngudi phu nfl (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, I95I;II4) Su thay ddi hoat ddng tinh due cua ngudi dugc bilu Id khac gifla cae nln van hda, dd la su khdng chdp nhan hoac ngan cdm vl quan hi tinh due ngoai hdn nhan, phd bie'n d phu nfl Trong nghidn cun 139 xa hdi, 61% ca'm nhiing ngudi phu nfl da kd't hdn quan he vdi dan dng khac (Ford, Clellan S., and Frank A Beach, 1951:116) Ra't ft nhung xa hdi ngan can nhflng ngudi dan dng kll hdn lam dilu Nhung ca nhflng xa hdi ma ngudi dan dng cd the tu quan he vdi nhting phu nu khac ngoai vg eiia hg, nhCtng mdi quan hd khd hinh thanh, bdi vi, kit hdn hay la khdng, ta't ea nhung ngudi dan dng dang ganh dua vi mgt ngudi phu nfl VI the', mac dfl vl ly thuyet, chudn muc kep tdn tai, nhung thue tidn, nd ed phdn khae thudng de ngudi dan dng cd the "tan dung su tu ly thuyd't cua minh" Gdn day, ke't qua nghien cfln vl quan he tinh due ciia ngudi My chi rdng: hdn nhan la mdt thi chl ddy sflc manh dd'n ndi hem 80% phu nu va 65%-85% nam gidi d mgi Ifla tudi tuyen bd rdng: hg khdng cd quan he tinh due vdi ba't ky ngoai ngudi ban ddi ciia minh sudt cudc hdn nhan (Michael et al, 1904:105) 5.3 Tmh due sau hon nhan Tinh due sau hdn nhan dugc mdt sd nha nhan hgc dinh nghTa, dd la quan hd tinh due giua nhung ngudi da kd't hdn va ly di nhung chua tai hdn (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985: 634) Trong nhilu xa hdi, mgt ngudi goa hoac da ly di dugc trdng dgi tai hdn sau dd (thudng xay d nhiJng noi ngudi chdng hoac vg dugc cho phep) vdi ngudi anh em hg hoac vdi chdng hoac vg cua anh chj em rudt Phong lue dugc ggi la Levitate hoac Solorate, phu thudc vao linh due cua ngudi 90 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi, Quyen 24, so 6, tr 81-92 gda hoac da li dj Nhilu xa hdi khac lai ca'm ngudi vo, chdng cd tang, dac bidt la ngudi gda chdng hoac gda vg dfnh Ifu tdi tinh due sau hdn nhan hoac lai hdn Trong mdt vai xa hdi, cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi gda dugc xem nhu da kit thuc, vl ea nghia den ldn nghTa bdng Vf du, ngudi Hindu (An Do) mdt thdi cho nhung ngudi phu nfl ndn hda lang theo chdng chong che't Tap quan da bj cam bdi dao luat dugc ban hanh vao nam 1829, nhung phong tuc rdt khd thay ddi Tuc 11 ggi la Sati^ vdn tri a mdt so vung ndng thdn An Do Dd'n nam 1987, tai ngdi lang Maal Singh mdt ngudi dan dng 24 tudi da kit hdn, ehlt vi vidm da day (Tully, Mark, 1991:210) Ngudi vgtre, Roop Kunwar 18 tudi cd da bi bd ehdng va anh chdng lp thidu chd'l Khdng iau sau dd, bd ehdng va anh chong cua ed bi bdt vi tdi gilt ngudi va bi kit an tii hinh Cai chit eiia Roop gay ndn su phdn no ddi vdi nhflng ngudi bao vd quyln Igi phu nfl d An Do, nhirng ngudi cho rang, cai che't cua cd la bieu tugng vl su khua'l phue eiia nhiing phu nfl An Do Nhirng cd hang ngan ngudi Hindu md dao da din noi Roop che't dd cflng bai, ngudng md sir hi sinh dd Trong van hda phuong Tay hidn dai, ngudi ta quan nidm, nhflng ngudi da mdt lan ke't hdn nhtmg edn tre vdn tid'p tuc cd quan he tinh due va nhin chung cd su dung Iha cho boat ddng tinh due sau hdn nhan eua hg (Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985:635) Mae du, cd ddi chiit si nhuc ddi vdi vide tri tinh trang ddc than sau ke't hdn hoac la quan he tinh due sau hdn nhan, dd'i vdi hdu hdt nhflng ngudi li dj hoac gda bua xa hgi, trfl phi hg rat Idn tudi thi eudi cung eung tai hdn Ket luan Hoat ddng tinh due eua ngUdi la mdt chii dl ly tudng cho viee phan tfch theo hudng so sanh gifla cac nln van hda, bdi vi tinh due ra't phd bie'n nhung ed su khae vl each bilu hidn gifla eae nln van hod Tuy nhidn nhilu nam, qua trinh suu tdm tu lilu nhan hge ve Gidi va Gidi ii'nh bi ban che, bdi thai dd kha de dat cua cac hgc gia phuong Tay dd'i vdi van dl Cu the, cd rat ft cdng trinh nghiin cun tap trung vao boat ddng tinh due cua phu nfl, vi phan Idn ti le nhflng nha nhan hgc ddu la nam (Masters William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny, 1985:621) Ben eanh dd, nhihiE hoat ddng tinh due khdng binh thudng va ddi bai ft dugc dilu tra va ludn ed kiln Vdi thdng tin d New Guinea vao gifla nhflng nam 1930 thao Iuan ve ddng tfnh luydn ai, mdt nha nhan chiing hgc hdi nhflng ngudi dugc phdng van "Lieu hg da timg ddi mat vdi boat ddng tinh due khdng theo tu nhidn" (Carrier, J M., 1980:101-102) Nhung nguoi cung cap HoangThi Ai Hoa 91 thdng tin khdng nhan thdy