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Journal of Science of Haiphong University I Vol 4, NO 15, p 10 - 30 PHUdNG T H O C M U U S I N H V A CHAT LUdNG cupe SdNG CUA NGU DAN LANG CHAI CDNG GIAD HIEN NAY (NGHIEN CUU TRUdNG HdP TAI LANG CHAI NGpC SdN, KIEN AN, HAI PHONG) Vu ThiHanh' Tdm tat Hiin nay, ed mdt nhdm ngfl ddn thuy cfl theo dao Thien Chua giao sdng bang nghe ehdi Ifldi trln sdng, vdi phfldng thfle mflu sinh thu edng, nhd le vd sfl ban ehe ddi sdng tinh thin ehlt Iflpng cudc sdng eua nhflng ngfl dan ndy ehfla ed sfl phat triln ddng ke Sfl quan tam gidp dd eua ehinh quyen dia phfldng Id hit sfle d n thilt, dae biet can cd chinh saeh hd trd, flu dii vdi nhdm ngfl din nham ddm bao an sinh xa hdi TU khod: ngU ddn, chdt lUdng euge sing, phUdng thUc mUu sinh, ldng chdi Nggc Sdn, Kiin An, Hdt Phdng Dat van de Hien nay, nflde ta ed mgt bg phan cfl dan theo dao Thiln Chda giao Iam nghe ehdi Ifldi, hg sdng rdi rac t^i cdc ldng ehdi trln bd ho|ie ven sdng Dac diem cfl tru vd tdp quan mflu sinh, tin ngfldng ton gido cd dnh hfldng khdng It din chit Ifldng eude sdng eua ngfl din Vdi nhflng dien bien eda bien ddi hdu va sfl biln ddng eua nln kinh te thi trfldng, eude sdng eua nhflng ngfl dan nhfl the ndo? Ddy la van dl cln dflde quan tara, bdi vile chi thfle trang mflu sinh vd chat Ifldng cudc sdng eua nhdm ngd dan cdng giao ehdi Ifldi trln sdng se ddng gdp eho chinh quyin dia phfldng ' TS., Khoa Tam Li - Giao due KQC 48 TRl/dNG DAI HOC HAI PHdNG cac nha qudn li, cac nha hoaeh dinh ehinh sach ed cd sd khoa hpe xay dflng cdc biln phap thflc hien an sinh xa hdi vdl ddi tfldng nay, gdp phan xdy dflng xa hdi edng bang, van minh, tien bd M o t so k h a i n i e m lien q u a n 2.1 PbUUng tbHc mUu sinb Theo d e h hiiu chung, phfldng thdc mdu sinh Id each eon ngfldi thflc hien de thich nghi vd sinh sdng Vdi nhflng dae diem vl dia ban efl trfl, phong tue, tdp quan, nang lilc, nhu du mdi nhdm efl ddn lfla ebon phfldng thiic mflu sinh phd hdp Do dd, cd the hieu phddng thflc mflu sinh Id each thfle ma ngddi lao ddng dl thich flng vdi eae dieu kiln td nhien, xl hdi, ed dfldc cac gia tri vlt ehat, tinh than di thod man nhu clu Phfldng thdc mflu sinh phdn dnh tri thflc, nang lfle vd kinh nghiSm eda eon ngfldi trfldc nhflng dieu kiln song; dong thdi eung qua phfldng thflc mflu sinh eon ngfldi tich luy kinh nhgiem, trai nghi?m cdc gia tri khdc 2.2 Chdt luang cugc sdng Cd nhieu tae gia dfla quan nilm vl chat Ifldng cupe sdng Nhin chung, cdc nhd nghiSn eflu de cap den ehat Ifldng euge sdng v6i ngi ham the hien sfl sdng khoai, hdi Idng hoan todn vl the ehlt, tim than va xa hgi Chat Iflpng eupc sdng dflpc xem Id tiiu chi de danh gid vl phuc Ipi v?t ehat vd tinh than WHO ' da dfla cae tiiu ehi eu thi nblm ddnh gia ehlt Ifldng eude sdng nhfl; raflc dp sang khoai [ ve thi chit (sflc khoi, tinh thin, an udng, ngu, nghi, di lai, thude men), mfle dd sdng khodi vl I tdm than (yeu td tam li, yeu td tam linh), mfle dp sang khoai ve mat xa hdi (cdc mdi quan he I xa hdi, mdi trfldng sdng) Theo dd ed the hieu chat Ifldng sdng Id sfl tdng hdp d mat chdt vd lugng ldi sdng cda cfl dan, nd liln quan den vile khdng chl thod man nhflng nhu eau trfle tilp cfla eon ngfldi (an, d, chfla benh, tranh thiln tai ) ma edn thoa man nhflng nhu eau cao hdn (hfldng d e dieh vu xa hdi, eham sdc vl radt tinh than ) ea dflpc gpi la Idng ehdi hay van ehdi tdn tai eflng vdi d e ldng khae xa hdi ngfldi Viet xfla vd Trln ca sd tim hiiu d e cdng trinh nhien cflu ve lang efla nhflng efl dan danh ed, ed the thay mdt sd diem dae thd so vdi cdc lang khdc xa hdi ngfldi Viet: ngfl dan ed the sdng tren bd hole sdng hoan toan dfldi nfldc (thuy' cfl); ddi sdng eda ngfl ddn phu thude hoan toan vao dieu kiln tfl nhien, hp eo nhflng tap tue va nhflng dilu kilng ky khac vdi efl dan ndng nghiep; td ehfle xa h^i ed nhilu dilm khae bilt vdi cfl dan ndng nghiep Nhfl vdy, cd the hiiu ldng ehdi Id ldng cua nhUng ngUdi ldm nghi ddnh bdt thuy, hdi sdn, d ven sdng, eUa song, ven bien, cdc vUng 2.3 NgUddn Trong tilng Anh fisherman dfldc dieh Id vinh, cde ho vd dam phd Do ddc thU vi i ^ d i dznh cd Theo Tfl diln TU vd ngd Viit Nam mUu sinh tqi cdc mdi tnidng ednh quan khdc (2006), ngU ddn la thuat ngfl de chi ngfldi ddn nin ldng chdi c6 ede dqc diim rieng ve diin mqo ldng xdm, cd edu to chde, ede quan hi Idm nghi danh ea [6, tr 1294] Cd nhieu nha nghiin eflu da dfla cdc xd hdi, cde phong tue, tap qudn, tin ngUdng ten ggi khae ve ngfl dan nhfl: ngfl ddn eiing ede sinh hoqt vdn hod, tdm It, tinh cdeh bdi dpe, ngfl dan bai ngang, dan ehdi Theo cua cgng ding cU ddn chung tdi, nln cd mpt khai nilm thdng nhat 2.5 NgU dan lang chai cong gido Qua khdo sat bfldc diu ve nhdm ngfl dan ve nhflng ngfldi lam nghi ddnh cd song vin phdn anh dfldc tinh dac trflng n ^ l thuy cfl cho thay, dai bd phin nhflng efl dan theo dao Thiln Chda gido Hp Id nhflng nghiip vd ddi song efla hg Trln ca sd can cfl vao phfldng thfle mflu ngfldi khdng ed dat trln bd Iam nha, sdng sinh, mdi trfldng cdnh quan vd dia ban efl tru hodn todn dfldi thuyen Hdng ngdy, ngfl ddn di ehdi lildi trln sdng va sinh boat trln ciing nhfl nhflng net van hod dae trflng thuyin Lfle khdng di chdi Ifldi hoae len bd ddi sdng cfla nhflng cfl dan danh cd, ngU ddn hanh II, hp c6 dinh cho dau thuyin tai mdt vi Id tdp hdp nhUng ngUdi song d gdn sdng, bien, tri sdt mep sdng, din din hinh nen ho, trin cde ddm phd hoqc cde ddo nho, lang ehdi cfla nhflng ngfldi theo Cdng gido ede vdng, vinh, kiem sdng chu yiu bdng nghi Nhfl vdy, ngfl dan ldng chdi Cdng giao la Idng ddnh cd, dia bdn eU tru vd phUdng thdc ddnh eda nhflng cfl dan ldm nghi