Ly thuyit ve xung dot toe ngiroi, ton giao Le Hai Dang ' Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc x5 hoi, Vifn Han lam PChoa hpc xS hoi Viet Nam Email: lehaidang74@gmail.com Nhan ng^y 31 thdng nSm 2019 Chap nhan dangng^y thdng nSm 2019 Tom tat: Xung dot tpc ngudi, ton giao ludn dien bien khd ludng, nd khdng chi tac dpng mpt pham vi nhat dinh, ma cdn cd nguy co bimg phat diem ndng, cac cupc chiln khu vuc, tham chi lan rpng thi gidi Vi vg.y, viec nghien ciiu, tim hiiu cac ly thuyit ve xung dot tpc ngudi, ton giao cd y nghta quan trpng vi?c hoach dinh chinh sach ve cdng tac tpc ngudi, tdn giao, dac biet doi vdi mpt quoc gia da tpc ngudi, ton giao nhu Viet Nam phat trien kinh tl, In dinh xa hpi va dam bao an ninh quoc phong Tir khoa: Tpc ngudi, ton giao, xung dot Phan loai nganh: Dan tpc hpc Abstract: Ethnic and religious conflicts are always hardly predictable, not only impacting within a certain scope but also possibly bursting into complicated conflicts or regional wars, which can even spread to the world Therefore, the studies of theories on such conflicts bear significant meaning in policy-making regarding ethnicities and religions, especially for a multi-ethnic and multi-religion country like Vietnam, in its process of economic development, for social stability and ensuring strong security and defence Keywords: Ethnicities, religion, conflict Subject classification: Ethnology Dat v i n de ton giao Nhung xung dot toe nguoi, ton Xung dot toe nguoi, ton giao thucmg bat nguon tu su khae biet ve Igd ieh gitia cac toe nguoi, ton giao va la vdn dS rit phiie tap, jieo dai, kho giai quyet lien quan ihn lieh su, tgc ngucri, dao due, truyen thong giao da tac dpng dSn nliiju mat, nhihu ITnh vue eua doi s6ng Itinh t^, van hoa xa hoi a eae quSe gia xay xung dot, d6ng t h " ' anh huong iin cae phuong dien Idiae h ciia quan he chinh tri, kinh th qu6c te X dot tge nguoi, ton giao la vin ih di Le Hai Bang hoc gia thudc nhieu nganh, linh vuc quan tam nghien cihi Bdi le, su tac ddng cua v4n dh xung dot bao phu Ien mpi khia canh cua he thdng xa hdi khdng chi cua qudc gia do, ma cdn ca khu vuc va qudc te Bai viit de cap hudng tidp can nghien cuu va trinh bay mdt sd ly thuyet ca ban cd anh hudng sau sac den su hinh nhijng quan diem hien dang dupc su dung de nghien cuu va kien giai ve van de xung dot t6c ngudi, tdn giao san, chii nghTa phat xit va chu nghia dan chu tu do, va sau la giiia chu nghia cdng san va chd nghTa dan chu tu Tuy nhien, ngudn gdc chinh ciia xung dot thi gidi mdi khdng chi la he tu tudng hay kinh ti Thay vao dd, khac biet van hda se la yiu td chinh gay nen sir chia re loai ngudi va la ngudn gdc chinh ciia xung dot Bdi le, cac thdn lang, cac vung, cac nhdm tpc ngudi, cac nhdm tdn giao, tit ca deu cd nhiJng nen van hda rieng biet vdi cac cap dp ddng nhat van hda khac Huntington cho rSng, thi gidi trd nen khac hin dhi thap ky 1990, nhung khdng Hirdng tiep c^n nghien cihi ban la hda binh hon trudc Thay ddi la tdt Samuel Huntington da trinh bay nhiing yiu nhung tiin bd thi chua hin Su va cham nghien cuu ve xung dot ndi chung va cac ve van hda ma Huntington ndi tdi la cac dang xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao bai cupc xung dot tde ngudi, tdn giao Cac cupc viet Su va chgm cua cdc nin vdn minh xung dot cang gia tang theo cip Theo dng, mdt the ky rudi sau Hda udc sd nhan va theo dd, nhung thiet hai ciia nd Westphalia cung su xuat hien cua he thdng ciing gia tang Xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao quoc te hien dai, cac