Tuổi kết hôn ở việt nam và các yếu tố tác động

N g h i e n ciiu Gia d i n h va Gidi So - Tudi ket hon A Viet Nam va cac yeu to tac dong Nguyen Hull Minh Vien Gia dinin va Gidi Tom t a t : Diia tren ket qua mot so'nghien ciiu thUc nghiem, bai viet tim hieu mot so' dae diem ciia khuon mau tuoi ket hon lan d i u ci Viet Nam, moi quan he cua no vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa, vai tro ciia nha nU6c va tac dong ciia chie'n tranh Bai vie't chi rang qua trinh hien dai hoa va chie'n tranh la nhan to' quyet dinh lam tuoi ke't hon tang dang ke may thap ky qua Tac gia du bao kha nang tuoi ke't hon ciia nam nQ d Viet Nam se tie'p tuc tang mac du d nhip cham hdn Bai vie't cung chi mot so'trd ngai viec kiem chting cac gia thuye't xung quanh cac yeu to' tac dgng de'n khuon mau tuoi ke't hon trpng cac nghien cilu cho de'n ve van de Txi k h o a : Hon nhan; Gia dinh; Tuoi ke't hon I Mot SO each tiep can nghien ciiru tuoi ket hon C5 hau het cac nudc chau A dang diSn qua trinh bie'n doi tir md hinh hdn nhan truySn thdng sang md hinh hdn nhan hien dai Dae trung chu ye'u cua qua trinh la tuoi ke't hdn tang len, ti le nhung ngudi sd'ng ddc than cao, cac ca nhan cd quyen tu ldn han viec quye't dinh hdn nhan ciia minh (Xenos va Gultiano, 1992; Chengung va dong tac gia, 1985) Nhieu nha nghien ciiu da cd gang tim kiem cac yeu td lam thay ddi Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn Ly thuye't hien dai hda ciia Goode (1963) nhan manh tac ddng cua cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda Trong sd cac ye'u td hien dai hda, quan nha't la su gia tang cac eg hgi giao due, thay ddi CO ca'u viec lam va dd thi hda Goode du bao rang, tac ddng ciia cac ye'u td nay, cac xa hdi dang hien dai hda, viec ke't hdn cua cac ca nhan se cang it le thudc han vao gia dinh, nien cd quyen tu chii ldn han va phu nir cang cd vi the xa hoi cao han Ke't qua la, tren pham vi toan xa hdi se cd xu hudng ke't hdn mudn hon cap ca nhan, Iy thuye't cua Goode din de'n gia thuye't thuc nghiem la nhiing ca nhan cd vi the xa hdi cao (hge van cao, lam viec cac nganh nghe hien dai, ) thudng ke't hdn mudn hon nhung ca nhan cd vi the xa hdi tha'p Tuong tu, nhirng ngudi sinh va ldn len d cac vung dd thi thudng ke't hdn mudn han nhirng ngudi sinh va ldn len d ndng thdn Trong sd cac ye'u td hien dai hoa, giao due dugc coi la ye'u td quan trgng nha't Mac dii cac nhan to hien dai hoa dugc thiia nhan la ap luc chu yeu gay nen sir bie'n doi khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn, tac ddng cua cac nhan td d cac nudc la khdng gidng Cd nhiing khae biet nha't dinh giii'a cac nudc chau A ve khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn, cho dii cac nudc dd cd cung trinh phat trien kinh te Ddng thdi cung cd nhirng ye'u to quan trgng khae da tac ddng de'n khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn d mdi nudc, nhu yeu to vimg d Thai Lan, ye'u td dan tdc d Malaysia, su can thiep cua nha nudc vao van dfe gia dinh d Trung Qud'c Tinh de'n nhiing thuc te dd, Dixon (1971) da de xua't mdt lugc xa hgi hge nha'n manh tam quan trgng ciia ba bie'n sd dilu chinh su tac dgng cua ca'u tnic xa hgi de'n cac khudn mlu hdn nhan Cac bie'n so dd la: kiid ndng co lite ciia iion nhdn (availability of marriage), tinh klid thi ciia lion nhdn (feasibility of marriage) va su mong mudn hon nhdn (desirabihty of marriage) Theo Dixon, khd ndng co the ciia hon nlidn dugc quye't dinh chii ye'u bdi su can dd'i ve tuoi va gidi tinh cua nhiing ngudi tuoi ke't hdn va cd the ke't hdn, cung nhu bdi tinh cha't cugc hdn nhan la dugc sip xep hay tu nguyen Tinh klid tiii ciia hon nhdn lien quan chu ye'u de'n nhiing di6u kien can thiet de cap vg chdng mdi cd the dn dinh cugc sd'ng gia dinh, chang hah nhu da't dai va thu nhap Hdn nhan se xua't hien sdm hon cac gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh te thuan Igi hon de hd trg cho cac cap vg chdng mdi tao lap cugc sd'ng rieng Nhu vay, d nhiing noi ma gia dinh md rdng la phd bie'n, mgi ngudi cd xu hudng ke't hdn sdm hon bdi vi mdi trudng dd su trg giiip kinh te cho cac gia dinh tre la d6 dang han Mong mudn hon nhdn bi quye't dinh chu ye'u bdi cac ap luc xa hdi cung nhu dgng ca ca nhan ke't hdn Ap luc xa hoi cd the la nhiing lgi ich ca nhan nhan Nguygn HQu Minh dugc tir hdn nhan nhu trl ddng gid'ng, trg giiip kinh te khd khan, ddi