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Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyin Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhiing vdn de Ngheo doi va nhirng van de xa hoi dat o" An Do Nguyin Vdn Linh*, Nguyin Thu Trang** *,**Vien Nghien ciru An Do vd Tdy Nam A Ngdynhgnbdi 9/11/2018 ngdy gtii phdn bien: 12/11/2018 ngdy duyet ddng: 30/11/2018 Tn Dd Id mdt qudc gia cd thi dugc xem Id md hinh thu nhd cua thi gidi vai ddy dit cdc A thdnh phdn kinh ti - xd hdi Trdi ngugc vdi nhiing thdnh tuu tgo nen mdt cudng qude An Do dang ndi a chdu A vd thi gidi, ngheo ddi la mgt vdn di nghiem trgng, cdn tra suphdt trien kinh (i - xd hdi, ldm chdm buac tiin cita nhiiu ITnh vuc Hien nay, cdc vdn de xd hgi lien quan din ddi ngheo cung theo md hinh thdnh vd cd nhiiu tdc ddng xdu den ddi sdng cua ngudi ddn Do vdy, viee gidi quyit cdc vdn di tren Id mdt nhiem vu ehinh tri quan trgng, muc tieu kinh te-xd hgi cdp thiit cdn dugc nhd nudc vd chinh quyin cdc bang td chirc triin khai (hiic Men chdt che, ddng ddo ngudi ddn huang icng vd ddng tinh thuc hien Bdi viet phdn tich thuc trgng ngheo ddi a An Do vd nhicng tdc ddng din xa hgi cua ngheo doi Tir khoa: An Do, ngheo ddi, phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Quan diem cua An Do ve ngheo floi va nguong ngheo yeu td khac mdi qudc gia, td chiic khac Ngheo doi la mgt hien tugng vo cimg phiic tap, dugc the hien ttong mdt loat cac sy chong cheo va dan xen thieu thdn ve kinh te, chinh tri va xa hgi- Nd khdng chi ton tai d cac qudc gia cd nen kinh te kem phat trien (mdt sd qudc gia d chdu Phi), ma cdn tdn tai tten cac qudc gia cd nen kinh te dang phat ttien, tham chi la cac quoc gia cd nen kinh te phat trien Ngheo doi bao gom sy thieu hut ve tai san, miic thu nhap thdp, ddi khat, sire khde kem, bat an, kho khan ve the chat va tdm ly, bi xa hdi loai trir, suy thoai va phan biet ddi xir, bdt lyc chinh tri va phan biet ddi xir Do dd, de dua dugc dinh nghTa ve doi ngheo thyc sy rat khd; nhirng khai niem ve ngheo ddi dua tren sy tuong ddi phit hgp nhat co the dilu kien kinh tl thi miic do, tinh chat ciia ngheo Thyc te cho thdy, khai niem ve ngheo doi khong chi dugc xet tten cac yeu td ve thu nhap, dam bao biia an ttong ma cdn tten nhieu * vanlinhnguyen87@yahoo.com di hgc, khdng dugc kham chiia benh, khong co ve dieu kien ty nhien, the che chinh tri xa hgi va ddi ciing khac Nhin chung, mdi qudc gia deu sir dung mgt khai niem de xac dinh miic dp ngheo khd va dua cac chi sd ngheo khd de xac dinh gidi han ngheo khd ben canh viec ldy thang chung cua the gidi dua Gidi han ngheo khd cua cac qudc gia dugc xac dinh bang miic thu nhdp tdi thieu de ngudi ddn cd the ton tai dupc, la mirc thu nhap ma mgt hp gia dinh co the mua sam dugc nhiing vat dung ca ban phuc vu cho viec an, mac, d va cac nhu cau thiet yeu khac theo miic gia hien hanh Theo To chlic Lien hgp qudc (UN): "Ngheo la thieu nang luc tdi thieu de tham gia hieu qua vao cac hoat ddng xa hgi Ngheo co nghTa la khdng cd du an, du mac, khong dupc dat dai de ttong trpt hoac khong co nghe nghiep de nudi sdng ban than, khdng dugc tiep can tin dung Ngheo ciing cd nghTa la khdng an toan, khdng CO quyen, va