Thực trạng xây dựng và thúc đẩy môi trường khung pháp lý cho các tổ chức xã hội dân sự việt nam

JKHVH TOB VA ftCAJS tx THI/C TRRNG XflVJM/NG THUC DflV MOI TRUONG KHUNG PHflP LV CHO CnC TO CHUTC XR HOI D^N SU VI€T NAM A0.¥ Ngay nhin: /O^U 28/03/2016 LQ Thl Thu HUdng Trudng Dgi hpc Kinh te'Qudb dan Email: Itt_huong1986@yahoo.com Ngay nhin Igh 01/04/2016 Ma so: 92.10Mls.12 " rong thdi gian vQa qua cd nhiiu van de niy sinh lip to chQe, hoat ddng vi quan 1^ I cic Hdi, Quy xi hdi vied nhieu j? Win cdn thieu thong nhat Mdt nhOng nguyen nhin siu xa li ehua co mdt mdi trudng khung phip ly chinh thUc, h$ thdng vi cd hiiu luc Bii nghien cUu trin ca sd nghien cOu ca sd ly thuyet di xiy dung md hinh nghidn cOu vi vin dung de chi thUc tr^ng nham dUa mdt khuyen nghi cd luin cU khoa hgc ve xiy dung Luit ve Hdi tien tdi Luit vi t6 chOc xa hdi din sU d Viet Nam TO fd\da : xa hdi din sy, td-ehOe^im-hei den sU.mdi trudng/khung phip ly nghidn cQu cho r i n g khai nipm "Td chQe x i hpi dan sy" da cd tQ thdi n h i Chu vdi dinh nghia vo cQng sd khai nhu la "mpt nhdm ngudi, phudng hpi mang tinh ehat ty nguyen hpp thinh" DQe, the k^ XIX, Hegen lgi coi xa hpi dan su nhu l i mpt phan ciia ddi sdng dao dQc, bao gdm ba yeu td gia dinh, xa hpi dan sU va Nha nudc Didu h i m nghTa rang ddi sdng xa hdi, mdi ca nhin deu cd quyen theo dudi muc dfch, ldi ich rieng nhung gidi han va quy dinh cOa Phap luit dng edn khang d|nh rang: mdt td chQc xa hpi dan sy fy to chQc can phai Nha nQdc cdn nhac v i d i t t r i t ty cho nd, neu khong xa hdi dd se trd fu ipi va khdng ddng gdp gl cho Ipi fch Chung Theo quan nipm eua Lien Xo cu, td chQc xa hpi la nhQng to chQc lien hpp cua cdng dan cdc qudc gia, cac to ohQc xa hpi dan sy dupe dupe x i y dyng dua fren nguyen tac ty nguydn, tu fhanh l i p va hoat ddng dUa tren nguyen tae hien quan, fy chu v i h i n h dpng nham b i o vp Ipi ich djnh l i quydn Ipp hpi va cac van ban luit the che cua nhQng tap hpp ngudi nhat dmh d Chau A, hda quyen hien djnh Hien phap cac nha nghien cQu Thai Lan cho rang td chQc x i Cd rat nhieu dmh nghTa ve xa hpi d i n su tren hpi thi khdng phai la td chdc Nha nudc nhung trdn thd gidi nhien, khai mem n i y xuat hien dupe Nha nudc cdng nhpn nhu mdt td chQc ty sdm nhaf Anh v i o nam 1594 cd dmh nghTa la nguyPn, tu quan \^ cua ngUdi ddn va khdng thu ldi nhQng ngudi sdng epng ddng va la mpt x i rieng cho ngudi quan ly v i dieu hanh Lien minh hpi van minh vdi mdt N h i nudc khdng dpc doan vi sy tham gia eQa eong dan CIVICUS dua dmh Tham ehi, Hch sQ Trung Quoc, da ed nha I C d s d I y thuyet Xu the foin cau hda keo theo sy phit frien eua c i c td chQe xa hpi dan sy thdi gian gan d i y la mpt frong nhQng bien ddi idn frong sinh hoat chinh tr| d cae quoc gia tQ phat trien sang c i c nudc dang phit tridn tQ c i c nude d bac ban cau sang eae nude nam b i n cau cung nhu nen ehinh trj qudc te Qudc gia - Nhd nudc khdng cdn la nhQng chu thd nhat va ehi phdi ddi sdng chinh trj nudc v i qudc te nhu truyen fhong vdn cd eua nd Cae to chQc xa hdi d i n sy (da cd tieng ndi rieng