MOT SO VAN DE VE XUNG DOT Tpc NGl/dl, TON GIAO DONG NAM A LE HAI DANG ' Tom tdt: Xung dot tpc ngddi, tdn gido luon la moi ban tdm cua nhiiu quoc gia khu vdc Ddng Nam A Cdc nddc khu vdc ndy deu cd bdc tranh chung Id da tdc ngudi Cdc tpc ngidri mdi nudc cd so luang vd trinh dp phdt trien kinh ti - xd hdi khdc Han thi nda, mdi tpc ngddi deu didfc khu biet vdi cdc dac diem ddn tgc hoc, ngon ngd, tin ngUdng vd ngogi hinh chdng tgc rieng Xudt phdt td thuc te phdc tgp nhd vgy nin gida cdc tdc ngddi, tdn gido khdc de ndy sinh mdu thudn Trong lich sd, nhieu cupc xung dpt tpc ngudi, tdn gido da di lgi nhdng hdu qud rdt ndng ni, thgm chi gdy nhdng cupc chiin tranh vdi danh nghia bdo ve sU ton nghiem cua ton gido Bdi viet tap trung tong quan cdc nguyen nhdn eda xung dpt tpc ngUdi, ton gido tgi khu vdc ndy nham muc dich giup ngddi dge hiiu sdu sdc han bdn chdt cua vdn di neu tren Tit khod: xung dpt, xung dot tpc ngUdi, xung dot tdn gido T Bdng Nam A, xung dot tdc ngudi, tdn giao dien het stfc phijfc tap Myanmar da xay xung dot tdn giao giiJa ngudi theo Ph§t giao da sd' va ngudi theo Islam giao thieu so, gay nhieu vu bao dpng, cudp di sinh mang cua nhieu ngUdi nhieu nam trd lai day TUdng tif, d Thai Lan, tinh hinh xung dot giOfa ngUdi thieu so theo Islam giao va nhUng ngUdi da so' theo Phat giao da khien ba tinh mien Nam Thai Lan ludn tinh trang cang thang Malaysia xay xung dot giifa nhUng ngudi theo Islam giao va nhUng ngudi theo Cdng giao, giiJa nhCfng ngUdi theo Islam giao qua khieh vdi nhUng ngUdi theo Islam giao Ahmadiyah; hp da dd't pha nhieu nha thd, dUdng, cd scf tdn giao Vdi Indonesia, cac cudc xung dot giufa nhUng ngudi theo Islam giao va nhdng ngudi theo Cdng giao cung didn het sCfc gay gat, gay nhiVng hau qua nhat dinh cho da't nUdc van dao nay, v.v De giai quye't td't van de xung dot, can thiet phai tim nhCfng nguyen nhan gay nen xung dot; day luon la nhiem vu quan trpng, cap bach Qua cac tai lidu da cdng bd, chung tdi cd' gang tim hid'u, tong hpp va khai quat mdt s6' nguyen nhan ca ban nhU sau: * PGS.TS L& Hai Dang, Vi$n Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi 58 Nguyfen n h a n Uch suf Dd la nhOfng mfiu thuIn tich tu tU hang thap ky trUdc day, cung cd the la nhiftig han thti sau xa tUxUa de lai Cac cupc xung dot d Myanmar didn gitfa ngUdi Mid'n theo Phat giao va ngUdi Robingya theo Islam giao, cf Indonesia la giOra nhCfng ngUdi Ambon theo Ki-td giao va ngUdi theo Islam giao khu vUc quan dao Maluku, v.v Quan dao Maluku (Indonesia) dUpc chia hai tinh Maluku va Bac Maluku, nam d phia Ddng Indonesia, giiJa Sulawesi va Papua, cd thij phu Ambon'" NhCttig ngudi Ambon theo Ki-to giao thdi thUc dan Bo Dao Nha (ttf nam 1513) va tiep de'n la Ha Lan (nam 1605) d Indonesia trd mpt tang ldp dac biet cd pham ham, dia vi xa hdi Khi dd, ngUdi Ki-td giao dUpc hudng nhieu Uu dai, ngUdi Islam giao tM khdng Tuy nhien, sau Indonesia gianh dUpc dpc lap (nam 1949), chUtfng trinh thu hut ngudi Islam giao tdi day nhap cu nen dd'n thap ky 70 ciia thd' ky XX, ngUdi Islam giao da chie'm Uu the han so vdi ngudi Ki-to giao va ngUdi Ki-to giao cam thay bi dd'i xijf lanh nhat Hd qua tat yeu cua sU phan tang va Uu dai khong cdng hkng la mau thuan gay g&t va sif chia re gida ngudi theo Ki-td giao vdi ngUdi theo dao Islam tai Ambon'^', Hiep Udc hoa binh gida hai nhdra ton giao nay, chinh phu tai trp, dupc ky vao nam 2002, gan day hcfn la vao thang 3-5/2012 va thang 7-8/2014, van