bi loai trir, d l bi bao hanh Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A S6 12 - 2018, tr 16-24 16 Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo dot vd nhimg vdn de phai sdng cac dieu kien nii ro, khdng tiep can dugc nudc sach va cdng trinh ve sinh"' ddi tugng chua chinh xac, tir dd chinh sach ho Ve chi sd nguong ngheo trung binh toan cau, tlieo bao cao ciia Ngdn hang the gidi (WB), chi sd nguang ngheo the gidi dugc td chlic thdng qua nam 2005 la 1,25 USD/ngay; Cung theo td chiic nay, nguang ngheo the gidi dugc quy dinh nam 2015 la 1,90 USD/ngayl va chua phii hgp vdi nliu cau Tir nam 2007, An Do da dp dung nhiing tieu chi ludng mdi ve doi ngheo Cach thiic dugc UNDP sir dung de tinh toan chi so Ngheo da chieu (MPI) dya tren tieu chi ngheo y te, giao due va dieu kien sdng Chuan ngheo ciia An Do dugc xac dinh dya tten miic chi tieu dap ling nhiing nliu cau tdi thieu va duac quy bang tien Ngudi ngheo hay hg ngheo la nhihig ddi tugng cd mirc thu nhap hoac chi tieu thap han chuan ngheo Cach thiic ludng da tri thdi gian dai va bat ddu bgc Ig nhung ban che Thic nhdt, mdt sd nhu cau ca ban cua ngudi khong the quy tien (nhu tham gia xa hdi, an ninh, vi the xa hdi, v.v ) hoac khdng the mua dugc bang tien (tiep can giao thong, thi tm'dng, dudng xa va cac loai co sd tang khac, an ninh, mdi ttudng, mgt so dich vy y te/giao due cdng v.v ) 777if hai, co nhiing trudng hgp hd gia dinh cd tien nhung khdng chi tieu vao viec dap iing nhung nhu cdu tdi thieu (do ca nhiing ly kliach quan nhu khdng co san dich vu hay ly chu quan nhu tap tuc van hoa dia phuong hay chinh nhan thirc cua ngudi ddn) Vi nhiing han che tren neu chi sir dung chuan ngheo thu nhap de ludng va xac djnh doi tugng ngheo ddi ciia An Do se dan den bd sdt doi tugng, nhdn dien ngheo va phan loai 2011 - 2012, Puducherry cd mirc ngheo cao ' Tuyen bo Lien Hgp quoc, thang 6/2008 ' World Bank (2015), FAQs: Global Poverty Line Update ' Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 201 !3 Government of India, p.5 * Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula (2008) * Centre claims poverty has dropped to 21.9 per cent., but its measure is controversial at best, truy cap 26/7/2018 trp ciia Chinli phu An Dp mang tinh cao bang Chuan ngheo chinh thiic dugc de xuat nhung chua dugc thdng qua cua An Dg nam 2014 la 972 Rs (14 USD)/thang d khu vuc ndng thdn va 1407 Rs (20 USD)/lhang tai cac phd Miic ngheo trung binh giiia cac bang ciia An Do la khac nhau, vi dy nam nhdt la 1301 Rs (19 USD)/lhang d nong thon va 1309 Rs (19 USD)/thang d khu vyc thi, Odisha cd nguong ngheo thap nhat la 695 Rs (10 USD)/thang cho nong thdn va 861 Rs (13 USD)/thang cho cac khu vuc thi^ Thuc trang ngheo ddi d An Dp Ngheo ddi la mdt van de quan trgng ciia An Do, mac dii nudc la mot nhirng nen kinh te phat trien nhanh nhat tren the gidi vdi toe dp tang trudng dat 7,11% nam 2015"* Trong nliiing nam qua, tinh hinh doi ngheo d An Do dugc cai thien mgt each dang ke, tu)' nhien nhung sd thong ke ve doi ngheo d quoc gia van dang la mot van de dang bao dgng * Ngheo ddi if cdp dp quoc gia Theo bao cao cua Uy ban Suresh Tendulkar, dan sd dudi chudn ngheo d An Dp nam 2009 - 2010 la 354 trieu ngudi (29,6% dan sd) va nam 2011 - 2012 la 269 trieu ngudi (chiem 21,9% dan sd)^ Mac dii li le dan so ddi ngheo d An Dp nam 2011 - 2012 la 21,9%, nhung vdi tdng ddn sd hon 1.2 ty ngudi (vao thdi diem dd) thi sd tdng ddn sd ngheo d An Dp dat khoang 269,3 trieu ngudi, gdp han 2,5 Ian tong dan so Viet Nam Dieu khong Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A So 12-2018, tr 16-24 17 Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhiing vdn de mdy ngac nhien An Do dugc xep vao nudc giai doan gdn ddy hay ty le thoat ngheo d cd dan s6 ngheo nhieu nhdt tren the gidi Tuy An Do da gia tang vugt bdc nhien, theo sd lieu thing ke cua Ngdn hang The Dieu ma chiing ta cd the khang dinh dugc gidi (WB) cho biet, ty le phdn ttam ngheo ddi d ddy la ty le ngheo ddi cua An Do dang co d An Do da giam xudng chi cdn 12,4%^ Ddy chieu hudng giam theo thdi gian Cu the, theo la sd thdp hem rat nhieu so vdi bao cao cua cac moc thdi gian dieu tra ddn so ngheo doi Uy ban dieu tra dan so ngheo doi Suresh quoc gia cho thay, ty le ddn so ngheo An Dp da Tendulkar Sy khac biet co the Iy giai giam tir 45,3% xudng cac mdc 37,2%, 29,8% thdng qua phuong phap dieu tra va thdi gian va 21,9% tir nam 1993 - 1994 qua cac nam lay mdu khac ciia hai td chirc Noi 2004 - 2005, 2009 - 2010 va 2011 - 2012 each khac, dan sd An Do khong phai giau len (Bang 2.1) Bang 2.1: Ty le, so luong ngheo d An Do giai doan 1993-2004 den 2011-2012 (Tendulkar) So lirgng ngydi ngheo Ty le ngheo (trieu ngudi) Nam Nong thon 1993-1994 2004-2005 2009-2010 2011-2012 Thanh thi Tong Nong thon Thanh thi Tong 50,1 41,8 31.8 25,7 45,3 37,2 328,6 74,5 403,7 326,3 80,8 407,1 33,8 25,7 20.9 13,7 29,8 21,9 278,2 76,5 354,7 216,5 52,8 269,3 Nguon: Government of India Plarming Commission July 2013 Bang 2.1 ciing cho thay, ty le ngheo doi d them vao dd, nhung nam ddu the ky 21 la giai khu vyc thi ciing nhu khu vuc nong thon doan ngudi dan An Dp di cu len thanli thi deu CO xu hudng giam theo thdi gian Ty le ddi chiem ty le cao, tao nen cac khu d chugt, dua ngheo va dan so ngheo d khu vyc nong thon den sy gia tang sd lugng ngudi ngheo d nong cao hon nhieu so vdi khu vyc thj, 80% thdn len thi, tao nen sd lugng ngudi dan so ngheo dang sinh song d vung nong thon ngheo ldn ttong vdi sd lugng ngudi ngheo va 20% d khu vyc thi' Tuy nhien, van de ddi so vdi tdng ddn sd sau bimg no se noi bat d day la mac du ty le ngheo doi ludn chiem ty le khdng cao Trong giai doan tiep giam theo cac nam nhung tong ddn sd ngheo theo, vdi cac giai phap kim ham sy biing no dan doi d khu vuc thi ciing nhu tdng ddn sd so trudc do, cdng them cac giai phap giam ngheo doi qudc gia nam 2004 - 2005 cao ban ngheo cua Chinh phii, chinh quyen cac bang so vdi nam dieu tra 1993 - 1994 trudc Dilu cung nhu cdc to chuc phi chinh phu da thyc su co the dugc ly giai rang, nhimg nam thdp cd hieu qua viec lam giam ty le ciing nhu nien 80 va 90 la giai doan bimg nd ddn s6 cua tong dan so ngheo ddi qudc gia An Do, dua den he qua gia tang dan sd ldn; ^UditMisra(20l5) ' Worldbank (2016), India's Poverty Profile Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A So 12 - 2018, tr.16-24 Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang, Ngheo doi vd nhimg vdn de Trudc nhirng giai phap giam ngheo qudc so ngheo trung binh hang nam cua An Dp dat gia ciing nhu chinh quyen cac bang/lanh thd, ty miic 1,3%/nam va tinh rieng giai doan le ngheo giam deu cho ca hai kliu vyc nong 2004 - 2005 thi sd an tugng han vdi thon va thj Tuy nhien nlu ti'nh theo ty le miic 2,18%/nam Sd dT cd sy khac biet giam thi d ndng thdn ludn dat muc giam tdt hem nhung nam ddu the ky 21 den nay, toe dp so vdi d thanli thi, Cu the, ttong giai doan 2004 tang trudng cua An Do ludn tri d cac miic - 2005 den 2011 - 2012, ty le giam ngheo trung tang trudng cao va miic tap trung myc tieu binh moi nam d ndng thdn va thanli thi tuong quoc gia xda ddi giam ngheo tren dat nudc ling la 2,32% va 1,69% Tinh tong the ttong dupc dat vao trpng tam phat trien xa hgi giai doan 1993 - 1994 den nay, ty le giam dan bdi canh mdi (Bang 2.2) Bang 2.2: Ty le giam ngheo d An Do giai doan 1993-1994 den 2011-2012 (Tendulkar: Giai doan Nong thon %/ndm) Tong 1993-1994 den 2004-2005 2004-2005 din 2011-2012 1993-1994 din 2011-2012 0,75 0,55 1,69 2,32 1,01 1,36 Nguon: Government of India Planning Commission July 2013 0,74 2,18 1,30 * Ngheo ddi & cdp dp bang Cac bao cao dieu tra ddn sd ngheo ddi d cac bang An Dp cho thdy, ty le va tong ddn so ngheo ddi giua cac bang cd sy khac biet, chii yeu tap trung d mgt sd bang nhdt djnh nhu Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Day la hai bang dan dau ve ddn sd doi ngheo Ian lugt la 59,82 ttieu ngudi va 35,82 trieu ngudi nam tai chinh 2011 - 2012, chilm 29,4% va 33,7% tdng sd dan ciia bang Xet theo ve ty le dan sd ngheo tren tdng sd ddn cac tieu bang d An Dp cho thdy, tai cac bang Chhattisgarh, lanh tho Dadra & Nagar Haveli la hai dia danh chiem ty le ngheo len tdi gdn 40% tong so dan bang, Mdt so lanh thd nhd nhu Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep va Andaman & Nicobar Islands vdi so lugng dan rat nhd nen cac chi so ve ti le ngheo ddi la rdt thdp (Bang 2.3) Bang 2.3: Ty If ngheo va so Iirgng ngirdi ngheo tai cac bang nam 2011-2012 (Tendulkar) Nong thon Thanh thi Tong Bang/Lanh tho Trieu Trieu Trieu T nguoi nguoi nguoi 11,0 6,18 Andhra Pradesh 5,8 1,70 9,2 7,88 38,9 0,42 Arunachal Pradesh 20,3 0,07 34,7 0,49 33,9 9,21 20,5 Assam 0,92 32,0 10,13 34,1 31,2 32,04 Bihar 3,78 33,7 35,82 44,6 Chhattisgarh 8,89 24,8 1,52 39,9 10,41 12,9 Delhi 0,05 9,8 9,9 1,65 1,70 6,8 0,04 0,04 Goa 0,08 4,1 5,1 21,5 7,54 10,1 Gujarat 2,69 16,6 10,22 11,6 i,94 10,3 Haryana 0,94 11,2 2,88 0,53 8,5 4,3 0,03 10 Himachal Pradesh 0,56 8,1 % Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A So 12 - 2018, tr.16-24 % % Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Nahio dot va nhmig vin ill Jamniu & Kashmir 10,3 3,70 0,85 Madhva Pradesh Manipiir Mizoram Nagaland Orissa 0,23 19,9 Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim 10,29 9,9 3,7 8,26 Tripura 36 West Bengal Puducherry Andaman & Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Lakshadweep All India 7,4 26,1 59,82 1,16 22,5 18,50 6,3 1,6 22,3 9,9 25,7 216,66 53,12 21,9 269,78 Nguon: Government of India Planning Commission June 2014 Sir phan bo dan so