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* KHOA HOC N H A N V A N • BA HE HINH PHE BINH PHAN TAM HOC •VtJ THI TRANG'*' Tdm tiu Lyihuyit Pkdn ISm hgc Sigmund Freud dUa m ndm 1896 da inh hudng sdu sic din cac nginh kkoa kgc m hdi, die biit Id van hgc ngki tkugt Dua tren tkuyit ndy mdt loat cae ly thuyit Phi btnhpkdn tdm kgc idi O Viit Nam, phdn tdm kgc dadugcnkie tdi trongphi binh van kgc ti, '*'^'^'^ 30 cua tkiki XX, nkUn ede tiiu ludn mdi di^igi nhiing hau bm ddn gian nk&vi pkdn tdm hgc (eia S Freud) CuH MM XX, ly Ikuy&phdn tdm dd dugc gidi thiiu rgng rdi kdn d TM Nam vd ngdy cdng inh kding sdu sic din ddi sing sdng lie, pki binh vdn hoc Tuy nhiin, tkudt ngu Phi bink phin tdm hgc chda tkit sU dink kinh ro net nku mgt ly tkuyit phi bink Bdi viit „dy dlla trln nhOng !,' tkuyit vi hi kink, edging xdc lap mgt cdi nkin ting qudt vi Pki bink phdn tdm kgc nkUmgt ly tkuyttpM binh vdn hgc Til khoa: Pkdn tdm hgc; Phi binh phin tdm kgc; hi kinh, Abntractt Psychoanalysis theory initiated by Sigmund Freud in 1896 kas strong influences to social sciences, especially literature and arts Based o„ tkis tkeory, a number of psyckoanalytic cntuput theories had been developed In Vietnam, psychoanalysis had been mentioned in literature analysi, since the 30s of th 20- century; however, those works remained simple inspections of psychoanalysis By the nd ofthe 20^ century, psychoanalysis had been widely introduced in Vietnam and as influence to literature had grown deeper However, tke term "psychoanalyUe critique" kas yet to coined a critique theory Based on theories of critique systems, tke autkor provided an overall view of psyckoanalytic critique as a literatur critique tkeory Keywords: Psyckoanalysis; Psyckoanalytic critique; System Ngdy nhdn bdi: 2010212015; Ngdy duyit bdi: 051412016 VI t h u i t ngfl Phd binh p h i n t i n , iu LJ thuylt phto tim hpc cda Sigmund '" Freud mgc dfl tfl kM xuit M^n da Thuit ngQ Phfa tim hpc (Psychoanalysis) giy nfa nMlu teanh cai va khdng dUdc Sigmund Preud dua ndm 1896 tt tilp gidi khoa hpc tim IJ el xuy nhung Iai cd hpp nhtog IJ thuyet vi phutog phap tim inh hutog khdng nhd dfo cac Hnh' vUe IJ hpc cd muc dfch ttm Miu nhtog mffi vin hda nghd thuit, die bidt tt ngMen qum h | v6 thflc eua nguffi qua tiln cto phe bmh vi sfag tie vin hoc Viic « n h Udn tUdng ty dl chto tej mdt s i dpc tic phim theo xu hudng phta tim hoc rSklta nhidu tim (psychoneurotic ffisorders) ngiy ctag phit trifa vffi Miifa nhinh LJ thuyit cua S Preud quy dpng cfl hinh vi nguffi vio cic mic cam giy n6n sy dd nfa cic bto ntag tfnh due thffi thn Z ""ã?' '^^^,'?' ^*'""' ""^ "*" "ã'ằ= ^ ^ô >ãô'ã v* "lui cno Email; tranglihoavan86@gmaU.com SiMBll NHiN igC KHOA Hgc ttHOl Q ] BA HE HDJH PHE BINH PHAN TAM HOC khic Phe binh p h t o t i m hpc m u l n i m t h i m cflng a h a n h t o g dla,)afa (Psychoanalysis critisim) thinh