Vietnam J Agri Sci 2016, Vol 14 No 6: 978-987 Tgp dni KH Nong nghidp Vigt Nam 2016, tap 14 sd 6.978-987 www.vnua.edu.vn SINH KE CHO NGIfSl DAN Dl CUTIf DO IREN DjA BAN TINH DAK NONG Dam Thi H?'*, Nguyen Van Tuan^ ^NCS Khoa Kinh te va Phdt trien nong thon, Hgc vi^n Nong nghidp Viet Nam 'Khoa Kinh ti va Qudn tri kinh doanh, Trirdng Dqi hgc Lam nghifp Vift Nam Email': damthihel979@gmail.com Ngay gui ban 25.04.2016 Ngay chap nhan: 24.06.2016 TOM TAT Di cu ty (DCTD) Ici van de nong hign d D i k Nong noi neng va khu vyc Tay Nguyen noi chung Sinh ke cua nhQ'ng ngudi dan di cu ty tJang dat nhieu vdn de can phai giai quyet doi vdi cac nba chinh sach, chinh quyen tJia phirong cac cap va td chdc doan the Nghien CLPU su dyng Ceich tiep can tiF phan tich khung sinh ke de lam ro hien trgng sinh ke cua DCTD, tren co sd k i t qua phan tich thyc trgng cSc ngudn sinh k l cua ngudi dan DCTD, de xudt cac giai phap cai thien sinh ke cho ngudi dan di cu t y tren tiia ban tinh Ddk Ndng Ket qua phan tich cho thay: thdi gian gan tiay, cac ngudn lyc sinh k l cua Ccic hd di cu t y da duoc cSi thign, cac boat dgng sinh k l da dmh hinh va bdt ddu phat then, ddi sdng vgt chdt va tinh than cua cac hg mgc dii fX)n kho khan thilu thdn nhung dang duoc cai thien Tuy vay viec c^i thien sinh k l cho ngudi di cu ty cung dang phai ddi meit vdi nhilu khd khan, cdn tiem an nhieu nguy co rui ro va thach thipc nhu: ngudn lyc dat dai kho khan, tranh chap; ngudn vdn ngudi thap; kha nang tiep can thi trudng, tai chinh van htia, nudc sach kho khan hoac khong the thyc hien De giai quylt van d l can thyc hien tidng bp bay giai phap cai thign ngudn vdn t ^ n ngudi la quan trpng nhat Tir kh6a: Di cu ty do, Ddk Nong ngudn sinh ke, sinh ke Livelihood for Free Migrants In Dak Nong Province ABSTRACT Free migration is a cuuent hot issue not only in Dak Nong but also in the Central Highlands of Vietnam The livelihoods of the migrants are posing many problems to be solved for the policy makers and local governments at all levels and organizations This study used analytical approach livelihoods as framework to clarify the current status of free migration livelihoods based on situation analysis of people's livelihoods of free migrants and thereby, proposed solutions to improve people's livelihood for free migration in the province of Dak Nong The analytical results showed that in recent times, the livelihood sources of the free migration of households has improved and livelihood activities were shaped and developed The standard of living and spintual life of households although remained difficult are being improved However, improving the livelihoods of the free migration is also facing many difficulties with several potential risks and challenges such as land capital problems and disputes, low human capital, and difficult access to markets, finance, culture, and clean water Solving these issues require seven synchronous solutions in vrtiich improving human capital is the most important Keywords: Dak Nong, free