IAP CHI KHOA HOC Khoa hgc Xa hpi, So (6/2017) tr 125-133 NGHEO BOI v d l VAN DE AN NINH Ll/OTNG THlTC TAI MOT SO HO NGHEO TREN D^A BAN HUYEN MAI SON, TINH SOfN LA Dao Thanh Hai, Nguyen Van Hong Tru&ng Bai hpc Tdy Bdc Tdm tdt: An ninh luang thuc cdp ho gia dinh la cum lie tuang doi m&i ddi v&i cdc nghiin cuu tgi khu vuc Tdy Bdc Theo tdi liiu cua FAO thi an ninh lucrng thuc cdp ho duac ddm bdo moi thdnh vien a mgi th&i diim CO quyen tiip cdn dd luang thuc de tri cudc sdng ndng dong, khoe mgnh Thuc ti cho thdy, hien cdc hg gia dinh thugc di^n ngheo id ddng bdo ddn lpc thiiu sd tgi huyin Mai San - linh San La m&i duac ddm bdo di suy tri cudc song chua ddp ung dugc tiiu chi khoe mgnh ndng ddng Tgi huyin Mai San vdo th&i diim gidp hgt cd t&i 20.2% long sd hg ngheo thieu dn dgc biit Id cdc xd viing cao co diiu kiin tu nhiin khdc nghiet Xdc djnh duac ngi^en nhdn ddi ngheo vd ihirc trgng an ninh luang thuc se giup cdc hg ngheo cua hiryin Mai San gidm ngheo bin virng vd ndng cao ca hgi tiep cdn vd su dung luang thtre Tir khda: An ninh iuang thyc, doi ngheo v&i an ninh luang Ihtrc Dat van de CS Viet Nam hifin nay, can eft vdo tinh hinh phat triln cua kinh tl xa hdi v i mftc thu nhip cua nhdn dan khai nifim ngheo ddi cd thl tdch khii nifm rifing bifit "Ngheo" Id tinh frang mft bfi phan ddn cu chi cfi dieu kifin thoi man mpt phin nhung nhu ciu tfii thilu co ban cua cupc sfing vd cd muc sfing thap hon mftc sfing trung binh cua cpng dong xet frfin mpi phuong difin "Ddi" Id tinh frang mpt bp phin din cu ngheo cd muc sdng dudi muc tfii thilu v i thu nhap khSng du dam bdo nhu cau va vat chat de fri cufic sflng [1] Van de an ninh luong thuc (ANLT) la npi dung trpng tim cua chinh sach nfing nghiep cua cdc qufic gia tten todn the gidi "Luong thuc" theo tft difin tieng Viet Id tu chi cdc logi nfing sin chua tinh bpt Theo nghTa tifing Anh, "food" cd nghia l i thftc an bao gdm cfta luong thpc vd thuc phdm cd gid tti dinh duong cho nguoi [2] Do vay, khii nifim an ninh luong thuc can dugc hifiu rpng Id an ninh ve luong thuc, thpc phdm ANLT dam bao, ben vftng v i an toan Id muc tifiu cfta tit ca cac quSc gia phit frifin trfin the gidi Khai nifm an ninh Iuong thuc dugc hieu Id phai dam bao thpc phim d cic khia cgnh sau: Thft nhit Ii sp dim bdo ndng cua tit cd cdc vifin frong x i hpi khong phan bift nguoi cfi thu nhap cao hay thu nhip thap; Thft hai: Dam bdo cho cac vifin dfi d mpi noi, tft viing gan dfi thi dfin vung sdu, vung xa tft thinh thi i^fin nong thdn diu tifip can du luang thuc thuc pham, mpi vien x i hfii mpi luc, du d luc co thu hoach hay giap hat deu co du luong thpc thuc phim cho mdt cupc sfing khde mgnh v i hifiu qua Mai Son Id mgt huyfin miln nui cua tuih San La, trung tim huyfin ly cich frung tim tmh 30 km vl phia Bac Mac du huyfn la trung tam frpng difim kinh te cua tinh nhung ty lfi hp ngheo cua huyen Mai Son cao (27,11%) die bifit Id tap tmng d cac xa vimg sau co dia Mnh hilm frd va dilu kien tu nhifin khic nghift vdi san xudt nflng nghiep Nghien cuu thuc trang an ninh Iuong thpc VOT cac hp ngheo - dfii tupng nhay cam nhdm danh gia thpc frang ngheo ddi vd an ninh luang Ngaynhanbai: 16/12/2016 Ngay nhan dang: 15/6/2017 Lien l^c: Dao Thanh Hai, e - mail: haitbu@gmail.com 