Xung đột tộc người, tôn giáo tại một số vùng ở ấn độ

Nghien ciru An Dp va Chau A So - 2018 XUNG DOT TOC NGlTdl, TON GIAO TAI MOT SO VUNG & AN DO Le Hdi Bang*, Trdn Thi Thanh** Vien Thong lin Khoa hoc xd hoi, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bdi- 10/08/2018 ngdy gin phdn bien 15/08/2018 ngdy duyel ddng 30/08/2018 Tn Do Id quoc gia da ddn tgc vi vdy su khde biet ve vdn hoa, ton gido tin nguong la JJL dgc diem noi bdt cua qudc gia ndy Bin canh khodng cdch gidu ngheo ngdy cdng ldn, dan xen v&i cdc yeu td lich sd, ddn tdc, ton gido da Igo nen nhOng moi quan hi phuc tgp tgi An Do Chinh nhung su khde biit xen cdi do, cung vai nhdn to khde Id ngudn can bung phdt xung dot tgc ngu&i vd xung dot giua Hindu gido vd Hoi gido hai ton gido l&n tgi An Do Bdt ddu tu nhOng cudc xung dot nhd le ddn ddn phdt triin thdnh nhOng cudc xung dot l&n trin todn quoc vd liip dien eho den ngdy Trong pham vi bdi viet, tdc gid tap trung phdn tich linh liinh xung dot tdc ngu&i ton gido a An Do hien nay, frong chi cdc hinh thuc xung dot, nguyin nhdn ddn l&i xung dot phdn ung cua quoc gia ndy ddi vdi vdn di neu trin Tir khda: An Dp, tgc ngudi, tdn gido, xung dot tpc ngudi, xung dot ton gido Md-dau An Dp la qudc gia cd dan sd Idn thii the gidi va cd nen dan chu lau ddi tai chau A, noi khdi nguon nhieu tdn giao Idn vdi nhirng anh hudng va ddng gdp rdng khap khdng chi cho rieng xa hdi An Dp ma cho ca nhan loai Hoi gido vd Hindu giao cd vai yd quan trgng doi vdi chinh trj quoc gia vd an ninh An Do bdi Hindu gido chiem tdi 79,8% dan sd vdi khoang 966,3 trieu tin do, cdn Hdi gido, d vi tri thii hai, chiem 14,23% dan sd vdi 172,2 trieu tin dd, cdc ton giao khac nhu Kito hiru chilm 2,3% va ngudi Sikh chiem gan 1,72% dan so' Day ciing ia qudc gia c6 hire tranh tdc ngudi vd cimg phong phii va da dang bieu hien dam net qua loi song, phong tuc tap quan va sinh hoat ddi sdng tinh than * Iehaidang74@gniail.com ' Vijaita Singh (2017), Muslim population growth slows, http://www.thehindu.com, truy cap 29/3/2018 Sy phong phii vd da dang mdt mat mang lai su nang ddng ve khia canh van hda nhung mat khac lai tao su xung dot xa hdi khd sdu sac Nguyen nhan cua xung dQt toe ngucri, ton giao Xung dot tdc ngudi va tdn giao tai An Do cd nhieu nguyen nhan, nhung chii yeu Id van de lich sir, ehinh tri, khde biet ve y thiic he, van hda va niem tin tdn giao xuat hien tien trinh lich sir lap quoc NhOng vimg ndi len xung dot lien quan chat che tdi cdc phong trao ly khai, cd xu hudng tiep can chii nghTa dan tdc manh me Nam 1858, An Do trd thdnh thudc dia ciia ngudi Anh Trong sudt giai doan dd din gianh dupe dpc lap, ngudi Anh sir dung chinh sdch "chia de iri" nhu mdt cong cu de tri che dp cai tri chuyen che Chinh sdch Le Hai Dang, Trdn Thi Thanh Xung dot tpc nguai, ton gido vl co ban la sy phan chia xa