migration, livelihood, iiveiihotxl sources V „ DAI VAN DE Di cu tfl la hien tUdng di chuyin eua mgt kmh phf, tfl tao cudc song mdi tai ndi dg'n tren j,jj g^ ^.jjj^^ jj|g„ jjj5t gg- f,^^ jjj^ ^^^ jjg^j ^^- (,jj£jjj^ ^"^y^^ ^^ ^^ "^^ ^ ^ chuyin de'n b6 phan dan cu dg'n ndi d mdi hoan toan Sinh k l dUdc Meu la phudng thflc kie'm ngfldi di cfl tu quyg't dinh, bao gdm viec liia chgn sd'ng cua ngfldi Sinb k l bao gdm cac kha ndi de'n, tfl to chflc di chuyen, tu lo cac khoan nang, cac tai san (bao gdm cac nguon lUc vat 978 O^m Thi H§, Nguyin VSn Tuan chdt va xa hgi) va cac hoat dpng cdn thilt de kilm sdng (DFID, 1999) Mdt smh k l dUdc coi la ben vflng kM nd co kha nSng flng phd va phuc hdi bi tac dong, hay cd the thiic ddy cac kha nang va tai san d ca thdi dilm Mgn tai va tfldng lai khong lam xdi mdn nen tang cua cac ngudn lflc tfl nhien (Hanstad et al, 2004; Carney, 1998) Ngudn vo'n sinh ke' bao gdm cac tiieu kien khach quan va chii quan ma ngUdi cd dfldc de thflc hien cac boat ddng sinb ke Theo khung sinb ke ben vflng cua DFID, cac loai von bao gdm: (a) Vdn vat chat; (b) Vd'n tai chinh; (c) Vdn xa hdi; (d) Vd'n eon ngfldi (e) Vd'n tfl nhign Mpt sd Ifldng ldn ngudi di cfl tfl tfl nhieu ndi da din tinh Ddk Ndng nhflng nam vifa qua, ngudn luc sinh k l han che (dat canh tac, vdn, cac mdi quan he xa hpi, cd sd tang) nen sinb ke cua hp vdn chu yg'u dua vao khai thac tu nMen, lan ddt, lan rifng gay anh sflc ep khong nhd din cMe'n Mdc phat trien kinb te - xa hdi moi trfldng - an mnh cua tiia phfldng Do vay, giai phap phat trign sinh kg' bin vflng cho d&n DCTD la mgt ygu cau ciie M cdp bach cMin lUdc phat trien kinh t l - xa hoi cua qudc gia ndi chung va tinh Dak Nong ndi rieng Muc tieu cua ngMen cflu la tren cd sd ngMen cflu thflc trang sinh ke, bao gdm cac ngudn lflc sinh kg' va cac boat dgng sinh k l cua ngudi dan tii cfl tfl tren tiia ban tinh Dak Nong, de xuat nhflng giai phap hudng tdi phat triln sinh ke ben vflng cho bp phan dan cfl nay, gdp pban phat trien ben viing kinh te xa hgi, qudc phdng an ninh tren dia ban hop nhom dan cfl va thflc Men khao sat cac hp gia dinh qua cac phidu phdng van chuan bi san So'ligu thfl cap dudc thu thSp, tdng hdp qua he tbdng cd sd dfl lieu cua tinh Dak Ndng, bao gdm: cac bao cao ciia UBND tinh Dak Ndng, bao cao eua cd quan Thd'ng ke tinh, bao cao ciia Sd NN va PTNT tinb va UBND cac huyen va cac cd quan quan ly dia phfldng co lien quan den van dl di cu tu trgn dia ban tinb 2.1.2 Nguon so lieu sdcap (so lieu m&i) Cac sd' lieu sd cdp dfldc thu thap chu ydu tbdng qua khao sat thflc tign bang mgt so' cong cu cua phUdng phap danh gia nong thon c6 sfl tham gia (PRA), gdm phdng vdn cac hp gia dinh va td chflc cac budi thao lua.n nhom tai cac dilm dfldc chgn de nghien cflu tiien hinh Trong qua trinh khao sat, nhom tac gia da tie'n hanh buoi hop nhdm va phdng van 300 ho gia dinh thupc dien di cfl tfl qua cac phieu ehuan hi san tai xa cua huyen dfldc chpn lam cac diem nghien cflu Cac hg dieu tra dUdc chgn theo phfldng phap phan tang theo dia phufdng va theo cd