125 tiiuc l i vifc lim het sftc cin thifit v i cap bich Kfit qud nghien cftu se gdp phin hoan thifn hon frong vific hogch dinh cbinh sich phat trien nfing thdn bfin vfing ciia dia phuong Muc tieu - doi tugng - phirong phap nghien cihi 2.L Muc tieu nghien ctru Mpc tifiu chung cfta dfi tai la xac dinh dugc nguyen nhin ngheo ddi v i hifin trang an ninh luang thuc quy mS cip hp gia dinh (HGD) dSi vcn cic hp ngheofrfindia bin huyfin Mai Sen D I dgt dugc mpc tifiu chung do, dfi tdi xac dinh muc tifiu cp thl nhu sau: - Thft nhit la dieu fra, xie dinh thpc frang ngheo ddi tgi difim nghien cftu - Thft hai: Xie dinh nguyfin nhdn cua ngheo doi cua cic HGD - Thft ba dinh gid dugc tifiu chi lifin quan dfin ANLT tai dia phuong dfi Ii tinh sin cfi cfta luong thpc, khd nang tiep can luong thpc, tinh fin dinh vd sd dung luong thpc 2.2 Dii tupmg -pham vi nghi&n cuu - Dfii tupng nghifin cftu: 30 hp ngheo/1 xa theo cdc thdnh phin ddn tpc (10% ddn tdc Kinh, 20% din tpc Mfing vd 70% din tgc Thii) - Phgm vi ngjuen cuu: xa: Mudng Chanh, Chifing Chung vd Chifing Mai - huyfin Mai Son - tmh Son La 2.3 Phuffng phdp nghien cuu 2.3.1 Chon diem nghien euu Dpa frfin CO sd thpc tfi tai dia phuong, de tai da chpn xd Idm diem nghien cuu dd Id: X i Chifing Mai, Chieng Chung vd Mudng Chanh vdi 15 thdn bdn dugc Iua chpn tien hanh nghien cftu 2.3.2 Phucmg phdp thu thdp so lieu - Thu thap dft lifu so cap: Phuang phdp PRA: Sft dung cdc cSng cp PRA sau diy dl thu thip cic thdng tin va sd lieu, nhdm thu thap thflng tin dieu tta tft cac ca nhan, hfl gia dinh ttong sin xuat nfing Iam nghifip d difim nghien cuu difiu fra phdng vin bang cfing cu la Bang hdi (phieu difiu fra) - Thu thap sd lifu thft cip: Kfi thda sS lieu cd sin vfi dieu kifn tu nhien, kinh tfi - x i hpi tu cac bao cao hang nim vfi phit friln kinh tl, xd hfii cua huyfin, cdc bao cao tfing kfit tft cac ban nginh dodn the vfi tinh hinh phit frifin, cic hoat dpng ndng nghifp, phi nflng nghifp Ket qua nghien cftu 3,1 Hi^n trang ddi ngheo vd nguyen nh&n ddi ngheo tai diim nghien cdru 3.1 L Hien trting doi ngheo Qua difiu tra cho thiy, ty If ddi ngheo tai dilm nghifin cftu cdn d mftc khd cao so vdi mat bing chung cua huyen Mai Son Cu the vl hien frgng ddi ngheo dugc thfi hifn d Bang dudi day: Bangi Hifn trang d6t ngheo tfli diem nghien cun xa T6ng so hp S6 ho ngheo Til?(%) So h$ can ngheo Chiing Mai 1202 453 37,69 177 14,7 Chiing Chung 1196 227 20,21 193 16,1 Muimg Chanh 927 226 24,38 104 11,2 Tiie(%) Nguon: Sd li^u diiu tra 2016 Bing cho tiiay frong xa tai difim nghifin cftu thi sfl hd ngheo nhilu nhit tgi xi Chifing Mai, chilm 37,69% Do dilu kifn dia hinh d ddy tuong doi phftc tgp cd nhifiu day nfti cao nfin khd canh tic nuong riy Nguon thu nhdp chinh cda ngudi ddn Id dua vdo cdy ci phfi, frong nim 2015 - 2016 dotiufintai nfin sin Iugng cd phfi sut giim nghifimfrpngkhiln cho sfl lugng hp ngheofrongxd nim 2016 tang dot bien Do dieu kifn dia hmh khfing phft hpp nfin difn tich canh tdc Ifta chi tap trung vdo mot sl bdn d duoi thi^ cd difiu kien thugn lgi la gin nguin nudc Mat khic, so dan cu tip trung ddng khien cho difn tich dit nflng nghifp/diu i ^ d i Id it nhit Mudng Chanh vi Chiing Chung li hai xa cd difiu kifn dia hmh tuong doi dong nhdt viy ti If hg ngheo cda hai xa Id gin gidng 3.1.2 Nguyen nhdn doi ngheo Theo difiu fra khdo sdt thuc tl 90 hp gia dinhfrongvung nghifin cuu nim 2016 cho thiy cd 10 nguyfin nhin dan dentinhfrangdoi ngheo cua cic hf gia duih De tii xie dinh dupe nguyen nhdn chinh dan dentinhfrgngngheo ddi chft ylu Nguyen nhdn chinh cp till dugc thl bifin d Bdng dudi day: Bang Nguyen nhan chinh dSn din doi nghio tgi diem nghien cftu STT NguySn nhan Tong so y kiin SihO Til?