ảnh hưởng của vốn xã hội đến tiếp cận tín dụng của hộ gia đình

Phat trien Kinhte 279 (01/2014)1 41 Anh hiroTig cua von xa hoi den tiep can tin dung cua ho gia dinh nong thon VN NGUYEN TRONG HOAI Trudng Dai hpc Kinh t l TP.HCM hpaianh@ueh edu TRAN QUANG BAO Cdng ty CO phan may xuat khau Viing Tau tqbl977@yahpp cpm Ngay nhan 08/07/2013 Ngay nh^n lai: 12/11/2013 Ngiiy duyGt dang 31/12/2013 Ma(,0 Til' khoa: Von \il hpi tin dyng chinh Ihtic lin dung ban chinh Ihiic lin dyng phi chinh Ihiic hoi quy Binary Logistic, hdi quy Multinomial Logistic Keywords: Social capii.il, formal credit, semi-lbrmal credit, informal credit, binary logistic regression, mulimumial logi.siic regression Tom tat Vdn xa hdi duac thira nhan cd tac ddng den cac giao dich kinh te, dd cd van de Uep can tin dung Nghien ciiu nham kiem dinh mdi quan he giira cac phan cua von xa hdi den tiep can tin dung trpng bdi canh nong thdn VN Viec kiem dmh duoc ihuc hien ihdng qua hai md hinh hdi quy Binary Logistic va Multinomial Lpgistic Kel qua hoi quy cho Ihay mang luoi quan he xa hoi chinh ihuc lam giam kha nang tiep can lin dung chinh thuc, va nhiing ho gia dinh CO mang luai quan he xa hdi chinh thirc rong ban cd nhieu kha nang thudc nhdm Uep can tin dung ban chinh ihiic hon la thupc nhom tiep can tin dung chinh thuc Cac phat hien Irai nguoc cd the la tinh chat dac thii cua thi tru'dng lin dung ndng thdn VN Abstract Spciai capital is cpnsidered as intluential in economic transactions, including access to credit This research aims at tesling relatipnships between comppnents of social capital uith access to credit in Vieinam"s rural areas The testing is conducted with two regression models- binary logistic and multinomial logistic ones The results shpw that fonnal social relationship networks reduce possibility pf getting access IP fprmal credit, and households uith \Mder social neiworks aic likeh' to belong to the group u iih access to semi-formal more than the grpup with access to formal credit Such conflicting results may come from specific characterisiics pf credit market in Vietnam's rural areas 42 I Nguyin Trpng Hoai & Tran Quang Bao | 41 - 57 GIOI THIEU Von xa hdi (VXH) di cap den cac moi quan he qua lai, su tuang tac va cac mang ludi xudt hien giira cac nhdm ngudi (Wall & cpng su, 1998) Cac nha nghien cim da kham pha sir tac ddng ciia cac mang ludi xa hdi ddi vdi cac hanh vi kinh te dudi nhieu gdc nhin khac Sir hien dien ctia cac mang iudi xa hdi lam tang kha nang ndng dan se ap dijng cdng nghe mdi (Munshi, 2004; Conley & Udry, 2008) Theo Gomez & Santor (2001), ddi vdi nhu'ng doanh nghiep tu lam chit cd quy md nhd, mirc cac mang ludi xa hdi cao han dan den Ihu nhap cao hon Munshi (2003) chi rang cac mang ludi xa hpi cd the lam giam cac chi phi tim kiem, va vi the thap cac tinh trang bat can ximg thdng tin ma cac ca nhan Irong Ihj trudng lao dpng phai ddi mat Ddi vdi thi trudng tai chinh lin dung ndng Ihdn, nhieu nghien ctiu tren the gidi dac biet d cac nudc dang phat irien da ehting minh vai trd cang quan trpng ciia VXH viec tiep can tin dung (TCTD) ciia cac hd gia dinh nhu nghien ctin cita Okten & Osili (2004), Heikkila & cgng sy (2009), Wydick & cdng su (2011), Lawal & cdng su (2009), Laszio & Santor (2009) Nghien cim duoc thuc hien nham xac djnh vai tro ciia VXH ddi vdi TCTD ciia cac hd gia dinh, cung cap Ihem bang ehting Ihij'c nghiem v6 mdt di lai chua dup'c nghien ciin nhieu tai thj trudng tin dung ndng thdn VN Ngoai kel qua ciia nghien cii'u gdp phan djnh hudng va ggi y mdl sd chinh sach lien quan din TCTD ciia cac hg gia dinh ndng thdn VN, dac biel la nhiing hd gia dinh Irong cac khu vuc cd thu nhap thdp Viec danh gia dimg gia Irj ciia VXH nhu la mdl tai san se md cac co hdi sii' durig hieu qua nguon vdn thay the ngudn von vat chk Irong cac giao djch kinh ti VON XA HOI VA