cupc xung dot cua the gid day khdng chi la van di qudc gia ma gidi phuang Tay chu yeu diln giiia cac cdn trd van de toan cau, bdi d hau het dang quan vuang (cac hoang de, cac vi vua cac nudc tren the gidi deu dien va tiem Clia che dp quan chu chuyen che hay quan an nhung xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao [8] chu lap hien cd gang md rdng he thdng nha Mdt sd nha nghien cuu khac nhan nudc, quan dpi, sue manh kinh te theo tu manh, tim hieu mpt each khach quan tudng trpng thuang, va quan trpng nhat la nhirng xung dot tpc ngudi, phai phan tich md rpng lanh thd cai tri) Tuy nhien, tat ca cac mat cua cac hien tupng: chinh qua trinh hinh cac qudc gia, tpc tri, luat phap, kinh te, xa hdi, van hda, ldi ngudi, va bat dau tir cude Cach mang Phap, sdng, tap quan, tam ly tpc ngudi, tdn giao, xung dot chii yeu la gitra cac qudc gia chu tin nguong khong phai cac bac quan vuong [8] NSm Tam ly tpc ngudi lien quan chat che vdi 1793, R R Palmer nhan xet: "Thdi ky van hda, vdi qua khii Uch su va he thong chien tranh gitia cac vi vua da qua, thdi ky gia tn Clia nhan dan Mdt he thdng chinh tri chiSn tranh giiia cac too ngudi da bat dau" dn dinh se duac hinh d nhung nudc [8, h-.22-49] Sau dd, tu kit qua cua Cach da tpc ngudi, ma nhan dan d day cd mdt mang Nga va cac phan iing chdng lai cupc nin van hda chinh tri cung mpt kieu loai each mang nay, xung dot giira cac qudc gia gin giii Trai lai, su khac biet ve van hda la da nhudng dudng cho su xung dot giiia cac mpt nhGng nguyen nhan chu yiu gay he tu tudng, dkn tien la gifta chu nghia cpng nhiing xung dot va nhung phong trao ly Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 khai Clia nhiing tpc ngudi thieu sd vdn cd truyin thdng van hda Idiac biet vdi tpc ngudi da sd thdng tri Trong nhiing trudng hop nliu vay, nhiing xung dot giira cac tpc ngudi cd tinh chat tiem an va cdng khai, nd se keo dai tir the he sang the he khac Xung dot giiia cac tpc ngudi tren ca sd khac biet van hda thudng xay su chuyen hda ngdn ngii mdt each ap dat, bat budc, hoac viec pha vd cac yeu td van hda va nhiing chuan muc truyen thdng ldi sdng, tdn giao, tin ngudng Tinh trang lam cho trien vpng lien ket tpc ngudi bi pha vd va khdng tranh khdi nhiing phan ung tu ve (gay han, chay trdn ) Su pha vd lien ket van hda se dan den pha vd CO cau tpc ngudi, de dpa chinh ban than su tdn tai cua tpc ngudi Trongrapttpc ngudi, can dac biet chu y tdi tap doan ldp tren, cd the la nhiing tii trudng bd lac, thu ITnh quan su, nhung gia lang, thiy mo, tri thiic, van nghe sT, quan nhan Thdng thudng, su bat binh va xa lanh ciia nhiing tang ldp tren ay, theo thdi gian, dd la tiin di va diiu kien Iam sinh xung dot tpc ngudi, va la mdt bien dang ciia phong trao xa hdi - tpc ngudi Chinh nhiing dai bieu ciia ting ldp tren ay se hpp ndng cdt ciia nhiing lanh hi cua du luan xa hpi, hinh va bao ve cac led ich tpc ngudi ciia cdng ddng Miic dp va tinh chat xung dot giiia cac tap doan tpc ngudi phu thupc mdt phin quan trpng vao each giai quyet cua tap doan thdng tri, tu sir ap dat cd tinh chat cue quyen den su ddi thoai cd tinh chat xay dung va tim kiem giai phap chinh tri tdi uu Nhiing nhan td kinh te - xa hdi tac ddng nhiiu mat xung quanh sir xung dot tpc ngudi Bdi vay, phan tich nhung nguyen nhan ve su khdng ddng deu 90 phat trien, nhiing khu vuc rieng biet ciia mpt qudc gia da tpc ngudi, ddi hdi each tiep can vi kinh te - dia ly (nghia la phat hien nhirng nguyen nhan khach quan ciia viec phan bd cac lire lupng san xuat phu thupc vao viec dupc cac ngudn du trir tu nhien bao