sd'ng tinh cam ciing nhu nhiing ma't mat ma ca nhan phai chiu ne'u hg di ngugc lai vdi chuan muc, chang han nhu tinh trang sd'ng cd don, chiu dung nhiJng ldi dam tieu Diem manh each tie'p can ciia Dixon la su nha'n manh de'n tac ddng ciia cac thie't che xa hdi nhu he thdng gia dinh va cac chuan muc hdn nhan, ciing nhu cac yeu td khae cd the anh hudng de'n su can dd'i cua ti suat tudi - gidi tinh Cac ye'u td khdng nha't thie't bie'n ddi cimg nhip vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa Chang han, ye'u td chie'n tranh cd the lam thay ddi su tac ddng cua cac yeu to hien dai hoa de'n khudn mlu tudi ke't hdn thdng qua viec thay ddi ti suat tudi - gidi tinh va lam giam nhe ap luc ciia chuan muc truyfen thd'ng dd'i vdi hdn nhan Ye'u to nha nudc, thdng qua luat phap cQng nhu cac chinh sach kinh texa hdi cu the cd the tac ddng de'n tudi ke't hdn bing viec thay ddi su mong mudn hdn nhan, tinh khd thi ciia hdn nhan, va khd ndng co the cua hdn nhan (mugn thuat ngir cua Dixon, 1971) dd'i vdi mgi ngudi, dae biet la nhirng ngudi lam viec cho nha nudc Mdt so nghien cuu d Trung Qud'c cho tha'y cac cdng chiic nha nudc thudng chiu nhieu ap luc ciia chinh sach nha nudc ve cdng tac dan sd va ke hoach hda gia dinh han nhiJng ngudi khae VI hg phu thudc nhieu vao cac td chiic nha nudc viec cap nha, di hoc cho cai, de bat, v.v (Whyte va Parish, 1984; Liao, 1989) Tuy nhien anh hudng cua vi the lam viec khu vuc nha nudc hay khdng lam viec khu vuc nha nudc de'n tudi ke't hdn cung khdng hoan toan dan gian nhu vay Lam viec khu vuc nha nudc cd the cd kha nang tao cac ngudn luc nhieu han de dap iing yeu cau ciia hdn nhan Trong trudng hcfp dd, ne'u cha me lam viec cho nha nudc thi cai cd nhieu kha nang ke't hdn sdm han vi hg cd the dua nhieu han vao gia dinh Dua trdn ke't qua mdt so cugc nghien^ciiu thuc nghiem gan day, bai vie't trinh bay mdt so dae diem cua khudn mlu tudi ke't hdn lan dau d Viet Nam, md'i quan he cua nd vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa, vai trd ciia nha nudc va tac ddng ciia chie'n tranh II Khuon mau tuoi ket hon va xu hirdng Ty le ke't hdn d nhdm tudi 45-49 the hien miic phd bie'n ciia hdn nhan lien quan de'n tai san xua't dan so Nam 1989 ty le la 98,5% dd'i vdi nam va 96,5% dd'i vdi nQ (Nguyin Hiru Minh, 2000a) Theo sd lieu Tdng dilu tra dan sd nam 1999 thi cd 98,8% nam va 94,2% nQ tudi 45-49 da timg ke't hdn (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2001) Ke't qua Tdng dieu tra dan sd nam 2009 chi ring cd 97,9% nam gidi va 94,4% nQ gidi d tudi 45-49 da timg ket hdn (Ban chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d trung uang Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 (TDTDSTU), 2010: 48) Miic dn djnh ciia ty le ke't hdn d nhdm tudi 4549 qua 20 nam qua khang dinh rang hdn nhan d Viet Nam la phd bien Mdt dilu khae dang quan tam la tudi ke't hdn ddi vdi nam va nQ d tudi vi nien Dd'i vdi nam gidi, d tudi 15-19 cd 2,2% da tiing ket hdn va vdi nu gidi la 8,5% Cd 1,2% nu d tudi 15 da timg ket hdn, 2,6% d tudi 16 va 5,6% d tudi 17 Nhu vay, mdt bd phan khdng nhd nien Viet Nam ke't hdn dudi tudi luat dinh, tiic la 18 vdi nQ va 20 vdi nam (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010: 51) Nhin chung nQ cd xu hudng ke't hdn sdm hon nam Tudi ke't hdn trung binh lln diu (SMAM)' d Viet Nam la 24,4 dd'i vdi nam va 23,2 dd'i vdi nu theo Tdng dieu tra dan so nam 1989 So lieu tuong iing nam 1999 la 25,4 dd'i vdi nam va 22,8 dd'i vdi nQ va nam 2009 la 26,2 vdi nam va 22,8 vdi nQ (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010: 48) Nhu vay cd the nhan thay tudi ket hdn trung binh lan diu ciia nam gidi cd xu hudng tang len vdng 20 nam qua, nhien tudi ket hdn ciia nQ lai cd xu hudng giam nhe So sanh vdi cac nudc 'viing cd the tha'y ring, dan so nam d Viet Nam cd xu hudng ket hdn sdm hon so vdi cac nudc khae d Ddng Nam A Cac chi sd vl thdi diem ket hdn ciia dan sd nam d Viet Nam nhu tudi trung binh ket hdn lln diu va ti le nam gidi cdn ddc than d tudi 15-19 d mdt miic nao dd la thap han cac chi bao ciing loai d hiu het cac nudc Ddng Nam A, va ti le da tiing ket hdn la cao nhat vung Trong dd tudi trung binh ket hdn lan dau ciia dan sd nQ Viet Nam va ti le phu nQ chua tQng ke't hdn d tudi 15-19 la xep thii ba so cac nudc Ddng Nam A, sau Malaysia va Singapore (Nguyin Hiru Minh, 2000a) Xu hudng qua tQ khudn mlu