su ddng tfnh etia hg va quan hd tinh due la trai vdi tu nhidn, vi the tu Iidu duge suu tdm ed thd bj bdp mIo Vdi su hilu bilt vl tinh due theo chieu hudng so sanh gifla cac nln van hda la chua dii Gilbert va Robert Sloller, mdt nha nhan hgc va mgt nha phan tfch tam Iy quyd't dinh van dung kiln thfle chuyen mdn cua minh vao ITnh vuc nghidn eflu hoat ddng tinh due, nhung khdng chgn ngudi phuang Tay Iam dd'i tugng Herdt da tiln hanh nghien cun ITnh vuc d Sambia (New Guinea), nam 1979 dng trd lai New Guinea cung vdi Sloller, ngudi cdng tac vidn ehti trucmg thflc day nghien cflu ve tinh due theo hu'dng nhan hge (Herdt, Gilbert and Robert J Sloller, 1986:7-8) Vdi phucmg phap nghidn ciiu chu yd'u khdng chii trgng vao quan sat ngudi tham gia ma tap trung phdng vdn thdng qua nhan quan ciia nha tam ly hge Phu nfl cung nhu nam gidi diu dugc phdng van va dem lai kit qua vl tinh due sat thue nln van hda phi phuang Tay, noi chua cd nhilu edng trinh nghidn cflu vl ITnh vuc Ngay nay, nhu cdng trinh cua Herdt va Sloller chi rdng, ba't cfl mdt cau hdi nao cflng dugc dat cho nhflng ngudi san Idng tham gia Kd't qua la, chung ta da bat ddu hgc dugc ra't nhilu vl dilu gi tao ndn mdt ngudl phu nfl hoac mgt ngudi dan dng va vl nhutig hanh vi tinh due cua ea hai gidi.B Tai lieu trich ddn Brandes Stanley 1985 "Women of Southern Spain Aspirations, Fantasies, Reali - ties" In David D Gilmore and Gretchen Gwynne (eds ) Sev and Geiidei in Soulhern Europe- Problems and Prospects, Anthropology, (1-2) Chodorow Nancy 1974 "Fiimily Structure and Female Personalily" In Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (eds), Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, P 43-66 Davis, D.L., and RG Whitten 1987 "The Cross - Cultural Study of Human SexuaVity", Annual Review of Anthropology, 16, P 69-98, D'Emilio John, and Estelle B Freedman 1988 Intimate Matters- A History of Se.yiiahty in America New York: Harper & Row Gilligan, Carol 1982 In a Different Voice: Psychological Tlieoiy and Women/s Development Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Flandrin, Jean - Louis 1991 Sex tu the Western World Cooper Sliition, NY Harper Colophon Ford, Clellan S and Frank A Beach 1951 Patterns of Se.vual Behavior New York' Harper and Brothers, and Paul B Hoeber Inc Medical Books Frayser, Suzanne G 1985 Varieties of Se.Mial E.\perieme- An Anthropological 92 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, s o 6, tr 81-92 Per - specUve on Human Sexiicdily New Haven: CT: H R A F Press Gilmore David D., and Gretchen Gwynne 1985 "Sex and Gender in Southern Europe: Problems and Prospects" Anthropology Spec iai (Stony Brook: Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Issues Gilmore, David D 1990 Manhood in ihe Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity New Haven: Yale University Press Herdt, Giberl H 1987 The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Masters, William H., E Johnson, and C Kolodny 1985 Human Sexuality (2nd ed ) Boston; Little, Brown, Margolis, Maxine 1984 Mothers and Such: American Views of Women and How They Changed Berkeley: University of Califomia Press Michael et al 1994, Se.\ in America: A Definitive Survey Boston: Little, Brown Miller, Barbara Diane 1993 5CA and Gender Hierarchiesi New York: Cambridge University Press Money, John, and A, n Ehrhardt, 1977 Man and Woman, Boy and Ghi: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press Critical Reviews for Research Morgen Sandra 1989 Gender and Athropology and Teaching Washington, DC: American Athropologycal Association Saibull, Ole Solomon 1981 Herd and Spear: The Mhasai of East Apica London: Collins and Harvill Press Sattoti, OleTepilit l988.7"/?(' Worlds of a Maasai Wan tor Berkeley: University of California Press, ... Gidi Quyen 24, so 6, tr 81-92 Nhi/ng quan diem nhin nhan ve quan he tinh due 3.1 Nhung quan diem xem quan he tinh due la tieu cue Quan he tinh due rdt phd bid''n nhung khdng dugc thfla nhan d... 1985:634) Quan hd ngoai hdn nhan la nhiJng quan hd tinh due lien quan dd''n ft nha''t mdt ngudi Hoang Thi Ai Hoa 89 da kd''t hdn nhung khdng phai vdi ngudi ban tinh hidn tai So lugng xa hdi chaip nhan quan. .. nilm khao khat Hg quan hd dl Ihu gian cung nhu nhdm tri ndi gid''ng, ben canh su thu vi va khde manh O Bde My, nhirng nha quang eao da van dung Igi the'' dd ciia linh due vide quang cao cac san