(%) ! Thieu v6n san Kuat 83 92,22 Thieu dat canh tic 59 65,56 Do yiu to tu nhien (thien tai, lu lut) 38 42,22 Trinh k^ thuat canh tac 20 22,22 Tam Iy chfr, y l^i 44 48,89 Ngudn: Tdng hgp so li^u diiu tra ndm 2016 Ddi ngheo nhieu nguyfin nhin giy nfin, cd ca chd quan vi khach quan Nhihig nguyfin nhin chu quan thupc ve ban thin nguoi Iao dpng, nguyfin nhin khdch quan thupc vfi dilu kifn tu nhifin vi nhftng yeu tl xd hpi tic dgng, nghifin ciiru cp the tftng khia canh nhu sau: - Ve vdn sdn xudt: Vin li nhdn to quan trpng phpc vp cho sdn xuat, kinh doanh Tuy nhifin, frinh ttgng thilu vin ttong cdc hfi ngheo rit cao chilm 92,22% Hifn 100% cic hd nghfio tai diem nghien cftu dugc vay vfin tft Ngin hdng Chinh sich xi hfii huyfn Mai Son, 127 mfii mdn vay cd tri gii tft 10 hieu din 30 trifiu vdi mftc lai suit trung binh 0,5%/tiiing tftng thoi dilm C i phfi l i mfit Ioai ciy co gii tii kinh t l cao hon bin so vdi cic loai nfing sin khic nhifin dl ciy dat ning suit hieu qui cao tbi chi phi diu tu ldn Vdi difn tich ba trung binh phdi dau tu khoang 40 frifiu bao gom chi phi thufie bdo vfi thpc vit, phdn NPK, phan chuong Hifin voi so vfln chinh sdch cdc HGD thufie difn ngheo dupe vay khfing dft dl tdi diu tu sdn xuit Cac hp ngheo thudng gidi quyet vin de thifiu vSn sin xuit bang cich mua chiu vdt tu nSng nghifp tft cdc cfta hing voi lai xuit 1,5 - 2%/thing v i din thu hogch qud ca phe bin di vd frang frdi sS ng frfin Nhu vdy, s l lii hp phai fri ttong nim cho vgt tu ndng nghifip li khoing 20%, nhifiu hp din sau bin ca phe trd chi phi sinh hogt, trft lai tlu hp khdng cdn tiln du trft frong gia dmh vp ca phfi kit thuc Sd hp sft dpng hinh thftc niy dl tii diu tu sdn xuit chilm 10% Mpt hinh thftc khac de co dft nguin vSn sin suit cflng nhu chi cho sinh boat phi hang thing nhu nfip tifin hpc cho con, I m dau, tiiuoc men dd Id cac hfi ban c i phfi non Diy Ii hinh thftc m i cdc hp thudng hay su dpng (cd 29 hp tham gia phfing vin sft dpng hinh thftc niy) Hit vp thu hoach cd phe ddng ngbia vfii vific s l tien m i hp cfi khfing co dft dl frang frii cho vifc mua Iuong thue, hp thudng bin c i phfi non cho cic Ihuong lii vdi gii thuong Iii quy dinh va gid thudng rit thip Ngudi ngheo tifip tuc roi vdo vdng Iuan quin doi ngheo, thu nhip bdp benh, tich luy kem nfin khd chfii^ dd vdi mpi bifin cd xiy - vi ddt canh tde: Do difiu kifn tu nhifin chft ylu Id dfli mii nfin difn tich canh tdc rit hgn chl Chi cd khoang tren 50% s l hfi cd difin tich canh tic fren 5000 m^, thim chi cd hfl chi CO dudi 2000 m^ hodc khflng cd dit canh tic Ngudi din chua chiu kho tan dpng de thdm canh ting ning sudt cay trflng nfin tinh frgng thieu ddi, mdt an ninh Iuong thuc van xdy fren dia bdn huyfn Cd tdi 59 hp chiem 65% tflng sfl hS difiu fra cho ring thilu