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Tap chi NghiSn cd''''u va Phat triln, sfi 5 (94) 2012 BIEN, DAO VIET NAM THl/C TRANG XAY Dl^NG TOE CHE KHU \\JC BAG V|; MOI TRl/ClNG BIEN TAI BIEN DONG" Vu Hai Ding", NguySn Chu Hoi" The che quoc be {int[.]
Tap chi NghiSn cd'u va Phat triln, sfi (94) 2012 BIEN, DAO VIET NAM THl/C TRANG XAY Dl^NGTOECHE KHU \\JC BAG V|; MOI TRl/ClNG BIEN TAI BIEN DONG" Vu Hai Ding", NguySn Chu Hoi" The che quoc be {international regime) thi/dng duoc dinh nghia 14 "mot t4p hop nhifng nguyen t^c, tieu chufo, dieu khoSn vk thu tuc quyet dinh, cong khai hoSc khong cong khai, U6n quan de'n mpt linh vuc ciia quan he quoc te mk thong qua chung ^ chi c^c chu t h i tham gia quan h$ c6 the dong nha't"."' Thi che dUcJc hilu nhu mpt th6a thuan (.arrangement) nhung khBng phdi la dang thoa thuan mang tinh tam thai c6 t h i de dkng hi thay doi moi c6 biln chuyen ve Ipi ich hay cSn bang quyen luc gida cac chii the.™ Chute nSng quan trpng nha't ciia the che quoc te 14 tao dilu kien phat trien quan he hpp tic c6 Ipi giOa cdc chinh phii va ngSn chan tinh trang chien tranh hoSc tinh trang vo to chiJc (anarchy) quan he quoc te.'*' M8i the c h l c6 ba yeu to ca'u th4nh cP bdn Thil nha't va triJdc h i t la yeu to npi dung, bao gom mpt tap hpp nhiing quy dinh lien quan den quyen va nghla vu ma cdc chu the tham gia phai tuan theo Thd hai 14 ylu to thu tuc, bao gom nhijmg quy dinh lien quan d i n viec quyet dinh tap t h i nhii bo phieu, giai quylt tranh chap Cuoi ciing la mpt he thong che t4i nh^m dam bao cac chu t h i tham gia se ton trpng cdc quy dinh va cac quyet dinh dUa theo dung thu tuc cua the che.'''' T h i c h l quoc te h i t silc da dang ve linh virc dp dung, pham vi lanh tho c6 hieu luc v4 phan tham gia Trong b4i nay, cdc tdc gia se tap trung phan tich vi$c xay dung t h i che (hay c6n goi 14 hinh th4nh t h i chl) lien quan tdi linh vuc bao vp moi tru&ng biln tai khu vuc bien Dong (hay c6n gpi 14 biln Nam Trung Hoa: South China Sea) "Bien Dong" d day dilpc hieu 14 vijng biln nt(a kin n^m khu vUc Thdi Binh Dupng, trdi ddi ttr Singapore den vinh Ddi Loan Vung biln ndy c6 di$n tich vdo khodng bon trieu km^, vd dupc bao quanh bdi 10 niJdc v4 vung lanh tho: Trung Quoc, Ddi Loan (Trung Quoc), Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, Thdi Lan, Campuchia vd Vipt Nam.'^' Qua phan tich nhiing co che, thda thuin quan trpng nhd't dang t i n tai c6 lien quan, bdi viet se xdc dinh xem viec bdo v^ moi trudng bien tai biln Nghien ciJu sinh ti^n sT, Dgi hpc Dalhousie, Canada "* Pho Tdng cijc trudng Tdng eye Bien vi HSi dSo Vifit Nam Cdc tac gia xin chdn thSnh cSm cJn Sii dong g6p cua GS David VanderZwaag vd GS Aldo Chircop cua Dgi hpc Dalhousie Canada da giiip hodn bdi viSt Tap chi NghiSn ciju va Phat trien, s6' (94) 2012 Dong da hinh thdnh mot the c h l hay chifa Nhiing cP che, th6a thuan se dupc phdn tich glm Hpi thdo ve Qudn ly xung dOt tiem tdng tren biln Dong cua Indonesia, Tuygn bo ve Cdch ilng xii ciia cdc b6n d bien Dong vd Du dn "Ngan chdn xu hudng xuIng cdp ciia moi trUcfng tai biln Dong vd vinh Thdi Lan" Ngodi ra, cdc tdc gia cung se nghien cilu vipe xay dilng t h i c h l hai CP che thupc khu vUc cac vung biln Dong A'^' 14 Cp quan Dieu phoi biln Dong A vd To chiic doi tdc qudn ly moi tru6ng bien Dong A H^i thao ve Qudn ly xung d^t tiem tang tren bien Ddng Hpi thdo ve Qudn ly xung dot tiem tdng tren biln Dong dupc Indonesia td chile hang ndm (bSt ddu til ndm 1990) vdi sU tham gia cda ndm bSn tranh chd'p doi vdi hai quan dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa v4 cdc nudc ASEAN khdc."" Muc dich ciia h0i thao 14 nhdm phdt trien cdc bien phdp xay dung long tin vd thuc day cdc boat dOng hpp tdc tren bien Dong."" Cac viSn tham gia hpi thao chi vdi tii cdch cd nhdn, phdt bilu cQa hp khong dai dien cho chinh phii ciia hp v4 ket qud cua hpi thao khong t h i sil dung ldm cP sd de dua y§u sdch hoac cho viec xay dung chinh sdch Cho tdi nay, da cd 20 hpi thao dupc td chile Nhilu va'n de da dupc dua thao luan tai cdc cupc gap d miic d6 khdc (hdi thao, nhdm ky thudt, nhdm 14m v i e c ) tap trung vdo cdc ITnh vuc moi trudng bien, sinh thdi biln vd nghien cilu khoa hpc biln.'"' Mot so boat dpng hpp tdc cung dd dupc de xua't vd tien hdnh, bao gdm nghien cilu da dang sinh hpc biln, nghien ciiu sdng v4 nudc biln dang, ddo tao kilm dinh moi trUcfng va ddnh gid ngudn Ipi cd.'