tudi kit hdn sdm sang tudi ket hdn mudn han d Viet Nam da dugc khang dinh d cac nghien cuu, chang han tu ket qua Tdng dieu tra dan sd 1999, 2009; Dilu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam (DTGDVN) 2006 hoac so lieu d dieu tra chgn mlu (Tdng cue thd'ng ke, 2001; Le Nggc Van, 2006; Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007; Bg Van hda The thao va Du lich va co quan khae, 2008; Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010) III Cac yeu to tac dong 3.1 Cac yeu to' hien dai hoa Su nang cao trinh giao due, tang cudng dd thi hoa va md rdng cac CO hdi lam viec khu vuc phi ndng nghiep thirc su thiic day manh me qua trinh chuyen khudn mlu tudi ket hdn d Viet Nam tQ truyen thd'ng sang hien dai Nguyen Hflu Minh Ddng vai trd ndi bat viec lam bien ddi he thd'ng gia tri vl hdn nhan va gia dinh d Viet Nam trudc het la su phat trien cua he thd'ng giao due Trinh hoc van cua dan cu, dae biet la cua phu nQ, da tang len dang ke may thap nien qua (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2000: 69) Trinh hge van tang len da tao thuan lgi cho viec truyen ba nhQng quan niem mdi vl hdn nhan va gia dinh nhung ngudi tre tudi Dd'i vdi ca nam va nQ, sd nam hoc tap la ye'u to quan trgng nha't tac ddng de'n tudi ke't hdn lln dau Tudi ket hdn tang dan diu cimg vdi su tang ldn cua trinh hge vin (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b, 2007) Ly chu ye'u ciia viec la nien phai danh nhilu thdi gian hon cho hge tap Qua trinh dd thi hoa d Viet Nam, mac du diln cdn cham, da tao mdt ldi sd'ng khae biet vdi ldi sd'ng ndng thdn Ti le phu nQ da tQng ket hdn d cac vung dd thi la thip han dang ke so vdi cac vung ndng thdn Theo so lieu Tdng dieu tra dan so 1989 va 1999, nam d dd thi ket hdn mugn hon nam d ndng thdn khoang nam va su khae biet d nQ la nam (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2001: 4) Sd lieu Tdng dilu tra dan sd nam 2009 cho bie't tudi ke't hdn trung binh lln diu cua nam thi la 27,7 va nQ la 24,4, d ndng thdn tuong ung la 25,6 va 22,0 MQc chenh lech thi ndng thdn la khoang nam Ty trgng chua tung kit hdn ciia dan sd tQ 15 tudi trd ldn cua thi cao han ciia ndng thdn (31% so vdi 25%) va ty trgng kit hdn vi nidn ciia ndng thdn cao han gan ba lan so vdi ciia thi (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010) Dan cu d khu vuc ndng thdn cd xu hudng kit hdn sdm hon dan cu d khu vuc thi vi d thi, ngoai chuyen hdn nhan, nien cdn cd nhilu md'i quan tam,khae nhu hge hanh, cdng viec Ngudi dan dd thi cd nhu ciu vl cugc sd'ng cao han, viec tao dilu kien vat cha't thda man nhu ciu ddi sd'ng ddi hdi nhilu thdi gian hon va tudi kit hdn, dd, cung trd nen mudn han Ke't qua phan tich nhilu cugc dilu tra khae chi ring mQc dd thi hoa d nai sinh la mdt nhQng yeu td cd vai trd quan trgng nha't tac ddng den khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000a, 2000b, 2007) Su phat trien kinh te' cung da md rgng cac ca hgi nghi nghiep phi ndng nghiep cho dan cu, dae biet cho phu nQ, vi vay ddi hdi nien nam nu phai cin them thdi gian dao tao va tim kiem viec lam ngoai pham vi ddng rugng ciia minh Dd la mdt yeu td lam tang them tudi kit hdn Ke't qua DTGDVN 2006 eho thiy nhQng ngudi lam cac cdng viec cd trinh ky thuat cd tudi kit hdn trung binh cao han nhQng ngudi lam cac cdng viec lao dgng chan tay dan gian Cu the, nhQng ngudi lam cdng viec Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 chuyen mdn ky thuat cao cd tudi ket hdn trung binh la 25,8 vdi nam va 24,1 vdi nQ tudi ket hdn trung binh cua ngudi lam cdng viec lao dgng don gian la 22,9 vdi nam va 20,7 vdi nu Nguyen nhan la nhQng ngudi lam cdng viec lao ddng don gian danh thdi gian cho viec yeu duong va lap gia dinh thi nhQng ngudi lam edng viec chuyen mdn ky thuat phai diu tu thdi gian cho hge tap, cdng viee rdi mdi tinh de'n chuyen lap gia dinh (Bo Van hda The thao va Du lich va eac co quan khae, 2008: 40) NhQng ngudi lam viec cac nganh nghi phi ndng nghiep cd xu hudng ke't hdn mudn han nhQng ngudi lam nghi ndng nghiep (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b) Tuy nhien, tai mgt sd hoan canh nhat dinh, chang han, d nhQng dia ban khao sat ma cac nghe nghiep phi ndng nghiep khdng ddi hdi nhilu vl viee dao tao de nang cao ky nang nghi nghiep nen nhu ciu phai dinh hoan hdn nhan de hoc nghe hoac nang cao trinh chuyen mdn khdng cao, thi tac ddng lam