dit canh tic la mpt frong nhftng nguyen nhan cua nghfio ddi Vdi lupng difn ti'ch ddt sdn xuat binh quan/nguoi tai dilm nghifin cftu chi dgt 0,08 - 0,15 ha/ngu6i thi hifn sdn phim ldm khSng dft chi phi dfi hg frang frdi cuflc song hdng ngdy - Yiu to tu nhien: Voi phuong thftc canh tic sin xuat cdn lac hau 100% cac hfi dan sdn xuit Ca phfi, lua nuong, Iua nudc, ngd san dfiu php thupc vio nhien l i chu yeu Cp thfi thdi diem tdc gid tien hdnh khdo sdt vdo thang nam 2016 tai xd Chieng Chung, Mudng Chanh frong mdt vu mua, tgi cac vi tri gin ngufin nudc va xa ngufln nudc thdi diem gieo mg - cay liia cua ngudi din d frong xa each din thing Khi cic hp dan d duoi thap gan ngufln nudc ciy Ilia tft thing nhung cic hd din d frfin cao Igi din thing mdi cd thl ciy liia dupe Vu ci phfi nam 2016, tgi dia phuang gap phii thdi tilt bdng gii khiln cho cic np hoa cua Ida hoa diu tifin bi hdng, den thing mdi bit diu cd nhung hat mua diu tifin vao thdi difim niy chi cdn lai mdt sfi it hoa mugn nfin ti lfi diu qud rat thip vd ttong nifin vp cd phfi nam 2016 hau nhu cic hg gia dinh cbi thu dugc san lupng bang 10 - 20% san lugng ca phfi so vdi cdc nam khac - Trinh ky thudt canh tdc: Mac du fren 72% sS hp ngheo dugc phdng van bifit chft, nhifin hg lgi it cd co hpi kilm dupc vific lim thfim tfit nen mftc thu nhgp hifin tgi rat thdp Ciing frinh dp dan tti khfing cao nen da inh huong den cdc vin dfi giio dpc, sinh dfi, nufii dudng cii sau Vifc tiep can voi thfing tin vfi khoa hpc cfing nghf, dich vp sin xuat v i tifip thu cic chu truong chinh sdch cfta N h i nudc cd phin han chfi 128 - 7am ly chd, y lgi: Mfit bp phgn hf ngheo dugc phdng van cd tu tuoo^ trdng chd, i lai vdo su hd frg cda Nhi nudc, thd khfi chft khdng cMu khd Iam in dfi kifim kl sinh nhai vi thodt ngheo Tu tudng mfit bp phin ngudi din mudn dugc vdo frong danh sich hp nghfio Thpcfrgngniy di Idm triettifiudfing Ipc sin xuit froi^ mpt bp phin nguoi din 3.2 Hi$n trcing an ninh luffng thuc v&i cdc hp ngheo tai diim nghiin curu Theo FAO thi an ninh luang thpc edp hf dugc ddm bio mpi thinh vien d mgi thdi diem cd quyfin tilp can du Iuong thpc de duyfricupc sflng ning dpng vi khde mgnh An ninh luong thpc cip hd dpafrfincic tifiu chi bao gdm tinh sin cd vfi luong thpc,tinhIn dinh Iuong thuc, kha ning tilp cgn Iuong thpc va tifiu dung Iuong thpc Bdi bio tifin bdnh nghifin cftu ddnh gid theo 4tifiuchi tten 3.2 L Tinh sdn co vi luang thuc Bang San lirong linmg thac quy tiln/ngirdi cua cac hd ngheo Dan vj: kg thdc Xa SJn Binh quan thoc/nam 23,22 12,4 118,22 80,39 18,22 9,28 106,71 67,23 20,2 23,16 93,32 63,46 L6a Ngo Muong Chanh 82,6 Chieng Chung 79,21 Chieng Mai 49.96 Binh quSn gao/nSm Ngudn: So liiu dieu tra ndm 2016 Ket qud nghien cftu cho thay tit cd cic xi tai difim nghifin cftu diu sdn suit li tiioc dl phuc vp cuflc sflng gia dinh vd dfiu datfrfin93 kg thdc/ngudi/nim Khflng cd hp gia dmh nio tgi difim nghien cftu hodn toan php thudc vio vific mua luong thpc Vdi Iugngtifiuthp ggo tnmg binh li 70,36 kg/ngudi/nim so voi mftc tifiu thp ggo trung binh cfta ngudi Vift Nam Ii 166 kg/nguoi/nim thi tai diem nghifin cuu chi so sdn co ciia luong thuc mdi chi dapftngdupc 50% Hifn tai,tiiucin chu yen cua ngudi dan chi cd ggo la ngudn cung