cdn hieu lUc nhiftig cung khdng ngan ehan dUpc triet de xung dot xay ra'^' Tai bang Rakhine (Myanmar), xung dot gida ngUdi Mien theo Phat giao va ngUdi Robingya theo Islam giao ciing xua't phat Nghien cdu Dong Nam A sdJ/201^ tti lich sLf Cd the Phat giao vao Myanmar ttf nhCtng nam dau Cdng nguyen, nhUng phai den trieu dai Bangan (1044 - 1278) dudi thdi vua Anorath mdi phat tri^n, bdi de vUcfng la ngUdi mp dao Ki ttf dd, PhM giao tiep tuc dUpc md mang, nha't la giai doan tri vi cua vua Kyanditha (1084 1112) Hien nay, chinh phii luon cd chinh sach Uu tien phat trien Phat giao mac dti cd sU hien dien cua nhi^u tdn giao khac, day la nguyen nhSn tao xung dot dUdi vd hpc tdn giao Bang Rakhine cung la ndi cd da so' ngudi Mien theo Phat giao Trong dd, nhieu ngudi Rohingya sinh song d Rakhine cd the cd nguon gd'c to tien d mdt vUcfng quo'c dpc lap gpi la Arakan hang tram nam trUdc (thanh phd' Sittwe - thudc bang Rakhine cua Myanmar - cdn cd ten gpi la Akyab), da trd bang Rakhine, Myanmar Vao nam 1826, ngUdi Anh thang ngUdi Mien cudc chie'n Anh - Mien dau tien va sap nhap viing Arakan - mpt dai dat mau md ben bd vinh Bengale - vao thupc dia Mien Dien cua hp Vting da't co mdt bd phan dan cU g6m ca nhu'ng ngUdi Phat giao va ngUdi Islam giao da sinh sd'ng tupng dd'i on hda it nhat ttf khoang the ky XIV de'n the ky XVIII NhUng ngudi Arakan theo Islam giao dUpc gpi la Rohingya, dUa tren cai ten lich sif ciia vting dat hp cU tru la vting Rohang Khi dd, ngudi Anh cung dUa ve manh dat hang tram nghin ngUdi gd'c An Dd (theo Phat giao) Nam 1930 va 1937, nhieu cudc truy sat da dien nhkm vao ngudi gd'c An tai Rangoon Nam 1942, ngudi Nhat chie'm Mie'n Dien, nhUng hau due cua ngudi gdc An Dp (theo Phat giao) v i n trung vdi ngUdi Anh, dd Li Hai Ddng - Mot sd vdn di vi xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido ngUdi Arakan theo ngudi Nhat, dan de'n cupc dung dd giiJa nhiilig ngUdi theo Phat giao (d Rakhine) va ngudi Rohingya'*' khd khan Su phat trien cua khoa hpc cdng nghe lam cho kinh te' cd nhUng budc phat trien vUpt bac nhung no cung tao sif Ngoai ra, mpt lan sdng di cU cija hang phan tang xa hdi; doang giau - ngheo tram nghin ngUdi Rohingya khac ttf mpt cang ldn va khd cd the san lap dUpc vting dat CO ten la Bengal sang phd Chinh dieu tao raau thuSn giUa cang Akyab de tim kid'm viec lam ngudi ngheo va ngUdi giau; la mau thuan ngUdi Anh chid'm dong d day ttf nhiJng ma khdng the giai quye't bang nhifng bien nam 1820 lai cang cung co' dinh kien rang phap nhat thdi, vay xung dot cdn thudng ngUdi Rohingya Islam giao d Rakhine la xuyen xay ra, nhat la d nhiing vimg co ty lg "nhtftig ngudi ngoai b^t hpp phap" va hp bi chenh lech giau ngheo cao, sU khac biet Idn gpi miet thi la "Bengali" NhOfng ngUdi ve van hda va tdn giao Rakhine theo Phat giao tai diy phan ddi Lich sii da chUng minh, nguyen nhan viSc nhap cU hang loat cua ngUdi sau xa ciJa tinh trang cang thang Rohingya, bdi hp cho rang nhOftig ngUdi van de dan tpc la nhOfng mau thuIn kinh mdi den chi gay nhOftig van de xa hdi te - xa hpi, dia vi va quyen lpi ve kinh te' 'tren dat nUdc Myanmar Chinh vi vay, chinh tri, xa hpi khac giCfa cac tap mau thuan giOfa hai nhdm dan tdc d doan ngudi, m§u thuIn giOfa gidi chop bu Myanmar cang leo thang va dan de'n cua tpc ngudi thd'ng tri va quan chung cua tpc ngUdi bi ap hUc, hoac la mau thuan giUa nguy CO khiing hoang van de di cU cac to chiic lanh dao ciia cac tpc ngUdi khac