ddnh d theo dao bdt ed dnh hudngsdu sac den ddi sing vdt chdt; Thiln Chua giao Dieu kiln, cdnh quan ndi tinh thdn vd xd hgi cua hg efl trd, tap qudn ddnh bat, tin ngfldng tdn 2.4 Ldng chai giao tao nen nhflng dilm khae biet gifla Qua nghien eflu cua d e tae gia ldng chdi cdng giao va eae lang chai cfla eae nflde, ed rapt loai ldng cfla nhflng ngfldi ddnh nhdm ngfl din khae TAP CHf KHOA HOC Vol 04, No IS - 3/2016 49 Phuong thiic miru sinh vi chat luang cuoc song cfla ngu oan rang trior w»y ymu 11=11 no; (nghien tflu trirflng hop tai lang ChSI Ngoc Son, Kien An, HSi Phong) Lang chai cong giao Ngoc Sofn, Kien An, ngfl dan nhan dfl^c sd hd trp tfl cde to chiJc, Hdi Phong ^^ "'^^^ ^^ '^^^ '^^^^ ^ ^'"^ *^^" ^^ '^^i thien 3.1 Bdc diem dia If- tU nhien "^^^^ ^°"SLdng chai Ngpe Sdn nam tren mgt doan Hiin nay, ngfl dan ldng ehdi Nggc Sdn efla bai bdi sdng Laeh Tray chdy qua dia phdn phdi sdng nhflng can nha tam mep phfldng Ngpe Sdn Tfl dfldng ehinh sdng Lach Tray Ldng cd 23 hg, khoang 100 Hodng Qude Viet cfla quan Kiln An di xudng khiu, tre em sinh da cd giay khai sinh, din ldng chdi ehfla din 0,5km Ldng nam gin d y tudi di hpe dflpe dfla vao trfldng hpc hod nhSp d u Kiln An (ndi qudn Kien An vdi huyen vdi tre em tren bd Cae gia dinh van song chii An Dfldng), dflng tfl tren d u nhin ve hfldng ylu bang nghe ehdi Ifldi Ngfl dan da e6 dien, Dong Nam cd the thay nhflng mai nha tara nflde saeh de sinh boat Iflp xflp va nhflng thuyen nhd sdt mep sdng 3.2 Dgc diem ddn cU Dau nhflng nam 90 cfla the ki XX, mdt sd gia dinh ngfl ddn gde tfl d e huyln Kim Thanh va Thanh Ha (tinh Hai Dfldng) di chdi Ifldi trln s6ng Lach Tray, chpn khu vflc bdi bdi cfla sdng ndy (din gpi day Id bdi coi) thupc dia phdn phfldng Ngpe Sdn Idm ndi trdnh mfla bao, ngfl dan gpi Id du be hay ung be Sau dd, mgt sd gia dinh dau thuyen ban d day dl sinh sdng, hp vfla cam dang tre tai ndi ddu thuyin, vfla chio thuyin di chdi Ifldi d d e khue sdng Mpi sinh ho?t eda hp gin nhfl hi tach rdi vdi eude sdng eua cfl dan trln bd, la nhflng ngfldi "vd hflu dien dia", "tfl khdng" (khdng nha efla, de khfing khai sinh, cfldi khdng dang ki ket hdn va chet khdng khai td) Tuy cho dau thuyen khdng xa bd nhflng ngfl dan khdng giao ti«p vdi ca dan tren bd Cuoc song d a ngj din thiiu thSn, thuySn la nhi, khong co dien, nfldc s^eh dl sinh hoat, khdng cd nhd vl sinh, ehdi Ifldi dflpc gi thi mang Iln bd ban doi lly tien mua gao va d c dd an, dd dung khae Tfl nam 1998, tre em dflpc dfla Iln bd hpc ehfl ldp hpc tinh thfldng da thay ddi nhan thfle efla ngfl din ve vile ehd di hpc vd tri em ldng da bilt ehfl Cflng tfl ddy, 50 TRl/dNG D^l HOC H A I PHdNG PhUtfng thufc mifu sinh cOa ngU dan lang chai cong giao Ngoc ScAi, Kien An, Hai Phong LUdi bdt qudi, ldm bang cflde (AS), cao 22cm, dai 6m Khung bang sat hinh ehfl nhat, ed Ifldi