^^' Do tinh chd't khong chinh thtic (informality) cua nd, Hpi thao bien Dong khong the dupc coi Id mpt t h i che Cdc du dn lien quan da dupc xay ditng vd trien khai khong cd he qua tao cdc quyen va nghla vu ddi vdi cdc ben tham gia hdi thao ma ehi dupe eoi la ede bien phdp xay dung Ibng tin.'"' Tuyen bd cua ede ben tham gia tai hdi thao l4n thii cd doan vilt: "Cae ben tham gia da thdo luan cac bign phdp xdy dung long tin Cdc bien phdp xay dung long tin dupe hpi thao eoi Id het siic quan trpng viec ldm giam cdng thing, trdnh dung dd, thiic day hpp tac v4 tao dieu kipn hudng tdi giai quylt tranh cha'p mdt cdch hda binh Cdc ben tham gia mong mud'n cac bien phdp xay dung long tin ndy se dupc mdt so co quan lien quan din bien Dong dem thao luan mdt cdch chinh thiic cQng nhu khdng chinh thilc, d cd'p dp song phiiPng vd khu vuc Cac b6n tham gia cung cho rdng viec thao luan cdc bien phdp xay dung ldng tin d ede diln ddn khde se giiip ich eho viec qudn ly xung dot va gin giQ hda binh tren biln Ddng Hdi thao se tiep tue tham gia thao lu$n mpt cdch xay dung vl cdc bien phdp xay dung long tin Cdc bin tham gia coi tdt cd cdc hogt dgng khudn khd cua hdi thao la cdo biin phdp xdy dting long tin" Tap ch( Nghiin ciiu vS Phit trife, stf (94) 2012 Tuyen b6' v6 Cdch vtng xi3t cda cdc bfin d b i e n D o n g Tuyen bd vl Cdch ding xil cuia cdc bdn d biln Ddng (Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea - DOC) duoc Trung Qud'c v4 cdc nudc ASEAN ky k i t ndm 2002, tai Phndm Pdnh, Campuchia Tuydn bd ndy dupc coi Id mOt budc khdi diu quan trpng hudng tdi xdy dilng m0t bp quy tic nhkm ddm bdo hda binh vd dn dinh trSn biln Ddng.'"i' Theo tuydn bd, cdc ben cam k i t gidi quylt hda binh cdc tranh chd'p, tU kilm c h l vd thUc hi$n cdc bi$n phdp xdy dung ldng tin vd cdc hoat ddng hpp tdc."" Trong cdc linh vUe md cdc ben cam k i t se tim kid'm hpp tde, bdo v$ mdi trudng biln diidc dua len vi tri d^u tiSn."" Tai cupc gdp nhdm ldm vipe ASEAN-Trung Qud'c ndm 2006, sdu du dn hop tde da diJpe cdc ben nhd't tri thuc hi#n, bao gdm: Diln tdp tim kilm ciiu nan chung giiia ASEAN v4 Trung Quoc tren ly thuylt; Hpi thdo vl h | sinh thdi v4 da dang sinh hoc biln; H0i thdo vl trao ddi cdp khu vUe vl hdi duong v4 biln dli hdu d biln Ddng; Hpi thdo vl phdng trdnh vd gidm thilu thien tai; Ddo tao kiem dinh hp sinh thdi vd cdc ky thudt kilm dinh; Trao ddi cap khu vUc ve hai duong d biln Ddng Gan day nh^t, vdo thdng ndm 2011, ASEAN vd Trung Qud'c da thda thudn thdnh cdng vdn ban Hadng dan thUc hipn DOC tai HOi nghi Bp triidng ASEAN lan thil 44 tai Bali Bdn hudng dan ndy dUa mdt so nguyen tdc chung dd'i vdi viec thUc hien cdc boat ddng hpp tdc Theo dd, viec thUc hien cdc boat ddng vd de dn hpp tde khuon khd eua DOC eSn phdi dua tren tinh tu nguydn vd cdc boat ddng khdi dau chi dupe coi Id cdc bipn phdp xay dung ldng tin Mdc dil chi 14 mdt tuyen bd mang tinh ehinh tri khong cd gid tri phdp ly r4ng budc, DOC van cd hipu lUc nhd't dinh vi nd t h i hi§n sU ding thu^n ciia cdc ben tham gia vi$c gin gifl: hda binh vd on dinh khu viic Vdn ban ndy chiia dung mpt sd' cam ket cd tinh chd't rdng budc nhu lujt (norm-like) nhU: tdn trpng quyln tu h4ng hdi, gidi quyS't cdc tranh chip vl lanh thd vd quyen tdi phdn thdng qua cdc bi$n phdp hoa binh vd kim c h l khong sur dung vu lUc.'"' Tuy nhien, lien