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pi mmmm Xaftfitftoc0 gim xahpi hoc (130), 2015 113 ^) CAC LYTHUYET VI MO XA HOI HOC: MOT iTNG DUNG XAY DUlSlG KHUNG LYTHUYET CHO NGHIEN CUU THEO QUAN NIEM LY THUYET VT MO CUA THOMAS KUHN TR|NH VAN TUNG' NGUYEN THI HOAI AN*" So vdi nhidu khoa hgc khac, xa hgi hgc la mgt khoa hgc tre, cu thd la doi tfl giita the ki 19 Tuy mdi phat tridn dugc khoang 1,5 thd ki nhung xfi hdi hgc da kip sfin sinh nhieu ddng ly thuydt giup cho cac nhfi khoa hgc, nhit la khoa hgc xa hdi, cd dugc nhieu khung quy chieu tidn hanh tim hidu vfi giai thich thuc td xS hgi Vfiy chung ta cd thd s i p xdp cac ly thuydt xfi hdi hgc tfl thdi ki cd didn ddn thfinh nhtmg ly thuydt vi md khdng? Nhung tieu chi nfio cho phep chung ta thyc hifn dugc cdng vifc nfiy? Dya vfio dinh nghia "Iy thuyet vi md"' cua Kuhn (1962), bai bao chung tdi cd y dinh sap xep mdt sd ly thuyet xfi hdi hgc theo cac ddng ly thuydt vt md iy Tren CO sd do, chung tdi thao Iuan ve kha nang ung dyng cfic ddng Iy thuydt qua trinh xay dyng mgt vfii khung Iy thuydt nghien cuu ca bfin vd thyc td xa hgi Khai nifm "ly thuyet vT md" khac vdi "Iy thuyet trung md" vfi "ly thuydt vi mo" theo quan nifm ciia Merton (Akoun & Ansart, 1990: 536) Tac gia cho rang, nhung ly thuyet tnmg md vfi ly thuyet vi md khdng co tham vgng giai thich khai quat hoa hifn tugng xa hgi, mfi chi cd tham vgng dd xuat cac gia thuyet cue bg cd the Idem chiing dugc bing each "ma hda" cfic ket qua nghien cuu thyc dia Trong do, theo Kuhn, ly thuyet vT md hay ly thuyet ldn mang tinh khai quat cd tham vgng gifii thich mgt each phd quat thuc td xfi hdi (thuydt tidn hda, thuyet vat bien chflng, thuydt cau true, thuyet chflc nang, thuyet hanh dfng ) Nhung Iy thuydt chi tra thfinh vT md vfi chi kW quy tu nhieu nha khoa hgc ciing chia sd quan nifm vd thyc td xfi hgi, ddi tugng, phuang phap lugn, phuang p h ^ nghien cuu va cfich thflc Ii gial chfin li khoa hgc Tat cfi nhflng dieu fiy cfiu thfinh mdt ddng I^ thuydt hay mdt truomg phfii nha vao ly thuyet vT md Trong bfii bfio nfiy, cfic khfii nifm "ly thuydt vT md", "ly thuydt m e " hay "ly thuyet lon" dugc chflng tdi dung de chi "paradigm" theo nghia cfla Kuhn PGS TS, Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc QuSc gia Hd Ndi ' NCS Dgi hgc Khoa hgcXd hgi vd Nhdn vdn Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi Thu&t ngff "paradigm" tiing Anh hoSc "paradigme" tiing Phap dugc nhieu tic gia d6 xu^ diuyen ngit tiing Vi|t khfic nhu "khung mlu", Ind thurc", "md hinh", "ciu binh", "lif J nifm", "chu thuya" Dk ^ phong phO them ngdn ngit ly thuylt tiing Vi|t, chiing toi dl xuit them cich djch "ly thiQ'et vT mo", ''ly thuylt ldn" dl gidi khoa hpc rpng dudng phe binh va sir dyng 114 Cdc ly thuyet vTmd Ly thuyet vi mo theo quan diem cua Thomas Kuhn Trong truydn thdng tridt hgc cua Platon, ly thuydt vT md la phuang thflc dien dat diln hmh vfi cu thd vd mgt thyc td trim tugng (Berthelot, 1999: 382) Tuy nhien, tfl Thomas Kuhn xuit ban cudn Cdu true cua cdc cudc cdch mgng khoa hgc (Structure des revolutions scientifiques) (1962: 15)thi thugt ngft da nhanh chdng tro nen ndi tieng