bao quanh Vdo thdi dilm nam 2013 Ddi tflpng ddnh dflde tfl lUdi kha phong phii: cua, cd nhd, tdra, ca Danh lUdi theo nfldc, vi tri dat lUdi cd the d mpi eho tren sdng; song phai tinh toan lfle nflde len, xuong dl dat ludi eho c6 dinh dfldi long song cung nhfl keo len khdng tdn nhieu site hfc Cdo hin, di ldm dflde vile can co hai ngfldi, thuyen mdy va cdc cdng eu; cdi cdo, day thflng, bd lan Mdt ngdy di cdo bin eua ngd dan bat diu tfl 8h sang den 4h chilu Muon cao dflpc hin, rapt ngfldi phdi mac bd lan ngam minh dfldi ldng sdng dl dly edo, mpt ngfldi ngdi trln thuyin keo day thflng ed m$t j - „ i,u0c vio cao T h « difm thuan l«i de cao hSn til thing Ba den thing Tim Vi«c eio h?n vlt va, tdn nhieu sfle lfle nhflng eho thu nhap tfldng ddi, mdt dflpe khoang 400.000 ddng (nam 2013) Tuy vdy, vile eao hen anh hfldng ldn din sflc khoi eda ngfl dan, hp thfldng mae d c benh; dau lflng, ho keo dai; phu nfl thfldng rale benh phu khoa vi thflcing xuyln phai ngara minh dfldi nflde sdng Cdc loai ludi khdc, dfldc ngfl ddn sfl dung danh bat khd phd biln va dfl^c tinh toan eho phfl hdp vdi: eae loai d , ndi danh, thdi dilra danh, giup ngfl dan danh dfldc ca ma khdng bi hdng Ifldi Hd trd cho Ifldi, ngfl ddn dung kieh diln, ldm buy diet ngudn thuy san Vl mflu sinh hang nen ngfl dan ehfla nhan thflc sdu sac vl mfle nguy hiem cda vile sfl dung kieh dien Bdng 1: Lfldi, ngfl eu vd san phim ddnh bdt eua ngfl ddn Thirl diem danh BSng sit, mua tai Bae tJinh Cao dpc song, cho nfldc nong, Khung bang sat, \\l6i cudc cao: 22cm dai: 6m - Banh dpc bflsSng, - 0 chiec Ifr iteo dai khoSng llim Loai c i batdUdc Banh vao ban ttr 6'' sang den eHoi flircfc lihoSng ta hen Banh quanh Tom, cua, ca nh&, ca Nguon: Khdo sdt ciia tdc gid ndm 2012 Mdi gia dinh phdi cd tfl den ehiee Thuyen viia chay bSng may thuyen, ehu yeu dimg vao vile eao bin vd in Thuyen nWi+hen vito cheo tay cheo xiee (quang lfldi dl bat tdra, cd) Thuyen Thuyen cheo xiec 13 Chli yeu dung cheo tay, vfla la phfldng tiln sinh nhai nhflng cung 02 MiJng Vdt phe lieu la tai san eua gia dinh hp Thuyen kha ddn Nguon: Khdo sdt thUc dia cua tdc gid ndm 2012 gian, ben trln cd mdi ehe, phia miii dl Cflng vdi lfldi vd cdc ngfl cu kl tren, ngfl nghi, dang lai ed gan dpng ed de dilu khiln, dan sfl dung phfldng tiln de di chuyen tren khoang gifla dl mdt sd vat dung d n thilt vd song bang thuyin (mflng) De thudn tien eho sdn phim ddnh bat dflde Trln thuyin di ldm vile danh bat, ngfl ddn bd tri tflng edng eu nghi, ngoai mdt sd cdng eu danh bat, mdt phd hdp vdi thuyin ehay bang may hoic ehiee dgng ed nhd (neu Id thuyen Iam nidi cheo bang tay Hiin nay, ehat lieu lam thuyin hoae hen), ngfl ddn khdng ed bat ki mdt thilt chu ylu bang sat hole xi mang Cudc sdng bi bao hiem ndo Trong dieu kiln thdi tilt cda d c gia dinh lang gan ehat vdi binh