ngheo a cac bang c6 xu thay mot so trucmg hop dien hinli MI su gia tang huong giong nhau, cu thj la dan s6 ngheo doi ty le doi ngheo, diin hinh nhu cr cac bang tap trung nhieu a cac vimg nong thon va tham Puducherry, Mizoram, Nagaland, Jammu Si chf lcm hon rat ithieu ca ve ty le cung nhu tdng Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, so ngucri ngheo doi voi khu vuc thj Bang Meghalaya, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh la bang chi^m t6ng s6 nguoi ngheo nong thon cung nhu thj cao nhit Nhu-ng van fle xa hoi flat so voi cac khu vuc nong thon va thi cua * Ngheo doi tdc dong mgnh me din ldc lo cac bang khac; ty le dan s6 ngheo a thi phdt trien cm qudc gia cao hon ty le dan so ngheo cr khu vuc nong thon Ngheo doi la mgt chi so d j danh gia ve sil nhung tong dan so ngheo chi bing mot phSn ba cong ctia nSn kinh te moi qu6c gia S6 a nong thon luong nguoi ngheo kh6 duoi nguong ngheo chi Ngoai ra, xet ve cac khu vuc rieng le nong rang, lieu nen kinh te co dti manh dS tao dii thon hay thi a cac bang cung cho chiing ta viec lam va tien nghi cho ngucri dan ciia minh Nghien cmi An Do va Chau A S6 12 - 2018, tr.16-24 Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhiing vdn de hay khong O An Dp, tdc phat trien GDP Ngheo ddi d An Do dang tao nen mgt so hang nam trung binh tren 7% nhung ty le thdt lugng klidng nhd lao ddng tre em Quy mo gia nghiep, sd lugng ngudi ngheo va lao ddng tre dinh rdng, ngheo khd, klidng dap ung dugc nliu em d An Dp dugc danh gia cao nhdt the gidi cau muu sinh cua cac vien gia dinli Dieu cho thdy rang, van de ngheo doi d An dang day nhimg tre nhd phai ty minh tim kiem Do dang kim ham tdc tang trudng cua nen viec lam de nuoi sdng ban than va thdm chi la kinh te va nen kinh te nudc dang phai dimg nhimg ngudi than gia dinh Hau het cac trudc thach thuc cai thien tao viec lam va dua cong viec ciia lao dgng tre em la lao ddng nliimg chfnh sach ho ttg ngudi dan thoat ngheo thong gia re * Ngheo ddi gdy nen bdt dn vd cdc te ngn xd hdi * Ngheo ddi tdc ddng den quyen tiep can cdc dich vu eong Ngheo doi dang gdy cac mdi lo ngai ldn Khoang each giau ngheo kha xa d An Dp ve tinh hinh an ninh, chinh tri, bdt dn ve xa hgi mang den nhimg bat cap viec tiep can dich tren lanh thd quoc gia Ngheo ddi gay cac vdn vu cong cua nhimg ngudi ddn ngheo Ddi vdi nan nghiem trgng lien quan den nhiing cugc nhiing ngudi giau, viec tiep can cac djch vu dung do, bao lyc, cang thang, lao ddng d tudi vi cong nhu dich vu y te, giao due, bao hiem, nien, tham chi la khung bd Sy ket hgp cua tuong ddi de dang; ttong van de la ca ngheo cimg cue va thieu giao due la co hdi cho mdt qua trinh ddi vdi nhung ngudi ddn song cac to chuc khung bd Idi keo va Igi dung nhung dudi nguong ngheo Khong chi rieng d An Dp, ngudi ngheo Hg cung cap tien cho cac gia dinh hdu het ngudi ddn ngheo tren the gidi, dac biet ngheo ddi de doi ldy su tham gia cua mdt la d cac nudc ngheo thudng cd khuynh hudng vien gia dinh vao td chuc cua hp, ban tiep can vdi cac dich vu y te it hon doi vdi cac mang cho hp cac hanh ddng chdng Iai ddi tugng kha gia hon^ Chinh phu O An Do, khoang each giau ngheo la kha Trong bdi canh that nghiep va