dam, vao su tidn lai ve giao thdng, mat dp dan so, nhiing dieu kien hau, sir xac dinh dia vi cua khu vuc ay ca cau cua nhiing lien he kinh te) Nhiing cupc xung dot giua cac tpc ngudi la dien hinh cho mdt thdi ky, ma nhiing dai bieu cua nhieu tap doan ngudi khac tranh gianh lay nhiing ngudn lpi, nhu: dat dai, thuang nghiep, ldnh doanh, nhiing chiic vu dupc bau, cho den viec kiem soat ddi vdi chinh quyen nha nudc (co quan cd quyen Iuc chmh tri) Xung dot giiia cac tpc ngudi phan anh su cd gang cua nhiing tang ldp tren lam thay ddi sir phan tang ve tpc ngudi dang tdn tai va dang dupc hinh nhu la mdt nhiing biin dang cua su b4t binh dSng xa hdi Su bat binh dang ve xa hdi, ciong la su bat binh dang ve chinh tri, duoc thi hien su phan chia quyin luc chinh tri cd tinh phan biet ddi xii Hiin phap cua cac nudc diu cdng bd nguyen tac binh ding cua cdng dan trudc phap luat, trao cho hp quyin binh ding ITnh vuc chinh tri, xa hdi, kmh te, ma khdng phu thudc vao tpc ngudi, chiing tpc, nhung tren thuc ti d nhiiu nudc Ifii khdng nhu v^y Thdng thudng, ty le dai biiu ciia cac tpc ngudi khac he thdng chinh quyen khdng tuong xiing va phu hop vdi ty lp Clia tpc ngudi iy toan bp" cu dan Nhung tpc ngudi chiim tm thi vi sd luong, d tat ca nhOng bac thang quyin luc ddu cd sd dai bieu chiim da sd, cdn phin ldn nhung tpc ngudi cdn ltd thi chi la thiiu sd Cd du CO sd di ndi vi dia vi dac quyin dac Le Hai Bang loi Clia mdt sd tpc ngudi va sir phan biet ddi xir thuc ti ddi vdi nhiing tde ngudi khac Dd la mpt nhiing nguyen nhan sau xa d§n den xung dot tpc ngudi Trong cac qudc gia da tpc ngudi, mot trudng hcrp het siic dien hinh la cac tpc ngudi nhd be, thieu sd, d xa each chinh quyen tnmg uang, va ndi lo sp ve bao luc Clia nhiing tde ngudi thdng tri am anh thi se sinh chu nghia Iy khai Nhiing tap doan da gan bd vdi cac co cau qudc gia diu siic cung cd dia vi cua minh nhiing thiit che chinh tri hien hanh, ben canh dd cd nhGng tap doan ddi trao quyen tu tri vi lanh tho, nhung phan tii cue doan va cap tien khac lai muu toan gianh ddc lap bing each dau tranh vii trang Cd mpt dac diem la ddi nhdm ngudi cam dau thudc tpc ngudi thieu sd cd gang gianh dupc chinh quyen pham vi lanh tho nhd be cua mmh, de cao quyen cua nhan dan ddi vdi dat dai ciia td tien, su dpc dao Clia van hda truyen thdng va sir khac biet Clia minh so vdi da sd thdng tri Chiing nao cdn nhung yeu cau nhu vay cua tpc ngudi thieu sd, thi chung dd tpc ngudi thieu so cdn cd sir khac biet vdi tpc ngudi da sd Trong hirdng hpp dd, tpc ngudi da sd nim quyen thdng tri qudc gia thudng ket hpp, tham chi ddng nhat quan niem ve tpc ngudi Clia minh vdi td qudc va dat nudc ndi chung, phu nhan chu nghTa phan lap dia phuong, tri tren thuc te mpi sir bat binh dang vdi cac tpc ngudi thiiu sd, vdi cu dan viing ngoai vi, va siic ddc quyen hda quyen lire pham vi ca nudc Viec dong nhat nhiing Ioi ich cua tpc ngudi thong tri vdi nhiing Ipi ich qudc gia, sir dong nhat de tien tdi su lien kit ve xa hdi chinh tri vdi cac toe ngudi thieu sd, tham chi bang each ddng hda cudng biic, dan tdi chd nha nudc thuc hien mdt chinh sach tin cdng ddi vdi nhiing tpc ngudi thiiu sd, tren thuc te trd ke chii muu cupc xung dot gifta cac tpc ngudi, hoac gifta cac qudc gia dan tde Cac Iuan thuyet cff ban 3.1 Thuyet xung dot Trudng phai ly thuyit C.Mac (18181883) va Ph.Angghen (1820-1895) khdi xudng Thuyet nhan manh din sir mau thuin, xung dot va bien ddi xa hdi Luan diem gdc ciia thuyet la: su khan hiim ngudn luc, bat binh ding phan bd ngudn luc, quyen lyc va su phan cdng lao ddng