ciJa minh va bupc eac chu the' khac phai lang nghe ton frong nd tat c i c i c dien d i n ty chinh fhyc nhU Lien hpp qude hay eie Hpi nghi mdi trudng va chdng bien ddi hpu qudc te) illlBa llDC 20 thififtiBinal ^ = ^ = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ _ _ _ S6 92/2016 UMSSn TB TA qjC^X nghTa vd Xa hdi din su li "Dien din glQa gia dinh, nhi nudc vi thi trudng, nai mi mgi eon ngudi bat tay de thue day quyen lgi chung" Cho den nay, Id chQc xi hdi din sy" vdn cdn giy nhiiu tranh cii viec dmh nghia ve khii niim Tuy nhien, nhin chung lai, fd chQe xa hpi dan sy dupe hieu la c i c to chQc khdng nam hp thdng td ChQc bp may Nha nUdc, dUOc to chQe va hoat dpng theo nguyen fac ty nguypn dan ty lap ra, tu q u i n ly, tu ehju trach nhlPm trudc phap luit, dan chu, tu ehu ve tPi chinh Dupe hoat dPng dya trpn mye dich phat trien epng ddng ma khdng phai vi muc tidu Ipi nhuin Td chQc xa hdi d i n su dUdc gpi la "khu vuc thQ ba" ciia xa hpi, phan biet vdi ehinh phii va doanh nghidp Ld id chQc d ngoii N h i nudc, la doi tac cua Nha nude va biet ty td chQc lgi de' phat huy nang lye sang fao, hidn thue hda c i c y tudng va de tUdng fac vdi n h i nude nham dat tdi mdt nen quan trj qude gia minh bgch, hieu qua va cd trPch nhipm xac d|nh la mpt frong d i e tinh ty nhien cua ngudi, quyen Ipp hpi dUde eac nha tU tUdng chinh trj khai sPng theo hpe thuyet quyen tu nhien the ky thd XVlll nhu Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, John Locke quan nipm la quyen tu ciia cdng dan, l i sU the hipn dPn chu cQa mpt ehe dp nhd nude Tren co sd quan diem eua hpc thuyet quyen ty nhien, quyen Ipp hpi da dupe ghi nhpn d nhQng ban tuydn ngon ve nhPn quyen noi tieng nhu Tuyen ngdn Nhin quyen va D i n quyen eua Cach mang tU san Phap; Tuyen ngdn dpc l i p cua Hoa K^ v i Tuyen ngdn toan the gidi ve nhin quyen 1948 Cu thd, Dieu 20 cua Tuydn ngdn f o i n the gidi ve nhan quyen 1948 quy djnh bao ve quyen ciia ca nhan dUpc "fu tap hda binh va hdi hpp" NhQng ban tuyen ngdn ve nhan quyen noi tieng lai la ed sd de Hien phip, van ban quy pham phap luat cd hieu lyc phap ly eao nhat, cua eac quoc gia quy djnh quyen Ipp hdi Id mdt quydn Hien dinh va thudng dupe cy the hda bang mpt dao lupt cua nghj vlpn d c i c ban Hien p h i p cd anh hUdng Idn tren the gidi nhu Hien phap Hoa kJ, quyen ly Ipp hpi la mdt nhQng quyen ngUdi quan trpng nhat, mpt nhQng quydn cdt ldi - cung vdi quydn fu hdi hpp hda binh - dupe thiet ke de' So 92/2016 IT bao vp kha nang ngudi dan den vdi va lam vipe vl Ipi fch chung Vi dy: tu chinh an sd cOa Hoa Ky (dieu khoin sQa ddi Hien phap sd 1) quy djnh quyen fu t i p hpi cung vdi c i c quyen ty ngdn lupn, ty b i o chi Ngoai ra, Dieu 18 Hien phap Italia, Muc 18 Hien p h i p Nam Phi, Dieu Hien ehUdng quyen va fy Canada The chd hda cac npi dung eua Hidn phip nghi vien eie qude gia thudng ban hanh dgo luit rieng re ve hpi dd bao h i m c i c npi dung chinh sau d i y : (i) phgm vi dieu chinh ciia luit (cac logi hpi, fd ChQc nao dupe dieu chinh); (li) dieu kipn Ipp gia nhip hpi; (iii) cd quan, thO