hdi theo tgc ngudi va tdn gido, vi vay da tao nhiing bat ddng gay gdt giu-a cdc nhdm xa hdi Nam 1947, An Dp gianh ddc lap tir ngudi Anh va lanh thi bj chia tach dya tren co sd tdn giao Nha nudc Pakistan dupe lap vdi ngudi Hdi gido chiem uu the, va An Do la dat nudc ciia phan ldn nhiing ngudi theo dao Hindu Thdi diem nay, ngudi Hdi giao da mdt vi tri dae quyen va cd sy thii dich sau sac vdi ngudi Anh Viing Kashmir mac dii CO phan Idn dan so theo Hdi giao, nhung lai thudc mgt phan lanh tho An Do Ket qua la, cac cupc xung dot khu vuc Hen tuc dien ra, dan den chien tranh An - Pakistan (19471948) Qua trinh phan chia An Dp theo each ciia ngudi Anh trudc dd ciing de lai mpt vet xudc sau dam long ngudi Hoi gido vd ngudi Hindu'^, dan tdi sy thit dich dai dang giiia hai cgng dong tdn gido Xung dot tgc ngudi, tdn gido tai An Dp CO dac diem ndi trdi va khac biet so vdi cdc viing khac no mang tinh chat xung dot cua chii nghTa dan tgc ly khai, cd nhung tdc dgng manh me tir ben ngoai, phai ke den luc lupng Hoi gido d Pakistan Sy thii dich chong lai An Dp bat ngudn tir eac muc tieu chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia Pakistan Cae van de sau phan chia lanh thd, cd cd van de Kashmir, khdng phai la nguyen nhan nhat Pakistan la qu6c gia ludn de cao ban sac dan tpc va mudn citng co sy hien dien d tieu lue dia An Dp bdng cdch thdch thirc vj tri quyen luc thdng tri cita An Dp Ke tir thap nien 90 ciia thi ky XX, Pakistan the hien su quan tam ve mat an ninh quoc phong doi vdi An Dp, vi thi da ddy manh hpp tac vdi cdc nudc Hoi gido khae d ^ AjiacB JI.B H ap (2010), llcmopufi 2010 Miiduu, M., Trung va Tay A, va muc dich hpp tdc ndy la nhdm lam mat on dinh An ^o thdng qua van de Kashmir Tai khu vye Ddng Bdc An Dp, luc lupng an ninh nudc ciing khdng dinli, xung dot khu vye da d miic nguy hiem bdi nhiing tdc nhan ben ngoai lam dnh hudng sau sac den khu vye, hau het eac nhdm ndi loan d vimg Ddng Bac An Dp tri dupe la nhd sy giiip da manh me tir ben ngoai Di cu tu do, ngheo ddi, that nghiep, tham nhiing, viec sii dung vii lyc ciia cdnh sat, that bai chinh tri, kich ddng chinh tri ciing la nhiing nguyen quan trpng dan den xung dot, dieu ndy dupe the hien rd tai khu vuc Dong Bac An Dp-' Vi du, cac dcrt di cu mat kiem sodt tir Bangladesh da gay cang thdng, dp lyc ldn ve dat dai, viec lam va lam tram trpng them tinh trang kinh te that nghiep va ddi ngheo Do dd, khu vye Ddng Bac chua nam bat dupe vdn dau tu va ca hgi phat trien kinh te, gay nen sy mat niem tin va chia re dan tpc, dan den bat dn, ndi day Van de xung dot tdc ngudi tai viing Dong Bac An Dp ve co ban la sy thieu thdn ve co sd tang, dich vu va nang luc qudn tri kem, dien hinh la van de tham nhiing ciia cac tang Idp chinh tri nen ngudi ddn khdng cd nudc sach, khdng cd dien, khdng CO dich vu y te Khu vuc thieu