nen quan he giua cac ca nhan, nhdm xa hdi ludn trang thai mau thuan, canh tranh, xung dot Ian Theo C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, toan bp sy phat trien xa hpi tii budi dau van minh den dien sy mau thuan thudng xuyen va chinh sy mau thuan, dau tranh la ngudn gdc, ddng luc Clia su bien ddi, phat trien xahpi [2, tr.570] Sau C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, cac nha tu tudng ciing dua nhiing chieu kich khac vi mau thuin, xung dot Trong tac phim Cdc chite ndng cita xung dot xd hgi, L Coser da phan tich, ly giai ngudn gdc, nguyen nhan phat sinh xung dot xa hpi til cac trang thai cang thang giua cac ca nhan R Dahrendorf dua md hinh va sy can thiit quan ly, giai tda xung dot xa hpi Ong cho ring, mau thuan, xung dot xa hpi cd chiic nang tang cudng tinh thich iing cua td chiic xa hpi, bao dam tinh lien tuc ciia xa hpi Xung dot xa hpi cd thi dem lai nhiing su thay ddi tiin bd cho xa hdi Ly thuyet mau thuin nhin nhan xa hdi - tdn giao ve co ban luon cd su chia re, mau thuin va xung Khoahpcxahoi VietNam, sd 10-2019 dot giua cac ca nhan hoac nhdm xa hdi - tdn giao khac Mau thuan la mpt hien tupng khdng the tranh khdi ddi sdng xa hdi, la thupc tinh vdn cd ciia qua trinh phat trien Nam dupc quy luat, giai quyet, giai tda va quan ly xung dot xa hpi - tdn giao theo xu hudng phat trien khach quan thi mau thuan, xung dot xa hdi - tdn giao khdng sinh nhftng diem ndng tdn giao hoac diem ndng chinh tri, xa hpi tdn giao [1] Tuy cac nha nghien ciiu chua dua khai niem mau thuin xa hpi - tdn giao, nhung dya vao Iy thuyet mau thuin, cd the khang dinh mau thuan xa hdi - tdn giao la mdt dang xung dot xa hdi Song, day la mdt loai hinh raau thuin tdng hpp, phiic tap vdi nhung loai hinh nhu: mau thuan giua tdn giao vdi tdn giao (day la loai raau thuan phiic tap nhat, bdi nd lien quan den diic tin tdn giao); raau thuan giua tdn giao vdi cac the che chinh tri (thudc loai mau thuan y thiic he); raau thuan npi bd tdn giao (mau thuan lai ich); mau thuan giua ton giao vdi van hda va mau thuan gifta tdn giao vdi xa hpi (phong hda, phong tuc, dao due, ldi sdng) Hai loai hinh sau thudng xay truyen giao dan den viec chuyen dao, ddi dao [I] Tiep can cua nha xa hdi hpc Max Weber (1864-1920), ngudi Due vi vin di xung dot tuong phan vdi triet Iy cila C.Mac Trong C.Mac tap trung vao each thiic, hanh vi ca nhan duac quy dinh bdi ciu tnic xa hdi, M Weber lai nhan manh tira quan trpng cua hanh ddng xa hdi, tiic la kha nang cua ca nhan Iam anh hudng din cac mdi quan he xa hdi cua hp 3.2 Thuyit phdn tich vdn hod Dai dipn tieu biiu cho tnidng phai ly thuyit la Max Weber Pham trii quan trpng nhit Clia xa hpi hpc M Weber la "hanh 92 ddng xa hdi", dupc hieu la nhiing harm ddng ma y nghia chu quan cua nd cd tinh den hanh dpng ciia ngudi khac qua khii, hien tai va tuang lai; y nghia chu quan dd dinh hudng hanh dpng Hanh ddng xa hdi din din biin ddi xa hpi Hanh ddng xa hdi cua mdi ca nhan, nhdm khdng chi bi chi phdi bdi cac dieu kien kinh te, chinh tri, mdi trudng mang tinh khach quan tir ben ngoai, ma cdn chiu su chi phdi cua cac ddng CO van hda mang tinh chu quan tir ben trong, nhu: tri thiic, tinh cam, phong tuc, tap quan, tdn giao Nhu vay, ap dung Iy thuyet cho viec nghien ciiu xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao tat yeu phai tim hieu cac dpng CO van hda tu ben ciia ca nhan hay nhdm de Iy giai cho hanh dpng dd Ngupc Iai, can cir vao cac kdt qua cua hanh ddng xa hpi ngudi ta ciing cd the hiiu dupc cac ddng co van hda da chi phdi chiing Ndi each khac, phan