thfldng cung nhfl lfle mfla gid, Unh nhdng eon thuyin denh trln thuyin chai lfldi, ngfl dan chi dfla h Bdng 2: Phfldng tien mflu sinh eua ngfl vdo sflc li^c nhd be eda minh di flng vdi ^ d n Nggc Sdn -^^^^i^- • • thien nhiln Biet la d trln thuyen phai LUdi thfldng xuyen ddi mat vdi hiem nguy nhflng loai ca Thdi diem va Dac Stem Ndi ffanh danh batdtidc ngfl dan cung danh ehap nhdn Mpt phu nfl Id ngifcu the he thfl hai eda lang chdi kl ve sfl an toan Ch^p -Nilong Banh doc Thang B3y cua hp nhflng lflc trln thuyen di ldm nghe Hau ROI -Dai= song (dung Tam Chfn Phiftmgtien Solifmg mUusinh (chiec) i B lOOm F -Cao:2m - Ni long -Dai = 100m -Cao:2m -Nilong -dai = Ghi dili thuyen cheo) danh theo chieu nilUc Banh doc song (dung thuyen cheo) Thang Roi nhA Gieng Hau Banh song 100m ^n doc Tiiang Mai Thang Chap Muong (danh ban Moiniroc Nguy hiem la the nhflng dieu lain sdng ngheo tflng, ngfl dan khdng the tfl trang bl thiet hi bdo hilm nhfl phao, phao, Dfldng nhfl thfldng xuyln phai ddi mat vdi hiem nguy da lam eho ngfl ddn at di d m giae sa set Ganh nang mflu sinh ludn thfldng trfle dem) TAP c n r KHOA HOC V o l 04, No, 15 - 3/2016 51 Phuang thiic mi(u sinh va chat luong cuoc song cua ngu oan lang uwi luuy yiau i (nghien cilu tracing hop tai lang Chai Ngoc Son, Kien An, \\i\ Phong) da lam hg phd m^c sfl an toan cfla minh d ddn ddng d e cgc tre xudng bai sdng, cac coc dfldc kit ndi vdi vd ghep vdi nhflng tam tren thuyin eho so phdn Mgt si eong viie nhU nhUng nghe phiz, bin gd dl tao thdnh sdn nha, tfldng va mdi nhi eanh mdu sinh ehd yeu bang ehdi lfldi, radt bd dfldc Iam bang gd hoae tdn Mdt sd gia dinh, nln nha dfldc ch^t bang gaeh vd xi mang Cac phdn ngfl dan ldng edn ldm nghe phu; eda sd deu nam ngang nhd, quay sdng, rong thu nhap khdng eao nhflng eung gdp phan hdn efla chinh vdo nha de ddn gid tfl dtlft giup ngfl dan trang trdi cupe sdng nhfl budn sdng giflp eho d n nha mat hdn vdo mua hh than, budn diu, lan thul, vdt phi lieu trln sdng Trong nha dflde bd tri eho de quin va Hien nay, phddng thflc mflu sinh eua ngfl ddn da ed nhflng bien d6i nhat dinh Bieu hien d c vlt dung sinh hoat, eho dl ngu, bIp dun rd ret ciia sfl bien ddi Id mdt sd cdng cu ddnh dfldc dfla phia ngodi nhd, nhd vl sinh, nha bat bang nan tre dflde thay the bang lfldi, tam la nhflng tam phin hodc gd ghep lai Ban thuyen cheo bang tay dflde gan may cd cdng thd Chua dflde dat d ndi trang trgng nhit ciia ngdi nhd; anh hoae tfldng chua Gil - su diJcfc suit rat nhd Tuy danh bang Ifldi nhflng san treo d vi tri trung tam cfla ban thd Cac pham danh bat khdng nhilu hdn trflde day vi vien gia dinh cd chd ngfl rllng Con gai ngudn nflde sdng bi d nhiera, ngudn thfldng dflpe danh mdt eho kin dao phia thuf san ngdy cdng can kilt Vdi phfldng thfle Sd dieh chuyen vl ndi d tfl thuyen mflu sinh thfl edng, nhd 11, ngfl