vai nhidu each dich khfic a cfic thfl tidng Dfl dugc dich the nfio di chang nua thi mgi ngudi ddu thdng nhit ring, ly thuyet vT mo la mdt md hinh ly thuyet dien hinh cho mdt tiudng phai tu khoa hgc Ndi ddn ly thuydt vT md tuc la ndi ddn khung quy chidu dd hidu thyc td dugc quan sat bdi nhfi khoa hgc Cac ly thuyet vT md dugc phfin bift vdi chu ydu qua ddi tugng, phuong phfip, ngdn ngu bidu dgt, nguydn tic, gia tri va quan didm di tim chfin li khoa hgc Hay ndi cfich khfic, "ly thuyit vTmd hay ly thuyit ldm Id mot h^ thdng khdng dinh khoa hoc hogc mot he thdng dinh di cua mgt cgng dong khoa hoc " (Ansart, 1999: 382) Ly thuydt vT md dugc "hda thfin" vao cac nghidn ciiu, cfic kinh nghiem hogt ddng khoa hgc dien hinh va dugc neu cfic cudn sfich dugc cho la "kinh didn" Khifipdung vfio khoa hgc xfi hgi, ly thuyet vi md mang minh hucmgtiepcan thyc tien va giup cho cac nhfi khoa hgc co nhidu su lya chgn Mgt 1^ thuyet vT md bao gid ciing mang bdn dfic tnmg: (1) tinh bat kha quy ("irreductibiUte"), (2) tinh quy uac cua ngdn ngfl ("incommensurabilite"), tflc la moi ly thuyet vT md cd mdt hf thdng ngdn ngfl bieu dat khfic nhau; (3) tinh dien hinh ("exemplarite") tflc la mdi ly thuyet cung cap mgt md hinh phfin tich, vfi (4) tinh khdng uu trdi ("non superiorite") so vdi cac ly thuyet vi md khfic, tflc la khdng ly thuyet vT md nfio cao hon ly thuydt vT md khac Theo dfic trung thfl tu, mgi ly thuydt vT md ddu la tuong ddi vi chua co ly thuyet nfio khing dinh ring, nd la nhfit mfi chfin li khoa hgc da dugc khfim phfi Tit ca cac ly thuydt vT md ddu hfim y nhd no ma ehan li khoa hgc dugc kham pha vai tu cfich lfi tinh xac thyc, nhung khdng cd ly thuydt vT md nfio la nhit dem lgi kidn thflc khoa hgc (Trinh Vfin Tung, 2001:250) Khi nghien cflu khoa hgc lugn, Kuhn cho ring, ly thuydt vT md la mdt sy d^ng thufin cao cfla cgng ddng khoa hgc hg chia se ve each quan nifm va tim hidu thyc td xa hfi (Giraux Natalie, 2008: 237) Nhu vfiy, nhung nhfi khoa hgc dugc xdp vao mdt trudng phfii hay ly thuydt vt md nao dd thudng chia sd nhung didm nhu ddi tugng, phuong phfip Iuan, phuang phfip nghien cuu (dinh tinh, dinh lugng hay hdn hgp), co chd li lufin va quan nifm ve chfin li khoa hgc Ly thuydt vt md phai thl hifn dugc each thflc rieng cfla mgt nha khoa hge quan niem vd hogt ddng khoa hgc cua chinh minh Dya tren dinh nghta iy, dd sip xdp dugc cfic ly thuydt xfi hdi hgctiifinhcfic lytiiuydtvt md khac nhau, Giraux tdm lugc hai khia cgnh cau tiianh ly thuyet vi md gdm: (1) cd sy chia se, ddng tiiuan vd each xem xet thyc td xa hgi, vd nhftng gi cd thl hidu dugc vd thyc td xfi hdi, va (2) cd sy ddng tiiuan vl phuang phfip luan cung nhu phuong phap tim hilu thyc td xa hdi iy Tfl hai chidu cgnh cau thfinh lytiiuydtvt md theo quan nifm cfla Kuhn, Giraux dd xuit hai tieu chi dd sfip xdp cfic ly thuydt xa hgi hgc tu xua ddn nhu sau: Thfl nhfit, quan nifm cua nha xfi hdi hgc nhu thd nfio vd thyc td xfi hfi cin tun hieu? Ddi vdi moi mdt ly thuydt vt md, dilu quanti-gngla xac dinh ddi tugng nghien cuu cfla minh Trinh Van Timg, Nguyin Thi Hoai An 115 Thfl hai, quan hf cua nhfi xa hdi hgc ddi voi ddi tirgng nghien