tich van hda la di tun each thuc ma cac nen van hda chi phdi hanh vi ciia ngudi, cd nhung hanh vi tac ddng den xS hpi va tdn giao [4] Viec ly giai xa hpi dua tren tu tudng dd cua M Weber dupc gpi la quan diim phan tich van hda Can luu y ring, mdi xa hoi cd thi tdn tai nhiiu nin vSn hda Hon nfta, ben canh nen van hda chung cua qudc gia, dan tpc, moi xa hdi diu cd su khac biet vi van hda cua cac vung miin, cac giai ting va cac nhdm xa hdi khac Tdng hpp nhftng dac trung rieng cua moi vung miin, giai ting hay nhdm xa hpi nhu thi dupc gpi larapttieu vung van hda Cac dac tnmg va khac biSt vi van hda cd mdt vai ydu td khd biin ddi, vi veiy viec thda hiep hay giai quyit khd hon so vdi cdc khac bipt ve chinh tri hay kinh ti Vi du d Lien Xd tnrdc day, nhung ngudi cdng s'an cd thd trd nhftng ngudi dSn chu Le Hai Dang ngudi giau cd the ngudi ngheo va ngudi ngheo cd thi giau len, nhung ngudi Nga khdng thi trd ngudi Estonia, cung nhu ngudi Azerbaijan khdng the trd ngudi Armenia Trong cac xung dot vi giai cap va tu tudng, cau hdi mau chdt la "Ban thupc phe nao?" va ngudi ta cd the va thuc su da chpn phe va ca ddi phe Trong cac cupc xung dot gifta cac ndn van minh, cau hdi dat la "Anh la ai?" Dd la mdt ban sic mac dinh khdng thi thay ddi? Nhu ta da biet, tir Bosnia, tdi khu vuc Capcado va tdi Sudan, tra Idi sai cau hdi tren cd the khiin mpt vien dan gam vao dau ngudi dap Hon ca khia canh tpc ngudi, tdn giao phan dinh ngudi mdt each ro rang va rieng bifit Mpt ngudi cd the mang hai ddng mau Phap va A Rap va ddng thdi la cdng dan cua hai nudc nhung Iai khd hon nhieu de cong dan vua la ngudi Cdng giao vua la ngudi Hdi giao [8, tr.22-49] Nhu vay, moi mpt giai tang hay rapt nhom xa hpi deu cd mot tieu van hda cua rieng minh Chinh sy da dang cua cac tieu van hda giiip chiing ta hieu va cat nghia ve su khac biet qua trinh bien ddi cua cac tpc ngudi va tdn giao khac Quan diem phan tich van hda khdng chi hudng chiing ta tdi vai trd to ldn cua van hda, ma cung cap cac khai niem, nhu: khai niem tieu van hda, ddng co van hda gcri y cac gia thuydt, de cd the di sau quan sat, md ta, phan tich, ly giai su van ddng, bien ddi cua ton giao, nhit la nhiing ca chi tac ddng tiem an ciia van hda ddi vdi sy van ddng, bien ddi xiic ciia hai he thdng van hda ddc lap; su tiep xiic dd Iam tang dac tirih cua nin van hda nin van hda Qua trinh tren ludn bao ham su tuong tac phiic tap vdi cac tien trinh phat triin xa hdi kera theo [7] Khi cac nen van hda tiep xiic vdi nhau, nen van hda trao tang khdng thi dua diy du cac yeu td van hda cua minh va he thdng gia tri rieng cua nen van hda tiip nhan cd the ddng vai trd che chan hoac thay ddi nhung yeu td nao dd Tiep bien van hda cd the cd cau tnic xa hdi chat che Iam xoay chuyen ddng chay cac yeu td van hda gidng nhu trudng hop xam chiem dat dai hoac cac tinh hudng xung dot chinh tri - xa hpi khac Tiep bien van hda gdra nhieu qua trinh khac nhau, nhu truyen ba, thich nghi, phan ung lai, vdi nhieu kieu tai td chiic van hda - xa hpi sau qua trinh tiep xuc va sau ciing la "tan van hda" Pham vi dieu chinh dd cd gift lai dac diem van hda chii dao (thuyit da nguyen ben viing) hay dac trung hon la nhdm tiep xiic cd anh hudng ldn ddng hda nhdra yeu hon va cd su hpp nhit vi van hda (mac du hiim xay ra), do hai nin van hda cd the trao ddi cac yiu to dh tao nen mdt nen van hda ke can dac biet Vi tiip biin van hda bao ham sy tuang tac ciia hai hay nhieu nhdm van hda rieng biet nen sy tuong tac xa hdi gifta cac nhdm se quyit dinh kit qua thu dupc Vi du, ap luc xa hdi dac biet di