nhimg ngudi xa, dieu co tac ddng den viec suy giam kha ngheo cimg vdi sy thieu giao due va lucmg tdm nang tiep can cac dich vu y te cua ngudi dan dao dire dugc hinh khdng dung each, mdt ngheo Su khac biet viec tiep can cac djch xa hgi ngheo ddi de xay cac cupc xung dot vu y te cham sdc sue khoe giiia cac nhdm kinh giira ngudi ddn tir mdt cam giac bdt man vdi te xa hdi la khac Theo nghien cim ciia cupc song hien tai Ben canh do, viec nhimg Desai va cdng su nam 2010, doi vdi khu vyc ngudi ngheo khd mong mudn cd dugc khoan phd chi cd 3%i cac benh ldn nhu tang thu nhdp rieng cho minh la rat ldn va chinh dieu huyet ap, benh tim, dai thao dudng chua dugc da gidng Ien hoi chudng trom cap ciia nhQng dieu tri, d ndng thon la 12%, tap trung ngudi ngheo khdng cd chiit kien thuc mudn co chil yeu d cac gia dinh hg ngheo^ Cac hd gia dugc mdt cugc sdng nhu bao ngudi khac Day dinh ngheo ben viing, cac bd tgc thudng song d ciing chinh la yeu diem ma cac the luc cd the lgi nhung noi rat xa trung tdm it cd ca hpi dugc tiep dyng nham gdy han va rdi loan cho chinh quyen can vdi cac dich vu cham sdc sire khde ldn dia phuong ' Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Shariff A, ' Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Shariff A, Vanneman R (2010) Vanneman R (2010) Nghien cim An Do va Chau A So 12 - 2018, tt 16-24 21 Nguyin Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhimg vdn de dieu kien kinh te xa hdi va vi tri dia Iy, nai sinh 2011) Tai mgt sd bang nhu Maharashtra, sdng ciia hg Rajastlian, Orissa, MP hay Delhi, so lupng tre Mac dil chinh sach miln phi 100% le phi y te cho ngudi dan ngheo cimg eye d An Dp da co tac ddng rat ldn tdi cdng tac bao ve sue khde cho ngudi ngheo, nhung de tiep can vdi cac dich vu y te cong nghe cao, dam bao sue khoe tot ban cho ngudi ngheo la thyc sy khd khan Ben canh viec dupc nha nudc chi tta ve chi phi y te nhung ttong rdt nhi8u trudng hgp, ngudi ddn van phai tryc tilp bd ti£n tui ciia minh nham chi tta chi phi y te Chi phi y te phai chi tta cao, ddn den viec ng nan cua cac gia dinh, day cac gia dinh vao linh ttang ddi ngheo sdu hon, mgt ttong nhung miic cao nhdt cua the gidi Trong nam 2014, ngudi An Do dugc xep thu ttong so cac quoc gia tten the gidi phai xuat tien tui chi tra cho cac dich vu y te Nhu vdy, viec ngudi ngheo dugc tiep can den cac dich vu y te tot nhat Iai cang khd khan hon rat nhieu em ngheo cao keo theo lao dgng tte em gia tang Djch vu gido due Giao due la mdt ITnh vyc bat buoc can thiet cho sy tien bd va phat trien cua cac ca nhan, xa hgi va qudc gia Cac ca nhdn, nhimg ngudi dang song dieu kien doi ngheo thudng gap phai nhieu trd ngai khac ttong qua trinh cd dugc sy giao due va phat trien ky nang dgc viet Tac dgng ciia ddi ngheo ddi vdi giao due chii yeu dugc coi la khdng thudn lgi, nhung cac giai phap can phai dugc thyc hien de giam bdt cac rao can phat sinh doi ngheo ttong qua trinh phat trien giao due cho ngudi ngheo benh tdt Trong tdng sd 223,5 trieu tte em (theo thong ke nam 2004 - 2005), cd dkn 31,1% tte em ngheo; ti le cao hon ti le ngheo cua tdng dan so, 28,7% doi vdi khu vyc ndng thdn va 25,9% doi vdi khu vyc thi (Chaudhri, & Jha, tugng phd