h i n h d teong vd thflc cua t i c gia"™ Tuy nMdUj phutog Tiy nda d i u t h i ky XX Sflc anh cae giffi t h u y l t trdn mffi chi n h i c dfo nffi hfldng ciia nd dal vffi phe binh v t o hpc h a m IJ t h u y l t phe binh p h f a t i m hpc phUtog Tay dUdng thffi khd co phUtog tilu sfl v i phe b m h p h t o tam hpc vfa phap phe binh v t a bpe n i o cd the s i n h b m ma chua ndi tffi phd Mnh p h t o t i m dupc Phe binh P h t o t i m hpc tt trUtog hpc nguffi dpc Bffi d ca ba hd hinh tilu gd phai phe binh dUa trfa nhflng n f a t t a g IJ - v t a ban - nguffi dpe, ph6 binh p h f a t i m thuylt cua hpc thuylt Freud d l tilp can hpc d i u da xuat M f a n h u mdt IJ t h u y $ t i e phim, t i c gia v i nguffi dpc cho phep phd binh ddc d i e khim pfaa n h t o g gdc dp nguyen thuy v i S u p h a t t r i e n c u a Phd binh p h i n n h t o b m n h i t cua v t o hpc Hifa t i m h o c chua cd mat djnh ngMa k h i i quat v l Phe Vide dpc t i c p h i m v t a hpc theo xu binh p h t a t i m hpc, bffi dUa tefa IJ thuyd't h u t o g p h f a t i m hpc khdng ngflng pbU vl phfa t i m hpc, cic hpc gia sau n i y da triln Cac dl d6 p h t o t i m hpc cua S phit triln t h i n h nMlu nhanh phe binh Freud d i nhanh chdng tim t h i y linh vffi nhtog nffi b i m khic Tb^m chf, vyc v t a hpc n h t o g dilu IJ thii Tilp nhfa nMlu n h i phe bMh tren t h i giffi cdn k i t anh h u t o g cua S Freud, n h i t i m IJ hpc hpp vffi cic IJ thuylt k h i c d l tgo mpt Thuy Sy C, J u n g d i dUa r a IJ thuylt v l c^ Iffi phd binh p h t a t i m hpe mang b f a sic mdu v i vd thiic tap thi, tgo mdt cfl ridng nhu ngMen c t o v t a hda vffi t i m hujeh ding k l phd binh vfa hpc v i b$nh hpc tdc ngflffi (G Devereux), p h t o anh hudng khdng nhd dfo cic n h i p h t o t i m hpc va TMIn (E Fromm) p h t a tam t i m hpc t h i h d sau nhu Gaston Bachelard hpc va foDdore (V Dundee) dfo cic ngMdn Vffi phuong phip Phi binh phdn tdm hge cflu vl chu d l (Ch Mauron G Bachelard), vgt chdt, Gaston Bachelard d l oho dffi ngMen c t o t i c gii, t i c p h i m (M Bonapart, cic chuydn l u f a nhu Phdn tdm hgc vi lOa J Delay, J, BeUemm-Noel), ngflffi dpc (N (1938), Nude vd gidc ma, Ruou vd Nhi HoUmd), N h i nghien c t o l i e u Trfldng p h t o t i m hpc V Dundee lgi dUa m§t cho ring: 'The bmh v t o hpc theo xu h u t o g ngMdn c t o g f a p h f a t i m hpc vffi hutog p h t o t i m hpc tt mpt ph6 binh diln FoUdore vffi chuydn l u f a Folklore • Nhin giai va l i m^t phe binh bifa dffi each nhm ta Phdn tdm hgc Charles BaudouM vffi vto bfa"i N h i phe bmh bai ngoai Nguyin Phdn tdm hgc vi ngh4 tkudt (La H t o g Qudc tM cho r i n g : "Vffi tu cich l i Psycbmalyse de I'art) da t t o cich dung mdt phUtog phap phd bmh, p h t o t i m hpc hda nhflng ddng gdp cua Jung v i Freud, xem t i c phim vfa hpc nhu mdt t h i giffi dd dng bdn dfo vfa d l s t a g tgo vfa huySn hitog dd, nhfa v^t cd