tyc dang ky', tiianh lap hpi; (iv) quyen cua cae hpi; (v) cO quan giam sat, xQ ly vi pham; v i (vi) cham dQt hoat ddng cua hpi Md hlnh v i phUOng phap nghien cQu TQ eie quan nipm tren ve xa hpi dan sU v i td ChQc xa hpi d i n sy eho thay, mdt to' chQc xa hpi ddn sy dupe thinh Ipp, tdn tgi v i phat frien phii chju t i c dpng v i dieu chinh bdi eie yeu fd mdi trudng ben ngoii td chQc, dd quan trpng nhdt l i mdi trudng chinh tn va phap luit Vd nguyen ly, ed the phdn cae lye luong phip ly vdi c i c td ChQc xa hpi dan su nhdm: - Cac c^ifnh sich khung xay dung xa hpi dan sy; - Cae dinh che p h i p ly xa hpi dan sy; - C i c khung khd phip ly cd lien quan den to' chQe xa hpi d i n sy; - Cac khung khd p h i p ly, quy fac quan hp giQa Chinh phu v i td chQc xa hdi d i n su Nhu v i y mdi trUdng khung phap \^ chinh i i yeu td thQ v i ndu tren va fQ npi h i m khai nidm cho thiy chQng phai dupe thiet l i p fQ b i c cao nhat (Hien phap) den Luit chuyen nginh v i eie van ban quy phgm phap lupt/dmh che phap \^ dUpc Qude hpi ban hPnh va dupe cac ed quan Nha nude ed tham quyen bao hp chap hinh Vdi tiep c i n trdn, md hinh nghidn cQu cua xay dyng va thue day mdi trudng khung p h i p ly cho eae td chQc xa hdi d i n sy dupe the hipn qua hinh sau: PhUdng phap nghien cQu: nghien oQu n i y vpn dung phUdng phap tiep edn hd thdng, bipn chQng, logic va Ijch sii; eac phuong p h i p nghien cQu cy the' l i phUdng phip ddi sanh, phuong phip phin —" hhBa hoc thijdng mai ^ 21 KMH 1^ vA nvM tx d Vipt Nam, hdi dupe dmh nghTa lan dau tien tgi Sac Ipnh sd 52 ngiy 22 thing n i m 1946: "Hpi l i mpt doan thd cd tinh each vinh oQu gdm hai ho$c Hi&u mil phii irien cic nhieu ngudi giao Udc hipp xa h^i dBn St; lue m i hinh dpng dd dgt mye dich chung, muc dich ay khdng phai de chia Ipi tQc" Tren cO sd Sac Ipnh Tinh quan h( idi tic vdi Chinh phiS so 52 va Sac Idnh sd 102/SL/L004 20 t h i n g nam 1957 v l Ngudn: Tic gia "Luit quy dinh quyen lip Hlnh ; Md hinh nghiin cQu mdi tnidng khung phip 19 hdi", c i c hpi v i cae to cho cac tdchUc xa hdi din su chQe xa hpi dan sy khic tich - tdng hpp, phUdng phPp khii quat hda va md da dupe thinh l i p , hogt ddng va ddng gdp mpt vai hlnh hda trd quan trpng vdo sy phat frien kinh td - xa hpi cCia Thyc tr^ng xay dung mdi h^dng khung phap ddt nude ly cho cac td chQc xa hpi dan sU d Vipt Nam Hidn nhQng loai to chQc xa hdi chinh cQa Vipt Nam, Dieu 25, Hien phap 2013 mpt lan Vipt Nam bao gdm: (i) cac doan Old quan chiing nQa kha'ng djnh quyen ty Ipp hdi d i dupe ghi (cd cdc hoat ddng gan bd chat che vdi nhipm vu nhpn eac b i n Hien phip truPc dd quy ciia n h i nudc); (ii) cae td chQe hpi, lidn hiep hpi, djnh "Cdng dan cd quyen fy ngon luin, tU lidn doan; (iii) c i c td chQc hpi khdng ed thinh viin bao chf, tidp c i n fhong tin, hpi hpp, ipp hpi, bieu gdm: eie td chQc nghien cQu khoa hoc phit trien, tinh Viec thuc hipn c i c quydn phip luat fu van, d i o tao, xda ddi giam ngheo; (iv) eac quy quy djnh" Trdn cd sd c i c quy dmh tQ c i c Hien xa hpi, quy tQ fhipn, quy phit trien; (v) cae td ehiic/ phap 