KHUNG PHAN TICH Cac tac gia nghien ciin VXH dudi nhieu gdc nhin khac nhu: Coleman (1988) vdi gdc nhin xa hdi hgc Puiman (1993) theo quan diSm chinh Irj, va mdt sd khac dua tren lap trudng kinh te hgc nhu Woolcock (1998 2001) Narayan (2000), Fukuyama (2001), va Stone & cdng su (2003) Mac dii vay, khai niem cd mdt sy thdng nhat chung la de cap den "cac mdi quan he qua lai, sy luang lac va cac mang ludi xuat hien giii-a cac nhdm ngudi" (Wall & cdng sy, 1998) Cac nha nghien ciru cGng dong y r^ng VXH la mdt khai niem da hudng (Multi-Dimensional Concept), nhin manh ca chdt lugng va cau Iriic ciia cac mdi quan he xa hdi Hai yeu td c5u true mang ludi va chat lugng cac mdi quan he dugc cho la cd vai trd quan trpng anh hudng ddn cac ket qua khac nhau, Coleman (1988) lap luan rang VXH hinh mdt loai ngudn luc dac biet nao dd danh cho ca nhan, va bao gdm nhieu thyc the khac Cac thuc thi cd hai yeu Phat trien Kinhte 279 (01/2014)1 43 td chung: (1) Bao gdm mdt khia canh nao dd ciia cau trtic xa hdi: va (2) Tao dieu kien de dang de ca nhan thyc hien mdt sd hanh dpng nao dd Theo tac gia nay, cac hinh thtrc ciia VXH bao gdm cac rang bupc, sy mong dgi va sy tin tudng ddi vdi cac cdu triic Id chirc; cac kenh thdng tin; cac quy chuan va cac chi tai hieu qua Putnam & cgng su (1993) dinh nghTa VXH la nhirng dac diem ciia td chuc xa hdi nhu niem tin, cac quy chuan, va mang ludi; cac dac diem cd the giiip cai thien hieu qua xa hdi b^ng each tao dieu kien thuan lai cho cac hanh ddng tap th^ Theo quan niem ciia cac tac gia nay, lien ket xa hdi tao niem tin giira cac ca nhan va giira cac nhdm Den lugt quan he xa hpi hinh cac rang budc lan pham vi cdng dong va lam cho vien cdng ddng hanh xu phii hop vdi cac quy chuan tuong trg, theo ca nhan lam di^u gi giup ngudi ma khdng mong dap tra Vi vay, niem tin, mang ludi va cac quy chuan tuong Irg la nhung Ihanh phan quan trpng ciia VXH cdng dong Puinam (2000 trich lir Sen, 2010) chia cac mang ludi xa hdi hai loai: (1) Mang ludi chinh thii'c-cac ca nhan tham gia vao cac td chiic hgp phap nhu dang phai chinh trj nhdm ton giao, va cac hiep hdi; va (2) Mang ludi phi chinh thirc-cac mdi quan he ciia ca nhan vdi hang xdm ban be, ddng nghiep, hoac tham chi vdi nhii'ng ngudi xa la Theo Putnam, cac mang ludi phi chinh thti'c mang lai Igi ich cho xa hdi nhieu hon so vdi cac mang ludi chinh thirc Trong cac lac pham ciia minh, Putnam dat niem lin vao vi Iri trung lam cua li thuyet VXH Niem tin la phan thiet yeu ciia VXH (Putnam & cdng sy, 1993) Niem tin tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho sy hgp lac; miic lin tudng cdng ddng cang Idn kha nang hgp lac cang Idn Mdt sd lac gia khac xem xel VXH dya tren linh chal ciia cac mang ludi va quan he xa hdi Theo quan diem nay, VXH dugc phan loai: rang budc (Bonding), bac cau (Bridging) va ket ndi (Linking) (Narayan, 1999; Woolcock 2000, trich bdi Stone & cdng sy, 2003) VXH rang budc tdn tai nhung mang ludi gan gui hoac than thiet nhu cac quan he gia dinh, ban be, hang xdm; VXH bac cau lien quan den nhCrng rnang ludi chdng cheo nhu cac quan he ddng nghiep, ddi lac; VXH ket ndi de cap den nhiing quan he xa hdt vdi nhirng ngirdi bd may chinh qu\en va Irong cac td chirc Theo nhdm nghien ciru ctia Ngan hang The gidi, VXH de cap den cac chuan myc va mang ludi dan den hanh ddng tap the gdm phan chinh nhdm va mang ludi (Groups and Networks), Idng tin va sy doan ket (Trust and Solidarity), hanh dpng lap the va sy hgp tac (Col lective Action and Cooperation), sy gan ket va tham gia xa hdi (Social Cohesion and Inclusion), thdng tin va giao tiep (Information and Communication) VXH khdng chi la sd lugng td chirc mdt cdng ddng xa hdi ma cdn la chal keo ket ndi chiing lai vdi 44 I Nguyen Trong Hoai & Tran Quang Vi cd nhiau quan di^m khac nen each ludng VXH cung khac Tuy nhien, bang each su dyng kel hgp