quan tdi vipe bao vp mdi trudng bien, DOC ehi tuySn bd rdng dfiy 14 mpt nhiing linh vUc m4 cdc bSn ed the nghien cilu thilc hipn hop tdc."" Dilu khodn n4y khdng phdi 14 mdt quy dinh bdt budc m4 cdc-ben phdi tudn thu Til sau DOC dupc thdng qua d i n nay, cdc nudc tham gia van chUa thid't lap diioc mpt cP che quylt dinh (decision-making mechanism) cu the ndo de t r i l n khai tuyen bd ndy Drf dn "Ngdn chan xu htfdng xuong cfi'p ciia m6i trvtiing tai bien Dong va vinh Thdi Lan" Du dn "NgSn chfin xu hudng xud'ng cfi'p eda mdi triidng tai bien Ddng vd vinh Thai Lan" hay cdn gpi Id Du dn biln Ddng diipc UNEP thuc hien, diJji sU tdi trp cua Co quan Ho trd Mdi triidng Qud'c t l (Global Environmental Facility - GEF) Du dn ndy dupc phdt trien khudn khd cda cP quan Tap chl Nghien ciiu va PhSl tri§'n, sd (94) 2012 Dilu phd'i biln Dong A'^^' vd cd bdy nUdc ven biln Dong tham gia."^' Muc dich ehinh cua du an 14 t h i l t lap mdt cP che khu vuc giup cdc thdnh vi§n lien quan d moi cd'p dp hpp tdc gidi quyet cdc vd'n dl lien quan din moi trudng bien Ddng.'^"' Du dn dupc thiic hi^n nfim vfi da k i t thuc vdo nam 2008 Thdnh cdng quan trpng nhd't cua dii dn cho den thdi diem hipn tai Id dd thdng qua dupe Chuang trinh Hanh ddng chien luoc (Strategic Action Programme - SAP) eho biln Ddng.'^" ChUPng trinh ndy de xud't cdc boat ddng hpp tac nhfim dd'i phd vdi cdc vd'n dl mdi trudng ddng dupe quan tdm tr§n biln Ddng, tfip trung vdo linh vUc: bdo tdn riing dude, bdo tdn san hd, bao ve cdc tham cd biln, bdo tdn rimg ngdp mfin ven bien,'^^' bdo tdn ngudn Ipi cd vfi chdng d nhiem bien tii cdc ngudn dd't liln Mpt cP che d ca'p khu vuc cung dupc dl xud't nhdm thuc hipn hdnh ddng chien lupe vdi vdn ban khung Id mpt thda thudn cd'p Bp kdm theo chuong trinh hanh ddng khu vUc, cdc thda thuan d ca'p dp song phUPng vfi khu vUe ciing vdi cdc chupng trinh hdnh dpng qud'c gia Cd hai du dn hpp tdc cfi'p khu vuc dd dupc de xua't de thuc hien SAP: - Di xuat dti dn UNEP/ GEF "Thiic hien Chuang trinh Hdnh dgng chiin luge cho bien Ddng" dd dupc cdc nude tham gia Dil an biln Ddng thd'ng nhd't ndm 2008 Theo dd Ban thu ky cP quan Dieu phdi bien Ddng A se 14 cp quan dam nhiem viec thuc hien dii an mdi ndy Tai eupe gdp nam 2009 tai Ha Long, Viet Nam, Ban thu ky cda cP quan Dilu phd'i biln Ddng A da xdy dung mdt du thdo du dn thue hien SAP vd gdi cho ede nudc thdnh vien xem xet Vl cP ban, tfi't ca cdc thfinh vien cua co quan nfiy deu dng ho viSc tilp tuc thuc day phdt trien du dn.'^" - Bi xuat Bli dn Vung bdo tdn cd: Cdc nudc tham gia Du dn biln Ddng da quylt dinh phdt t r i l n cdc boat ddng lign quan d i n bao tdn ngudn Ipi cd cua dli dn thfinh mot de xud't dii dn rigng.'^" Ndm 2008, mdt de xud't dU an GEF tdi trp, mang tdn "Xay diing v4 triln khai mdt he thd'ng khu vuc ve vimg bao t i n cd bien Ddng va vinh Thai Lan" da dupe dUa ra.'"=' Theo thdng tin mdi nhd't, de xud't ndy dang dupc bp phfin GEF cda UNEP xem xet vd mdt so' qud'c gia dd gdi cam k i t se tham gia dii an tuong lai.'^^' ChUPng trinh Hdnh ddng chiln luac eda Du dn biln Ddng khdng cd gid tri phdp ly nhu mdt hiep Udc qud'c t l , nhUng cung nhu Tuyen bd ve Cdch usg xil cda cdc ben d bien Ddng, nd vdn t h i hien mile dp nhd't dinh su ddng nhd't vl Ipi ich cda cdc bdn trpng viec bdo ve mdi trudng bien Ddng Tuy nhien, chuong trinh hfinh dpng nfiy khdng ehtla ditng bat cii mdt nguydn tdc, tieu chuan hay quy dinh ndo md cdc chinh phd tham gia phdi tdn trpng Nd chi don thuIn dl xufi't mdt sd muc tidu vfi cdc ndi dung hdnh ddng d cfi'p dp khu vifc nhdm dat dupc cdc muc tieu ndy Mdt s l ndi dung nhu xdy dung mdt bp tieu chuan v4 dinh mute khu vile dl ddnh gid sU ben vQng cda cdc h | thd'ng Tap chi NghiSn ciiu vi Phit tri^n, s6' (94) 2012 qudn ly rimg dudc'^^' hay thiet Idp nhiing nguydn tdc chi d i n dd'i vdi vide sU dung b i n vdng cdc ran san hd '^^' cd thd gdp phdn vdo vipe xfiy dung cdc quy dinh bdt bupc, nhiing chp tdi thdi dilm hipn tai chung chi dupc coi Id k l hoach du kiln Ca quan D i l u phd'i bien Ddng A Co quan Dilu phd'i biln Ddng A (Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia - COBSEA) dupc thfinh lfip d l thdc hi^n K l hoach Hfinh ddng vl bdo v? mdi trudng v4 phdt trien ben viing khu vuc biln vd ddi bd cua cdc viing biln Ddng A K l hoach hdnh dpng n4y dfi diipc Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore v4 Thdi Lan thdng qua nfim 1981.'