Cung nhin ttf gdc dd lich sd, khu vUc (gida cac phe canh phong kie'n mien Nam Thai Lan da ttfng thudc ve mpt xa hdi phong kien da tpc ngUdi; giffa Sultanate Pattani xUa vdi mpt lich s^ tu san dan tdc xa hdi tU ban) Mot ve vang chd'ng ngoai xam, tie'p thu Islam nguygn nhan khac nffa d i n tdi bung no td rat sdm va la cai ndi cua n^n van hda xung dot tdc ngUdi chinh la sU phan biet Melayu NgUdi Melayu Mushm luon y thdc dd'i xijf ve kinh te - sU chu c§^p kinh phi, dau cho tdi tan rang minh thupc ve tu phat trien kinh tg' thidn lech d cac bang vuong qud'c Melayu - Pattani mpt thdi Su hoac giffa nhCfng vung cd cac cpng dong tdc phan chia, tan vd lanh tho va sU sap nhap ngUdi khac sinh sd'ng"^' vao Vuong qud'c Thai Lan Phat giao la mdt Chang han nhU d Philippines, sau phan nguyen nhan khid'n ngUdi Melayu noi day, dtjfng Ign cam sung de bao ve sU vinh gianh dUdc dpc lap vao nam 1946, quang qua khuf va tim lai ban sac Philippines da thi hanh hang loat chinh sach hpp nhat ve hanh chinh, kinh td' cf rieng cua minh'^' cac tinh mien Nam nhfim dUa khu vUc Nguyen n h a n k i n h t e - x a hOi hda vao sif phat trien chung cua dat nUdc Xung dot tpc ngUdi, tdn giao cung xuat Tuy nhien, chinh sach khdng cd lpi cho phat ttf t i n g ldp dan ngheo, dieu kien sd'ng ngUdi More theo dao Islam NgUdi Moro coi 60 viec xay dUng va md rdng he thong cac trUdng hpc mien Nam la nham xoa bd ton giao va ban sac dan tpc, cUdng bdc hp phai chap nhan van hda Ki-td giao Viec chinh phu khuye'n khich di dan mot each at tff cac tinh phia Bac xuo'ng phia Nam de dinh cd va xay dUng kinh td' mdi vdi nhffng Uu tien dac biet cho ngUdi Ki-td giao hay viec sung cdng nhifng khu vUc da't dai ngUdi Islam giao dang canh tac khong co giay td chiing minh quydn sd hffu diu vap phai su" phan khang cua ngffdi Moro Trffde tinh hinh dd, ngUdi Moro bat dau doi tU tri va sau nffa la trien khai phong trao phan lap, hp ddi tach khdi Philippines Xung dot keo dai va chinh phu da cd nhffng bien phap giam thieu bSng ca chinh sach kinh te' - xa hpi va bien phap cdlig ran"' Tai Indonesia, hat cdng viec phan phd'i thu nhap tff tai nguyen thign nhien cung nhu viec dieu tie't nguon thu nhap giffa cac giai tang xa hdi la mpt nhffng nguygn nhan gdp phan gay xung dot N i n kinh tg' "new order" thdi ky dng Suharto cam quyen da xda bo nen kinh td' ke' hoach, thUc hien nen kinh te' thi trUdng, tig'n hanh tra lai cac tai san tU ban ciia nudc ngoai va nUdc da bi qud'c hffu hda, khuye'n khich dau tU nUdc ngoai, thUc hien chinh sach dd'i ngoai than phuang Tay Hau qua ldn nha't cua hcfn 30 nam thuc hien nen kinh te "new order" d Indonesia la sU bat cdng phan phd'i nguon thu nhap tff tai nguyen"" Dieu the hien rd d ca hai khu vffe deu ton tai nhffng xung dot gay gat, dd la Aceh va Irian Giaya Ca Aceh va Irian Giaya deu cd ngudn tai nguyen giau cd: Aceh cung cap dau Ida va do't cho xua't khau va tieu Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, 50^jggjj_ dung ca nUdc; dd I n a n Giaya cung cap vang va ddng cho nen cong nghiep khai khoang dung cho xua't khau va san xuat Tai Aceh, 80% nguon thu nhap tff thug' danh vao tai nguyen tai day danh ndp ngan sach trung Udng, cdn lai ngan sach dia phuang chi duac nhan 20%, dan den viec khong du kha nang cai tao tang co sd, khdng nang cao phuc ldi xa hpi, thu nhap chi tang 4-5% so vdi tang trffdng san xua't dau lifa 15-20%^, tham chi ldn tdi 2040% giai doan 1966-70, tff dd gay ba't binh cho ngUdi