cuu ma mmh dugc xac dinh nhu the nao? Hay noi cy till hon, phuang phap luan va phuang phap nghien cflu nao dugc nha xa hgi hgc uu tien sfl dung? Vai trd cfla nha nghien cflu duoc quan nifm nhu thl nao? (Giraux, 2008: 238) Nhu vgy, hai tieu chi ti-en dugc Giraux dua tiidng qua nhung cau hdi khoa hgc luan ("epistemological questions") thd hien chilu cgnh nhan tiiuc ("cognitive dimension") ve ly thuylt vt md Ben cgnh chilu canh nhan tiiflc, ly thuylt vt md cdn cd mdt chilu canh xa hpi ("social dimension") Chilu cgnh xa hdi ehi cho ta tiiiy mdt thyc t l la, vifc tiiam gia vfio mdt ly tiiuydt vt md nao dd hoac viec hi mdt ly tiiuylt vt md nao dd tiiuylt phuc cho phep tap hgp cac nhfi nghidn cuu xa hdi hgc thfinh mdt mgng luai, mgt hgc phfii ("scientific school") chia sd each xem xet va phuong phfip tun hilu thyc t l xfi hdi Dya vfio thuat ngu ly thuylt vt md cua Kuhn, phfin vilt tilp theo cfla bai bao cd gang "sap xep" mgt sd nha xa hgi hgc lon tien thl gidi tfl cd diln din d l hilu dugc each tiiflc vfi phuang phfip nhin nhfin thyc t l xa hgi cfla hg cd nhung dilm khfic nhu the nfio Dd lfim dugc cdng vifc khd khan nfiy, ehung tdi chgn hai giai dogn phfit triln cua xfi hdi hge dl so sfinh cfic tfic gia cd diln cudi thl ki 19 din diu thl ki 20 (Durkheun va Weber) vfi so sfinh cac tfic gifi hifn tgi vdi theo huong ddng dai (Bourdieu, Gof&nan, Godbout vfi Sennet) Cach sip xep nfiy ciing cho phep chung tdi chiing minh dugc ring, theo hudng tich dai, cac nhfi xfi hdi hgc dgi dien cho cfic ly thuylt vt md nay, tren co sd tiep thu di sfin cua hai hgc phai xa hgi hgc cd diln, da gdp cdng ldn cho khoa hgc xfi hdi ndi chung va xa hdi hgc ndi rieng nhiing thdi quen tu mai v l thyc t l xa hgi Chfic hfin rang, dgc den day, mdt sd nha xa hdi hgc sd thic mac rang, Marx dugc bai bao xep dfiu? Va Parsons lfi mdt ly thuyet gia lon ve thuydt ciu tnic - chflc nang niia? Thyc ra, day chi la nhung thfic m i c phu vi khung ket luan sau cflng cfla bai bao sd gifii tda dugc nhflng cfiu hdi nfiy neu chiing ta ludn can cu vao hai tieu chi sip x i p neu tren L^ t h u y l t cau true cua Durkheim so vdi 1;^ thuyet hanh dfng cua Weber De cd the Iam ndi bgt sy khac bift giira hai ly thuyet nfiy vfi dya vfio hai tieu ehi dinh nghta ly thuyet vt md a tien, chung tdi lya chgn dat hg ke canh nhu sau: 2.1 Durkheim va Weber ddi v&i quan niem ve thuc tixa hpi chn tim hiiu Durkheim Ddi tugng dfic thfl cua khoa hgc xa hgi la "sy kien xfi hdi" (social fact) tdn tai ngofii y thflc ca nhan Nhu vfiy, cai gi mang den cho nd mgt ban chat ridng bift, tflc la khfic vdi ban chat cua cfic sy kifn cfi nhfin? Tfic gifi xac dinh ban chit cua sy kifn xa hfi theo hai tidu chi: Weber Ddi tugng nghien cflu cua Weber la thuc te xa hdi dugc xem xet bit dfiu tfl hfinh dgng ea nhan va y nghta mfi cfi nhan ay gfin cho nd tiong mdi quan he, tuang tfic vai ca nhan khfic Xufit phfit diem nghien eflu cfla tac gifi nfiy rd rfing la tu cfi nhfin Myc dich xuyen sudt eiia xfi hdi hgc, ' Trong van hda Vift Nam, ngu&i ta hay ndi rang "g^ de tning", bilt ring gi \k ckxi trtic, thilt chl, chu^ m\Tc (nguySn nhan), tning \h cd nhSn (hf qua), triing