^" Sau dd, vdn kipn ndy da dupc sda ddi vd bd sung thdm mdt sd nude thfinh vidn nhu Uc, Trung Qudc, Campuchia, Hdn Qud'c vd Vidt Nam.'^"' Muc tidu ehinh eda K l hoach hdnh dpng Id nhfim xfiy dung mpt chiln lupe todn didn cho vide bdo vp mdi trudng vd thdc diy phdt triln ben vOfng khu viic cdc vung bien Ddng A.'^" Trong khudn khd eua COBSEA, ChiiPng trinh Hdnh dpng khu vifc chdng d nhidm mdi trudng bien til cdc boat dpng cd lidn quan tdi da't lien vd Ke hoach Hdnh ddng khu vUc ve rdc thdi tren biln cung da dupc thdng qua That khd ed the ndi mdt cdch ehinh xdc ndi dung cua K l hoach Hdnh ddng ve bdo ve mdi trudng vd phdt triln b i n vOfng khu viic biln vd ddi bd cda cdc vung bien Ddng A cd hay khdng phai Id cdc cam ke't hdnh ddng Phfin tich cdu chO eua vdn kipn ndy thi tha'y rdng ehung cd the cd tinh chdt rdng bupc cao ban "cac ndi dung hdnh dpng de xud't" nhu trudng hdp cda Du fin bien Ddng hay "cdc bien phdp xdy dung ldng tin" khudn khd cda Hdi thdo biln Ddng, nhiing lai thfi'p ban nhieu so vdi cdc dilu khodn cua DOC Ben canh dd, nhieu muc tieu cda Ke hoach hfinh dpng duoc dua mdt cdch qud khdi qudt d l cd t h i ddm bdo vipe kilm tra thue hipn mdt cdch hipu qua Vi du, cdc muc tieu xdy dung mdt hp thd'ng cdc khu bdo tdn bien hay tdng cUdng ndng lUc ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng khu vifc deu dupe neu het sure chung chung."^' Hai vdn kipn dupc thdng qua sau dd lidn quan tdi chd'ng d nhiem mdi trudng biln tif cdc hoat dpng cd lien quan tdi dfi't liln vd rdc thdi tren biln tuong tU nhu Du dn bien Ddng, eung chi don thufin Id dl xufi't cdc npi dung hdnh ddng tuong lai mfi khdng dua cdc quy dinh bdt bupc'ede ben tham gia phdi tufin theo To chiic dd'i tac quan ly bien Ddng A Td chdc dd'i tdc qudn ly bien Ddng A dupc t h i l t lfip khudn khd eua Du dn "Xfiy dung ddi tdc bdo vp vd qudn ly mdi trudng cdc vimg bien Ddng A", dupe trien khai tii nfim 1999 d i n ndm 2007 Muc tidu cda du dn lfi nhdm xay dung mdt cd che khu vUe d l day manh cdc cam ke't qud'c gia vd khu vUc de bao vd vd qudn ly mdi trudng cdc viing biln vfi ddi bd Ddng A."" Mpt nhiing thfinh qua quan trpng nhfi't eda dif dn Id thiet lap thdnh edng Td chu:c dd'i tdc qudn ly biln Ddng A vdi sU thdng qua ba vfin k i | n : Tap chl Nghien ciiu vS Phai triSn, s6' (94) 2012 - Tuydn bd' Putrajaya 12 qud'c gia'"' ky k i t ngfiy 12 thdng 12 ndm 2003 Tuydn bd ghi nhan tdm quan trpng cua phdt trien bin vdng v4 qudn ly cdc ngudn tdi nguydn 'ddi bd khu viic Tuydn bd cung bdy td sU ung hd Chie'n luac Phdt triln b i n viing dd'i vdi ede vung bien Ddng A Chid'n lupc ndy bao glm nhiing nguydn tfic, muc tieu v4 phiiong thOrc hdnh ddng dl thiic hien sif phdt triln ben viing cda cdc vung bien Ddng A.'^^' - Thda thuan dd'i tfic Hdi Khfi'u [Haikou, Hdi Nam, Trung Qudc], dupe ky ke't 16 thdng 12 ndm 2006 de thue hipn Chiln lupc Phdt trien bin viing dd'i vdi ede viing biln Ddng A Muc tieu chinh cda thda thudn bao gdm: xay ditng vd thifc hien cdc chinh sdch vd k l hoach hdnh ddng quoc gia dd'i vdi qudn ly ben viing cdc viing biln vd ddi bd tren it nhd't 70% cdc niidc tham gia vd thiic hien qudn ly tdng hop ddi bd tren it nhd't 20% bd biln khu vuc trudc ndm 2015 kd't thuc Thda thufin eung bfiy td y ehi cua cdc qud'c gia thfinh vien mudn xdy dung PEMSEA til mdt co che tdn tai dua tren du dn thdnh mdt co c h l hpp tdc khu viic ddc lap vd bin vOng."" - Thda thufin trien khai dd'i tac nhdm thue thi Chien lupc Phdt trien bin viing dd'i vdi ede viing bien Ddng A eung dupc ky k i t ndm 2006 nhdm xdc dinh dia vi, thdnh vien vd cP ca'u cda he thd'ng dd'i tac Theo thda thudn, cdc thdnh vien (dd'i tde) ed the tham gia thuc hidn chiln luoc khdng ehi bao gdm chinh phu cdc nudc thfinh vien md cd cdc dia phuong, td chiic phi chinh phu, CO quan nghien ciiu va cdc cdng ty.'