mpi nhu cdu thiet yiu de phdt trien"* Cdc quy phat trien bi danh thue bdi chinh quyin dia phuang va rui ro bdi nhung ke cue doan Hdi giao Tham nhiing cdn dien quan dgi cung nhu chinh phit khong cd sy kilm tra hoac giam sdt Tuy khdng cd su khde biet qud ldn giiia cdc nhdm tpc ngudi khu vuc, xung dot d Dong Bac An Dp dupe thiic day bdi sy that bai cua nha nudc yong vice 'Dutts, S (2011), pp.73-87 ^AshildKoias(2017), p.27 Nghien ciru An Dp va Chau A S6 - 2018 tri an ninh, dam bdo tinh minh bach, trdeh nhiem vd gidi quyet nhiing bdt binh dang kinh te dang ke, dac biet la giiia khu vuc dd thi va ngoai vi^ Xung dot toe ngu'di, ton giao 6* Kashmir Kashmir la bang phia Bac An Dp, noi sinh song cua nhieu cgng ddng tdc ngudi va tdn giao khac Sy phdn bd khdng dong deu giua cdc nhdm dan tdc, sy khde biet ve bdn sdc vdn hda va tdn gido tai khu vye la nguyen nhan cita xung ddt^ Cu the, xu.ig dot d khu vuc chu yeu xay giira Hindu gido vd Hdi gido va da keo dai nhieu thap ky, dan den tinh hinh bat dn tai nga ba An Dp va Pakistan Xung dot tai Kashmir la mpt nhung xung dot phirc tap va da chieu nhat cita An Do Vung bien gidi chung giiia An Dp va Pakistan ludn cang thang va thudng xuyen xay cac cugc dung vu trang, nhung mdu thudn dm i, keo dai va nguy hiem Pakistan chua bao gid cdng nhdn Kashmir Id mpt phan cua An Dp vi ddy vdn la khu vye ciia ngudi Hoi gido Ngudi cam quyen dau tien ciia viing dat - noi md phan Idn la ngudi Hdi gido sinh sdng la Maharaja Hari Singh, mdt ngudi theo dao Hindu Lan ddu tien vdo nam 1947, ndi loan ngi bd nd d Poonch Kashmir nham chong lai nha cai tri Hari Singh Cudc ndi day la sy bat man sau sac cua cdng dfing Hdi giao, nhirng ngudi cho rang sy cai trj ciia ngudi Hindu da khien khu vuc cang trd nen ngpt ngat'' Sau An Dp gianh ddc lap (nam 1947), cdc cudc giao tranh giira An Dp va Pakistan Hen tiep xay va tiep dien cho den Hien tai, tinh chat xung dot tai day da re theo chieu hudng khde, neu trude cac cudc xung dot tdc dpng tir ben ngodi, thdi gian gan day, chieu hudng ndy dudng nhu da diu lai, nhung tir ben (lien quan den cdc chinh sach dan tdc, tdn gido eua An Do doi vdi khu vuc ndy) lai ndi len nhu la nguyen nhan chii yeu Khdng giong nhu cac bang khac, ngudi ddn Kashmir cho rdng vimg dat la qudc gia rieng biet vdi bdn sdc van hda khac vdi ngudi An, hp cdm thay yeu td dac biet cua Kashmir khdng dupe tdn trpng va An Dp ludn kim ham viing dat Vdn de trd nen tram trpng hon nhiing ke khiing bd Hdi gido mudn diing len gidnh quyen kiem sodt va lam suy yeu anh hudng cua An Dp ddi vdi Kashmir Do cd nen chinh tri bat on va xao trgn An Do da dp dung Dao luat vii trang (Quyen ban dae biet - AFSPA) khien ca khu vuc bi quan sy hda nang ne Chinh phii An Dp ciing nhieu lan thyc hien quyen ban khan cap khu vuc md khdng cd sy chap thuan cua chinh quyen dia