to hay nhd la phv thufc vho gk 116 Cdc ly thuyet vTmd Sy kifn xa hdi tdn tgi mdt cfich ddc lap ngoai mgi y thflc ca nhan, tflc la khdng mdt cfi nhfin nfio fip dgt len dugc su kien xa, hgi Theo tieu chi nay, su kidn xfi hdi mang tinh khach quan nen can xem xet no nhu la "sy vfit" (things) mudn hilu thyc t l xa hdi, la phai hieu dugc (understanding, comprehension) cfic hanh ddng ca nhfin cho phep lien ket y nghta mfi cfi nhan nham tdi vai cfic hanh vi thyc sy cfla hg Tfic gifi nfiy djnh nghta: "Hdnh dgngxd hgi Id mgi biiu dgt cu thi hay trim tugng, vgt chdt hay bieu trtmg, ciia mdt y chi cd nhdn hay y chi tap thi mgt tinh huong xa hgi nhdt dfnh" (Ankoun vfi Ansart, 1999: 4) Sy kifn xa hdi tgo nen mgt sfle cuong che hay mdt sy rang budc ddi vol mgi y thflc cfi nhfin Hay ndi cfich khfic, tiong mgi td chflc xa hgi, mgi hfinh vi cfi nhan dugc quyet dinh hay bi phu thudc bci hfinh vi Nhu vgy, mgi hfinh dgng chi mang tinh chung dugc mgi ngudi chap nhgn, tflc lfi xa hdi (tinh nhan ban) hfinh dgng chuan myc cua thiet che.^ dfip ung ba tieu chi sau: (1) tac nhfin dua hanh dgng cfla minh tiong tu the chu Vi vfiy, sy kien xa hgi mang tinh khfich dfng, nghta lfi khdng bi dgng; (2) tap hgp quan: "su Men xd hdi Id cdch thiic hdnh hanh vi c i u hfinh dfng cfla tac nhan ddng Id bieu hi^n cu the hay trieu luang duac phai CO y nghta vdi tac nhfin dd vfi (3) thita nhgn chung vd cd khd ndng tgo nin mot hfinh ddng cua tac nhan phai co y nghta siiC rdng budc khdch quan ddi vdi moi cd vai nhflng tfic nhan khac tucmg tac vdi nhdn Hoy noi cdch khdc, sic kiin xa hoi ban thfin minh mang tinh khdi qudt vd tdn tgi khdch quan dpc lap vdi mgiy thUc cd nhdn" (1963:14) Nhu vgy, de tim hieu thyc te xa hdi, tfic Ndi nhu vgy khdng co nghta la, su kifn gifi chgn dcm vi phan tich mfi ta hay xfi hgi ludn ludn phfii tao sfle cuong ro ggi la ddi tugng nghidn cflu lfi hanh dfng rang ddi vdi cfi nhfin Thyc ra, sfle cuang Cfic thiet che nhu nhfi nuac, nha thd, cfla sy kifn xa hgi (chuan myc hfinh vi trudng hgc, gia dinh chi tdn tai ttong dugc thiet che hda hay dugc mgi ngudi dfiu cua cac cfi nhfin nhu la nhiing cau thfla nhgn) chi bieu hifn rd ca nhan true ve tinh than (spiritual structures) dinh chdng lgi nd Vi du: chuin myc hfinh Tuy tac gia thfla nhan ring, cfic cfiu true vi chung cua sinh vidn tiong mgt ldp hgc la fiy cd anh hudng den cfi nhan, nhung sy chi phfit bieu dugc cho phep Nhung finh hucmg i y dugc y thflc cua cfi nhan neu cfl ty dgng phfit bieu nhieu thi ca tilp nhfin qua khau diln giai chung ldp hgc se cam thay khd chiu Tu dd, thilt (interpretation) che tao mdt hinh thflc che tai (sanction) ddi vdi sinh vidn dd Che tai khdng bfit budc mang tinh phfip li, tflc la chi mang tinh xfi hdi (do tap the sinh vien thda thugn vdi dan dan dugc nha trudng dua vfio ndi quy ldp hgc) Hay ndi each khfic, quan nifm ring, xa hdi lfi tdng the cfic ca nhan nen mudn hilu thyc t l xa hgi thi phfii hilu tit ca cfic ca nhan Tu dd, tac gifi nfiy fip dung phuang phap lufin ca nhfin, nghta lfi hfinh vi khfii qufit cfla xfi hgi chinh lfi tgp hgp Trong van hda Vi?t Nam, ngudi ta cung hay ndi rSng "trung nd ga", bilt rang "tning" 14 dfng co, cfim nh^n, hinh dfng cua ca nhan tao gi va gk ]k cSu trdc, h? thing, thilt chl, chuin myc Trinh Van Tung Nguyin Thf Hodi An 117 Dac it vt md cd diln, trao ddi hay cho nhfin dugc dinfa vi nfau the nao? Dya tren phfin ti'ch \e nguyen tficfauongden cfin bang trao ddi, nghm la hudng din trat tu xa hdi, tac gia chi rfing, "cho" di kem vdi mgt nguyen tic - nguyen tfic cd di cd lai hay nguyen tic sdng phfing (reciprocity) Hay ndi cfich khac, cd mgt nguyen tic ba buac "cho - nhfin - tra Iai" tfl trao ddi Nhu vfiy, ta cd the thfiy rang, flao ddi lfi mdt "thuc tl xa hgi" (social fact) theo nghia cfla Durkheun vi nd chua dyng troi^ nhiing bd chufin myc vfi nguyen tic faanh vi; "thuc te xfi hdi" ^ dat bg chuin myc hanh vi cho mgi ca nhan tham gia trao ddi Vi du, ttong tiing Vift cd cum tfl "ng ddng lin" (generational debt) 6h chi hien tugng la, ta cdn tre dugc cha me nudi duong fin hgc tfaanh tai ("nfafin"), thi din ta tudng thanfa ta pfaai "trfi ng" cho the he cha me, td tien va dgc bift la thl he chfiu ("tra ng") Tuy nhien, logic "nghta vu pfafii trfi iy" kfadng phfii la nguyen tic nhit, ma trao ddi cfing cho phep cfi nfaan phat huy tinh tu cfla nunh tren co so tinh tofin cua minh Theo i^htatiiflfaainay, trao ddi ciing gin vdi nghlafafinhddng xa hdi cfla Weber Cjodbout nfain mgnh hai logic cua trao ddi, logic "nghta vy" va logic "tir do" nhu sau: "Qud tgng la mdt tuang tdc thuang xuyin giUa nghid vu vd t^ do" (Godbout, 2000; 60) Nhu vfiy, qua tfing hay ttao ddi chmh la 122 Ctic ly thuyit vimd tuong tac thuong xuyen gitta thiet che, chuan muc mang tinh "cuang che" (coercisive norms) va hanh dpng ca nhan mang tinh tu Khi so sanh ba logic, tac gia chi rang, neu dinh nghia "thi trudng la noi gap gd giiia cung va cau" thi ro rang chi tin nhit mpt khia canh kinh te, tire la hai tac nhan tham gia trao dli diu tinh toan trpn ven lpi ich cua minh va t ^ tr^t tu xa hpi Neu v^y, thi khong thS nao giai thich dupc nguygn nhan cua bao nhieu cupe bieu tinh cua cong nhan chong 1^ cac chinh sach cua gidi chu Cimg vdi CaiUe, tac gid cho rang, ly thuylt vl qua tang hay ly thuyet ve trao doi la mpt ly thuyet vi mo mdi vi no da vupt qua dupc phucmg phap l u ^ ca nhan (individual metholcgism) ciia Weber va phuang phap luan clu tnic (hplism methodology) ciia Durkheun (Giraux, 2008: 251) 3.4 Ly thuyet kien too xa hgi cOa Sennett Nguoi gay anh hudng nhieu nhat cho ly thuyet kien tao xa hpi (social constructivism) ciia Sennet chinh la Bonny vdi ly thuyet "hdu hiSn dai" (postmodernism) Truoc het, can phai thiy ring, tu tudfng h|iu hien dai bat nguin tir kiln tnic, theo do, ngudi ta phe phan ly thuyet chirc nang de dS cao su hien hilu cua ngudi khong gian thi, dl cao ngh? thuat va quan he cua ngudi vdi tit c4 nhung gi khac nguoi (the Other) Mpt trpng nhihig nha xa hpi hpc Phap phat triln tu tuong hau hi$n dai la Foucault Truong phai hay ly thuylt kiln tao xa hoi quy tu nhttng tSn tuli nhu Berger, Luckmann va tit nhien la Sennet, ngudi dai di$n nli b^t nhit Dan vi phan tich cua Iy thuylt vi mo chinh la cung luc xem xet tinh khich quan va tinh chu quan ciia thuc te xa hpi bang phucmg phap