cip ning Iuong chinh, viec bl simg them thftc an cung cap chit dgm, chit beo rdt it Trung binh mpt ngudi ddn tieu thp gao/thang dat 5,86 kg So vdi so dfi kim thap dinh dudng cua Vift Nam thi lupng tieu thp ggo trung binh/1 thing cho nguoi binh thuong la 12 kg/ngudi/thdng Nhu vgy tai dilm dilu fra thi cdc hf ngheo tai huyen Mai Son mdi chi dip ung dft lugng ggo gin 50% so vdi tieu chuan Ket qui dieu tm cho thiy hifin so thing phai sft dung Iuong thpc tft nguon thu khdc Id thing Thoi diem thifiu luong thpc thudng bit diu tft thing dfin thdng Nhu vgy tinh sin cd vfi Iuong thpc tai cic hp difiu fra mdi chi dip ftng dugc 50% so voi nhu ciu thpc tl ^i dim bio dugc so luong thpc sd dpng thuc tfi thi ngudi dan phii sft dung cic ngufin thu khac nhu Idm thue, bdn ngS, sin v.v 3.3.2 Tinh tiep can luang thuc - thuc phdm eua cdc ho ngheo Tinh tiep c|n Iuong thuc thuc phim dugc xem xet qua hai khia cgnh: Theo phgm vi dia ly, theo khd ndng tgo thu nhip 129 - Tifip can theo pham vi dia ly: Theo cdch tilp can niy thi khd ning tiep can Iuong thuc - thpc phim dupc the hifn qua khoing cdch tft noi d cfta cic hp gia fflnh din noi frao doi mua bin Iuong thpc thpc pham Tai xa Chifing Chung va Mudng Chanh thuong cd cic phien chg vdo ngdy thft vd chft nhdt hing tuin Chg thudng dgt d vi tri gin trung tdm cic xd Chieng Chung v i Mudng Chanh Do lugng mua, bin tgi cic vung x i khdng nhieu Sftc mua ban ldn chi tip trung vao thdi diem sau vp thu hogch ngd, c i phfi Khoing cich tnmg binh tft nhi dfin chg cfta cac hp Ii 3,03 km Trong co xa Mudng Chanh vdi tong s l bdn Id 19 bdn thi khoing cich gifta cic bin den chg l i ngin nhit trung binh 0,96 km Do difiu kifin nhien gin vi fri CO ngudn nudc tuong dfli bang phdng nfin cic bin chft ylu tgp trung d trung tim xa Xa Chifing Mai Id xa cd khoing cich trung bmh tdi chg la ldn nhit 4,63 km Trong dd hai bdn cd khoing cich tdi chg xa nhdt Id bdn ngudi Mflng song tdch bift d frfin cao vdi khodng cich tdi trung tim xa Ii 15 km, dudng x i di Iai khd khin chua dugc bfi tfing hda thdm chi sau moi tign mua khfing thl di chuyen dugc tft bdn xufing tnmg tim xa Mic dft x i Chifing Mai nim qufic 16 4G nhung din cu phin bfi rdi rdc nen cd mpt sfi bin phdi di chuyfin khodng cich k h i xa mdi din dugc chg nhu bin N i Dfic, khoing cich tdi chg Ii km Nhu vdy, tat cd cdc bdn dfin trung tim xa cftng nhu chg - noi tap tnmg bufin bin ciia x i tuong dli thudn Igi Dgc bift l i xa Chifing Mai cfi cfta hing budn bdn Iuong thpc fren dia ban x i nfin mic dft khoang each cua cac ban cd xa tnmg tam chg nhung vifc mua sdm rat thu|in tifn - Tilp cin Iuong thuc theo khd ning tgo thu nhip: Tilp can theo ning tgo thu nhap dugc the hifin ttong cic boat dpng san xuit cfta nginh ttong frpt, chan nufii, ldm thue va cac ngufin khac cfta cdc hfi gia dinh D l i vdi thu nhip frfing ttpt, cic logi Ida, ngS, sin trpc tifip tao Iuong thpc hogc dupc mang frao dfii Iiy luong thpc Tgi x i thu nhip tft frSng frpt ngufin thu chft yen Id tu vifc ban qud cd phfi tuoi Ddy Id loai ciy cSng nghifip tuong dfii fin dinh dugc dua vao fring tgi dia phuong tft nhftng ndm 90 nhifin cd phfi mdi chi dugc dua vdo frong tgi xd Chifing Chung, Muong Chanh frong khoing 10 nam gin ddy Day la boat dpng tgo thu