bien thudng mac phai va thieu giao due Dimg trudc van de nay, chinli phii ciing nhu chinh quyen ciia cac bang can cd cac chinh sach, chuang trinli ddi vdi ngheo doi, nhdt la vice cung cap cho tte em ngheo co dugc mdt nen giao due can ban"' Trong sd cac tre em ngheo d An Dp, cd hem 70% tte em da dupc den trudng, dugc tham gia vac cac ldp hgc mien phi ciia nha nudc Dieu la rat co y nghTa sau Luat Giao due nam 2009 dupc sira ddi va quy dinh cung cap giao due mien phi cho cac tte em ngheo den tuoi 14 Tre em ngheo dang dung trudc cac ca hgi co dugc mdt nen giao dye ca ban, nang cao ky nang sdng cho ban than; the nhung, sy thieu thon ve tai nguyen, ddi chiing dang gap phai cac vdn dh ttong viec khdng dugc cung cdp dong phuc, sach vd, van phdng pham, * Ngheo ddi gdy cdc vdn de ve sice khde, " Chaudhri D.P., & Jha R (20 i 1) Doi vdi ngudi ngheo, tinh ttang nha d kem, nudc uong khong an toan, thieu dieu kien ve sinh, sir dung nhien Ueu sinh khdi, tiep xiic vdi moi trudng khac nghiet nhu la mdt phan sinh ke ciia hg Dieu lam gia tang nguy co mac cac trieu chiing ve vdn de siic khde Theo nghien ciiu cua Desai va cdng sy nam 2010, ty le nhimg ngudi mac cac benh nhd nhu ho, sot, tieu chay la 12,4% ttong dan sd An D p " Tyle mac cac benh nhd phu thudc vao dieu kien kinh te cua cac gia dinh, hg ngheo la nhirng doi Ddi vdi ngudi ldn, tinh trang suy dinh dudng cung keo theo hang loat cac bieu hien ve viec suy giam kha nang lao dpng, de sinh benh tat Ngheo ddi ciing gdy nen sy suy giam " Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Shariff A, Vanneman R (2010) Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A So 12 - 2018, tt.16-24 Nguyen Van Linh, Nguyin Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhicng vdn de rd ret kha nang ve sinh ca nhan ciia nhimg ngudi ngheo, khdng cd du tien de sir dung cac san pham khir trimg Dieu dan den tinh nhay cam vdi cac loai benh tat lay qua dudng nudc va mdi trudng bi d nhiem Ngudi ngheo se phai chiu thiet thdi ban khdng the tiep can cac phuang tien dieu tti thich hgp, gia tang ty le hi vong chung cua dan sd An Do CO 190,7 trieu ngudi suy dinh dudng, tuang duang 14,5% ddn sd Vdi ty le nay, An Dp la qudc gia cd sd ngudi suy dinh dudng nhieu nhat tren the gidi Ngoai ra, khoang 51,4% so phu nir dp tudi sinh de (tir 15 den 49 tudi) bi thieu mau, 38,4% sd tte em dudi nam tudi gay yeu hoac thap cdi'^ Tre bi suy dinh dudng cd nguy ca tir vong cao cac benh nhu tieu chay, viem phdi va sdt ret Vi vdy, nam 2017, An Dd dugc xep hang 100 so 119 quoc gia theo bang danh gia ciia Chi so Doi Toan cau (GHI), tytba bac so nam 2016 Ben canh An Do ciing la nai cd so lugng tre em suy dinh dudng Idn nhdt Theo thdng ke ve sd lugng va ty le tre em suy dinh dudng tten the gidi thi cd tdi 45% so dd d An Do Them vao dd, ty le ttr vong d tre sa sinh cua An Do la tdi te nhat, tham chi toi te han ca d Sri Lanka va Bangladesh Ddy ciing la mdt sd nhirng khd khan dugc ndi den nhieu xoay quanh vdn de ngeo doi d An Do Ket luan Ngheo doi ludn ludn la mgt han che ldn tren dudng tang trudng kinh te cua An Do, la mdt thyc te khdng the phu nhdn Giai phap nham ddi trpng vdi tinh ttang ngheo ddi nhu hien la loai