cau dan tgc Cac xa dugc chpn khao sat la Ddk Som, Ddk R'Mang (huyen Ddk Giong), Ddk N'Drung, Thuan Ha (huyen Ddk Song), R'Htit va Ddk Buk So (huyen Tuy Dflc) Cd ca'u dan tdc cua cac bd dieu tra bao gdm: Mong (42.47%), Dao (21,74%), Tay (18,73%) Nung (11,71%), cac dan tdc Mudng, Thai, Kinh chig'm dfldi 10% tdng so'mau 2.2 P h a n ticb va xuf ly so'lieu NGUON SO LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN C i r u 2.1, Tbu t h a p so'lieu, tai lieu 2.1.1 Dia ban ngbien cvCu va nguon so lieu tbvtcap (so lieu da cong bo) Dia ban dfldc chgn dl ngMen cflu dien binh bao gdm: Huyen Ddk Giong; buyen Ddk Song va huyen Tuy Dflc, la ba huyen ed so Ifldng ngfldi DCTD dong nha't cua tinh Tren dia ban mdi huygn cbgn xa de tie'n hanh td chflc cac bud'i Phfldng phap thong ke dfldc sfl dung bao gdm thd'ng ke mo ta, tho'ng ke so sanh de phan tich lam ro thuc trang ve mflc va sfl bien dpng vl so' Ifldng, kit cdu cua cac so' lieu thu thap phuc vu cac ndi dung nghien cflu, nhdm tim cac tbdng tin lUdng hoa, chuoi so' lieu co xu hudng, cac thong tin thg hign ban chat cua hien tfldng thdng qua cac sd PhUdng pbap chuyen gia dfldc stf dung nghien cflu thong qua viec trao doi, thao luan vdi ngfldi dan di cu tu do, cae chuyen gia giau kinh nghiem vl sinh ke cung nhu vdn 979 Sinh ke cho ngudi dan di cu ty tren dja b^n tinh Ddk Nong de di cfl tli do, cac can bd quan Iy, cac nba khoa hpc ve cac vdn de cd lien quan den ndi dung nghien cflu nhdm tim nhflng khia canh kinh tg xa hdi cd tinh chat dinh tinh KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Tbiic trang di cii tfl tai tinh Dak Nong Dan sd' cua tinh Men dat trgn 510.000 ngfldi vdi mat trung binh 78,39 ngfldi tren kra^ va bao gdm tren 30 dan tgc smh song, dd cd cac dan tgc thieu sd^ la M'ndng, E de, J'rai, Ma, H'mong, Dao (Cue Thd'ng kg Ddk Nong, 2015) La tinb cd nhieu tiem nang ve dat dai, tai nguyen, Ddk Nong cd sflc hut rat manh ddi vdi ddng tli cfl tfl cua ca nudc tdi lam an sinh song Sd lugng ngUdi di cu tfl de'n tinh Ddk Nong tinh ddn thang 12 nam 2015 da lgn tdi 22.689 hp vdi 105.509 nhan khau Ndi xudt cfl cua eac hp chu ylu tfl cac tinh Lao Cai, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Ha Giang, Cao Bdng, Tuyen Quang Ndi den dinh cu cua cac hd di cfl tu tap trung d cac buyen thupc viing s3u, viing xa, ndi cdn nhilu tilm nang ve ddt dai nhfl cac buyen Ddk Giong, Tuy Dflc, Ddk Song, Krong Nd (UBND tinh Ddk Nong, 2015) Ngfldi th cfl tu de'n Dak Nong cbu ye'u la ngfldi dSn tgc tMeu sd (cMem 89,24% tdng sd ngudi th cu), nMeu nhat la ngudi dan tdc H'mong (50,45%), Dao (13,13%), cac dan tgc kbac nhu Kinh, Tay, Nung, Mudng, Thai cM chiem ty lg dudi 10% (UBND tinh Ddk Nong, 2015) Kit qua dilu tra cho thdy, dan DCTD thfldng tim dg'n cac ndi vung xa, vung sau, cdn nhilu tiem nang ve dat dai (bao gdm ca dat chfla stf dung va ddt rflng tfl nMen); vung ddt mau md phu hdp vdi nhieu loai cay trdng co gia tri kinh td cao, dac biet la vung ddt bazan Nhflng dac dilm da va dang tao nhflng thach thflc ldn ddi vdi cdng tac qua