dan noi day^' H n h trang bat cdng cung didn tUcttig tu d khu vUc Irian Giaya, tham chi cdn toi te hcfn khu vifc dUdc danh gia la mpt nhCfng khu vUc ngheo nh& Indonesia Thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi chi hon 100 USD so vdi hinh quan ca nUdc la 1.100 USD (tCfc chi bang 1/10) Gan 40,8% ngan sach nha nUdc dau tU cho khu vUc Tay Java va cac khu vUc duac nhan dau tu it nhat lan lUpt la: Irian 2,1%, Aceh va Maluku diu chi nhan 1,2% Ba't dong vl kinh te' cung la ban chat gay mau thuIn giffa ngUdi Hoa va ngUdi han dia Indonesia, ngudi Hoa thieu so' nam tay 70% nguon tu ban tU nhan, ca nUdc cd 17 tap doan tu ban raanh nhat cung ngUdi Hoa nam giff, kiem soat tdi 85% mi sdi, 45% tong so' xi mang cua ca nUdc, nam ngan hang ldn nhat ca nudc'"" Cd the ndi Thai Lan cung la mpt nUdc CO tinh trang bat on d phia Nam sU quan tam khdng hop ly cua Nha nUdc Nhieu chuang trinh dau tu phat trien kinh te phia Nam khdng cdng vi nan Li Hai Ddng - Mgt sd vdn de ve xung dot tdc ngudi, tdn gido tham nhung tran Ian, khig'n cho ngudi dan khdng tin vao chinh phii Khi chinh phu tie'n hanh chinh sach di dan de giai quyg't nhijiig van de bat cap v l kinh te lai khdng CO sU giai thich ro rang dd'i vdi nhCftig dan tpc dang cu tru ban dia, gky tam ly hoang mang ve sU ma't lanh tho, ban sac van hoa cua nhffng dan tdc it ngUdi dang cU trii d phfa Nam Khi nhffng ngudi Thai Phat giao dupc chuyin tff phia Bac xud'ng phia Nam hp dUpc giao sd hCfu phan ldn dat dai trot va lam cdng nghiep, nhifng ngudi Melayu Muslim chii ye'u lam thue tren chinh que hUctng cua minh Ty le that nghiep nien Muslim ludn cao, sd' ngudi nghien ma cung mpt tang Ddi sd'ng ngheo ddi, ma't ban sac van hda ; vay, hp ludn tim each de chd'ng lai, tao nhffng bat on cua viing Nam Thai Lan'"\ That vay, chie'n lUdc diu tU bat hpp ly giffa cac vimg mien khien cho tinh trang ddi ngheo gia tang, khoang each giffa ngUdi giau va ngUM ngheo cang ldn, gay bat man tang ldp nhan dan ngheo kho Khong nhCfng vay, d mpt so' qud'c gia, dan tdc cdn thieu sU quan tam hpp ly de'n kinh te, van hda rieng ciia nhCfng dan tpc It ngudi; dilu cung tao cho hp tam trang ba't an, dd, hp ludn cd y mud'n chd'ng lai nha nUdc, hoac nhffng dan tdc cd y khinh miet, de bao dam quyen lpi ciia minh Nguyen n h a n k h a c b i | t v e tdn giao va van hoa Mpt bd phan tpc ngffdi thilu so' Cling mpt quo'c gia ludn da'u tranh chd'ng lai tpc ngudi da sd nam quyln cai tri, khdng chiu su tho'ng tri ciia chinh quyln, ddi ly 61 khai cung la nhCfng nguyen nhan gay nen nhiing cupc xung dot NhCfng tdc ngffdi d nhffng qud'c gia khac cd the gay nen xung dot giffa hai qud'e gia, tham chi cd t h i la mpt cudc chie'n tranh Vi du diln hinh, cd the ke de'n cupc xung dot d Pattani (Thai Lan) Trong lich sff, Pattani ttfng la mdt nhffiig vUdng qud'c CO nha't trdn ban dao Melayu va la cai ndi thufc sU ciia nen van minh Melayu Nai day ttfng la mpt trung tam budn ban, xua't nhap khau hang hda sdi dpng va cd cac md'i bang giao rdng rai vdi Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Srivijaya va cung la nai dtftig ehan ciia cac lai budn MusHm An Dp Ngffdi Xidm (nay la Thai Lan) da cd' gang chinh phuc cac tiiu bang Melayu thudc mien Bac ciia ban dao Melajoi tff r i t sdm, bat dau tff cud'i t h i ky XIII Nam 1909, chu quyln cua Xiem ddi vdi Pattani dffpc cong nhan Tuy hi sap nhap vao vUdng qud'c Thai Lan va trd mot khu vUc hanh chinh dudi sff kiem soat ciia chinh phu