1946, 1980, 1992 va hien la Dieu 25 nhdm tgi cdng dong; (vi) c i c cdng ty phi Ipi nhuin Hien phip 2013 neu trdn, cac td chQc xa hpi d i n (md hlnh mdi hogt dpng theo cd ehe cdng ty sy ngiy eing ddng gdp mpt vj tri quan trpng nhung khdng phan chia Ipi nhupn); (vii) c i c hipp ddi song chinh tn, kinh te v i xa hdi Tuy nhien, cac hdi nghe nghidp (hoat dpng vl Ipi ich cua cic fd chQc xa hdi dan su Vipt Nam va quan ly c i c to thinh vien la c i c td chQc don v\ kinh doanh); (viii) ChQc xa hpi dan sU Vipt Nam la van de mdi, ludn Cac fd chQc tfn ngQdng va (ix) c i c nhdm khong mang tinh thdi sy tinh hinh hipn d nUPc dang ky fu each p h i p nhan Mdt nghidn edu ta De eie To chQc phi chinh phii Vipt Nam hoat Vipt Nam cho thay tfnh den nam 2010 d Vipt Nam dpng cd hipu qua xa hpi cao fhi vipe quan ly ve cd khoang 1.700 td chQc da dang kJ hoat dpng de van de n i y cija Nha nude Id d i e biet quan trpng hd'trp c i c van de vd kinh te va xa hpi Mpt frong nhQng bien phap quan trpng nhat de thd De dam bao thyc hipn quyen l i p hoi ciia cdng chd hoa quyen lap hpi dupe hien dmh tgi Dieu 25 Hien phip 2013 la xay dyng mdt khuin kho phap din, sau nude Vipt Nam ddn ehCi epng hda dupe fhanh lap, Chu tich Hd Chf Minh da ban ly day dCi, vdi nhQng ndi dung phii hdp vdi bdi canh nen kinh te th; trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa hinh Sac ipnh sd 52 22 thing nam 1946 v i hpi nhpp kinh te qudc te ciia Vidt Nam ngiy ve hpi va Sac Ipnh sd 102/SUL004 ngiy 20 thing eing s i u rpng vdi cac hiPp dmh thuong mai tu nam 1957 ve "Luat quy djnh quyen Ipp hpi" Cho ddn Sac Ipnh sd 102/SUL004 vCn cdn hipu song va da phUOng lyc thi hanh, nhieu quy d|nh cua Sac Idnh n i y d£ khoa hpc _ 22 thifdngmai' So 92/2016 ^ ipatH.Tfe' khdng phQ hdp vdi didu kipn fhue te ve td chQc, hoat ddng ciia hpi da thay doi frong g i n 60 nam qua Ngoii mdt sd van b i n quy pham phap luit quan trpng ve hpi cung dUpc ban hanh thdi gian ddy bao gdm Nghj d|nh 177/1999/ND-CP cQa Chfnh phu ve fd chQc v i hogt ddng cCia Quy xa hpi, Quy tQ thlpn v i Ngh| djnh 88/2003/ND-CP ciia Chfnh phQ vd td chQc, hoat dpng va quan ly Hpi Mpt so khuyen ngh| vS xay dyng va ban hanh Lupt ve Hpi thay cho Ngh| dinh 88/2003/ND-CP Trong hoin canh xay dyng xa hdi Vipt Nam hien dai, ba fm cpt quan trpng dd la: nha nude phap quyen, kinh te thj trudng va xa hpi dPn sU Trong eac van ban de xay dyng n h i nUdc phap quyen va cd s6 phap ly cho ndn kinh te thj trudng dmh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa dupe ban hinh dudi hinh thQe van ban luit Quoc hpi ban hinh nhu Luit Doanh nghipp LuPt Dau tu thl xa hpi d i n sU m i nen tang cda nd la cac td chQc xa hdi d i n sy van thieu hinh lang p h i p ly' l i luat ve hpi Qude hdi ban hanh, ed hipu lyc p h i p ly chi sau Hien phip Vide ban hanh mpt lupf ve hpi se dap Qng dupe nhQng van de sau d i y : ThQ nhat, lupt hda mdt quyen hien dinh dupe UiQa nhpn rdng rai d nude fa Vf dy, quyen ty kinh doanh dupe cu the hda bang Luit Doanh nghipp, quyen ty bao chi dupe cy the hda bang Luit b i o chi ThU hai, tao