dffi cbutog bing cich di tfl t h f a thogi v i sdng rieng, vffi n h t o g quy Mgt t i m IJ n h t o g phflc cam nguydn thuy Charles ridng Ti't ca mpi cM tilt dupc md ta the giffi huyen tudng i y diu dupc xem tt >" Xem; U l u Truong, Pkdn tdm kfc vi pki Unh vdn n h t o g bieu tupng p h m i n h n h t o g udc V (2011), Nsb P h , no H i N»i, tTuO Xem: Http://www.tienve.orgfliomflyiiterature i] NHlNLVC KHOA Hgc XAHdl MiMill VO THI TRANG Mauron vffi Ta nhiing dn du cd Hnh cam anh den huyin thogi cd nhdn (Des metaphnres obsedmtes au mytbe peraonnel), dupc cho tt cufa bidn k h i o d i y dd nhat v l phe binh t i m IJ Nam 1931 Rend Lafoigue vffi bifa khao Stf that bgi cua Baudelaire (L'ecbec de Baudelaire) d i trinh b i y c h t o g logn tam thfa cda t i c gia cac tap thd n i l tilng; Marie Bonaparte (1882 - 1962) vffi cudn Edgar Poe vilt n i m 1933 vffi n h t o g Mln giai thfl vj; J e m Detty vffi chuyen khao Tudi tri eua Andre Gide (La jeunesse d'Andre Gide) dua v i o tilu sfl t i c gia n h t o g n i m d i u dffi Cac nha phfa tam bpe n i y d i cd cdng xie lap ndn mdt khuynh h u t o g phd binh mffi mang ten Phi binh tiiu s& N i m 1970, Jacques Delattre da teinh biy cdng trinh ngMdn cflu v l Bdng tinh luy6i didnamgidi vd vdn hgc (Homosexualitd masculine et Uttdrature) trinh b i y n h t o g ngMfa c t o cua dng Uen q u m dfo eac n h t o v i t ding tfnh luyin i i vfa hpc Sau dd, nha p h t o t i m hpc Diffier Anzieu oho dffi cudn 7%dn eiia tdc pham (Le corps de I'oeuvre) vffi muc tidu I i ngMen c t o sy s t o g tgo mdt t i c p h i m vfa hpc NhQng ngMen c t o cua dng d i ddng gdp thdm mdt each dpc v t o b m mffi, dd tt ngoai vi6c tim Meu tilu sfl t i c gia, v t o bfa cdn cfa t t o Miu qua trinh s t o g tgo t i c p h i m dd nhfl mdt vd thflc GiQa t h i M XX su x u i t Men cda teio l t o tfl t u t o g C i u true lufa cd anh hutog khdng nhd d i n n g i n h khoa hpc n h t o v t o Cie n h i p h t o t i m hpc c t o g co gfag dung hda mdt quan mdm cda ciu true lufa v l t i m IJ nguffi vffi t i m IJ hpc cda S F r e u d Dd tt teUdng hpp cua Jacques L a c t o (1901-1981) N h t o g M f a diem cua L a c m cd anh h u t o g khdng nho d i n eac n h i phe bmh the hd sau nhfl: J e m Bellemm-Noa vffi k h i i mem vd thflc cua v i n ban (bay phudng phap p h t o ttch v t o b m ) ; Pierre Bayard vffi phUtog p h i p v t a hpc i p dyng Nhu viy, cd the t h i y r m g S Freud l i nguffi d i t vien d i d i u tien tedn nfo mdng cda mdt IJ thuyet phe bmh mffi - Phd binh p h t o tam hpc, md nMlu Iffi dpc v t o b m k h i c Cd n h t o g Idi dpc v t o b m chu y l u dya t r f a nhflng l u i n dilm co b m cna hpc thuylt p h f a t i m thffi so khai cua S Freud, c t o g cd nhflng Iffi dpc vfa b m k i t hpp p h t o tam hpc vffi cic ly thuylt tU hitog khic, tgo ndn sy da dang v i phflc tgp De ed c i i n h m t i n g quat n h i t v l Ph6 binh phfa t i m hpc, chung