ly cua dia phfldng nhfl: cong tac tho'ng ke, kiem soat ngUdi DCTD, quan ly va bao ve rflng tfl nhign 980 3.2 Nguon vo'n sinb ke cua ngiidii d a n di cfl tli t r e n dia b a n nghien cvtu 3.2.1 Tbifc trang nguon cac bg dieu tra von vat cbat ciia Ngudn vdn vat chat dfldc pban cMa lam nhdm: Tai san cua cdng ddng va tai san cua hp NhQng thdng tin chi'nh vl ngudn vdn vat ehdt cua cac hd dilu tra dfldc ngu trgn bang Ket qua dieu tra va quan sat tai hign trfldng cd the de dang thdy dai da sd cac hd gia dinh DCTD d tinh trang ngheo ve cd sd vat chat, he thd'ng cd sd tdng ve cd ban chfla dap flng dfldc nhu cdu tMg't ylu Cd tdi 82,33% cac HGD cdn dang b cac nba tam, da pban la tfldng vach go, gach tfl che, mai Idp bdng tam fibro-ximang hoSc tdn Cac phfldng tien phuc vu sinh boat nhin chung cdn ngbgo nan, m6i gia dinh thfldng ed mgt cMec xe may, khoang 50% so' bd cd tivi Cac cdng cu, phflttog tign phuc vu cbo san xuat chu yg'u la tho sd, chi co khoang 5% sd hg da mua sdm dfldc may eay nhd cbo lam dat va van chuyen, khoang 25% sd hg sdm dfldc may bdm nudc chay ddu de phuc vu tfldi nfldc cho vfldn ca phe Gia tri cac cdng cu, phUdng tien cho san xuat tinh binh quan mdi hd cM dat mflc 2,75 trieu ddng Ngudn nfldc phuc vu sinh boat, cd 45,67% sd' hg gia dinh (HGD) cd gig'ng tfl dao tai nha, 17,33% lay nude tfl cac ddng sudi ddn chay ve nha, cdn tdi 36% sd' HGD phai lay tfl cac ngudn nUdc xa khdng t h i dao dfldc gilng gan nha Hau h i t cac HGD di cu tfl sdng xa trung tam nen kha nang tiep can cac cd sd ba tang xa hdi diu rat khd khan: chi cd 43,67% sd' HGD cd dign Ifldi, da sd diu cac khu vUc xa dfldng giao thdng, xa trfldng hgc, xa chd ndng thon 3.2.2 Nguon dieu tra von tai chinb cua cac bg Ngudn vdn tai cM'nh dong vai trd quan trpng phat trien va cai thien sinh ke cua ngfldi dan "nnh Mnb ngudn Mc tai cMnh cua cac hp tiilu tra dUdc thg Mgn d bang D a m Thj H § , N g u y i n V a n T u a n Bang Cd sd vat chat cua cac hd dilu tra Chi tigu DVT So lupng Ty trpng % Dieu ki$n nh^ - Logi nha S6h6 300 100,00 NhS tgm Sohp 247 82,33 Nha kien co Sdhfl 53 17.67 Tr.d/hp 31,42 - Gia trj nhd d sodchi,, Gia tri cflng cy san xuat Tr.d/hp 2,75 Gia tn c^c phuong ti#n sinh hoat chu yeu Tr.d/hp 17.42 Ngudn nirdc sinh hogt hp 300 - Gieng khoan tai nhg hp 1.00 - Gieng d^o tai nhS hd 137 45,67 - N u d c suoi t y chay ve iha hp 52 17,33 - Ngudn n u d c lay t u xa hd 108 36,00 Hp t;6 dien ludi hp 131 43,67 Hfl gan d u d n g giao thong H0 118 39,33 Hp gan tram y te (dudi km) 42 15.66 Hp gan trudng hpc (dudi 66 19.66 19 6,33 km) Hp g^n cha (dudi km) 100,00 NguSn Tong hdp tii ket qua khao sat, 2015 Bang Tinh hinh dam bao nguon vo'n cho san xuat cua HGD dieu tra Chi ti§u So lup'ng (hp) Hp thieu von cho san xuat Ngudn bd sung vdn cOa h$ - Vay Ngan hang 32,00 - Vay ngudi than 41,00 - Vay tin dung t y Ho khong the vay von 6.67 28,67 Nguon: Tdng hdp tttsohSu dieu tra, 2015 Sdlieu tlieu tra cbo thay 100% sd HGD deu cho rdng bg thidu vdn de dau tu cho san xua't b cac mflc khac nhau, kba nang tiep can cac ngudn vdn