cham lai tudi kit hdn ciia nghi nghiep phi ndng nghiep la khdng ldn (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007), 3.2 Yeu to' kinh te Theo lap luan ciia Dixon (1971), yeu td kinh tied vai trd quan vi nd bao dam tinh kha thi cua hdn nhan Ne'u hai ngudi cd mong mud'n hdn nhan nhung chua du nhQng dieu kien ve kinh te de xay dung gia dinh rieng, thi viec ket hdn cd the phai lui lai Trong thuc te, mot sd nghien cuu d Viet Nam da cd ging ludng tac ddng cua bie'n sd dilu kien kinh te de'n tudi kit hdn Tuy vay, chua cd nhiJng chi bao thich hgp ludng dilu kien kinh te cua cac ca nhan va gia dinh vao thdi diem ket hdn, cac phan tich dinh iQgng cho de'n chua cho tha'y vai trd quan trgng eiia bie'n so (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007) Day cd the la mgt nhiem vu eho cac nghien cuu tiep theo vl chii dl Ngugc lai, cac ket qua khao sat dinh tinh ggi ring, yeu td kinh te thuc su cd y nghia viec quye't dinh thdi diem ke't hdn Nhilu ngudi da khdng the lay vg chua chuan bi du tiem luc kinh te, bdi ho hieu ring xiy dung gia dinh nghia la phai dd'i dien vdi viec tu lo cho gia dinh rieng cua minh Nhilu ngUdi da 29-30 tudi nhung chua sin sang cho viec xay dung gia dinh bdi le day la viec Idn, lien quan de'n ngudn tiln de td chQc II cudi va tao dung cuoc sd'ng doc lap sau dd Mdt nam gidi lam tiiu thu cdng nghiep d Phii Da (Thua ThienHue) phat bieu: "Di ldm nliuthe, ngheo qua, khong co tien cd bgc thi cdc CO gdi khong ua, khong lay Nhu anh ndy 35 tudi md chua co vg Kie'm dn chua dii thi ldy vg rdng dugc Ngheo cdc co gdi khong thich Noi thiet dd Cit thdt ngiiiep d nhd thi kho lay vg ldm." (Tai lieu dinh tinh Du an SIDA - Gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam chuyen ddi) Nguygn HQu Minh Lien quan den vai trd ciia yeu td kinh te, mdt ty le dang ke ngudi tra ldi cugc DTGDVN 2006 d tudi 18-60 (27,4%) cho ring hg tim de'n viec kit hdn "de ban than ed chd dua vl vat chat va tinh than" (Bo Van hda The thao va Du lich va cac ca quan khae, 2008: 54) Rd rang, cac ca nhan mong dgi cugc hdn nhan se la co hdi cai thien cugc sdng cua hg Mot so ngudi cung cho rang, nhilu trudng hgp, viec lay vg lly chong cdn cd the tao dilu kien de bd me gia va cac vien khae cua gia dinh dugc cham sdc, giiip dd td't hon Cung chinh vi vay, mgt hai nguyen nhan hang diu cua viec chua tung lly vg lay chdng d tudi 40 ddi vdi nQ va 45 ddi vdi nam tai cugc DTGDVN 2006 chfnh la "do hoan canh gia dinh" (28,1%), ching han, gia dinh neo dan, kinh te khd khan (sdd: 51) Rat nhilu ngudi nhdm dge than la tru cot chinh gia dinh, viec lap gia dinh cd the anh hudng xlu den miic sd'ng cua hd 3.3 Cac yeu to van hoa Mot nhung ye'u td van hda quan trgng giai thich cho viec lira chgn thdi diim kit hdn la quan niem hdn nhan la phd bie'n d Viet Nam Sd lieu DTGDVN 2006 cho bie't, dd'i vdi hiu hit ngudi Viet Nam, xay dung gia dinh rieng la mdt gia tri cugc sd'ng Nhu cau ngu "trai khdn dung vg, gai ngoan ga chdng", ngudi ta cho ring kit hdn la viec phai lam Chinh vi vay, mgi ngudi deu mong mudn xay dung gia dinh sdm nhit cd the hdi dii cac dilu kien Mong mud'n cua bd me dd'i vdi hdn nhan cua trai nhim tri ndi gidng, cung nhu udc mong cua bd me ring gai ho se khdng bi lam vao canh sd'ng cd don ve gia, la nhQng ly chii ye'u de bd me can thiep vao viee hdn nhan cua cai Sir tham gia cua cha me vao viec lira chon ban ddi ciia cai thud'ng dugc coi nhu mdt trach nhiem cugc sd'ng Chinh vi vay, nhilu bac cha me mong mudn thuc hien nhiem vu cang sdm cang td't Ye'u to van hda se tac ddng de'n tudi kit hdn cua mgi ngudi Phii hgp vdi kit qua cua nhQng nghien cQu khae d cac nudc chau A, sd lieu dilu tra d Viet Nam cho thay nhung cuoc hdn nhan cha me sip xep thudng diln sdm hon nhung cuoc hdn nhan khae (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000b) Kit qua mgt cuoc khao sat cho biet, trung binh, nhung nam gidi ma hdn nhan chu yeu cha me sip xep thudng ket hdn sdm han 3,6 nam so vdi nhQng ngudi tu minh quyet dinh viec hdn nhan (Nguyin Hiiu Minh, 2000a) Trong mot sd khung canh, su ep budc hdn nhan cd anh hudng khae len tudi kit hdn eiia nam va nu va ap lue gia dinh dd'i vdi viec kit hdn cua nQ la manh han so vdi viee ke't hdn ciia nam (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007) Dilu phu hgp vdi quan diem chung cua nhQng the he cha 10 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 