bd ngheo ddi, mac dii thuc te la rdt khd thuc hien Tuy nhien, dat nudc ciing da giam ngheo ke tir sau cai each nam 1991 den so vdi trudc vdi nhieu giai phap kinh te xa hpi danh rieng cho cdng tac xda ddi giam ngheo Nhu cau cap bach hien la cac sang kien xda doi giam ngheo hieu qua mac dii thach tliiic la rat Idn, rat khd Tat ca nhimg giai phap deu Iiudng den mdt muc tieu gia tang thu nhdp va can bang xa hdi cho ngudi ngheo Tai lieu tham khao Tuyen bo Lien Hgp quoc, thang 6/2008 Worid Bank (2015), FAQs: Global Poverty Line Update, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/ global-poverty-line-faq, truy cap 29/06/2018 Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12 Government of India, p.5 Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula (2008) "Dollar a Day Revisited" (PDF) The World Bank Centre claims poverty has dropped to 21.9 per cent but its measure is controversial at best, truy cap 26/7/2018 Udit Misra (2015), Meaning URP, MRP cmd MMRP, The Indian Express, https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nieani ng-urp-mrp-mmrp/, tmy cap 26/7/2018 Worldbank (2016), India's Poverty Profile, http://www.worldbank.Org/en/news/infographic/2 016/05/27/india-s-poverty-profile, truy cap 12/06/2018 Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, SeTi M, Shariff A, Vanneman R (2010), Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Shariff A, Vanneman R (2010), Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press cdng budc dau cdng tac xda ddi " Bao cao An ninh lirong thuc the giai nam 20!7 ciia To chirc Nong nghiep va Luoiig thuc ciia LHQ (FAO) Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A S6 12 - 2018, tr.16-24 23 Nguyin Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhiing vdn di 10 Chaudhri D.P., & Jha R (2011), Child Poverty and Compulsory Elementary Education in India: Policy Insights from Household Data Analysis, https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/ 20 i 1/WP201 l_04.pdf, truy cap 12/06/2018 11 Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Shariff A, Vanneman R (2010), Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society m Transition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press 12 Trong Bao cao An ninh luoiig time the gidi nam 2017 cua To chiic Nong nghiep va Luang tJiuc cua LHQ (FAO) Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A S6 12 - 2018, tr.16-24 ... 0,85 Madhva Pradesh Manipiir Mizoram Nagaland Orissa 0,23 19,9 Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim 10,29 9,9 3,7 8,26 Tripura 36 West Bengal Puducherry Andaman & Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli... Puducherry, Mizoram, Nagaland, Jammu Si chf lcm hon rat ithieu ca ve ty le cung nhu tdng Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, so ngucri ngheo doi voi khu vuc thj Bang Meghalaya, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,... Nguyin Van Linh, Nguyen Thu Trang Ngheo ddi vd nhimg vdn de dieu kien kinh te xa hdi va vi tri dia Iy, nai sinh 2011) Tai mgt sd bang nhu Maharashtra, sdng ciia hg Rajastlian, Orissa, MP hay Delhi,
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