cua eac hd DCTD edn rdt ban che va khd khan Ngudn bd sung vo'n tfl ben ngoai cua cae HGD cbu yeu qua: vay ngan hang, vay ngudi than, hg hang, vay tin dung tu Cdn tdi 28,67% sd HGD hoan toan khong the vay dUdc tiln tfl bat k;f ngudn nao vi nhilu ly khac nhau, day thuc su la mgt khd khan rat ldn de phat trign san xuat cua ngfldi di cfl tfl Nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang thieu vdn duoc xac dinb la: (i) ngudi dan it co tich luy tfl ke't qua qua trinh san xudt; (ii) ngudi dan khong vay dugc vd'n vi nhieu ly khac nhfl: tam Smh k l cho ngudi dan di cu ty trgn dia ban tinh Dak Ndng ly khong dam vay ngan hang vi lo sd khdng tra dfldc, mgt sd hg khong cd tai san the chdp dl vay vdn ngan bang thfldng mai, mot sd'hg cd tbe vay dfldc tfl cac ca nhan tin dung tu nhflng khong the vay dfldc sd tiln ldn va lai sua't vay thfldng la kha cao; (iii) chUdng trinh cho vay Hd gia dinh cua ngan bang NN & PTNT va ngan hang Chinh sach xa hgi thUdng cd mflc vay thap, ddi tUdng dfldc vay tfl ngudn phai tham gia cac doan thi nhfl (bdi ndng dan, hdi ctiu chien binh, hdi phu nfl ) vi nhflng chUdng trinb la cho vay tin chdp qua cac doan the, nhien ty lg ngfldi DCTD tham gia cac doan the khdng cao 3.2.3 Nguon von ngtfcfi da dinb dieu tra cac hg gia Ngudn vdn ngfldi gifl vai trd dae biet quan trgng khong cM viec cai tMen sinh ke cua bg gia tfinh ma cdn quyet dinh dg'n sfl phat trien kinh t l cua mdt dia phUdng, qudc giama dong Qua sd ligu dieu tra, tong bdp phan ticb, kit qua ngudn vdn ngUdi cua tinh Ddk Nong dfldc t h i Men d bang Sd lieu tren bang cd the thay, nhin chung hd gia dinh dieu tra co sd nhan khau kha dong (5,6 khdu/hd), co sd' lao ddng tfldng doi cao (2,6 lao dgng/bd), lao ddng co dd tuoi tUdng ddi tre (40,11 tuoi), sd ngfldi ngoai tud'i lao dgng b mflc 2,9 ngfldi/hd, da sd lao ddng la nhflng ngudi khde manh (cM cd 8,77% lao dpng hi dm dau thfldng xuyen) Lao dgng tai cac hd DCTD cd tinh can cfl chiu khd, f cbi khac phuc kho khan cao, cd nhieu kinh ngMem canh tac nfldng rdy va chiu khd hpc hdi Day cd the ndi la mdt nhflng thuan Idi cd ban ciia cac HGD dilu tra bdi canh tii cfl din viing ddt mdi, cdn nhilu lao ddng Tuy nhien, chat Ifldng lao dgng lai cd nbilu khi'a canh bat cap: trinh dp van boa cua lao ddng rat thap, binh quSn lao ddng chi hgc den ldp 4/12, rat nhilu ngfldi trdng sd hp da tai mu chfl, khdng biet dgc, biet viet, mdt sd ndi chfla thao tieng tbdng (dac bigt la nhflng ngUdi tren 50 tuoi) Sd lidu dilu tra cbo tha'y 42,33% so chu bd dUdc phdng van hau nhfl khdng the dpc va viet tieng Viet mgt each binb thfldng Chi cd 0,03% lao dgng da dUdc dao tao qua cac khda tap huan tfl trung cap trd len (chu ylu la tfl kbi cdn b qug cfl), khoang 21,73% lao dgng da dfldc du it nha't mdt ldn cac ddt tap hu^n nghe nghiep (chan nu6i, trdng trpt ) cd quan khuyen nong dia phfldng td cbflc Bang Dac diem ve n h a n khau, lao dong cua HG© dieu t r a Chi tieu S6 lirgrng Tyle% ngudi 1680 100 Tdng so lao dpng ngudi 810 48,21 Tong s6 nhSn k h i u phg thu$c ngt/di 870 51,79 