phuang Nhan vien an ninh thudng lam dung Dao luat Quyen ban tren nham thyc hien cdc hanh vi vi pham nhan quyen nhu: de dpa, tra tan ngudi dan dja phuang, quay rdi va lam dung tinh due phu nii, phd hiiy cdc nha thd Hdi gido Noi each khac, nhimg ngudi dupe cho Id cd ydch nhiem giii gin trat ty d Kashmir (khu vye An Dp chiem ddng) thuc te lai la nhiing ngudi gay tinh trang hon loan va lam xdo trgn cupc song ngudi dan nai day^ Vi nhiing mdi quan be cang thang giiia luc lupng vQ trang An Dp va UshildKolls (2017), pp.28 * HntJi riojioHCKHH (2014), KauiMup ee^nasi eoHiia^ Katie Hunt (2017), India and Pakistan's Kashmir Ceeepo-3anadHoii Mudun, https://topwar.ru, ng^y truy dispute: What you need to know, cap 29/3/2018 https://edition.cnn.com, truy cap 31/3/2018 ' Kunal.Mukherjee (2013), pp 44-54 Le Hai Dang, Trdn Thj Thanh Xung ddt tdc nguai Ion gido ngudi dan Kashmir, mgt sd ngudi dan dja phuong dupe dua qua Pakistan de hudn luyen, nhdm chong lai sy ddn ap cua quan dpi An Dp Nhilu ngudi sd sau quay lai Kashmir quay nhieu, de dpa dan thudng nhdm kilm tien va Idm bdt dn tinh hinh chinh tri^ gia ngudi My g6c An - Sanjib Baruah, ngudi da song d viing ddt thai gian ddi, cho rang Hch sir cua khu vye la mot phdn ciia Hch sir An Do, bi chi phdi bdi cac phong trao chinh tri va xa hpi chdng lai nhd nudc va chdng lai ede mdi de dpa doi vdi bdn sac dan tpc tir ngudi di cu ciing nhu cdng ddng ldn Xung dot toe ngudi tai viing Dong Bac An Do Vimg Dong Bdc An Dp la noi tu cu ciia tgc ngudi Akin, hp co nen vdn hda, ton giao va ngdn ngii rieng Ddi song ciia ngudi dan d khu vuc ndy cdn nhieu khd khan, miic sdng thap va luon xay xung dot Hdu het cac cugc xung dot vu trang d vimg Dong Bac dien theo hai hinh thiic: mgt la nhirng cupc xung dot nhd Ie; hai Id phong trao cyc doan ma muc tieu Id thdnh lap nha nudc ddc lap, hoac hinh thdnh mgt md hinh mdi, keo dai va ro net nhdt la phong trdo ly khai d bang Assam Xung dot giiia cac tgc ngudi tai bang Assam va Bengal dien thudng xuyen, co ca cdc vu bao loan khien Chinh quyen An Do gap nhieu khd khdn yong viec kiem sodt an ninh nhung nam qua Assam cd khoang 160 tdc ngudi khde va la noi xay nhieu vu cang thdng giua eac nhdm ndy 15,64% sd hon 30 trieu dan Assam la tdc ngudi Bodo, Mlsin, Rab Sonoval, Lalun (Thiva), Deori vd Tengal (Sword)" Trong dd, ba nhdm tdc ngudi khac ve van hoa thudng xdy xung dot dd la ngudi Assam, ngudi Bengal vd cdng ddng tdc ngudi khac bang Day la bang cd ty le tang dan so cao nhat d An Dp, dan nhdp cu chiem mot phdn dang ke, da sd ngudi nhap cu den tir Bengal, bao gdm ca ngudi Hindu vd ngudi Hoi gido Ngudi Bengal theo dao Hindu den dinh cu vao giira the ky XIX, sau ngudi Anh lap cdc ddn dien che Mpt bp phan khac ngudi Bengal theo Hdi gido chu yiu la ndng ddn, hp sdng d phia Ddng - khu vue dong dan cu vdi nang sudt ndng