^^' Bd'n co c h l cung duoc thilt Idp de thuc hien chiln lupc, dd lfi Hpi nghi cdc viing bien Ddng A, Hdi ddng Dd'i tdc cdc viing biln Ddng A, Co quan HI tra ede nguln life PEMSEA va Quy Dd'i tdc khu vifc."*' Tai Hdi nghi cac vung biln Ddng A gan dfiy nhfi't, dupc td chile tai Philippines ndm 2009, thda thufin cdng nhfin tu edeh phdp nhdn cda PEMSEA da dupc ky kit."''' Ben eanh dd, Tuydn bd vl d^y manh thifc hipn qudn ly tdng hpp ddi bd cho phdt triln bin viing vd thich nghi vdi bie'n ddi hfiu cdc viing biln Ddng A (Tuyen bd Manila) dfi dupe 11 nUdc thdnh vidn ky kit.'"'" Tuydn bd khdng dinh PEMSEA se tilp tuc nd life thifc hien nhiing cam k i t lidn quan tdi qudn ly ting hap ddi bd tai Thda thufin Hai Khau.'"' Trong cdc eO c h l dfi ke tren, cd t h i ndi PEMSEA la "umg vien" ddng mdt hon cd dd'i vdi vide xdy dimg the che' tai khu vifc Trong khudn khd cda to chdc ndy, mdt tfip hop nhifng cam ke't vdi ndi dung khd cu the dfi dupc hinh thdnh thdng qua vide ky k i t cdc vdn kien nhu Chiln lifpc Phdt trien b i n vifng cho cdc vimg biln Ddng A, Thda thuan Hai Khau vd Tuyen bo Manila Mdt bd mdy hfinh ehinh eung dd difpe thiet lap vdi cfic eo quan nhu Hdi nghi cdc viing bien Ddng A hay Hdi ddng Dd'i tdc cdc vimg biln Ddng A, ddng vai trd thUc hien cdc chiic ndng quyd't dinh vd kilm tra thifc hien quyd't dinh NhU vfiy, mdt the che khu vile cd the dang ddn dupc hinh Tap chl NghiSn cilu v i Ph^l IriSn, sd (94) 2012 thfinh khudn khd cda PEMSEA Tuy nhien, mpi thil vdn cdn dang thdi ky "phdi thai trd'ng nudc" cho nen v i n cdn qud sdm d l diia bfi't cil ke't Iudn lac quan nfio Ngo4i ra, nhiing cam kd't cu the nhfi't mfi cdc ben da dua cho d i n thdi diem ndy diu chi gidi ban linh viic qudn ly tdng hap ddi bd Ket I u d n Tdm lai, so sdnh vdi nhilu vung biln khdc tren thd' gidi, kd't qud cda qud trinh xfiy diing t h i che' bdo vp mdi trudng biln d bien Ddng cd t h i ddnh gid Id khd ban chl Mdc dii nhilu thda thudn dfi ddi, song chua ed bfi't cd mdt hipp dinh mang tinh rdng budc ve phdp 1^ ndo dupc ky kd't iTnh vuc nfiy vfi cdc ca che' dang boat ddng thi cdn phdi phd'n dfi'u rfi't nhilu niia mdi ndng cao dupc tinh hieu qud cin thid't Nhilu nguyen nhfin ed t h i gidi thich cho tinh trang tut hfiu vipe xay difng mdt t h i ehd' bdo vd mdi trudng bien Ddng, dd cd: - Tinh trgng tranh chdp vi chd quyin lanh thd trin biin Bdng: Cdc tranh chd'p vl chd quyln biln ddo hien dang tdn tai tren bien Ddng, dd ddc biet phiic tap Id ede tranh chd'p vl chu quyln tren hai quan dao Hofing Sa vd Trudng Sa vd dudng yeu sdch doan cua Trung Qud'c Hofin cdnh xung dot ede tranh chd'p nfiy gay dfi cdn trd viee dua vfi tiln hfinh cdc de xud't hop tfic tii cdc nudc lien quan Tinh nhay cam cda cdc tranh chd'p vl chu quyln bien, ddo tren bien Ddng khie'n cho cfic bdn trd nen hd't silc than trpng tham gia bfi't euT dii dn hpp tdc ndo md hp cho rang cd t h i ldm dnh hudng d i n nhiing tuyen bd chu quyln cda hp, k l cd cdc du an hpp tdc vide bao vp mdi triidng biln, mdt linh vUc thudng dupc cho Id khdng nhay cam.'''