So nhan k h i u binh quan ngudi/hfl 5,6 So lao dpng binh qu3n ngudi/hp 2,7 So nhan k h i u phu (hupc binh quSn ngudi/hp Dp tu6i binh qu§n cua lao dpng tu6i 40,11 Trinh dp van hda cua chii hp Idp 4,2/12 ChCi hO khflng dpc du'p'c th^o ngudi 127 Lao dOng da d u p c dao tao ngudi 27 0,03 Lao dpng da dug'c t#p huan nghe ngudi 176 21,73 8.77 2,9 42,33 Lao dpng thudng xuyen benh tat ngudi 71 S l fr§ em dp t u l i di hpc ngudi 460 100 S6 tr^ em di hoc ngudi 248 53.91 Tr6 dO tuoi khflng di hpc ngudi 212 46,09 Nguon: Tdng hap tix ket qua dieu tra, 2015 982 DVT Tong so nhan khau Dam Thi Hg, Nguyen Van Tuan Bang Tinh h i n h dat dai cua cac ho gia dinh dieu t r a So luong ( m % p ) Ty trpng % Dien tich d i t binh quan mflt hp 14,955 100,00 Dien tich dat theo mgc dich SIP dyng 14.955 100,00 Chi tieu 286 1.91 Dat nuong r i y cay hang nam 1953 13.06 D i t t;ay lau nam Dat m6ng 12-027 80,42 Dltd 316 2,12 Dat khac (vudn ao ) 373 2.49 14.955 100,00 Di^n tich dat chia Iheo ngudn goc 0,00 T y khai pha 748 18.38 Mua lai 12,207 81.62 Dug'c giao Nguon: TonghOp t&soiieu dieu tra, 2015 3.2.4 Nguon von ttt nbien cUa cacbg dieu tra Mac dfl cac dia pbUdng thugc tinh Dac Ndng deu cd the' manh ve dat dai tai nguygn, nhUng ddi vdi cac hg gia dinb di cfl tfl tM van de tilp can va sfl dung cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nMen lai cd nhflng rao can ldn (Bang 4) Dien ticb dat sfl dung binh quan m6t hd kha ldn, dat 1,49 ba/hd, da't trdng cay lau nam (chu yeu la ca phg) cMem ty letdi 80,42%, tilp dd la dat nUdng rdy trdng cay hang nam (cbu yeu la sdn, ngd) (13,06%), dat b cua cac hp la kba hep, cM d mflc 316 m^/bg Hau bet cac bp thugc dien DCTD la nhflng ngfldi den sau, de cd dat canh tac, hp phai thflc hien cac each thflc sau: (i) tren 80% hg DCTD co boat dgng tfl khai pha mgt each bat hdp phap cac khu ddt hoac rflng tfl nhign, (ii) gdn 60% bg cd mua lai dat cua cac hp dan ban dia, hoac (iii) lam ddn xm va dfldc cMnh quyln dia phfldng hdp thflc thu tue cdp dat san xuat theo tiinh mflc Xet ve ngudn gdc dat cua hd, cd tdi 81,62% tiien tich da't dUdc mua lai tfl ngfldi dan ban dia, khoang 18,38% didn ticb la tfl khai pha, sau dd dUdc chinb quyln dia phUdng lam thu tuc hdp tbflc hda cbo cac h5 sfl dung Khong CO hd nao dfldc bfldng chinb sach giao da't san xua't cua Nba nfldc Tbflc te xay tranb chap vl dat dai tren dien ticb dat dang canb tac cua cac bg DCTD diln tbeo mdt so^ trfldng hdp dien Mnh sau day: (i) tranh chdp tren ddt tu khai pha cua mot sd bg DCTD, sau kM stf dung dn dinb mgt vai vu tM CO ngfldi ban tlia den ddi lai vi noi day la ddt nfldng rdy xUa cua gia ttinh hg, (ii) tranh chdp tren dat cac hg DCTD mua lai cua hd dan ban tlia, sau kM sfl dung vai vu lai cd ngfldi de'n ndi bg la ngudi than cua chu ddt cu, ddi pbdn tien cua hg De giai quyg't hai trUdng hdp tranh chap nay, da sdeae bg DCTD phai tbu xep mpt sd tiln nhdt tiinh de tra eho ngudi din ddi Trfldng hdp khac (m) la kM cae hd DCTD tfl khai pha ddt rifng tu nMgn thugc ve cac Ban quan ly ritng, cac Khu bao tdn, cac