tdi dya teen IJ thuylt v l hd hinh, tgm phfa cMa thdnh ba he hinh Phd binh p h t o t i m hpc Ba hd h i n h phd binh p h t a t i m hpc Thuat ngfl hi hinh (paradigm) cda Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) xuit Mfa Ifa diu Cdu true ede eude cdch mgng khoa hgc (The Structure of Scientific Eevolutions) xuat b m 1962 Thu^t ngfl dupc cic hpc gia Viet Nam sdm sfl dyng v i da dupe djch t h t o h cic t h u i t ngfl: mdu hinh, khung mdu, mdu chudn, mdu thOe, chudn thOc, he chudn Khii m6m hi hinh (pagadigm) cua Kuhn, vdn dflpc xiy dyng t r f a cic dfl Mdn cua khoa hpc tu nMen nhflng lai dupc cic n h i khoa hpc x i hffi sd dung rdng rai Theo n h i ngMdn c t o Dd Lai Thuy, thugt ngQ hd binh dupc Kuhn sfl dung vffi hai each Miu chinh: "mpt mgt nd bilu Mfa toto bd t i p hpp n h t o g tm mem, n h t o g gii trj dupe thfla nhan va n h t o g ky thuat cd chung cua mpi sft-aii NHAN igC KHOA HOC XAHdl Q BA Hfi HINH P H BINH PHAN TAM HQC thinh vifa thudc cdng dong khoa hpc; mit khic nd bilu tM mdt ylu to ridng bidt cua tdp hpp iy vffi tu each la giai phip cho nhtog "bii toto dd", tflc nhflng vfa dl kbflc mic cda khoa hpc chuan djnh Khoa hpe chufa djnh cd thi In dinh mpt thffi gian dii Trong thffi gian dd tM hd hinh dfldc tit ca mpi nguffi thfla nhto Vi thi, mpi stog tao, phat Men Iflc niy cM nhim ctog cl nu6i dutog hd hinh Nhflng kM kMlm khuyit cua bp Mnh ctog trd n6n rd rdt, vi Mnh dtog mdt hd hinh mffi ctog dfa duoc hinh thinh, till se cd mdt bifa dli ddt ngdt xuit Mfa: cude cich mang khoa hpc dl thay ddi h4 hinh (paraffigm shifl)"™ Dua trdn IJ thuylt vl he hinh, cd thi tgo dupe mffi eii nhin vto bao quit, vfla cy thi dffi vffi cic nginh khoa hpe xi hffi, die bidt tt vfa hpc Dffi vffi Phd binh phfa tim hpc vffi m^t md IJ thuylt dl sd vi phfa cMa thinh nMlu nhanh duffi sy tham cMlu vl IJ thuylt hd hinh, cd thi tgo dflpc cii nhin ting thi Cd thi tgm tiiffi thiy dupc Phe binh phfa tim hpc Mffii vffi ciu trflc 60 hi hinh nhu sau: Phe btah phfa tim hpc tilu sd, Phd binh phfa tim hpe vto bto vi Phd bMh phto tim hpc nguffi dpe Phi binh phdn tdm hge tiiu si: Sau nhtog khai phi ena S Preud, cic dl dd cua dng di nhanh chdng phit trifa vi budc vio cic Hnh vuc khic, dd cd vfa hpc Vipc dpc vto bto theo xu hudng phto tim hpc phit trifa mgnh md d chiu Au, dJc bidt tt d Phip Cic nhi phd bMh giai dogn niy, cMu anh budng tiTlc tifo bffi phto tim hpe S Freud, xem tac phim vin hpc nhu mpt bi^u hiin cua vd thac tdc gid Cdng vipc cua nhi phe binh luc li Q NHlNigt KHOA Hgc x i Hdi phto ttch vfa bin rfntatw iihtog'M M^i vd thfle cda tic gii CSc dgi d i ^ tieu bilu cho xu hfldiig'^S Itoh aiy ngott S Preud cfa cd eic Icjc trd nhfl ^ # Laforgue, Marie Bonapartey (liaddsIifKii^ Harold Bloom Hend LaibrgUe ngMfa cW vl' Uii Baudelaire, nhflng dng khfag n^ufa^;^^ vl tic phi'm mi ngMfa cto vl cfa b ^ ! cda nhi thd Trong eufa bifa khio