hanh lang p h i p \'^ cho vide thinh lip eae to chQe xa hpi dan sy Khi cac ITnh vuc dupe thinh Ipp, c i c fd chQc xa hdi ddn sy se cd cac quy d|nh rd ring, tranh tinh trang mpt so ed quan nha nudc tiiieu h i n h lang phap ly ed thd gay nhQng trd ngai frong qua trinh thinh l i p ThQ ba, mpt cac sQ mpnh quan frong eua eie td ChQc xa hdi dPn sy la giam s i t v i phin bipn chinh sach Tuy nhien, khdng ed mdt hanh lang phip 1^ d i y dii thi nhQng hogt dpng giim sat hope phin bipn chinh sach rat de'bj c i c cd quan n h i nudc cho l i nhay cam Day ehinh ia ly can phai cd Lupt ve hpi de cac td chQe x i hpi d i n sU cd the giam sat v i phan bipn chfnh sieh cua nha nudc mpt each dpc l i p , tnjng thyc, dung phap lupf ma khdng bj ngdn can vk-^v^jx ThU tu, xay dyng mdi trudng khung phap ly hodn thipn ve eae to chyc xa hpi dan sy edn la CO sd phap ly quan trpng de Vidt Nam tuan thCi cae cam kdt qudc te nhu Cdng ude cua Lidn hpp qude ve eae quyen d i n sy v i ehinh tn, Hipp djnhTPP * Tai liiu tham Idiao; Tuong Lai (2005), Nha nUdc phip quySn vi xa hdi din su Tap chi Nghien cQu l i p phap 11-2005 Nguyen Ngpe L i m , Legal Regulations on Organization, Management of Association, and Measures of refinement Presentation for a workshop organized by fhe Legal Reform Assistance Project, Hanoi, January 2007 Thang \ ^ n PhQc, Nguydn Minh Phuong (2010), Vai trd cua cic tdchUc xi hdi: Doi vdi phit trien vi quin 1^ xi hdi, NXB Chinh tn Quoc gia H i Ndi Vd Khanh Vinh (2008), Mdt so vdn dely luin vS xa hdi din sU, Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hpi, so 04 (116), tr 21-35 William Taylor, Nguyen Thu Hang, Pham Quang TQ, HuJ'nh Thj Ngoc Tuyet Civil Society in Vietnam: A Comparative Study of Civil Society Organizations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City A Asia Foundation Publication Summary There have arisen many problems in tiie formation, organization, operation and administration of social associations and funds in Vietnam in recent time and different opinions on this issue One of fhe hidden reasons for this matter is there has not been an official, systematic and effective legal framework environment Upon theoretical studies, this article builds up research model and applies the model to identify the situation, then puts forth scienfitie proposals on setting up law on associations in an approach to building up law on civil society organizations in Vietnam _khoa hoc 86 92/2016 'thifdngmal 23 ... xay dung mdi h^dng khung phap ddt nude ly cho cac td chQc xa hpi dan sU d Vipt Nam Hidn nhQng loai to chQc xa hdi chinh cQa Vipt Nam, Dieu 25, Hien phap 2013 mpt lan Vipt Nam bao gdm: (i) cac... each p h i p nhan Mdt nghidn edu ta De eie To chQc phi chinh phii Vipt Nam hoat Vipt Nam cho thay tfnh den nam 2010 d Vipt Nam dpng cd hipu qua xa hpi cao fhi vipe quan ly ve cd khoang 1.700 td... nhdm: - Cac c^ifnh sich khung xay dung xa hpi dan sy; - Cae dinh che p h i p ly xa hpi dan sy; - C i c khung khd phip ly cd lien quan den to' chQe xa hpi d i n sy; - Cac khung khd p h i p ly, quy