me thdi ky trudc, lo ling cho gai "tudi xuan vun vut qua di" va mong mud'n giup cd chdng cang sdm cang tdt Mgt yeu to van hda khae cd tac ddng den tudi kit hdn la tdn giao Kit qua nghien cuu d khu -vuc ddng bing sdng Hdng cho thay nhung ngudi theo dao Thien chiia thudng kit hdn sdm han so vdi nhQng ngudi khdng theo dao Thien chua va tac ddng ciia ylu td tham gia tdn giao manh han dd'i vdi nhQng ngudi nQ Dilu xae nhan gia thuylt cho ring nhung ngudi theo Dao Thien ehiia vung cd the coi ndi hdn va kit hdn sdm nhu la nhung each tri su doan kit va phat trien ciia nhdm (Godscheider, 1969; Kennedy, 1973) Tie ddng ciia viec theo Thien chua giao dd'i vdi nQ manh hon dd'i vdi nam ed le vi phu nu theo dao Thien chua chiu nhilu ap luc phai lay chdng cung tdn giao tQ phia gia dinh Theo phong tuc truyin thd'ng, cac cd dau vung ddng bing sdng Hdng thudng ve nha chdng sau kit hdn Vi the, cac bac cha me cac gia dinh Thien chua giao cd the e ngai ring neu gai hg cudi mdt ngudi chdng ngoai dao thi gai hg se khdng cdn gin bd vdi Thidn chiia giao nQa Vai trd quan trgng ciia trai ca gia dinh va ddng hg tai nhilu xa hoi A chau cung ggi y xu hudng kit hdn sdm hon ciia nhung ngudi la trai ea so vdi nhQng ngudi khae NhQng nghien eiru d Viet Nam cho de'n cho tha'y tac ddng cua yeu to trai ca gia dinh de'n khudn mlu tudi kit hdn khdng nhat quan giua cac cugc dilu tra Ching han, khao sat tai 10 xa/phudng d ba tinh Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh nam 1995 cho tha'y vai trd cua ylu td trai ca khdng ldn Tuy nhien, cugc khao sat tai ba diem dan cu ndng thdn d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien-Hul, Tiln Giang nam 2004-2006 lai xae nhan ring nhung ngudi trai ca cd xu hudng kit hdn sdm han so vdi nhung ngudi trai khae, sau da tinh den vai trd eua cac ylu to khae Tap tuc ciia cac dan toe cd anh hudng quan trgng din tudi kit hdn Ching han, mdt nghien ciiu tai ba xa d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien-Hue va Tiln Giang cho tha'y nam gidi dan tdc Kinh kit hdn mugn han nam gidi cae dan tdc thieu sd gin hai nam (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007) Mdt sd nien ngudi dan tdc Hmdng d dia ban khio sat tham chi cd the kit hdn d tudi 14-15 3.4 Ye'u to' nha nu'dc Nhirng cai each luat phap nhim hgp phap hoa quyln tu lira chgn ban ddi cung nhu tang tudi kit hdn td'i thilu cd the gdp phan quan trgng vao viec dinh hinh mot khudn mlu mdi vl tudi kit hdn Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 ciia Chinh phu Viet Nam dan chii cdng hoa (dugc thi hanh NguySn HQu Minh 11 d miin Bic cho din nam 1975 va ap dung chung cho ca nudc tQ nam 1976 de'n nam 1986) va cac bo luat sira ddi tilp theo da khing dinh tudi kit hdn dugc quy dinh la 18 cho nQ va 20 cho nam Phong trao van ddng sinh de cd ke hoach, van ddng nien kit hdn mudn (26 tudi dd'i vdi nam, 22 tudi ddi vdi nQ), cung da gdp phin cimg cd chuin muc tudi kit hdn mdi Tac ddng cua yeu td nha nudc din tudi kit hdn the hien qua cac chi bao ludng khae Dd'i vdi cugc dilu tra Lich dai Viet Nam nam 1995 tai 10 xa/phudng d ba tinh (da neu tren), vai trd true tilp cua ye'u td nha nudc dugc ludng thdng qua chi bao "cha/me lam viec khu vuc nha nudc" khdng the hien rd (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000b) Tuy nhien, cugc khao sat tai ba xa ndng thdn d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien - Hul, Tiln Giang cho tha'y lam viec khu vuc nha nudc cd vai trd quan trgng nhat viee tang tudi kit hdn ciia nhung ngudi dugc hdi Mgt nhung nguyen nhan khiln nhung ngudi lam viec khu vuc nha nudc kit hdn mudn hon la vi hg phai lo hge hanh dl xin dugc viec lam cin thiet, tiep dd lai phai cd ging nghi nghiep dl cdn lo kinh te gia dinh va su nghiep Ngoai ra, hg thudng sdng xa gia dinh, khdng bi gia dinh rang budc nen dl dang tu quyet dinh thdi diem kit hdn ciia minh hon (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007) Anh hudng quan trgng cu'a ylu td nha nudc cdn dugc the hien thdng qua viec thi hanh cic ehinh sach cd lien quan d cac thdi ky khae Ching han, cugc khao sat d ba tinh ddng bing sdng Hdng cho thay da cd su tang len dang kl vl tudi kit hdn giua hai thdi ky, trudc va sau Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 Chinh sach nha nudc cung cd thi tac ddng de'n tudi kit hdn thdng qua viec nang cao trinh hoc van va md rdng co hdi