^' - Nhgn thtic vi tim quan trgng cda mdi triidng biin cua cdc nUdc khu vUc cdn chiia cao: Mdc du nhilu nd luc dd dupe trien khai de tdng cUdng nhdn thdc vl mdi trudng biln Bdng, nhin chung, cdc nude xung quanh biln Ddng dudng nhu chUa thiic sif nhdn thilc dupc sif nghiem trpng cua cdc vdii de mdi trudng bien, tinh cfi'p thiet cda vipe bdo vp mdi trudng vfi tam quan trpng cda viec hop tdc trpng khu vUc Nhu da thd'y Hdi thdo bien Ddng vfi qud trinh thuc hien DOC, cfic nude xung quanh biln Ddng vdn chi coi hpp tfic bac ve mdi trudng bien nhif mdt hipn phdp xdy dimg long tin nhilu hon Id mpt ddng life de hfinh ddng - Su miin ciiang cda Trung Qudc ddi vdi viic xdy dung cdc thoa thudn, ca chi da phuang cd liin quan din biin Ddng: Lidn quan de'n biln Ddng, chinh sdch dd'i ngoai cda Trung Qud'c Iudn mud'n gidi quylt vd'n dl theo hudng song phuang ban Id da phuong, dieu ndy duac dp dung cd vdi vipe bao vp mdi trudng bien Ddng.''"' Trung Qud'c chi it nghi ngai hon tham gia cdc CO c h l da phifang khdng chinh thdc vdi cdc niidc yd'u hon nhu diln ddn ARE ASEAN khdi xudng Tap chi Nghjgn ciJu va Phdt tri^n, s6' (94) 2012 "Phuang thtic ASEAN" xdy dtXng thi chi da phuang: "Phircfng thiJc ASEAN" chi m6t thoi quen xSy difng th^ che da phifomg da c6 dnh hirdng ldn doi vdi cdc quo'c gia chau A DSc tinh cua phufcfng thu'c n^y 1^ khong gay sdfc ep, khdng chinh thiJc, thuc dung, hudng t(Ji xSy diftig dong thu^n va tranh d6'i d^u d^m phdn.'^^' ThUc tiln 6.6 c6 the c6 hai he qua da'i vdi viec x^y dimg the che bi^n D6ng TrUdc het, cdc qu6'c gia ven bien D6ng khong thuc sir tha thiet vdi vi^c ky ket mot hiep dinh qu6'c te mang tinh chinh thiJc cao dd'i vdi cdc vd'n dl liSn quan Chi nhttng vdn kign it rang budc hcfn nhU ke hoach h^nh dpng, tuy§n bo, hay cao nha't la mot ban ghi nhd hodc thda thudn d cap Bp trttdng se dugc suf dung Ngodi ra, cdc quoc gia ndy cung se Itfa chon giai quyet cdc vd'n dl li§n quan mot cdch tiT tir va khong mu6'n gdy dp life d6'i vdi viec cham t r i thu'c h i | n cam k§'t cua cdc quoc gia khdc.'^^' VH D - N CH CHU THICH (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Bai viS't t h ^ hien quan diem c^ nh&n cua c^c t^c giii B^i vi^t tCf ngu6n: www.nghiencuu biendong.vn, vdi si^ d6ng i? cila cac tdc gia Phan torn t^t tap chf Nghien cCfu va Phat trien thi^chlen BBT Stephen D Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), tr NhU tren f^ark Valencia, A l^aritime Regime for North-East Asia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), tr.17 Oran Young, "International Regimes: Problems of Concept Formation" (1980) 32, World Politics, 3 , tr 332 Lan Anh Thi Nguyen, 'The South China Sea Dispute: A Reappraisal in the Light of International Law" (PhD Thesis, University of Bristol, School of Law, 2005) [unpublished], tr 25 Bao g6m cac vung bien Andaman, Australia, eo Malacca, eo Singapore, bien Dong, Java, Flores, Banda, Araphura, Timor, Celebes, Sulu va Philippines Cac vien tham gia hoi Vhko d^n til Trung Quoc, Dal Loan, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thai Lan, Campuchia, Lko vk Vi$t Nam Hasjim Djalal, "The South China Sea: The Long Road towards Peace and Cooperation" Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a Co-operative Management Regime, Sam Bateman v4 Ralf Emmers (eds), (London: Taylor and Francis, 2009), tr.175 Statement, the 3rd Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 29/6-02/7, 1992 fHasjim Djalal, "The South China Sea: The Long Road towards Peace and Cooperation" Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a Co-operative Management Regime, Sam Bateman & Ralf Emmers (eds), (London: Taylor and Francis, 2009), tr 175, 183 Nghi quyet cda H6i thio vi kh^ng che tranh chip tiim ting tai bien Dong lan thiJ 71^\ BaXam, 17 thdng 12 nam 1996, dong 13 Nguyen Hong Thao, "The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea: A Note" (2003) 34 Ocean Development and International Law 279, tr 279 Tuyin b^vS cich Ong xO cOa cic bin d khu vUc bien Dong, PhnomPenh, thdng 11 n5m 2002, dja chf Internet: ASEAN , tham khdo 16 thang 11 nam 2009 Tap chi Nglliln ciiu vi PMt Irign, sd (94) 2012 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) NhulrSn,doan6(a) NhuUSn, a o ? n , v 4 Nhi/lrtn.