Nghien cuu An Bp va Chau A Sd - 2017 NGl/dl CAO TU6l NEO DOHV VIET NAM VA CAC VAN DE XA HOI DAT RA Nguyen Duy Nhien * ^7^i4^ Nam dang buoc vdo giai dogn gid hda ddn so v&i tde nhanh Do nhieu yeu to, V cd elm quan vd khdeh quan, dgc biet Id su van dgng, bien ddi cua cdc dieu ki$n kinh te-xd hgi, tdt yeu ddn den thuc trgng, Viet Nam cd mgt sd lugng ngdy cdng gia tang ngudi cao tudi neo dan, khdng nai nuang tua V&i cdc dgc diem tdm sinh ly dgc trung, cimg vdi hodn cdnh neo don, cudc song cda nguoi cao tudi khdng nai nuong tua phdi ddi dien vd trdi qua rdt nhieu khd khdn, thdch thuc Bdi viet ndy de cap den dgc diem, thuc trgng, nhOng vdn de xd hgi dgt vd ludn gidi, ggi m& mgt sd de xudt dinh hu&ng trg giup cho ngudi cao tudi neo don & Viet Nam hien Tix khda: Ngudi cao tuoi, ngudi cao tudi neo don, van de xa hdi, hd trp ngudi cao tudi neo don Con ngudi ludn rat can dupc sdng gia dinii, bau khdng yeu thuong, dum bpc, se chia, trach nhiem ciia nhiing ngudi than yeu, rudt thit Ngudi cao tudi Iai dac biet can dupc sdng tinh gia dinh, tinh cam, su hieu nghTa, quan tam, dim am, vui ve ben chau Tuy nhien, xa hdi Viet Nam dang cd nhieu bien ddng, nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN tung budc dinh Mnh, phat trien, din den su di ddng xa hdi rat Idn cua *Ph6 tnrcmg khoa CTXH, Tniong DHSP Ha Noi ngudi lao ddng va cang trd nen phd bien Trat tu, cau true gia dinh truyen thdng vdi nliieu the he chung sdng mdt mai nha da va dang dupc thay the bang gia dinh hien dai, gia dinh hat nhan Ben eanh dd, vi nhieu Iy khae nliau, cd mdt ty le dang ke nhiing ngudi khdng xay dung gia dinh hoac xay dung gia dinh nhung khdng cd, khdng edn cai Trong bdi canh Viet Nam da trai qua thdi ky dan sd vang, chuyen sang giai doan dan sd gia, bat dau trd qudc gia ed tde gia hda dan sd nhanh nhit thi Nguyin Duy Nhien Ngudi cao tudi neo dan, tang ito tuong duong tong so dan so thi gi(M nam 1950), tir 6,7 t^ nam 2007 len 9,2 ty nam 2050 T5ng dto s6 chil ylu cac nuoc dang vh kem phat trien Do ty 1$ sinh tuyet d6i giam xu6ng, nhung ty le dan s6 tang tuy?t d6i tang len, tu6i thg kfo dJi nen dto s6 o hiu hit cac nu6c bi gia di (s6 ngu&i gia ttr 60 tu6i tro len chiem hon mgt nua tdng s6 tang len ttr nam 2005 din nam 2050) Svr gia hoa dan s6 d6, dilu kien nen kinh tl biln d0ng, nhi6u gia trj van hoa truyin thing thay dii va cac Tinh binh nguoi cao tuSi neo don ylu t l tac dgng khae (vl quan dilm sing, Of Vift Nam noi cu tni, Itoi viSc, qu6c tich ) tit ylu se NguM cao tu6i (ngucri gia) neo don (c6 din din tinh tr^ng co nhilu ngu&i cao tuli don), khong noi nuong tga la nhiing ngu6i tra ngu&i neo don, khong c6 til 60 tu6i tro len s6ng dgc thSn, co vg hoac ch4u & gin gui dl dugc cham soc, nuong CO chdng nhung gia yeu, khong co chau, tua Iiic tuli gii nguoi than thich, rupt thjt de nuong tua va nuoc ta, theo dtoh gia cita UNFPA, khong CO nguon thu nhap (ho5c thu nhap rat thap) de dam bao cugc s6ng, dap iing nhu dan so Viet Nam dang c6 toe dd gia hoa ciu thiSt yeu Ngoai ra, nhimg nguoi cao nhanh nhit thi gi&i Nam 2007, Vidt Nam tuoi CO chau, nliimg bj ch^u doi xir buoc vao th&i ky dto s6 vtog (theo ty le cii ngugc dai, bo roi, khong quan t ^ cham soc CO ngu&i dg tuoi lao dgng moi co va khong co noi nuong tua, khong co ngu6n nguoi dp tuoi phu thuoc), theo cac du thu nh^p ciing