luan bien chiing Theo quan dilm nhu vay, cac ly thuylt gia phan tich mli lien hp gitta cac quan dilm khach quan va cac quan diem chii quan: ca nhan vita la san phim cia thuc tl (product) vtta la nguoi kiln tao (productor) thuc tl xa hpi (Giraux, 2008: 252) Trong nghien ciiu ciia muih vl thi tinh, Sennet dong thdi phan tich quan dilm khach quan vl clu tnic thi, tlie la mpt lo^it chuin muc song ciia thi cuong chl hanh vi cua nhttng muln sing (theo nghla cua Durkheim) va quan diem chu quan, tile la thj la ngudi tjo (theo nghia cua Weber), dupc hinh thanh, dupc biln dli la y nghla ma ca nhan danh cho nd ca nhan quan hp vdi tit ca nhttng gi khac (the Other) Theo phuong phap luSn nay, tac gia dong thdi nghien ciru kha nang cua ngudi kiln tao mpt thl gioi vat chit (physical world) va nhftng y nghia (significations) ma ngudi gan cho no CJ day Sennet phan bipt khong gian thi mang tinh vSt chit (ben ngoai) va khong gian ngudi (bin trong) Ro rang la, hai khong gian ma Sennet phan bipt diu cd thl cho phep cimg liic hai each hieu khach quan (objectivist lecture) va chii quan (subjectivist lecture): d each hilu thli nhat, khong gian thi la sto phim cua mpt tiln trmh lich sii rit dai v6i nhttng quy lust cua nd, vi dv; ban dau la kilu thi khep kin (thanh quach), din din la kilu th) mo (thanh pho) each hieu fliii hai, mli khdng gian thi bi biln dli la ngucri tm thay nhttng "le hanh dpng tu do" (actingfreedommargins) a phi, Vi du phi cl Ha Npi la mpt san pham dupc hinh va phat triln theo quy luat tir thoi liha Ly nhung cd nhttng le tv nen ca nhan cu cai ndi, md rpng va tir dd bdp meo nhilu dien m»o xua (anciem aspects) Theo chii thuylt nay, xS hpi hpc khong phai la mot khoa hpc Ttinh Van Timg, Nguyin Thi Hoii A?i 123 xa hpi ma la mpt khoa hpc nhan van (human science), nghla la nghien cihi nguoi diing ban chat cua nd, tiic la nguoi cd tu sing thl gidi cua minh gilng nhu tilp can nhan hpc hojc tam li hpc xa hpi Ly thuylt vT md tao mpt hudng tilp can tim hilu y,nghla Mn chu thl (intersubjectivist signification) tit phuong phap luan dien giai Hay ndi each khac, day la huang tilp can diln giai van hda xa hpi hpc (culturalist approach) Day la mpt li hpc thuat quan trpng lam cho nhilufruongdai hpc ldn tren thl gidi dianh lap chung khoa xa hpi hpc va nhan hpc Chiing ta tim thiy lai dli tupng ciia xa hpi hpc chinh la tim hieu ngudi va thl gicri Ioai ngudi thong qua phutmg phap lu^in cUen giai Ketlu^n Dua vao dinh nghia Iy thuylt vi md cua Kuhn va dua vao hai tieu chi la dli tupng va phuang phap luan, chiing tdi da bi thuylt phuc bdi khung sip xip (da dupc chiing toi thich ling) ciia Giraux nhu sau: Durkheim Weber Quan nifm vl ddi tugng nghien cuu vfi ve quan hf giua nhfi ngfaien ciiu vfi ddi tugng nghien cflu Phuong phfip lufin nghien cuu Phuong pfafip luan ngfaien ciiu Quan nifm ve ddi tugng nghien eflu va ve quan hf giiia nha ngfaien cflu vfi ddi tugng nghien cuu Khacfa quan Nhan qufi Cfiu trflc lugn/Quyet dinfa luan Ca nhan Iuan iTu tien hanh ddng li ca nhfin vfi y nghta cua nd Chfl quan Didn gifii de hieu hanh ddng (Understanding) Ty ea nhfin Khoa hge nhan van Nghien cflu xfie sufit Nfau