nghiep thdp vd ddt dai san xudt bj phan tan va manh mun Tuy nhien, vdi lpi thi vl giao due, each van hdnh va phat triln bd mdy hanh chinh chuyen nghiep, ngdn ngii cua bp dupe sir dung rgng rai ban so vdi ngudi Assam, tir dd, ngudi La khu vue mien niii khd khan, chia cdt ve dia hinh, vay, phdn ldn bao luc chinh tri bat ngudn bdi sy cd lap va tach biet manh me vdi cdc khu vuc khac Hon niia, vimg Dong Bac lai cd su phan tdng manh me ve khia canh tdc ngudi, ton gido, ngdn ngu ngudi dan ban dia lai luon giii khoang each nhdt dinh vdi cdng ddng nhap cu Do do, xung dot d ddy ton tai nhieu cap khac nhu mau thuan giQa cdc nhdm tgc ngudi, giiia cu dan ban dia vd dan nhap cu, giua cac tieu bang khac khu vye Tir cudi nhiing ndm 90 cua the ky XX, khu vuc Dong Bdc An Do da chiing kien su gia tang eua nhieu cdng ddng tdc ngudi vd sy tranh gianh ehu quyen giira cac nhdm nhdm ve lai ranh gidi de tao cdc bang mdi Hpc ^ lUayMflH T JI (2012), pp.561-569 '"Baruah, S (2009), pp.951-974 " Rezwan (2012), HuduH: smnuiecKue ^fnojiKKoeenm e AccoAie (20\2), httpsV/ru.globalvoices.org/2012/07/26/16759/ tniycap 12/5/2018 Nghien ciiu An Dp vaChau A So - 2018 Bengal thdng tri yong eac td chuc nganh nghe, phdt trien giao due Nhung sau nam 1947, ldn ddu tien tdng Idp trung luu Assam len nam quyen va quyet dinh dua tieng Assam nhu mpt ngdn ngii chinh cdc trudng dai hpc, thdng qua chuong yinh gido due md rgng, dan ddn, tang Idp trung luu Assam cung ed vi the vd bdt dau khdng cu sy thdng tri ciia ngudi Bengal Hon nua, nhieu tdc ngudi khde d cdc viing thdp vd cham phat trien hon ludn cam thdy bi dp biic, tham ehi bi bdc lot ve van hda, kinh te vd chinh tri bdi ngudi Bengal vd ngudi Assam, dd xung dot Hen tuc xdy giira cac tpc ngudi nay'^ Khdng chi dimg lai d dd, nhieu nam qua, thudng xuyen xdy cdc vu xung dot bao lyc giua tdc ngudi Bodo va cdng ddng ngudi Hdi giao nhap cu tir Bangladesh Ngudi Bodo cdo budc cgng ddng Hdi giao den lan chiem dat dai cua to ti6n hp Thang 7/2012, cudc dung giiia tdc ngudi Bodo ban dia vd ngudi nhap cu Hoi gido d bang Assam, it nhdt 32 ngudi da thiet mang va nhieu ngudi hi thuong Van de bat dau mdt ngudi dan dng giau mat da giet chet bdn nien ngudi Bodo d Quan Kokrajhar, hp nghi ngd nhung ngudi Hdi gido diing sau vu dm sat, vi thi, de trd thu, nhdm vii trang Bodo da tdn cdng nhung ngudi Hdi gido vd ddt lang cua hp Khoang 70.000 cu ddn cdc ldng Chiran, Dubro, Bangaigaon, Udalguri va Sonitpur da rdi bd nha eira ke tir bat dau bao luc va tim each lanh nan cdc trai ti nan It nhat 60 ngdi Idng ciia ngudi Bodo vd Hdi gido d khu vye Kokrajhar va Chiran bj cudp hodc bi dot chay'^ Vao nam 2014, dung dp biing ''ilKOBJieB, A TO (20I2),pp.205-209 ' ' Rezwan (2012), Hudua BmuunecKue cmojiKHoeenun e AccoMe, https://ru.globalvoices.org, nghy truy cap 12/5/2018 phdt hai thu ITnh