kem vdi su xam chiim cd thi chiing td hieu qua hanh vi pha vd cac co cau la nin tang cho nhdra bi chinh phuc tri van hda cua minh, va thudng thudng nhftng cuoc xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao bat dau tir day Trong cac trudng hop khac, miic di kem cao cd thi bao ve mdt nin van hda yeu kera 3.3 Thuyet tiip biin vdn hoa vi chmh tri raac dii cd ve nhu tdn tai vd sd Thuyit tiep bien van hda dimg de dien giai diiu ky quae Han nfta, niu vi bat eft ly qua hmh thay ddi van hda dien su tiep 93 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10-2019 nao ma nhdm van hda tft chdi cdng nhan tiep bien van hda cua nen van hda thi viec nit ngan khoang each van hda (tiep bien van hda) cd the se khdng xay cimg vdi viec nit ngan khoang each xa hdi tuong iing[3,tr.42-44] 3.4 Thuyit cdu triic - chirc ndng Thuyit ciu tnic - chuc nang gan lien vdi ten tudi cua cac nha xa hdi hpc ndi tiSng nhu A Comte (1798-1857), H Spencer (18201903), E Durkheim (1858-1917), T Parsons (1902-1979), R Merton (19102003), P Blau (1918-2002) Hp coi xa hdi nhu mdt sinh the huu ca dac biet vdi hp thing gdm cac phan cd nhiing chuc nang rihat dinh tao cau tnic dn dinh Ly thuyet cau tnic - chftc nang cho ring: (1) Mpi he thdng deu bao gdra cac yeu td cd quan he chat che vdi va mang ludi cac mdi quan he tao ciu tnic cua he thdng; (2) Mdi yeu td cua he thdng, den lupt nd, deu cd the la mot he thing (tieu he thdng) va dudi tieu he thdng lai cd the cd nhftng he thdng nhd hon niia; (3) Mpi he thdng deu cd quan he mat thiit vdi mdi trudng canh quan xung quanh chung Cac tac gia ciia thuyet chftc nang deu nhin m ^ tinh lien ket chat che cua cac bp phan ciu nen rapt chinh the ma tiing bd phan cd chuc nang nhat dinh, gdp phan dam bao su tdn tai ciia chmh the dd vdi tu each la mpt cau tnic bjrong ddi dn dinh, ben vftng Sy bien ddi chftc nang ciia cac bd phan se keo theo su bien ddi cau tnic ciia ca chinh thi xa hpi Thuyet cau tnic - chiic nang khdng chi ly giai va dua each giai quyit cac chuc nang tich cue ma ca cac mat tieu cyc cua nd Ngoai ra, nd cdn tap trung vao sy can bing gifta cac chile nang va phi chftc nang ciing nhu nhan manh vai trd ciia 94 trang thai can bang ddng sy bien ddi cau tnic xa hdi Nghien cuu xung dot tpc ngudi, ton giao dudi each tiip can cua ly thuyet cau bnic chuc nang se thay ro tdn giao la mdt tieu he thing he thdng xa hpi, bao gdm cac phan bdn ngoai cua tdn giao, nhu: loai hinh tdn giao, he thing tdn giao, cac tdn giao va phin ben cua mdi tdn giao (tharih phin xa hpi, giai cap, dan tpc) duoc tap hop, lien kit vdi dya tren nen tang niem tin va thyc hanh niem tin tdn giao, dupc van hanh thdng qua cac thiet che cua nd Giua cac yeu td cung tao mdt cau tnic cd quan he vdi radi truimg xung quanh Theo each tiep can nay, rapt mat se thSy dugc toan bp he thdng tdn giao, mat khac, timg tdn giao cu thd se thay dupc cac bp phan, chi tiet, ciing nhu su tuong tac giua chiing mdi giai doan lich sft cu the [1] Theo quan diem cua C Wright Mills, cau tnic xa hpi dupc tao thdng qua cac cupc xung dot gifta nhiing ngudi cd Ipd ich va ngudn lyc khac Cac ca nhan va cac ngudn tai nguyen, lan lupt, diu bi chi phdi bdi cau tnic va sy phan phdi khdng cdng bang ve quyen lyc va cac ngudn luc xa hdi Cac ting ldp quyin lyc cda xa hdi My da ndi len tft su hpp nhit cua cac ting ldp doanh nghiep, Mills cho ring, lgi ich cua ting ldp trai ngupc vdi nhiing ngudi khac Ong dua gia thuyit, cac chinh sach cua ting ldp quyin lyc se dan deii sy leo thang cua cupc xung ddt, san xuat via huy diet hang loat, va cd