Thai Lan, ngffdi Melayu Pattani vin ludn y thUc minh la ngUdi Mela}^! Muslim, vdi tig'ng ndi ridng, van hda rieng cung cac phong tuc tap quan rigng, khac biet vdi ngffdi Thai theo Phat giao Trong y thffe cua nhilu ngUdi, ngUdi Thai da sap nhap que hffcfng cua hp bang bao Iffc va cffdng bffc hp tff bd ban sac van hda ciia minh d l trd ngffdi Thai Chinh vi vay, ho ludn hudng vl the gidi Melayu va to chffc cac cupc khdi nghia chd'ng lai chinh phu Trong dd, suo't the ky XX, Chinh phu Thai Lan da coi nhe cac chinh sach vl ngdn ngff, van hda Malayu, thffe hien cac chinh sach dong hda tho bao dd'i vdi hp, ap dung chUdng trinh giao due bat bupc, dong 62 cffa mdt so' trUdng Islam giao truyen thd'ng"'" Chinh bdi vay, sif phan ufng cang tang, am i, bung ldn cac cupc khdi nghia ldn, Dieu cung tuang tif vdi cudc xung dot tai Irian Giaya d Indonesia Ng'u ngUdi Java, ngUdi Sumatra, ngudi Kalimantan, tham chi ngudi Aceh, cd chung mpt nen van hda Ma Lai va cung theo mdt tdn giao, thi la Islam giao Su khac giffa hp chi la ve mat tpc ngffdi va ngon ngff Cdn ngffdi Irian Giaya khac vdi phan cdn lai cua Indonesia ca ve mat tpc ngUdi Iln tdn giao Ngudi Irian Giaya cd ngdn ngff tUdng dong vdi ngUdi Papua New Ghine ngn dUpc gpi la Tay Papua Cu dan tai khu vUc theo tin ngUdng truyln thd'ng, bgn canh thd mpt vi t h i n chung thdng nha't thi thd cac vi than linh thidng cua minh Chinh bdi vay, cac cudc di dan at tff Java mang theo n i n van hda Islam giao hoan toan xa la vdi hp da khie'n hp cho rang minh khdng thupc ve Indonesia va cd tu tudng ddi tach Irian Giaya khoi Indonesia"^* Nghien cdu Dong Namksdmm^ nhffng ngUdi tff chd'i lo'i sd'ng hien dai va chd'ng dd'i lai chii trfftfng "Phihpino hda" va "Ki-td giao hda" ciia chu nghia thifc dan Tay Ban Nha trffde va chinh phu Philippines sau Khdng nhffng the, cai ten Moro cdn am chi nhffng ngffdi bi coi la ngu dd't, hoang da, da the, no Id va cUdp bdd'*' Chinh bdi hi gan cho nhiftfig tieng xa'u nhu vay nen ngUdi Islam giao rat bat binh va phan iftig lai, ydu cau dUdc gpi la ngudi Muslim hay ngUdi Muslim Phihppin De'n nhffng nam 70 ciia t h i ky XX, tgn gpi Moro dupe ca hai phia thffa nhan, mpt so ngffdi Islam giao cdn tuyen bd minh la "Bangsa Moro" ("Dan tdc Moro") dd'i lap vdi "Bangsa Philipino" ("Dan tdc Philipino") va ung hd phong trao ly khai (xay dffng "Cdng hda Bangsa Moro") V a i q u a n d i e m k h a c v e x u n g dOt tpc ngifcri, t o n giao Ngoai nhOfng nguyen nhan v l kinh te', lich sff hay khac biet v l van hda xung dot tpc ngffdi, tdn giao cdn sinh vi mdt so nguyen nhan khac Thff nhat'^^', vai trd cua cpng ddng quo'c te' viec dap tat Nghien cffu ve ngUdi Moro lich sff cac Id Iffa xung ddt cdn nhilu h a n che'; rat Philippines cung cho thay nhffng khac hiet nhieu nUdc, nhieu to chffc, nhilu chinh ve lo'i sd'ng, phong tuc tap quan, van hda khach cua the' gidi, dac biet la Lien Hpp cua hai cdng dong dan tdc thudc hai ton Quo'c tich cffc hoat dpng nhffng hieu qua giao khac da dan de'n nhffng xung dot chffa dffpc nhu mong mudn, ddi sU can gay gat Thudt ngff Moro xuat phat tff thiep tff bdn ngoai cdn lam t r a m trpng "Moor" - ten gpi mpt dan tdc d mien Bac hon van d l xung dot Phi theo Islam giao da xam lUpc va thdng ThU hai, hau nhU ta't ca cac xung dot tdc tri Tay Ban Nha sudt 800 nam, Tdn ngUdi diu chUa difng cac lpi ich ciia nUdc gpi dl phan biet ngUdi Islam giao vdi triic tie'p tham gia va ca nhOfng nudc dffng ngUdi Thign Chua