nghi nghiep ngoai pham vi ndng nghiep Them vao dd, nhung ngudi cd hoc van cao va lam nghi phi ndng nghiep thudng bi anh hudng nhilu nha't bdi cae chinh sach nha nudc Khudn mlu tudi kit hdn sau thuc hien Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 phd bien nhanh hon nhung ngudi cd hoc va'n cao hgn, lam nghi phi ndng nghiep (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000b) 3.5 Yeu td tham gia quan doi va chie'n tranh Chie'n tranh cd the lam thay ddi khudn mlu tudi kit hdn nam gidi phai trl hoan hdn nhan de phuc vu quan ddi va ti le chet cao cua nam nien tudi kit hdn Mot hau qua nang ne khae ciia cugc chiln tranh lau dai la sd lugng ldn nhung ngudi thuong tat, mat kha nang lao dong (Banister, 1993) Kha nang tham gia vao hdn nhan ciia nhdm ngudi thudng thap han nhung ngudi khae Kit qua la hg budc phai kit hdn mudn hon hoac sdng ddc than 12 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 Tie ddng ciia yeu td chien tranh den tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam kha rd rang Kit qua tQ Dilu tra nhan khau hge va sQc khde Viet Nam 1988, Tdng dieu tra dan sd 1989, Dilu tra lieh sir cugc sdng Viet Nam 1991 va cac cugc dilu tra khae ggi y ring chie'n tranh cd tie ddng de'n khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu cua cl hai gidi nam va nu Dd'i vdi nam gidi, nhung ngudi tham gia quan ddi thudng kit hdn mugn hon nhung ngudi khdng tham gia quan ddi NhQng nam nien tham gia lire lugng quan dgi trudc kit hdn tham chi cdn trl hoan hdn nhan cua hg lau hon NhQng phu nu cd chdng tham gia quan ddi cung kit hdn mucin hon dang ke so vdi nhung phu nQ ma chdng cua ho khdng tham gia quan ddi Ti le ldn nam gidi tham gia quan dgi thdi gian chien tranh chd'ng My ddng vai trd quan trgng tao nen xu hudng kit hdn mudn hon cua nam gidi mdt khoang thdi gian dai (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b) Anh hudng cua chiln tranh len khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu khdng chi bilu hien d viec tri hoan xay dung gia dinh dl nam gidi tham gia phuc vu quan ddi ma cdn thi hien d viec lam tang sd iQgng phu nQ sd'ng ddc than mdt so lugng dang kl nam nien bi chet thdi gian chie'n tranh (Hirschman va ddng tie gia, 2009) Trong nhiing trudng hgp tic ddng eiia ylu to chien tranh khdng dugc mdt each true tilp thi, mot sd nghien ciiu, nhiing chi bao giin tilp nhu so sanh giQa cac ldp the he kit hdn thuoc giai doan 1948-1975 gin liln vdi 30 nam chiln tranh bao ve td qude cua chiing ta vdi cac giai doan khae vl sau cung cho tha'y ring chiln tranh da thuc su de lai dau an tren khudn mlu tudi kit hdn cua dan cu Viet Nam, vdi viec lam tang tudi kit hdn ciia nhung ngudi trudng giai doan chiln tranh (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007) 3.6 Cac yeu to' khae Do han che vl so lieu eae nghien cuu, nhilu bien so phan tich chua giai thich dugc day dii xu hudng lich su bien ddi tudi kit hdn Dilu ggi y ring cd mdt thien hudng chung vl kit hdn mugn theo thdi gian hoan toin khdng phu thudc vao nhQng dae trung ca nhan va gia dinh da xem xet cac md hinh phan tich Nhung yeu td khic cd the da tao nen su thay ddi vl thdi diem kit hdn Mdt vi du la ylu td ndi long chuin muc xa hdi quan he tinh due cua nien Viec cd thi quan he tinh due ma khdng can den hdn nhan da dugc mdt bd phan khdng nhd dan cu chap nhan, nhit la quan he tinh due dd dua trdn tinh yeu (Bd Van hda The thao va Du Iich va cac co quan khic, 2008) Chinh dilu dd tao dilu kien cho nhilu nien hien N g u y i n HQu Minh 13 cd the thda man quan he tinh due ma khdng cin vdi va kit hdn Su mat can bing gidi tinh tai mdt sd vung tie ddng cua ylu td di eu cung lam tang tudi kit hdn cho mdt nhdm dan eu nao dd, nQ hoac nam Ching han, nhilu nam nien di cu den cac vung dd thi hoac cac tinh phia Nam lam an rdi d lai dd xay dung gia dinh cd the lam cho mdt bd phan nQ nien d cac dia phuong phia Bic giam di ca hdi tim hieu va lira chgn ban ddi, dd cham xay dung gia dinh Ngugc lai, tai mgt sd dia phuong cd hien tugng nhilu phu nu tre lay chdng Dai Loan hoac Han Qud'c da lam cho nhilu nam gidi giim co hdi tim kie'm vg tai dd va phai tim hieu d eac dia phuong khae, dd cham viec kit hdn Dilu lien quan din ylu td kiid ndng lua chgn bgn ddi nhu cich ndi cua Dixon (1971) Nhilu ylu td khae cd the tie ddng din khudn mlu tudi kit hdn nhung chua dugc dua vao cic md hinh phan tieh dinh