sinh vien Hoi gido hi ban trpng thuong d Kokrajhar, ddn den cdc cupc trd thii nhdm vao tpc ngudi Bodo Nhom vii trang Mat trdn Dan chu Qudc gia Bodo (NDFB) cGng gilt chit 58 ngudi ciia it nhdt lang cdc qudn Sonitpur vd Kokrajhar ciia bang Assam, hau het cdc dia diem tan cdng thudc viing ty tri ciia tgc ngudi Bodo'" Xung dot tai bang Nagaland Id diem ndng lau ddi nhat d An Dp, chii yeu xoay quanh vdn de ehii quyen lanh thd va quyen tu quyet Cong ddng Naga'^ cho rang hp khdng mang dac diem chung vdi ddng chinh thdng An Dp Nhieu nhd lanh dao ciia cdc nhdm iing hp doc lap d Nagaland ciing lap ludn ngudi Naga khdng phdi ngudi An Dp, chi la ngudi nhdp cu vdo An Dp bdi cac cudc chinh phat cua nude Anh'^ va eac bang nhu Nagaland da rat khd khan de gianh dupe ddc lap tir An Do Mdt nhung nhdm chinh da tham gia tich cyc vao phong trdo iing hp ddc lap Id Hpi ddng xa hdi chii nghia Nagaland (NSCN), lyc lupng each mang Kito giao Marxist Nhieu ngudi sd cae nhdm noi loan da theo dudi y thiic he chinh tri "Nagalim" hoac nd lyc tao dieu ma nhieu ngudi Naga xem Id "Nagaland vT dgi" Y tudng nhdm tap hpp tdt cd nhiing ngudi Naga chung ngudn gdc thdnh mpt dan vi hanh chinh thong nhdt, bao gdm nhirng ngudi Naga tir cac bang Idng gieng nhu Manipur vd Assam, ciing nhu nhirng ngudi cd ngudn gdc Naga d ben bien gidi Myanmar Ciing bdi y thiic he chinh tri ndy '•* Mpc Di (2014), Xung dot tgc ngudi a An Do 58 ngudi thiet mang, https://thanhnien.vn, truy cap 12/5/2018 '* Naga la ten goi chung ciia cac toe nguai a Nagaland '^ Mukherjee, K (2014), p 111 Le Hai Dang, Trdn Thi Thanh Xung dot toe ngu&i, ton gido, ma ngudi Naga vd cac nhom chinh tri thudng xuyen xung dot vdi cdc bang lang gieng nhu Manipur kl tir Nagaland tuyen bd chit quyen yen ddt Manipur Nha phan tich an ninh An Do, ong Singh da nhdn dinh "cugc ndi logn Naga dd trdn qua cdc bang ldn cdn nhu Ukhrul, Senapati vd Tamenglong ciia Manipur"^"^ Chinh sach cua An Do doi voi van de xung dot toe ngiroi, ton giao Nhdm lam giam cang thang giiia cac nhdm tdc ngudi va tdn giao, tranh hdnh ddng bao lue, chong lai thieu sd va ngan chan qud trinh ly khai Chinh phii An Dp da ban hdnh nhieu chinh sdch hieu qud bang cdch kich hoat co ehe cdng nhan quyen tu chu, ngdn ngii vd tdn giao cua khu vye, ddm bao lpi ich nhom cac CO quan Chinh phii Dieu ndy ciing giiip An Do cd budc tdng trudng kinh te dn tupng vd on djnh tuang doi tinh hinh chinh tri - xa hgi Chinh sdch van hoa va ngdn ngii lien quan tdi eac nhdm tpc ngudi, ton gido da dupe An Dp xem xet vd ban bdnh luat Theo Hien phdp An Dp, cdc cdng ddng ddn tgc thieu sd ludn dupe hudng nhiing quyin lpi dac biet Dac quyen bdo hg quyin tri ngdn ngu va van hda ddu tien dupe ghi nhdn Dieu 29 cua Hien phap An Dp, quy djnh mpi "bd phdn cdng ddn " d cac khu vuc khde ciia dat nudc dlu dupe bao ve quyen loi