(Jo9n6 Xem ca quan Diiu ph6i biin Ddng A du//gelonline.erg/proieclDetallsSOLelm?preilD=B85, (21) UNEP, "Strategic Action Programme", UNEP/QEF/SCS Technical Publication No 16 (Bangkok: UNEP, 2008) (22) Trong khu6n khd cua Di/ Sn b i l n D6ng, o4c hoat dOng bJo t6n nlng ngSp mSn ven b i l n tap trung vSo nSm loai rCrng ngSp m$n cy t h i : vCIng bd b i l n iiSn t r i l u , cijfa sdng, phd, d^m Ily c6 than bun vi dim I l y kh6ng c6 than bim, xem UNEP, Coastal Wetlands In Ihe South China Sea, UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publications No.4 (Bangkok' UNEP 2004) tr (23) COBSEA, Report of Ihe 20th Intergovernmental tAeeting ot the Coordinating Body on the Seas ol East Asia 2-5/11/2009, Ha Long (Vl^t Nam), UNEP/DEPi/COBSEA IGM 20/15 (05/11/2009) Agenda item (24) John Pernetta, Terminal Report February 2002 to December 2008 ol Ihe Project Director to the United Nations Environment Programme, the Global Environment Facility and the Project Steering Committee for The UNEP/GEF Project entitled: "Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in Ihe South China Sea and Gulf Of Thailand; Project No GF/2730-024340(25/02/2009), 12.2 (25) 8th IVIeeting of the Regional Scientific and Technical Committee for the UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project, Report, Trat Province, Thailand, 11-14/12/2007, 12.2 (26) John Pernetta, xem chu thich so 24 (27) NhutrSn.bangS, tr (28) Nhu tren, bang 10, tr.17 (29) Intergovernmental Meeting on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas ol the East Asian Region, Manila, 27-29/04/1981, Doc UNEP/IG.26/6 (30) Meeting of the Plenipotentiaries on the East Asia Seas Action Plan Bangkok, 27-28/10/1994; UNEP Regional Seas Action plan lor the Protection and Sustainable Devehpmenl ol the Marine and Coastal Areas of The East Asian region, Annex iV, COBSEA(OCA*)/EAS IG5/6 (1994) (31) Xem UNEP Regional Seas, Action plan lor the Protection and Sustainable Development ol the Marine and Coastal Areas of the East Asian region, UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No.24 (Bangkok: UNEP, 1983) (32) NhutrSn.tr (33) GEF online "Building Partnership for Environmental Protection and Management of the East Asia Seas", PEMSEA's Project Appraisal Document (for CEO endorsement) (1999) online: GEF online http.//wwvtr.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSOL.cfm?projlD=597, tham khio 29/6/2009, tr li (34) Bao g l m Brunei, Campuchia, Trung Q u I c CHDCND T r i l u TISn, Indonesia, N h j t B i n , Malaysia, Philippines, Han QuSc, Singapore Thdi Lan v4 Vi^t Nam Sau thi Ldo va Ding Timor gia nhdp th§m cdn Brunei vd Malaysia thi nit k h l i chuong trinh (35) PEMSEA, Putrajaya Declaration of Regional Cooperation lor the Sustainable Development ot the Seas ol East Asia, East Asian Seas Congress 2003, Putrajaya, Malaysia 12 December 2003, online: PEMSEA , tham khdo ngdy 09/4/2010 (36) PEMSEA Haikou Partnership Agreement on the Implementation of Sustainable Development Strategy tor the Seas of East Asia, Ministerial Forum, East Asian Seas Congress, 15 December, 2006, Haikou, Hainan, RPC, online: PEMSEA , tham khdo ngdy 09/4/2010 (37) PEMSEA, Pannership Operating Arrangements lor the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy lor the Seas ol East Asia, Ministerial Forum, East Asian Seas Congress, Tap chi Nghign ciiu vl Phdt tri^n, s6' (94) 2012 (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) 15 December, 2006, tHaikou, Hainan, RPC, online PEMSEA , tham khdo ngdy 09/04/2010 NhU tren, PEMSEA, Operating Mechanism, online: PEMSEA , accessed the 30 June 2009 PEMSEA, Agreement Recognizing the International Legal Personality of the Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia 26/11/2009 Bao g6m cdc qu6c gia tham gia Tuy§n b6' Putrajaya trC/ Brunei PEMSEA, Manila Declaration on Strengthening the Implementation of Integrated Coastal Management for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Adaptation in the Seas of East Asia Region, Ministerial Forum, East Asian Seas Congress, Manila, Philippines, 26/11/2009, online PEMSEA , accessed the April 2010 Mark Valencia, "Regional Maritime Regime Building: Prospects in Northeast and Southeast Asia" (2000), 31:3 Ocean Development and International Law 223, tr 240 Craig Snyder, "Xdy dyng h(?p tdc da phadng v^ an ninh khu vi/c bien B6ng", tgp chl Asian Perspectives: A Journal of Regional and International Affairs B6 2i ndm 1997, tr 27 Amitav Acharya, "Ideas, Identity, and Institutions-building: From "ASEAN way" to the "AsiaPacific Way" (1997) 10, The Pacific Review 319 at 320 Sulan Chen, "Instrumental and Induced Cooperation: Environmental Politics in the South China Sea" (University of Maryland, 2005) [unpublished], tr 199 TOM TAT Bdi viet phan tfch nhu'ng cd c h ^ thoa thuan quan trgng nhd't cua cac qu6'c gia khu vi/c bien Dong ve bao ve moi trifdng nham xac djnh xem viec bao ve moi trudng bien tgi vCing bien da hinh thdnh m^t the ch§' hay chua NhQng cd che, thoa thudn diiflc phdn tich bao g6m: IHpi thao ve Qudn ly xung dot tiem tang tren bien D6ng; Tuyen b6 v^ Cach ilng xd cua cdc ben bien Dong; D\J dn "Ngan chdn xu hudng xu6'ng cap cCia moi trudng tgi bi^n Dong^vd vjnh Thdi Lan" Ngodi ra, cac tac gia cung nghien cUu viec xdy di,fng the che hai cd che thudc khu vi;c cdc vDng bien Dong A id Cd quan D i l u phoi bien Dong A va J6 chUc doi tdc qudn I:? moi trUdng b i l n Dong A Ket qua cho thay qud trinh xdy di,rng the che bao ve m6i trudng bien d bien Dong la khd han che Mdc du nhieu thoa thuan da ddi, song chua co bat ciJ mdt hiep djnh mang tfnh rdng buoc ve phdp ly ndo dUdc k^ ket ITnh vijc vd cac cd che dang hogt ddng thi cdn phai phSn dau rat nhieu nOa mdi nang cao dUdc tfnh hieu qua cdn thiet ABSTRACT REAL SITUATION OF BUILDING AN INSTITUTION OF PROTECTING MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN THE EAST SEA The paper analyzes the most important mechanisms and agreements of the countries in the East Sea about environmental protection in order to determine whether marine environment protection in this territorial waters have formed an institution or not The analyzed mechanisms and agreements include: Workshop on Managing Potential Conflict in the East Sea; Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the East Sea; the Project on "Preventing the trend of environmental degradation in the East Sea and the Gulf of Thailand" In addition, the authors also research on the construction of two institutional mechanisms in East Asian territorial seas, which are "The Coordinating Body of the Seas of East Asia" and "The Action Plan for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the East Asian Seas Region" (the East Asian Seas Action Plan) The results show that the process of building institutions to protect the marine environment in the East Sea is quite limited Although many agreements were formed, none of legally binding conventions In this area was signed and operating mechanisms must also be striving to improve the necessary efficiency ... ca''p khu vuc cung dupc dl xud''t nhdm thuc hipn hdnh ddng chien lupe vdi vdn ban khung Id mpt thda thudn cd''p Bp kdm theo chuong trinh hanh ddng khu vUc, cdc thda thuan d ca''p dp song phUPng vfi khu. .. vide bdo vp mdi trudng vd thdc diy phdt triln ben vOfng khu viic cdc vung bien Ddng A.''^" Trong khudn khd eua COBSEA, ChiiPng trinh Hdnh dpng khu vifc chdng d nhidm mdi trudng bien til cdc boat dpng... muc tidu vfi cdc ndi dung hdnh ddng d cfi''p dp khu vifc nhdm dat dupc cdc muc tieu ndy Mdt s l ndi dung nhu xdy dung mdt bp tieu chuan v4 dinh mute khu vile dl ddnh gid sU ben vQng cda cdc h |