dugc ggi la nguoi cao tuoi bao thi den nam 2015 dto so nuoc ta mai buoc vao giai doan gia hoa (ngu&i tCr 60 neo don khong nai nuong tua tuoi tro ISn chiem 10% dto so) va vao d bit ky dit nuoc nao, dii phat triin khoang nam 2025 - 2030 tro thtoh nuac co hay kem phat triSn thi vin t6n t?i mgt bg dto sS gia (20% dto s6 co tuli tir 60 tr& phan nhiSng nguoi cao tu6i vi nhimg hoan len, co tren 7% tren 65 tuli)' canh, dieu kien khae tro ngu&i Nhung tren thuc tl, tuli thg binh quto gia neo don khong noi nuong tua Xu th6 mgt ttog, ty suit sinh va ty dan s6 thi gioi dang tinh trang gia suat tu vong giam nen tic dp gia hoa dto hoa Cac du bao thong ke it nhieu nuoc, sl rit nhanh Nlu nhu 50 nam qua cua Quy dan s6 Lien Hgp qu6c (UNFPA) dua du kien din nam 2050 dan s6 thi "rdc dg gia hoa ddn sd Viet Nam nhanh nhdt the gioi se tang them khoang 2,5 ty nguoi (s6 gioi", http://vietbao.vn; "Ddn so Viet Nam gid hoa giai, tdt ySu sinh thuc te khong ngCmg gia tang ty le, s6 luong nguoi cao tu6i neo don Tinh hinh nguoi cao tu6i neo don Viet Nam dang diin nhu thS nao? Ngu&i cao tu5i neo don, khfing noi nuong tua o nuoc ta g5p phai nhihig kho khSn, tro ngji gi cu6c song va can co nhirng dinh hudng, giai phap nao de hS tro, gi4i quy6t vjn &h kh6 khSn gSp phai ciJa hg la nhiing cau h6i Idn dSt cin tilp tuc nghien cuu, lujn giai vai toe chong mdt" http://dantri.com.vii, ngiy 11/7/2011 Nghien cuu An Bd va Chau A Sd - 2017 tudi thp binh quan cua ngudi dan Uen the chuyen djch co cau kinh te, md ciia hdi gidi tang 20 tudi (tir 48 Ien 68) tiii tudi thp nhap kinh te, su di chuyen, ca ddng binh quan ciia ngudi Viet Nam da tang 32 lao ddng, san xuat kinh doanh, tim kiem tudi (tir 40 Ien 72) Nam 2010 dan sd nude viec Iam thu nhap, su tang cudng md rdng ta chinh thiic budc vao giai doan gia hda dau tu san xuat kinh doanh va ngoai De chuyen tir dan sd vang sang dan sd gia d nude, ben canh mdt phan cd nhiing su nhieu nude tren the gidi, nhat la eae nude chuyen biln, thay ddi dang ke cac gia tri phat trien can trai qua mpt thdi gian dai truyen thdng, ldi sdng, nep sdng, nhat la (Phap la 115 nam, Thuy Dien khoang 80 quan niem ve ddi sdng gia dinh (timg budc nam, Nhat Ban tren 30 nam), cdn Viet Nam pha bd trat tu, thdi quen ve gia dinh nhieu sg chi mit 15-20naml the he sdng cung cung mdt mai nha) dan den tinh trang se cd khdng it Theo sd lieu cua Tdng cue Thdng ke, nhiing ngudi gia phai sdng rieng, khdng d tinh din 01/4/2008, ca nude ed 8,05 cimg chau va sd dd se cd nhimg trieu ngudi cao tudi, chilm 9,45% dan sd ngudi gia roi vao tinh trang neo dem Ngoai Trong do: ngudi tir 60 - 69 tudi la 3,29 ra, nhieu nguyen nhan khae nhau, trieu, chilm 4,61% dan sd; ngudi tir 70 - 79 benh tat, dm dau, khdng cd ehau, mdi la 2,9 trieu, chiem 3,41% dan sd; khdng cdn ngudi rudt thit nen cdng ngudi tir 80 tudi trd Ien la 1,17 trieu, ddng, xa hdi tat yeu cd mpt bd phan khdng cd 9.830 ngudi tir 100 tudi trd len^; Ty nhd nhiing ngudi cao tudi neo dem khdng le dan sd tir 60 tudi trd len tang tir 9,4% noi nuong tua cd hoan canh dae biet khd nam 2010 len 10,4% nam 2013 va vao giira khan Sd lieu thdng ke tai thdi diem nam nam 2014 la 10,46%\ Mdt du bao cua Lien 2013, ca nude ed khoang 200 nghin ngudi Hop qudc, du doan rang, sd lupng ngudi cao tudi neo don^ Con sd chdc chan Viet Nam tren 65 tudi se tang tir 