thi la sy hiiy diet ciia loai ngudi [6], 3.5 Thuyet trung tdm - ngogi vi Cac thuyit dupc cac nha nghien cftu My - Latmh xay dung nhftng nam Le Hai Dang I960 va dupc I Wallerstein va M Hechter phat triin nhung nam 1970 Theo thuyet nay, cd sy mau thuin gifta hat nhan (trung tam) thdng tri va phat trien hon vdi viing ngoai vi lac hau, le thudc vao trung tam M Hechter cdn gan mpt each chat che hem nhiing van de phat trien kinh te - xa hpi khong ddng deu vdi nhftng khac biet ve tpc ngudi Viec dua gdp vimg ngoai vi vao he tiling kinh te chung qudc gia khdng phai lam xich gan nhiing tpc ngudi tiep xiic vdi ma gay nen sy phan tSng ve xa hdi tpc ngudi nhanh han, dia vi khdng binh dang giua nhirng ngudi dai dien cua hat nhan, hp gift vi tri cua tang ldp cao tren hinh chdp xa hdi - giai cap (thuong nghiep, tai chinh, kinh doanh), cdn nhiing cu dan dia phuang hpp ngudn ca ban ve sftc lao dpng kinh te cua vimg ngoai vi va phu thupc vao nhung nhu cau cua hat nhan Sy chi phdi kinh te dupc thyc hien bang nhftng bien phap phap luat, chinh tri, quan sir Su khdng binh dang ve tpc ngudi se thdng qua hinh thuc phan biet ddi xil ve ngon ngu, tdn giao, van hoa Sy y thuc ve dja vi Ie thudc, khdng binh ding cua minh se kich thich nhiing lanh tu ciia nhdm ngoai vi dau tranh de dat duoc sy phan chia lai quyen han va nhung ngudn dy tru cd Ipi cho minh, nhd vao sy giup da cua td chuc tren ca sd cdng ddng tpc ngudi Den luot minh, nhdm thing tri lpi dung nhirng uu the ban dau, sftc cuong che hoa va cimg cd nhung he thdng phan tang da hinh thanh, dieu tiet viec phan phdi nhiing nguon dy trft va nhiing vai trd xa hdi, han che nhung ca the cdng ddng thieu sd vung ngoai vi tiep can vao nhiing vi tri cap cao bang each ciing CO ve Iuat phap hoac thuc te khdng binh dang va phan biet ddi xu Do dia vi kinh ti xa hdi va tinh han che ngudn du trii, cac nhdm d vimg ngoai vi, tham chi mdt xa hdi dan chu, diu cd anh hudng chinh tri khdng Idn Niu nhiing nhdm ay chi la thieu sd vi sd luong thi hp khdng the gay dupc ap lyc vdi chinh phu trung uang Ddi vdi nhftng ca thi di ddng vi mat xa hpi thi cdn hai ldi thoat: (1) Gia nhap tap doan thdng tri, tft bd ngudn gdc too ngudi cua minh; (2) Gift vai trd lanh tu tpc ngudi hoac de lam trung gian giua cac nhdm xa hdi, hoac de bao ve nhung lpi ich cua nhdm minh cho den gianh dupc ddc lap Trong trudng hpp thu hai, nhftng lanh tu cua cac nhdm vung ngoai vi se sue tang cudng sy doan ket tpc ngudi, M Hechter coi sy doan kit iy nhu mpt trudng hpp dac bipt anh hudng chung cua su dpng vien chinh tri [5] Ket iuan Xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao tren thyc te bao triim pham vi rit rpng, lien quan den nhieu ITnh vuc khac ciia cau tnic he thdng xa hdi Do dd, nhiiu nha nghien ciiu cho ring, ximg dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao cung la bieu hien cua xung dot xa hdi, xung dot chinh tri hay xung dot kinh te gifta cac nhdm xa hpi, ma mdi nhdm dd duoc dac tamg bdi nhiing yiu td khac biet, nhu ngdn ngft, tdn giao, van hoa Tuy nhien, lpi ich giai cip, quyin lai kinh ti, chinh tri mdi chinh la ddng lyc thiic diy xung dot Mdt nhung dac tnmg tpc ngudi duoc sft dung de phan biet cac nhdm xung dot va nhat la nhirng dac trung mang tinh ban sic, hay tinh hr tdn tpc ngudi cd sftc ddng vien manh me nhu van thudng thiy, thi yiu td tpc ngudi qua thuc ddng mdt vai trd quyit dinh ddi vdi ban chat va dpng thai cua xung dot 95 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 10 - 2019 Xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao xay nhieu nguyen