nhdp die trung cua viing nghien cuu HoEit ddng tao thu nhgp tft chdn nudi rdt manh mun nhd le vd thilu sp dong diu gifta cdc hp ngheo Ngoii thu nhip bdng tiln tft hoat ddng di lam thue chft yfiu la Iam cfi thufi (gid cfing Id 120.000 d/ngiy), hii qui vdo vu cd phfi tai phi va cac khu vuc ldn can vdi gia 1.800 din 2.500 d/lkg qua cd phfi), phun thuSc trft sdu (300.000 d/cfing) Tuy nhien de di Iam dugc cic cfing vifc niy cic hfi thudng phdi di dfin cac x i khic nhu Chifing Ban, Bdn Nam, Dpi (tbanh phd Son La) de Idm viec Trft chi phi i n d, di lgi moi vp ngudi dan cfi thu nhip tft trieu din 10 trifu/1 hp/l nam Tuy nhifin nifin vp cd phe 2016 bi mat miia nfin thu nhdp tu vific lim dich vp giam chi bdng 30% so vdi cac nam trudc 3.3.3 Sudung luang thuc thirc phdm Theo td chftc Y tfi the gidi WHO, ning Iugng tifiu thp cfta ngudi dugc tinh bing sfi calo cdn cd frong khiu phin an Dfii vdi ngudi lao dpng ning cin tft 3.500 - 5.000 kcal/ngdy, ngudi lao ddng trung binh cin tu 3.000 - 3.500 kcal/ngdy vd ngudi lao dflng nhe cin 2.500 - 3.000 kcal/ngiy Tuy nhifin, nhu ciu ning Iugng ndy thay dfli tfty theo gioi tinh, Ifta tufli, dieu kifin hau Theo thip dinh dudng dinh cho nguoi trudng d Vift nam thi mgt tuin mdi ngudi trudng thinh can dam bdo cdc phin sau ttong bfta in: Mufli, duong, 130 diu in (md), thit (cic Ioai), ci (cic logi), qud chin, rau vd Iuong thpc Voi die dilm difiu kifn tu nhien nghifin cftu tiln hanh chia thpc phim nhdm Ii: Nhdm cd ngufin goc dgng vit vi nhdm cd nguon goc thpc vdt Ket qui difiu tta cho thay 100% cic hg dugc phfing vin khSng in frii cdy vd cic loai rau qui hing ngiy Ngoii luong thpc thi rau xanh chinh Id thftc an hing ngiy cfta hp chiem 94,44% Cd hd gia dinh cho bifit hp chi sft dpng rau xanh tu - linfrongtuin Sl hfi giafflnhndy chu yfiu Id cac hp ngudi Mflng song dfrfincao nfin vifc fring rau cfta bfi gip khd khdn dgc bift li miia khfi, thilu nguin nudc sinh hoat ciing nhu ngufin nudc tudi cho rau Trong 90 hd dugc phdng van cho bilt cd tdi 50% sfl hp tiiudng xuyfin vdorimgliy cac Ioai rau rftng vfi dl sft dpng nhu mdng, rau don, rau tim bdp v.v hp d xa nguon nudc khflng dd nudc dlfrdng.Vific cung thfim cac logi Vitamin, chit so tft trai ciy hiu nhu dupc sft dung rit it d tit ci cic hg Chu ylu cdc Ioai qua dugc liy tft rftng hogc tft cdyfrongfrongvudn hfl gia dlnh nhu oi, nhin, xoii, mic cpp, tio, theo mda Tit ci cic hd tham gia phdng vin cho bilt hp chi sd dpng cic logi qud cd sdn tgi gia dlnh vi sfl tiln hp lam khflng dd dfi mua tft ben ngodi ve dl sft dpng Ti If sft dung cac logi qui nhu ca chua, dua chupt ciing khflng phd bifin hang ngiy, chu ylu tuan hp sft dpng tft din lin hp khSng tufrongdugc cdc logi qud ndy md phii di mua Die bifit cac bin d viing cao cd tdi 24 hp chiem 26,67% khflng sft dung cic logi qui nay, vifc mua bin cung khdng thuin tifn Nhu vgy vifc su dung thuc phim cd ngudn gflc thuc vat d cdc hd dang xay ratinhfrgngmit cin ddi gifta cic logi rau xanh, frai cdy Kit qud phan tich chi rdng vifc sft dpng cic dS in cd nguon gflc dpng vgt da so sd dung voi tuin xuat - lin/1 tuin Logi tWt ngudi dan hay sft dpng li tlut Ion dugc mua tft cic phifin chg (xi Chifing Chung, Mudng Chanh) hodc dugc mua tft ngudi bin rong tai bin Cic