cac phuang phap nghien cun djnh tinh va djnh lugng, mdt sd nghien ciin da dua nhung thang hoac bien dai dien hun ich de ludng VXH (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000) Viec sir dung cac chi sd dai dien de ludng VXH xual hien kha phd bi6n cac nghien ciru trudc day ciia Coleman (1988), Putnam (1995), Ngoai viec sir dyng bidn dai dien, mot so nghien ciiu gan day da sij dung cdng cy la bang cau hdi khao sat di ludng khai niem nay, ndi bat sd la cac bang cau hdi dugc phat trien bdi Onyx & Bullen (2000) va Ngan hang The gidi Groolaert (1998) chi nhi^u chi so ludng VXH da dugc su dung cac nghien ciin djnh luang Cac chi sd ludng dugc su dung can the hien hai yeu td co ban ciia khai niem VXH, dac diem cau Iriic cita mang ludi va chat luong cua cac mdi quan he Vai trd ciia mang ludi xa hdi viec lam dju cac van de ve thdng tin bat can xung hoac lam giam bdt chi phi tim kiem da dugc de cap nhieu tai lieu ve vai Ird cua VXH nen kinh te Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu cd anh hudng sau sac ciia Putnam & cgng su* (1993), Glaeser & cdng sy (1999) da thiel lap quan diem cho rang cac mang lu'di xa hdt ddng vai Ird quan trong cac giao dich kinh le Cac nha nghien cii'u da kham pha sy lac dpng cua mang ludi xa hdi ddi vdi cac hanh vi kinh te khac nhu tang kha nang cac ndng dan se ap dung cdng nghe mdi, lang thu nhap cho doanh nghiep, giam chi phi lim kietn viec lam, ,, Doi vdi Ihj trudng lin dung khu vuc ndng thdn, nhieu nghien cuu da chii'ng minh vai trd cang quan trgng cita VXH Irong viec TCTD ciia cac ho gia dinh Okten & Osili (2004) kham pha rang mang ludi gia dinh va mang ludi cdng ddng deu cd tac ddng tich cyc den cac hoat dpng TCTD: Nhan bi6t nguon lin dung, quyel djnh xin cap tin dung, va kha nang dugc cap tin dung Theo mdt nghien cii'u ctia Togba (2009), niem lin vao cau Iriic lai chinh vi md va kha nang tham gia vao cac chuong trinh lin dung vi md cita cac hp gia dinh cd quan he vdi nhau: Viec thieu niem lin lam giam kha nang lya chpn cac Id chii'c tai chinh vi md Kit qua phan tich ciia Hoang & cdng sy (2010) chi rSng VXH rang bupc va bSc cdu khdng cd anh hudng din rang budc tin dung, VXH ket ndi cd the lam giam rang budc ciia cac hd gia dinh d ndng thdn VN, Nghien ciiu ciia Guiso & cpng sy (2004) \i mdi quan he giij'a VXH va phat Irien tai chinh da chi rang VXH co tac dpng ngugc chilu vdi xac suat khdng ti^p can dugc tin dung; va Irong thj irudng tin dung phi chinh thtic, sy suy giam mdt diim phan Iram lech chuan ve VXH lam tang kha nang nhan dugc mdl khoan vay phi chinh thirc khoang 1% Ket qua nghien ciin cua Heikkila & cdng su (2009) cho thay doi vdi viec lya chon cac loai hlnh djnh che tai chinh (chinh thitc, ban chinh thirc va phi chinh Phat crign Kmh te 279 (01 /2014) | 45 thirc), V X H ca n h a n cd q u a n he tich c y c vdi kha nang v a y m u g n tir cac td c h u c tai chinh ban chinh thirc va phi c h i n h t h u c ; ngoai cac mdi lien ket xa hpi ciia n g u d i di vay c u n g cd y nghTa h o n ddi vdi cac to chirc phi chinh thirc so vdi cae td chirc chinh thirc Phat hien ciia W y d i c k & c d n g s y ( 1 ) la m a n g ludi nha thd cd vai trd ndi bat viec xac djnh n g u d n tin d u n g ciia hd gia dinh Ddi vdi mdi loai lin d y n g , s y gia tang g a p ddi sd l u g n g hp gia dinh m d t m a n g ludi nha thd lam gia lang k h o a n g % kha nang m d t hd gia dinh tiep can d u g c m d t loai lin dirng n a o dd T d m lai, li thuyel va cac nghien ciru t h y c nghiem lugc khao d tren la c o s d de nhdm nghien ciin de xuat k h u n g p h a n lich n h u Hinh I Mang luoi xa hgi - Mang ludl chinh thuc - Mang ludi phi chinh thirc Chia se thdng tin Phoihop boat ddng Quyel dmh lap ihe Quy chuan •Niem tin -Su tuang trp Tin dung han chinh tlnic - Hdi Phu nQ' - Hdi Ndng dan - I Idl ciru chien binh - i.\K chuang trinh cua NGO - C