lugng nhu anh hudng eua truyin thdng dai chung, nhung cugc thao luan rdng rai vl luat phip nhan dan dd'i vdi su thay ddi nhan thQc cua nien Ching han, mdt sd kit qua phan tich dinh tinh tai ba xa ndng thdn thudc Yen Bai, ThQa Thien - Hue, Tien Giang cho thay nien cd xu hudng kit hdn muon vi hg cho ring trude mit ndn lo lam an, lo vui ban be da, de hiiu xa hdi hon rdi mdi budc vao cugc sd'ng vg chdng Vi da budc vao hdn nhan la phai lo ling, lo kilm tiln vl nudi gia dinh rieng, lo tiln cho di hge cung nhu nhilu thu lo khic Tai nhilu noi, xu hudng kit hdn mudn cua phu nu the hien rd rang hon cua nam gidi Thdi gian trude day cac cd gai 17-18 tudi da phai lo lly chdng, nlu chua cd din hdi thi cha me se rat lo ling, thi gid day 25-26 tudi ehua lay chdng hg cung khdng tha'y la mudn Ngoai ra, cd mgt bd phan sd'ng ddc than sue khde khdng cho phep ho lap gia dinh (12,1%) hoac ban than hg thich cugc sdng tu (12,6% ngudi sd'ng ddc than) (Bo Van hda The thao va Du lieh va cac co quan khae, 2008) Ty le tha'p nhQng ngudi sdng ddc than vi thich cugc sdng tu phan anh su khae biet ciia Viet Nam vdi cac nudc phuang Tay Tuy nhien, nd cung cho thay xu hudng mdi vl hdn nhan eua mdt bd phan ngudi dan xa hgi Ket luan NhQng nghien cQu han mdt thap nien qua d Viet Nam da xae nhan mdt sd nguyen nhan chi'nh ciia ^fthay ddi dang ke vl khudn mlu tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam, cd vai trd rat quan trgng ciia cac ye'u td hien dai hda, ylu td kinh t l cung nhu van hda Ddng thdi cac nghien cQu da chi anh hudng manh me cua ylu td nha nudc va chiln tranh len tudi kit hdn Qua trinh hien dai hda va chie'n tranh dugc coi la nhan td quylt 14 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 20, so 5, tr 3-15 dinh lam tudi kit hdn tang dang ke may thap ky qua Do tac ddng dan xen cua cac yeu td hien dai hda, chinh sach nha nude va chie'n tranh ddi vdi su bie'n ddi tudi kit hdn cua dan cu, se it kha nang cd su tang nhanh tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam vai thap nien tdi Thay vao dd, cd the se diln hien tugng kit hdn sdm hon mdt so ngudi tre tudi so vdi nhirng ngudi da trai qua thdi gian chiln tranh Tuy nhien dd khdng phai la hien tugng quay trd lai khudn m l u kit hdn sdm truyin thd'ng NhQng nhu cau mdi vl nang cao trinh hoc van va cd dugc ca hdi nghi nghiep mdi ngoai pham vi ndng nghiep cai cleh kinh t l dua lai se tilp tuc khuyen khich nhung ngudi tre tudi liii lai viec xay dung gia dinh Cd the du bao ring tudi kit hdn eua nam nu d Viet Nam se tilp tuc tang mac du d nhip cham hon nhilu so vdi cac thap nien trudc Bing chQng thuc nghiem ciia cac cugc khao sat d Viet Nam ggi ring phin ldn cac md hinh phan tich chua giai thich dugc mot each day dii xu hudng bie'n ddi tudi kit hdn NhQng khd khan ve mlu khao sat, each ludng cd thi la trd ngai viec kiem chQng mdt cich hoan toan cac gia thuylt ly thuylt xung quanh cac ylu td tac ddng din khudn m l u tudi kit hdn nhu ly thuylt cua Goode, Dixon va dilu la ddng luc cho cac nghidn cQu tiep theo vl chii de nay.H Chu thich '" Tudi ket hon trung binh lan dau cho biet so' nam trung binh cua the he gia dinh da song doc than trudc ket hon ISn dSu Tai lieu tham khao Ban chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan so' va nha d trung uang 2000 Tong dieu tra ddn sdvd nhd dViet Nam 1999: Kit qud dieu tra mdu Nxb Thi gidi Ha Noi Ban chi dao Tong dilu tra dan sd va nha d trung uong 2010 Tong dieu tra ddn sdvd nhd dViet Nam ndm 2009: Cdc kii qud chu yen Ha Noi, 6/2010 Banister, Judith 1993 Vietnam Population Dynamics and Prospects Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley Bd Van hoa The thao va Du lich, Tong cue Tho'ng }ce, Vien Gia dinh va Gidi va Quy nhi dong Lien hgp qude 2008 Kii qud dieu tra Gia dinh Viit Nam ndm 2006 Ha Noi, 6/2008 Cheung Paul, Cabigon, Josefina, Chamratrithirong Aphichat, McDonal F Peter, Syed Sabila, Cherlin Andrew and Smith C Peter 1985 Cultural variations in the transition to marriage in four Asian Societies Bao cao trinh bay tai Hoi nghi Dan so' Qud'c te, Florence, 1985, Vol.3 (Lie'ge, International Union Nguy§n HQu Minh 15 for the Schientific study of population), pp.293-308 Du an SIDA - Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam chuyen doi (VS/RDE-05) Cac tai lieu dinh lugng va dinh tinh Dixon, Ruth 197L "Explaining Cross-cutltural Variation in Age at Marriage