Nong Lam trfldng quoc doanh kM bi phat Men tM da so cac bp phai tra lai ddt cbo cac cd quan Cac bg gia dinb d gdn cac khu rifng tfl nhign dfldc cac Ban quan ly rflng ciia Nba nfldc khoan quan ly bao ve rflng vdi mflc thu lao khoang 300.000 ddng mdi nam cbo rtfng Ve cd ban cac hg d gan rflng dfldc quyln binh ddng vdi cac hp ban dia khac viec chan tha gia sue, thu hai mpt sd' lam san ngoai gd nhfl mang, cay thudc, ciii Tai cac khu rflng co go, vdn thfldng xay hien tUdng khai thac go, san bdn chim, tbu rifng bat hdp phap, gay nhilu tdn that cho he tai nguyen rifng cua tlia pbUdng Cac ngudn nudc tfl nMgn cua cac tlia pbUdng (ao, bd, suoi ) diu dUdc cMa se binb dang gifla cac hg dan ban dia vdi ngUdi DCTD 983 Sinh ke cho ngudi dan di cu ty tren dja ban tinh Ddk Ndng 3.2.5 Nguon von xa hgi Ngfldi DCTD dfldc cdng ddng dan cfl ban dia chap nhan kha nhanh, ve cd ban khdng co nhiing rao can cac sinh boat cdng ddng cua tiia phfldng Mgt sd ngfldi DCTD da tham gia vao he thdng can bg quan ly cua dia pbUdng nhfl: lam trfldng thdn, ban, bom, s6c; tham gia vao ban chap hanh cac hgi doan the (Doan nien, Hgi phu nfl, Hpi ndng dan xa) Ngudi dan DCTD dfldc bfldng ta't ca cac phuc Idi xa hgi cua dia phUdng, dUdc tham gia bmh ddng vao cac boat dgng chinb tri, xa hgi cua tlia phUdng, dfldc tham gia tap huan ky thuat san xua't, dfldc day nghe, dUdc vay vo'n nhu ddi vdi ngudi dan ban dia Da sd ngfldi dan DCTD Men da dfldc hfldng cac che cM'nb sach cua Nha nudc cho ddng bao dan tdc it ngUdi nhfl ngfldi ban tlia (nhfl cMnh sach bao MSm y te', cbinh sanh mien giam bgc phi ) Cac khd khan va rao can ddi vdi DCTD dd la: ngUdi DCTD sdng cum dan cu nhd, lai kha khep kin theo dan tdc, theo ndi xuat cfl, vay yeu td giao luu vdi egng ddng dia phfldng kba han chl, sfl tham gia cua ngUdi DCTD vao eac hoat dgng le hgi cong ddng cua ngfldi ban dtia tfldng ddi It Ylu td phong tuc tap quan cua dan tdc it ngfldi di cu ciing chi phdi kba nMeu den sfl boa nhap vdi ngfldi tiia phfldng, tiien Mnh la cho den nay, d tdt ca cac xa tiieu tra, cbua cd mdt cupc hon nhan nao gifla ngfldi DCTD vdi ngfldi ban dia Mgt sd ngfldi DCTD den sdng tai dia phudng nhung khdng the lam thil tuc dang ky nhan khau bg khau, vi hoac la bg rat ngai ve que cu de xac nhan hd khau gdc, hoac tlia phfldng ndi xuat cfl khdng the xac nhan hd khau goc cho hp Nhflng ngfldi dang gap nMlu khd khan viec thuc hien cac quyln cdng dan va khdng dfldc bfldng cac cMnh sach nha nfldc cbo ddng bao dia phfldng 3.3 Tbflc t r a n g sinh ke cua cac bo DCTD dieu tra 3.3.1 Cac boat dgng sinb ke cua cac hg dieu tra Nhin chung nhiing boat dgng san xua't kmh doanh phd bien nhat cua cac hg DCTD vdn la lam ndng nghiep tren ddt ddc, vdn la nghe truyen thdng cua cac dan tdc it ngfldi mien Bdc 984 nhfl: trdng cdy cdng ngMep lau nam (ca phe) vdi 98,33% so bg; trdng cay ngdn trgn nuong ray (sdn, ngo ) cMem tdi 69,67% sd bp; tii lam thue, lam mfldn theo thdi vu vdi 62% Rdt it bp lam thUdng mai, tiich vu hoac lam cong nhan b cac cdng ty, xi nghigp dia ban sinb sdng cua