khoa hoc tynhien Ngfaien cflu quy lugt khach quan Thuyet cau true v< thu-c cua Bourdieu Thuyet tuong tac gifla cfiu true xa hgi vfi canhan Thuylt tuong tac giua ca nfaan vfi ca nhfin Thuyet kien tgo xfi hfi qua phep bifn chflng gifla tinh khfich quan vfi tinh chfl quan Thuylt kiln tao xa hgi qua phep bifn chiing gifla logie hanfa ddng cua cfic ca nhfin Tfauylt cfadng lgi kinfa tl (qua cfic logic trao ddi) Thuylt cfadng lgi kinfa tl (qua cfic logic ttao ddi) 124 Cdc ly thuyet vimd Tai lieu tham khao Akoun A vaAnsart P 1990 Dictionnaire de sociologie, Paris, Ed Le Robert et Seuil Le sens commun Berthelot J.M 1990 L 'intelligence du social, Paris, PUF Sociologie d'aujourd'hui Bourdieu P 1979 La distinction Critique dujugement Paris, Ed de Minuit Bourdieu P 1980 Questions de sociologie, Paris, Ed de Minuit Caille A 2000 Anthropologic du don Le tiers paradigme, Paris, Desclee de Brouwer Sociologie economique Durkheim E IS95 Regies de la methode sociologique, Paris, PUF, 1963 Freund J 1966 Sociologie de Max Weber Paris, PUF Coll "Sociologie" Giraux N 2008 Introduction d la sociologie d trovers sept grands auteurs, Bruxelles, Ed De Boeck Godbout J.T 1992 (en collaboration avec CAILLfi A.,), L'esprit du don, Paris, La D^couverte Textes k I'appui, s^rie anthropologie Godbout J.T 2000 Le don, la dette et I'identite, Paris, La D^couverte, M.A.U.S.S Goffinan E 1973 La mise en scene de la vie quotidienne Les relations en public, Paris, td de Minuit Marcel M.(Nguyen TQng djch) 2011 Lugn vk bieu tang Hinh thtic vi ly cua s^r trao d6i cic xa hOi CO Sff Nxb Tri thiic, Hk Nfi Kuhn 1962 (2008) Structure des revolutions scientifiques Flammarion, Paris Sennett R, 1992, La ville « une vue d'ceil, Urbanisme et societe Plon, Paris Sennett R 1996 Flesh and Stone The body and the city in Wertern Civilization WW Norton and Cy, New York, London, Trinh van Tiing 2001 Van lifu khoa hgc lu§n khoa hgc xa hfi va/ho§c triSt hoc qua djch thugt (So sinh Ly lugn xd hgi hgc cua J.-C Passeron vd Chinh minh nhu mgt ngu&i khdc ciia P Ricteur; ("Traduction d'un texte ipistemologique et/ou philosophique") (Le Raisonnement sociologique de J.-C Passeron et Soi-meme comme un autre de P Ricosur), lugn in tien sT, Lille, Dai hoc Charles de Gaulle Trinh van Timg 2009 "Pierre Bourdieu: Thu^t ngit "habitus" vg khfi nang iing dyng phan tich mft vgi van de cua xa hfi Vi?t Nam hi|n nay", Hg Nfi, Tgp chiXdhgi hgc, s61 (105), 87 - 92 Weber M., 1912,5'oc/eree/£conom/e, Plon, Paris, 1971 ... khich quan va tinh chu quan ciia thuc te xa hpi bang phucmg phap luan bien chiing Theo quan dilm nhu vay, cac ly thuylt gia phan tich mli lien hp gitta cac quan dilm khach quan va cac quan diem... thdi phan tich quan dilm khach quan vl clu tnic thi, tlie la mpt lo^it chuin muc song ciia thi cuong chl hanh vi cua nhttng muln sing (theo nghla cua Durkheim) va quan diem chu quan, tile la thj... tgi vdi theo huong ddng dai (Bourdieu, Gof&nan, Godbout vfi Sennet) Cach sip xep nfiy ciing cho phep chung tdi chiing minh dugc ring, theo hudng tich dai, cac nhfi xfi hdi hgc dgi dien cho cfic
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