and Proportions never Marrying" Population Studies, Vol 25, No 2, Pp 215-234 Goldscheider, Calvin and Peter R Uhlenberg 1969 "Minority Grobp Status and Fertility" The American Journal of Sociology, Vol 74, Pp 361-372 Goode William 1963 World Revolution and Family Patterns Glencoe, Free Press Hirschman Charles, Samuel Preston va Vu Manh Lgi 2009 Nhung nan nhan Viet Nam cuoc chie'n tranh chdng My: mot danh gia mdi Trong Nguyin Hiiu Minh, Dang Nguyen Anh va Vii Manh Lgi: Ddn sdViit Nam qua cdc nghien citu xd hgi hoc (tuyen tap mgt sd cong trinh nghien cini gdn ddy) Tap Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi Ha Noi Kennedy, Robert E Jr 1973 "Minority Group Status and Fertility: The Irish" American Sociological Review, Vol 38, February, Pp 85-96 Le Ngoc Van 2006 "Ve quan he hon nhan hien nay" Tap chi Nghiin cicu Gia dinh vd Gidi, Quyen 16, so' 2/2006, trang 3-15 Liao, Cailian 1989 Sociodemographic Factors on the Timing of Marital Formation and Dissolution in China Ph D Dissertation Brigham Young University Nguyin Hiru Minh 2000a Transformations socio-e'conomiques et nuptialite [Bie'n doi kinh te-xa hoi va khuon mlu hon nhan] In Patrick Gubry (editor) Population et developpement au Vietnam Marthala-CEPED Pp 83-116 (French and Vietnamese) Ban tieng Viet da dugc cong bd nam 2004 Nxb The gidi (Dan sd va phat trien b Viet Nam: Patrick Gubry, Nguyin Hiru Dung, Pham Thuy Huong chu bien) Nguyin Hiru Minh 2000b "Cac yeu td tac dpng de'n khudn mlu tuoi ke't hon cua dan cu dong bang sdng Hong" Tap chiXd ligi hge, sd (72), trang 21-32 Nguyin Hiru Minh 2007 Khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn lan dau d dia ban khao sat va cac ye'u to tac dong Bao cao thuoc Du an SIDA "Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam chuyen doi" Tdng cue Tho'ng ke 2001 Tdng dieu tra ddn sdvd nhd a Viet Nam 1999 Chuyin khdo ve hon nhdn, sinh de vd tic vong d Viet Nam: mifc do, xu hifdng vd nhifng khdc biet Nxb Thong kft.Ha Noi Whyte, Martin King and William L, Parish f984 Urban Life in Contemporary China Chicago Univerisity of Chicago Press Xenos Peter and Gultiano, Socorro A 1992 Trends in Female and Male Age at Marriage and Celibacy in Asia Papers of the program on population EastWest Center Honolulu, Hawaii, No 120, September Nghien ciiu Gia d i n h va G i i So - Di cir hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quoc: nhufng van 0efiatra Le Thj Quy Trirdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Tom t a t : Van de hon nhan co ye'u to' nU6c ngoai la dieu binh thUdng, dUdc phap luat Viet Nam thCra nhan va bao ve, song hien co nhieu van de sinh tii cac cuoc hon nhan Tii cac nguon tai lieu san co, bai "vie't tap trung xem xet thUc trang van de ket hon giiia phu nii Viet Nam lay chong Han Quo'c va nhiing van de dat v6i cuoc song hon nhan ciia cac cap vd chong Viet - Han, ciing nhU cac hoat dong ho trd hien cho nhiing cuoc hon nhan Tac gia ciing cho r i n g de dam bao dUdc vai tro va kha nang xay dUng gia dinh ciia cac cap vd chong quo'c te thiic hien cac chQc nang kinh te, xa hoi, chinh tri, thoa man tinh cam, giao due cin hu6ng tdi muc tieu mang lai sU hoa nhap cho cac co dau nUdc ngoai vao xa hoi, ciing nhU thie't lap cac hoat dong ho trd va co sii dieu chinh chinh sach tii ca hai phia Viet Nam va Han Quo'c Txi k h o a : Hen nhan; Phu nii lay chong nU6c ngoai; Hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quo'c Hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quoc Di cu lay chong nudc ngoai, dudng cua nhieu co gai nong thdn Viet Nam hien nay, dudng di cu hgp phap kit hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, dae biet la Dai Loan, Han Qud'c dang phat trien manh Theo ... (SMAM)' d Viet Nam la 24,4 dd'i vdi nam va 23,2 dd'i vdi nu theo Tdng dieu tra dan so nam 1989 So lieu tuong iing nam 1999 la 25,4 dd'i vdi nam va 22,8 dd'i vdi nQ va nam 2009 la 26,2 vdi nam va 22,8... tra dan so 1989 va 1999, nam d dd thi ket hdn mugn hon nam d ndng thdn khoang nam va su khae biet d nQ la nam (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2001: 4) Sd lieu Tdng dilu tra dan sd nam 2009 cho bie't tudi... nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 ciia Chinh phu Viet Nam dan chii cdng hoa (dugc thi hanh NguySn HQu Minh 11 d miin Bic cho din nam 1975 va ap dung chung cho ca nudc tQ nam 1976 de'n nam 1986) va cac