cac hd thudng xa cac diem dan cfl tap trung (Bang 5) Trong thflc td, cac hd gia dinh diu nhan dUdc nhiing sfl hd trd ciia Nba nfldc de phat trien san xuat nhfl: dfldc tham dfl ldp tap huan ngdn ve ky thuat canh tac, ky thuat chan nudi, dflde xet cbo vay von theo chfldng trinb cbo vay ho gia ttinh Cac vat tu tMdt yeu cho san xuat nbU phan bdn, tbuoc bao ve thuc vat dfldc mua chu yeu tfl cac chd tiia phflcJng Viec tigu thu hang boa ndng san cua cac bd chu yeu la thfldng lai ddn mua tai nha theo gia ca thda thuan va tfldng ddi thuan Idi cbo cac hd 3.3.2 Tbu nbap cua cac bg gia dinb dieu tra Tong cac khoan thu binb quan mdt hd dat 50,168 trieu ddng mot nam, neu cMa cho so' nhan khau binh quan tM mflc tbu dat 8,95 trieu ddng/nam/ngfldi, bay 746.550 ddng/thang/ngfldi Con sd' cbo thay mflc tbu binb quan cua cac hp dieu tra da b mflc cao hdn gdn 1,5 lan so vdi chuan ngheo cua ca nfldc Men Cd ban ngudn thu chu ye'u cua cac bp dieu tra vdn la tfl cac boat ddng tidng trpt, dd ldn nha't la thu tfl ca phg (cMlm 70,19%), sau dd la tbu tfl cac san pham nfldng rdy (10,46%), cdn cac ngudn tbu kbac (chan nuoi, thfldng mai tiich vu ) chiem ty le nho (Bang 6) 3.3.3 Cbi tieu cua cac bg gia dinb dieu tra Mdi nam binh quan mdt hd cM tieu so' tien la 47,658 trieu ddng (binh quan 709.195 ddng/ngfldi/thang) Nhu vay vdi tmh hinh thu, chi Men nay, binb quan mgt bg gia tiinh cM ticb liiy dUdc 2,51 trieu ddng/nam cho cac nhu cau phat triln Trong ke't cau eae khoan cM tM cM cbo cac nhu cdu an van chig'm ty lg rat ldn (tdi 49,95%), kbi chi cho cac boat dgng san xudt chilm cbi la 36,19%, cM cho nhu cdu hoc hanh, y te rat it Ke't qua dieu tra cbo thay mflc sdng cua cac bg gia tiinh DCTD cdn b mflc J 7) Dam Thj He, Nguyen Van Tuan Bang Cac boat dong sinh ke chinh cua bo gia dinh dieu tra s l lup'ng Ty Ip % So HGD d i l u tra ho HO c6 l^m mgng n u d c hO 9,33 HO c6 ISm nutyng ray t^Sy hSng nam hp 69,67 HO c6 trdng ca phe hp 98,33 HO c6 chan nufll hfl 42,67 Hp cfl san xuat lam nghiOp hp 13.67 H Q cd hoat dflng t h u o n g mgi, djch vu hO 12,33 HO c6 lam thue lam m i r d n hp 62,00 Hp cfl ngudi lam tgi cac khu cflng nghigp hfl 0,00 HO cfl hogt dpng SXKD kh^c hg 7,33 100,00 Ngudn' Tong bdp tU so lieu dieu tra cua tac gia Bang Tinh hinh thu nhap binh quan cua ho gia dinh dieu tra Chi tieu S5 lupng (1000d/h6) T:?iO% 678 1,35 Thu t d n u o n g ray c§y hang nam 5,250 10,46 Thu ti> ca ph6 35.214 70.19 Thu Chan nuOi 2.400 4.78 Thu tiF san xuat lam nghiep 186 0,37 Thu tir thuong mgi dich vg 1.523 3,04 Thu tir l^m thufi lam m u d n 4.630 9.23 Thu t u Ilia nudc 287 0.57 50 t e a 100,00 Thu khac C^ng Ngudn: Tdng hdp tUsdlieu dieu tra, 2015 Bang Chi tieu cua ho gia dinh dieu tra DVT So luong S6 HGD d i l u tra hO 300 Chi cho san x u i t Chi tieu Ty le % d/hfl 17 245 - Chi trdng trpt cay hang nam d/hO 2195 36,19 4,61 - Chi cho gSy trdng cay ca phS d/hp 13-182 27,66 - Chl chgn nufli d/hp 1.242 2,61 - Chi s i n xuat khac d/hp 627 1,31 Chi an uong d/hp 23.807 49,95 Chl may mgc v^ dung thiet y l u d/hp 1-602 3,36 Chi h