ve ngdn ngir vd van hda rieng biet Vi du, cdc dai dien ciia cgng dong Hindu sinh sdng d cdc bang Punjab va Nagaland cd quyen bao ve ngdn ngu va van hoa thilu sd ciia hg Dieu 30 Hien phap eiing quy dinh ve dac quyen tdn gido vd 'Goswami,N (2010),p.93 ngdn ngu thilu sd, bao gdm cd viec ap dung cdc co sd gido due Nhung quyen co bdn kha don gian, nhung k l tir doe Idp vd thdng qua H i i n phap, cac dieu khodn thudng gap thdch thiie bdi mdi Hen he giiia ede linh vuc khde eiia xa hgi Chinh quyin An Do ciing chiing to sy khoan dung vd than trpng ban hanh chinh sdch ngdn ngu nudc An Dp ciing ban hanh chinh sdch dan tpc tich cue, vdi muc tieu ciing cd khii doan ket tir cdc cdng ddng tdc ngudi vd ton gido khac xa hdi, ciing nhu khich le sy tham gia eua mpi eong dan qua trinh qudn ly Ve bdn chdt, chinh sdch dd dp dung chii yeu cho nhiing khu vuc cd cae cdng ddng thieu sd chdm phat trien, cac ca sd gido due dai hpc ciing nhu viec thuc hien cac bien phap nhdm khac phuc tinh trang tut hau ve kinh te - xa bdi va van hda cua ngudi dan Mgt dieu quan trpng nu"a la An Dp rdt can trpng viec xay dung chien lupc khoa hgc vd bao ton gid tri lich su, khong cho phep ddnh gid qua cao hay phan biet ddi xii vai trd cua cac tdc ngudi ciing nhu tdn gido tien trinh lich su vd sy phat trien dat n u d e Tdm lai, la mdt qudc gia ddn chii An Dp ludn cd gang dung hda nhung khac biet ve van hda khudn kho nhat dinh De lam dupe d i l u nay, tdt nhien, khdng thi thieu nhiing chinh sdch va viec thyc hien hieu qua chinh sdch Tuy nhien cung co y kien cho rdng, Chinh phii An dd cdn tim kiem sy can bdng ban viec phan quyen giua cdc dan tdc, tdn gido, bdo ve quyen lpi kinh te vd van hda - xa hgi ciia tk ed cdc nhdm toe ngudi, tdn giao Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A So - 2011 Ket luan An Dp la qudc gia da tdc ngudi vd da tdn giao vao loai bdc nhat tren the gidi Tai day, thudng xuyen xdy xung dot tpc ngudi vd tdn giao Xung dot tdc ngudi chii yeu xay giua cac nhdm bdn dia vdi cdc nhdm di cu tu tir qudc gia khde den, cdn xung dot tdn gido xdy giua tin Hindu gido vd Hdi gido, dd cd nhirng dang xung dot bdt nguon tir tien trinh lich sir An Do, am i vd keo ddi den tan nay, dang xung dot tiem an nguy co biing phdt trd lai cd dieu kien, dii thuc te, tinh hinh chinh tri duoc ddnh gia dn djnh Nguyen nhan cua nbilng xung dot ndy bao gdm nhieu yeu td nhu Hch sir, chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi vd sy khde biet ve van hda giOa ede tdc ngudi md ddc biet la sy khac biet y thirc he, niem tin va triet ly tdn giao giiia hai ton gido ldn nhat vdi nhieu tin dd nhat la Hindu vd Hdi gido Tat ea nhirng yeu to tren tao mdt xa hpi da ban sac va kha phiic tap Vi the, nhirng xung dot nho nhdt ciing ed the ddn den nhiing tdc dgng cue ky nghiem trpng den tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi nudc va tdc dgng den chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia An Do Bdi vdy, Chinh phit An Dp rat Hnh boat viec ban hanh chinh sach phii hpp vdi cdc nhdm tgc ngudi vd tdn giao nudc nham ban che xung dot, tao sy doan ket, dn dinh xa hpi de thue hien cdng chien lupc phdt trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia qudc gia ndy Tai lieu tham khao Vijaita Singh (20\7), Muslim population growth slows, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslimpopulation-growth-slows/articlel 0336665 ece, truy cap 29/3/2018 HjibH riojiOHCKHH (2014), A'awtMup; eeuHOJi eouHo Ceeepo-3anadnoii Huduu, https://topwar.ru/51176-kashmir-vechnayavoyna-severo-zapadnoy-indii.html, truy cap 31/3/2018 Kunal Mukherjee (2013), "The Kashmir conflict in South Asia: voices from Srinagar", Defense & Security analysis, 30(1), pp.44-54 Katie Hunt (2017), India and Pakistan's Kashmir dispute: What you need to know, hnps://edition.cnn com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmirexplainer/index.html, truy cap 31/3/2018 mayMSH T.Jl (2012), HpoSjieMa ZbKaMMy H Kamiwupa, SmuuHHocmb u penuBWi e coepeueHHbix KOHfpjiuKmax, M : HayKa, c.561-569 Baruah, S (2009), "Separatist militants and contentious politics of Assam, India: the limits of counter insurgency", Asian Survey, 49(6), pp.951 -974 Rezwan (2012),//Hdiw smnuHecKue cmo.iKHoeenua e AccoMe, https://ru.globalvoice3.org/2012/07/26/16759/, truy cap 12/5/2018 ^KOBJieB, A K) (2012), "SxHHHecKHii TeppopH3M B HH^HHCKOM uixaxe AccaM: HCTOKH, 3B0Jiiouna, acHcTByioiuHe cnnbi", rpoMoma, (17), pp.205-209 Moc Di (2014), Xung dot tgc ngudi a An Do, 58 nguai ihiel mgng, https://thanhnien.vn/the-gioi/xung-dot-sac-toc-oan-do-58-nguoi-thiet-mang-519872.html, truy cap 12/5/2018 10 Goswami,N (2010), The Naga intra community dialogue preventing and managing violent and ethnic conflict Global Change, Peace and Security, 22(1), p.93 ll.Ajiaee JI.B n jvp- (2010), Mcmopwt Huduu, M 12 Dutts, S (2011), "What ails the North East: an enquiry into the economic factors" Strategic Analysis, 25(1), pp.73-87 13 Ashild Kolas (2017), "Framing the tribalethnic violence in Northeast India", Asian Ethnicity, 18(1), pp.27-28  ... nhieu khd khan, miic sdng thap va luon xay xung dot Hdu het cac cugc xung dot vu trang d vimg Dong Bac dien theo hai hinh thiic: mgt la nhirng cupc xung dot nhd Ie; hai Id phong trao cyc doan... gidi Tai day, thudng xuyen xdy xung dot tpc ngudi vd tdn giao Xung dot tdc ngudi chii yeu xay giua cac nhdm bdn dia vdi cdc nhdm di cu tu tir qudc gia khde den, cdn xung dot tdn gido xdy giua tin... Pakistan Hen tiep xay va tiep dien cho den Hien tai, tinh chat xung dot tai day da re theo chieu hudng khde, neu trude cac cudc xung dot tdc dpng tir ben ngodi, thdi gian gan day, chieu hudng