6,3 uieu tang len d cae nam 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 ngudi hien len 18 trieu ngudi vao nam va cac nam tiep theo 2040, chilm hon 18% dan sd^ Phan Idn ngudi eao mdi sdng d ndng Vdi thuc te dan sd gia hda, sd lupng eao tudi chiem ty le eao tdng dan sd, thdn (chiem 72,9% tdng sd ngudi cao tudi) ciing nhimg su bien dpng ciia nen kinh tl, Nhimg ngudi eao tudi sdng d nong thdn chu yeu la nhiing ngudi lao ddng ndng nghiep, thii cdng, nghe tu va vay rit " Toe gia hoa ddn so Viet Nam nhanh nhdt the giai ft ngudi CO luong huu hay eac trp cip xa http://vietbao.vn Ngay 11 /7/2011 Tim hieu phdp ludt - Ludt nguai cao tuoi Nxb Tong hpi khae Chi cd mpt bd phan nhiing ngudi hgrp TP H6 Chi Minh, 2010, tr.6 eao tudi d ndng thdn cd luong huu (di lam Uy ban quoc gia ve ngucri cao tuoi Vi?t Nam, Gia hoa ddn so va nhiing thdch thuc, http://vnca.molisa.gov.vn, ngay29/6/2016 Bo Lao dOng -Thuong binh va X3 hoi, Viet Nam dang B6 Tu phap, Nguai cao tuoi, nguai gid co dan vd CO toe dQ gia hoa ddn so rdt nhanh, /jnp://mo[isa.gov.vn, vdn di tra giup phdp ly cho ddi tuang ndy a Viet Nam, 290/2016 http://moj gov.vn, 24/5/2013 73 Nguyen Duy Nhien Ngudi cao tudi neo dan, viSc & noi khae vl ngM hitu a nong thon hoac tham gia cong viSc tai dia phuang roi nghi htm tai dia phuong, khotog - 30% ngtr&i cao tuli co luong huu Theo PGS.TS Nguyin Dmh Cijt (Nguyen Vien tru&ng Vi$n Dto s6 v4 cdc vin dl xa hOi ) thi co khotog 16 - 17% ngu6i cao tuoi c6 luong huu hoac mit siic, 10% hu&ng trg cip ngu&i CO cong vol dit nuoc Theo ket qua khao sat cOa Uy ban QuIc gia vl ngu&i cao toll ViSt Nam (VNCA) cho thiy, ting sl ngu&i cao tuli sing o nong thon co khotog 75% sing ciing chau, 25% sing rieng, co 8,3% s6ng co don, da phin la phu nu: don thto ching mat trudc, g6a ching, khong co O thtoh thi, tin tai tinh ttpig ngu&i cao tuli neo don (sing mOt mtah hojc sing ritog v6i cdi) chilm ty IS cao hon nong thfin nhung da sl co thu nhap tii cac nguin tich luy, hoac lao dgng lam them, hoSic luong htru, hoac trg cip, phy cip cimg voi mJt bing an sinh xa hgi tit hon nen cugc sing ciia nguai gia a thi noi chimg, ngu&i gia neo don noi rieng it kho khto han so voi ngu&i cao tuoi neo don a nong thdn Ben canh do, tai thtoh thi thuong co cac nha duong lao hoac cac tnmg tam bao trg xa hgi cham soc, nuoi duong nhimg ngu&i cao tu6i CO hoto canh dac biSt Icho khan va ca nhirng ngu&i co chau nhung vi nhieu ly khae nhau, co nhu cau tu nguyen nen din sing cac co so, trung ttoi Ngoai & thtoh thi t6n tai tinh trang co nhilu nguoi cao tuli neo dem, co hoto ctoh dac biet kho khto ttr nhilu dia phuong khae din sinh sing bing each lang thang kilm sing Day la mOt nhOng thvrc tl quan ngai vl cu3c sing cua ngu&i cao tuli neo don, khong noi nuong t\ra & nuoc ta D^c aiem v4 nhu cau ngu&i cao tuoi neo don Nguoi cao tuli neo don, khdng noi nuong tifn 14 nh6m co hoan ctoh dac bift nhimg nguoi cao tu6i La mgt bg phan ting lop nhiing ngu&i cao tu6i, nto trudc hit, nguoi cao tuli neo don ciing mang nhimg djc dilm chung vl ttoi sinh ly va nhu ciu dac thu cua tuli gia Nguoi cao tuli la tii 60 tuli tro len va se trdi qua them nhilu giai do^m tuli nOa Mil ngu&i cao tuli, CO thi CO siic khoe, d&i sing vdt chit, tinh thin, nhu ciu, cac vin de gjp ph4i khong hoto toto gilng nhau, nhimg vS co bto, ngu&i cao tuli c