xd viing cao hifim cd ngufln nudc ao hfl nfin nguoi dan it dupc tiep can sft dung thuc phim cd ngufln goc dfng vit nhu tdm, cua, ci, cd 64,44 sfl hfi ngheo khdng sd dpng thuy san frong tuin, I;^ hp khdng sft dpng li khflng cd sdn tai gia dinh Vifc sft dung tning ttong gia dinh eiing rat ban che, cdc hd thudng mua trdng vit tu ngudi bdn rong hodc cdc hfi nudi gia cam co sdn ngufin sft dung 3.3.4 Tinh 6n dinh cua luang th\rc - thuc phdm Tgi huyfn Mai Son tinh hinh luong thpc, thpc pham chung cda toin huyfn tuong ddi on dinh, nhifin dfli vdi cdc hfl ngheo tai xa Chifing Mai, Chieng Chung vd Muong Chanh thi tinh In dinh luong thuc chua dugc dim bao thl hifn d cac khia cgnh sau: Thft nhit Id sftc ^p ve dan so Trong nhftng nim gin diy, tai dia phuang mac dd chinh quyfin da sft dung nhieu bifn phdp dfi giam ti If sinh de nhung toe dp tang dan so thi nhanh ma tic dfi ting sin lupng lua gao Iai giim Tgi dilm nghien cuu ty If ting ddn sl nhifin d mftc 1,86% Tong ty suit sinh la 2,87 con, t^ If tdng contiift3 biln d^ bift Id xa Chiing Mai Difin tich dat nSng nghifip/dau ngudi qua the he dang bi thu hep nhanh chong khiln chotinhfindinh cua Iuong thpc thuc phim dang bi de dga nghiem ttpng Thft hai li inh hudng cfta ylu tfi biln dli hiu Thdi gian gin diyfrfindia bin huyfin Mai Son da phii gdnh chiu cdc logi thifin tai nhu Iu Ipt hgn ban, dac bift Ii hifn tugng suong muGi khifin cho cic loai ciy trfing liu nam bi thift hgi nghifim frpng Trong nam 2015 - 2016 vfta qua phii hftng chiu dgt lanh nhatfrongIich sft vdo thing - ndm 2016 131 vdtinhttgnghgn ban vdo thing 3-4 khifin cho sdn lugng cd phfi cung nhu cac logi nfing sdn khdc roi vao tinh ttgng mit miia nghifim frpng Die bift Ii tai xa Chiing Chung va Chiing Mai, bien dli hdu da Iim cho sdn Iupng cdc Ioai ciy fring tai diy giim di 60% so voi cic ndm trudc gay inh huong den nguontiiunhip cfta ngudi din Thft ba Ii sftc ep vfi Iao dgng vi vifc lim Tgi fflim nghifin cuu thi 100% cac hf ngheo sinh sSng d khu vpc nSng thfin Vdi moi hg gia dinh cd tft - ngudi dd tufii Iao dpng thi diy li noi cung cip ve nguSn Iao dfng rat Idn Sin xuit tai hp giafflnhchft ylu tip trung vao miia thu hogch ci phfi, Ida, ngfi Doi vdi xi Chifing Mai cd mgt dd din cu cao nhit frong xdtifinhinh nghifin cftu tlu so Iao ddng thilu vifc lim t^ xi dgc bift Id cac hp ngheo ciing chiem t>' If khd cao Kfit qui dilu fra cho thiy cdttfin48% so ngudi ttong dp tuli Iao dfng thilu vific lim vdo thdifflImtft thing din thing hing nam Kit luan T^ If hp ngheo giim tft 30,61% (nam 2010) xuflng cdn 27,11% (nam 2016) Tuy nhifin, ty Ifi hp ngheo khflng ddng dfiu gifta cdc xattonghuyfn Trong dd xd tgi diem nghien cftu cfi ti If hp nghfio rit cao die bift Id xd Chieng Mm frfin 30% sfi din ttong xa thupc difn hf nghfio Cd nhifiu nguyfin nhin ngheo vd muc dp anh huong cua cdc nguyen nhan li khic Thpc tfi nghien ciin cic hS ngheo cho thiy cd nguyfin nhin chu ylu giy doi ngheo Ii: Thifiu dit canh tdc, thieu vfln sin xudt, tam lyttflngchd i lgi, thifiu k^ thugt canh tdc vd yeu to tu nhifin Vl an ninh luong thpc vdi cdc hd ngheofrfindia ban huyfn Mai Son g ^ rit nhilu khd khdn cp the nhu sau: - Tinh sdn cd cfta luong thpc hifin nayfrendia bdn xd thupc difim nghifin cftu mdi