giao d Philippines ngoai Trong cac cudc xung dot, khdng it Trong tilm thUc cua ngUdi Philipino Ki-td nhffng p h i n tff ben ngoai mudn lpi dung de giao, Moro la ten gpi cac tpc ngUdi lac hau, phuc vu cho muc dich chinh tri va thuong Li Hdi Dang - Mot sdvdn de ve xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido mai Nhilu cac Iffc lUdng bgn ngoai nup danh "vide thien" de lam "dilu ac" Thff ba, chinh chu nghia de qud'c, nhOfng ke lai sung, khdng it trffdng hpp da "do them dau vao Iffa" D l ban dupc nhilu vu khi, nhffng ten lai sung cua the" gidi hien dai khdng bao gid mud'n mdt the' gidi binh Ngoai mieng thi chung reu rao "hda binh", nhuSig thUc chat ben lai xui bay, tie'p tay hoac tim mpi each gay ma't on dinh de cd cd kie'm ldi Su can thiep ciia life lUdng ngoai bidn gidi qudc gia cung gdp phin khdng nho thoi bung ngpn Iffa xung ddt'^' Ngoai ra, nhffng ba't cap chinh sach cua Chinh phu cung cd the bi khai thac, xuyen tac nham tao sff hilu nham giffa cac cpng dong thilu sd vdi nha nffdc, din den bieu tinh, bao ddng, ddi ly khai Cac the life thUdng sff dung cdng cu hd trp tai chinh de thuc day tranh chap da't dai, lanh tho thdng qua cac bd phan bat man d l to chffc bieu tinh, bao ddng vu trang (trffdng hpp Philippines, Thai Lan,,,) M6t each giai thich khac ve cac cudc xung dot xay tren the gidi theo lap luan cua Samuel Huntington dffpc the hien nhff sau"": Thff nhat, cac ye'u td nhff tdn giao, lich sff, ngon ngff, van hda, truyen thd'ng la nhiftig can cff de phan biet giffa cac nen van minh vdi Ngffdi dan d cac nen van minh khac cd se nhCftig quan diem rigng biet ve quan he giffa ngUdi vdi Da'ng td'i cao, giffa ca nhan vdi cpng ddng, giffa cong dan vdi qud'c gia Thff hai, qua trinh hien dai hda kinh te va bien doi xa hpi trgn pham vi toan clu se d i n de'n sff phai md ban sac lau ddi Thay vao do, cac he thd'ng ton giao ldn tren the gidi se 63 nam giff vai trd nay, thffdng la dUdi dang cac phong trao dupc gpi la "trao lUu chinh thd'ng" Thff ba, phUpng Tay ddng vai trd kep viec cai thien y thffe vl nen van minh Mdt mat, n i n van minh phffOng Tay dang d dinh cao ciia quyln Iffc Mat khac, dilu d i n de'n hien tffpng cac n i n van minh phi phuang Tay dang tim each quay lai cac gia tri gd'c rg Trong qua khff, gidi tinh hoa' cua cac xa hpi phi phffOng Tay thudng la nhCfng ngffdi cd quan he mat thig't vdi phffpng Tay, dupc giao due tai nhiJng ngdi trUdng to't, hap thu cac quan niem va gia tri phUOng Tay Trong dd, dan chung d cac nUdc phi phuong Tay thudng lai tha'm nhuan van hda ban dia Tuy nhien, cac md'i quan he lai bi dao ngUpc Mpt qua trinh phi phUdng Tay va ban dia hda cua gidi tinh hoa dang dign d nhilu quo'c gia ngoai phUdng Tay cung luc vdi viec cac gia tri van hda, phong each va thdi quen cua phUong Tay cang trd nen bie'n vdi nhffng ngudi dan thffdng Tuy vay, cung cd nhCfng quan diem phan bien Huntington, dd co Edward W Said Ong cho rang phan ldn lap luan ciia Huntington phu thupc vao cac quan diem thff cap lat vat, nhifng quan diem da bd qua rat nhilu cac bffdc tie'n ldn lao tri thffe ly thuyet va thifc te v l each thffe ma cac n i n van hda van hanh, thay doi, cung nhff each thffe lam d l cd t h i nam vflng va thau hieu cac nen van hoa ay Cach dng quan sat hdi hat ve cac dan tdc va cac quan diem dffpc ong neu gay ndn a'n tffpng rang cac nguon tff lieu chinh ma dng sff dung la bao chi va chinh sach mi dan chff khdng phai la ly thuyet hoac nghign cifu