nhan, den cac qudc gia chua the giai quyet dut diem thdi gian ngin, nen cd the dy bao cac cupc xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao van se tiep dien va cdn cd the tiep tuc keo dai, ddng thdi d dau dd xung dot cdn am i, an giau mdi nguy co tiem tang, tham chi gap dieu kien nd lai bung nd va lan rdng Neu nghien cuu cac cupc xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao dudi gdc nhin nhu la nhiing hien tuong bpt phat ngau nhien, rdi rac, don Ie, bdi canh quan he qudc te cang dan xen vdi va phuc hpp thi chua that toan dien, day du va sau sic He qua cua xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao cd chut khac biet ddi vdi cac quoc gia va khu vyc, nhien cd rapt diim chung la lam bat dn nen chinh tri, dan tdi nhieu van de xa hpi phuc tap, lam suy yiu nin kinh ti, ddi sdng ngudi dan khd khan; quan he qudc te cang thang cd su tac ddng, can thiep cua cac nudc ldn cang lam tang tinh chit xung dot khd giai quyet Bdi vay, cac qudc gia xay xung dpt thudng chpn cho minh mpt hudng di phii hpp vdi diiu kien, hoan canh cu the, nhu linh boat viec ban hanh chinh sach phii hpp nhSt ddi vdi cac nhdm tpc ngudi va tdn giao nudc nham ban che xung dot, tEio su doan kit, dn dinh xa hdi de thyc hi§n cdng chien lupc phat trien kiiih te - xa hdi cua dat nudc Giai quyet xung dpt tpc ngudi, tdn giao tren the gidi trd van de quyit dinh cho nen hda binh va an ninh the gidi va can phai cd sy chung tay gdp sftc cua tat ca cac qudc gia Xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao chiu tac ddng cua nhieu yeu td, nen 96 khdng thi cd mdt ly thuyit nao toan nang de cd the hieu rd duoc day du ban chat xung ddt tpc ngudi, tdn giao, de cd the phan tich va Iy giai nhiing nguyen nhan cung nhu tac ddng, anh hudng ciia nd dgn toan bd he thong, ciu tnic xa hdi Chinh vi vay, can hudng din each tiip can he thdng nghien cim hien tuong xa hdi nay, van dung nhieu ly thuyit khac ket hpp vdi cac each tiep can cua cac chuyen nganh, nhu: nhan hpc, xa hdi hpc, tara Iy hpc tde ngudi, chinh tri hpc va cac bd mdn khoa hpc xa hpi va rihan van khac T^i lif u tham khao [1] Pham Minh Anh (2018), "L;^ thuyit xa hoi hpc nghien curu ton giao" Tap chi Khoa hoc xdhgi VietNam, s6 [2] C.M^c, Ph.Angghen(1995), Todn tap, t.l,-Hxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Ha Ngi [3] Le Hai DSng (2013), Nghi li gia dinh cua ngu&i Toy Mu&ng & Ngh? An, Nxb Khoa h(?c xah^i, H^Ngi [4] Max Weber (2010), Nin dgo due Tin ldnh vd tinh thdn chii nghta lu bdn, Nxb Tri thiic Ha NOi [5] Nguyen Httu Tiln (2001), Vi mgt sS ly thuyet ca s& nghien cuu xung dot tgc ngu&i, Thong tin chuygn 6k, Vi?n Th6ng tin Khoa hoc xa hgi [6] C Wright Mills (2000), Power Elite, Oxford University Press [7] RedfieW et al (1936), "Memorandum for the study of acculturation-, American Antliropologist, vol.38, issue [8] Samuel P Huntington (1993), "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foragn Affairs,-fio n (Summer) ... ve xung dot ndi chung va cac ve van hda ma Huntington ndi tdi la cac dang xung dot tpc ngudi, tdn giao bai cupc xung dot tde ngudi, tdn giao Cac cupc viet Su va chgm cua cdc nin vdn minh xung. .. nhiing chieu kich khac vi mau thuin, xung dot Trong tac phim Cdc chite ndng cita xung dot xd hgi, L Coser da phan tich, ly giai ngudn gdc, nguyen nhan phat sinh xung dot xa hpi til cac trang thai... thiit quan ly, giai tda xung dot xa hpi Ong cho ring, mau thuan, xung dot xa hpi cd chiic nang tang cudng tinh thich iing cua td chiic xa hpi, bao dam tinh lien tuc ciia xa hpi Xung dot xa hpi cd