chi dipftngdugc 50% so voi tifiu chuin chung cda Viet Nam vifrfinthl gidi - Tinhtiepcan Iuong thuc - thuc phim cfta cic hd ngheo: Theo pham vi dia Iy thl nguon tiep cgn tuong dfli de dang Trong cd cac ban ngudi Mdng thuflc xi Chieng Chung cdn gap nhieu khd khdn khoing each tft nhd toi chg het gid ddng hflfflxe may cho quang dudng 15 km Tiep can theo kha ndng tao thu nhip vfi co bin vifc frong ca phfi mang lai thu nhgp dam bdo dfi mua luong thpc Din mfta gidp hat hp thudng bi thilu ddi vi giii quylttinhtrang thifiu luong thpc bing cich di vay hodc mua ng luong thpc vdi lai suit 1,5 - 2%, hodc bin cd phfi non cho thuong lai - Ve sft dpng luong thpc thuc phim: Hifin vl co bin vifc sft dpng thpc phim cfta ngudi ddn mdi chi dip ftng dugc nhu ciu tli thilu boifrongbua com hing ngiy thi thftc an chft ylu Id gao nfip (dSi voi dan tpc Mdng, Thai) vi ggo te (dli vdi dan tpc Kinh) kit hpp vdi rau (ming) vd diu php li chft yfiu Vifc sft dpng cic thpc phim cd nguin gic tft ddng vat cfin rat nhieu han chfi - Tinh on dinh lucmg thpc thuc phim cfta dilm nghifin cftu rat dang bao dpng bfii ^ lpc cua sp phdt triln dan sl khiln cho difn tich dit/ngudi qua cic till hf sut giira nghifim ttpng Ngoii inh hudng cda biln dfii hiu san xuit nfing nghiep thuong xuyfin bi mit miia, Iao dpng du thfta khiln cho tmhfindinh cua luongtiipckhfing dam bdo 132 TAI LEEU THAM KHAO [1] Nguyln Vft Phuc (2013) Khdi nifm ve ddi nghfio Truy cgp tgi: http://voer.edu.vn Ngiy truy cgp: 06/08/2013 [2] Vifin nghifin cftu Quin Lf Kinh T I Trung uong (2010) Dim bio an ninh luong thpc ttfin thfi gidi vd d Vift Nam POVERTY AND F O O D SECURITY ISSUES IN SOME P O O R HOUSEHOLDS IN MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE Dao Thanh Hai, Nguyen Van Hong Tay Bac University Abstract: Food security al household level is a relatively new term for research in the Northwest area According lo FAO, the household - level food security is assured when all members at all times have access lo sufficient food to sustain an active and healthy life Infact, most poor households in Mai Son district - Son La province are of ethnic minority Their life is just under medium living condition, and far from meeting the criteria for a healthy and dynamic life In Mai Son district, during the intervals between harvests, there is up to 20.2% of the total number of the households suffering from famine, especially in some remote communes Identifying the causes of poverty will be of great help to poor households Mai Son district for sustainable poverty reduction Keywords: Food security, poverty andfood security 133 ... (2010) Dim bio an ninh luong thpc ttfin thfi gidi vd d Vift Nam POVERTY AND F O O D SECURITY ISSUES IN SOME P O O R HOUSEHOLDS IN MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE Dao Thanh Hai, Nguyen Van Hong Tay... cua huyen Mai Son Cu the vl hien frgng ddi ngheo dugc thfi hifn d Bang dudi day: Bangi Hifn trang d6t ngheo tfli diem nghien cun xa T6ng so hp S6 ho ngheo Til?(%) So h$ can ngheo Chiing Mai 1202... dudi 2000 m^ hodc khflng cd dit canh tic Ngudi din chua chiu kho tan dpng de thdm canh ting ning sudt cay trflng nfin tinh frgng thieu ddi, mdt an ninh Iuong thuc van xdy fren dia bdn huyfn Cd tdi