chuyen sau'*' 64 Edward bat diu nghidn cffu the gidi bang nhan xet vl hien tffpng d dau ngffdi ta cung phat bieu nhan danh nhffiig thff trtfu tffdng ldn lao, ma ho de ldi keo dffdi nhan mac tdn giao, chung tpc va tdc ngffdi vao cac y thffe he Vide thffdng xuat hien cac thdi diem cd sff ba't an sau sac, nghia la cac dan tdc dffdng nhff gan xung ddt vdi mdt dan tdc khac, hanh dpng hoac nhff la ke't qua cua sff banh trudng, chie'n tranh, chu nghia dg' qud'c va di cU, hoac nhU la hd qua cua mdt sU thay doi nao dd diln ba't ngd chUa ttftig cd tien le Ong dUa mpt vi du chffng minh rd nhat la quan niem vl sff mdnh khai hoa van minh [civilizing mission] ngffdi Phap dat ra, la mission civilisatrice, mpt khai nigmxd ban cua thu doan la cii y tudng cho rang mpt sd chiing tpc va n i n van hda nao dd cd mdt muc tieu cao ca han so vdi cac chung tpc va cac nen van hda khac Dilu dem lai cho cac chung tdc manh hon, phat t r i l n hcfn, van minh hon cai quyln big'n cac chung tdc, lanh t h i khac thupc dia, khdng nhan danh sffe raanh vu Iffc tan bao hay sff cffdng doat thd thiln - ca hai diu la cac td chuan mffe cho vide thi hanh - ma nhan danh mpt ly tudng cao quy Va dap lai kieu logic se xay den hai hien tUpng Thff nhat la viec cac cffdng qud'c kinh dich da kien tao ngn ly thuyet cho rieng minh vl thidn nang van hda hoac van minh de hien minh cho cac hanh ddng cua rainh d nudc ngoai Hien tupng thff hai xay ra, nhff chinh Huntington da thffa nhan, cac dan tpc nhffpc tieu, muc tieu ciia sff ddm ngd dg' quo'c dap tra bang viec khang cff lai cac Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd_Sf2M9^ boat ddng vu life va khai thac thupc dia cua cac de qudc Edward cung cho rang n i n van hda chinh thdng la n i n van hda cua cac thay tu, cac hpc vien, va cua nha nffdc Nd cung cap cac dinh nghia vl chu nghia quoc, Idng trung thanh, vl bien gidi, va ve car dffpc gpi la scf thupc Chinh n i n van hda chinh thd'ng cat ldn tieng noi nhan danh toan the, cd' g i n g t h i hien y chi chung, dac tinh chung, tff tffdng mud'n n i m trpn ven qua khff chinh thd'ng, cac van ban va cac nha l$p qud'c, dien thd cac vi anh va nhCfng ten vd lai, v.v va dong thdi true xua't cai hi cho la ngoai di, khac biet hoac khdng dUdc Ua thich qua khff TU se hinh nen cac dinh nghia vl cai cd the hoac khdng the ndi ra, nhiing cam doan va bai trff nhff nhCfng yeu to' can thiet cho bat cU n i n van hda nao ne'u nd mud'n cd quyen uy Ket iuan Sff da dang va phffc tap bffc tranh tdc ngUdi, tdn giao cf Ddng Nam A la mdi trUdng thuan lpi de cho chu nghia ly khai phat trien va bung n6 cd "chat xuc tac" Su da dang ve tdn giao khu vffe tao nen sif phong phu ve ddi sd'ng tam linh, va ban sic van hda cua cac qud'c gia Tuy nhien, sif ton tai dan xen nhilu tdn giao mdt qud'c gia, mdt dia phffcfng vdi ty le tin chenh lech cung nhffng quan niem lam lac da dan tdi nhffng xung dot tdn giao keo dai Dong thdi, tac ddng ciia chinh sach kinh t l - xa hdi, chinh sach tdn giao chffa phii hpp cung vdi nhffng nguyen nhan lich sff de lai, nhffng hau qua ciia chinh sach thd'ng tri ciia chu nghia thuc dan, Li Hai Ddng - Mat sdvdn de ve xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido nhOfng xung dot tdn giao, tdc ngudi diln cang gay g i t va triln midn d rapt sd' qud'c gia khu vUc Cac xung dot xay ddi khdng phai mpt nguyen nhan ma la sU hda trdn, cpng hffdng giffa nhilu nguyen n h i n vdi Tff chii nghia Iy khai dan tpc de'n cac boat dpng bao loan, boat dpng khung bd' nham dat tdi cac yeu sach ve chinh tri da trd rapt thffe t l lich sff ton tai d mpt sd nffdc Ddng Nam A, diln hinh la d Phihppines, Indonesia, Thai Lan va nhat la xung dot tpc ngffdi, tdn giao va boat dpng ly khai dang dien manh me d Myanmar./ CHU THICH Martin Bjorkhagen (2013), The Conflict in the Moluccas- Local Youths' Perceptions Contrasted to Previous Research, https: I / muep.mau.se I bitstream / handle 12 043119217/BjorkhagenBAthesis.pdf?seque nce-2 Jon Goss (2000), Understanding the "Maluku Wars": Overview of Sources of Communal Conflict and Prospects for Peace, Cakalele, Vol 11, tr.7-39 David Adam Stott (2017), Integration and conflict in Indonesia's spice islands The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol 15, Issue 11, No 4 A K M, Ahsan Ullah (2016), "Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Seeking Justice for the 'Stateless"', Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol 32(3) 285-301 Pham Thi Vinh (2007), "NgUdi Melayu Muslim va phong trao li khai d Thai Lan" sach Mpt sd udn de ve xung dpt sdc tpc vd ton gido d Dong Nam A, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, tr.l64 65 Dinh Hiln Chau (2001), "Nguyen nhan cua cac xung dot tpc ngUdi d chau A va chau Phi" cuo'n Tpc ngudi vd xung dpt tpc ngudi tren the gidi hien Nghiem Van Thai (Chu bien) Ha NSi, tr.l46 Ha Dan (2015), "Xung dot tdn giao - sac tdc Dong Nam A va nhflng tac dpng cua no tdi tinh hinh an ninh - chinh tri khu vUc", Tap chi Cong tdc Ton gido, so' 3, tr 53-59 Pham Thi Phuang Linh (2016), "Trat tU mdi" d Indonesia - mo hinh cai each "nffa vdl", Tgp chi Khoa hgc, trudng Dai hpc Can Tho, 46c: 90-95 Biii Huy Thanh (2007), "Ve mot sd nguyen nhan xung dot sic tpc va tdn giao d Indonesia nhflng thap ky gan day", Tap chi Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 3, 10 Bui Huy Thanh (2007), tldd, tr,70 11 Pham Thi Vinh (2007), tldd, tr.203, 12 Nguyin Hong Quang (2015), "Giai quyet xung dot ton giao - sic tgc d mien Nam Thai Lan tfl thdi ky Thii tUdng Yingluck den nay" Nghien cdu Ton gido, sd (147), 76-84, 13 David Adam Stott (2017), tldd 14 Pham Thi Vinh (2007), tldd, tr.ll3 15 Dang Tai Tinh (2015), "Sfl can thiep tff ben ngoai la dau vao xung dot sac tpc, ton giao", Tgp chi Cong tdc tdn gido, so 16 Nguyen Cong Thao (2018), "Tong quan ve cac nguydn nhan tac dpng tdi xung dot toe ngUdi trgn the gidi", Tap chi Dan tgc hoc, sd 1, tr.12-20 17 Samuel P Huntington (1993) "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, No 72 (Summer), pp.22-49 18 http://nghiencuuquocte.org/2016/05/29/pha n-bien-huntington-dung-do-dmh-nghia/; Edward W Said: "The Clash of Definitions", in Reflections on Exile and Other jessays(Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000, pp.569590) ... de ve xung dpt sdc tpc vd ton gido d Dong Nam A, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, tr.l64 65 Dinh Hiln Chau (2001), "Nguyen nhan cua cac xung dot tpc ngUdi d chau A va chau Phi" cuo'n Tpc ngudi vd xung dpt... dupc ky vao nam 2002, gan day hcfn la vao thang 3-5/2012 va thang 7-8/2014, van cdn hieu lUc nhiftig cung khdng ngan ehan dUpc triet de xung dot xay ra'^' Tai bang Rakhine (Myanmar), xung dot gida... ngudi Hoa thieu so' nam tay 70% nguon tu ban tU nhan, ca nUdc cd 17 tap doan tu ban raanh nhat cung ngUdi Hoa nam giff, kiem soat tdi 85% mi sdi, 45% tong so' xi mang cua ca nUdc, nam ngan hang ldn