dan van dung kinh nghiim tfl tich luy ve eon nflde vd thu^ dfldi sdng len nhflng can leu tam sat mep san de khai thae ngudn lpi sdng San sdng ehfla the thay ddi eude sdng eua ngd dan; pham ddnh bat cfla ngfl ddn chu ylu la ede loai song thudn tien va dam bao an toan bdn, vi tdm cd nhd mang lai gia tri kinh t l khong cao thuyen d dfldi sdng de hi d e tdu, thuyin di iai Thu nhdp eda ngfl ddn bap benh theo eon trln sdng va vao gay nguy hiem din tinh nfldc nln khdng dam bao dflde euge sdng eho mang Tfl leu di len bd thuan tiln hdn, khach tit ea mpi thdnh vien gia dinh den tham, khdng phai cheo len thuyin kho khan nhfl trflde Tuy nhien, "nha" dUcic Chat l u ^ g cuoc song cOa ngU dan lang chai cdng giao Ngoc Sctn, Kien An, dflng trln bai bdi eda sdng Laeh Tray, d e ehat thai sinh hoat tfl cac ndi khac HSi Phong va d e gia dinh thai ra, dgng lai d khu viJc 5.1 Ve ddi sdng vdt chdt bai bdi, lam eho mdi trfldng sdng cua hg bi o Tfl nam 1998 den diu nhflng nam 2000, nhiem ngfl din van d tren nhflng eon thuyin xi mang Tfl thuyen de d den nhd tqm trfldc va dau trln bai lay cfla sdng Lach Tray, De di sau nam 1998 phdn dnh sfl thay doi ve ldi song dflpc Iln bd, ngfl dan phdi bae d u kilu dgc trln phfldng dien d; song cung the hien vj the moc ndi tfl thuyin Iln bd dl sat bai sdng xa hdi eua ngfl dan gan eh^t vdi ndi an ebon Nhd tqm, gpi Id nha nhflng thflc chat la Thdn phdn thip kim, khdng cd vi tri xa nhflng can leu dflng sat bd sdng Tfl nam hdi, thu nhap bIp benh da quyet dinh ndi c( 2011, tu^ tflng dilu kien riing, moi gia dinh, cfla hp dflng mdt can leu nhd khoang tren dfldi lOm^ TU ndm 1998 trd di, dfldc chinh quyen trln bai bdi cfla sdng Lach Tray, dfla eon eai phfldng Ngpe Sdn tao dilu kiln vd nhd sil len an ngd, di hpc De dflng dfldc nha, ngfl 52 TRl/dNG DySil HOC H A I P H N G giup dd ban dau cua d e tinh nguyin viln mdt sd ehfldng trinh, dfl an cfla d e td chflc vd ngodi nflde, cung sfl tieh luy eua ngfl dan, nhieu gia dinh bat dau cd mdt so phfldng tiln sinh hoat, phfldng tien di lai nhfl xe may, bIp ga, ti vi, nfldc sach dl sinh boat Qua day eho thiy, ddi sdng vdt ehat cua ngfl dan so vdi trfldc ddy da kha hdn Tuy nhiln, vdi dilu kiln sdng va lao ddng dfldi sdng mang tinh chit may rui, bIp benh, phu thude vdo thdi tilt va nfldc nln cu^e sdng efla ngfl dan rit khd khan Dac bilt, ngudn thuy" sdn sdng ngdy cdng suy gidm nln thu nhdp tfl ban tdra, ea khdng du dl ngfl dan trang trdi cudc sdng Ngfl dan cd mfle sdng dfldi trung binh, ehat Iflpng eude song khdng dfldc ddm bdo Ngfl dan mdi chi thod man dflpc nhflng nhu cau vat chat tdi thilu d mflc thip 5.2 Ve ddi sdng tinh thdn eua nghi II ndy mudn hfldng giao dan din y tfldng dfl ngudn gdc eon ngfldi bin kim nhfl tro, nhfl bui dat nhflng eon ngfldi dflpc Thien Chfla yeu thfldng, eflu chudc vd sau se dflpe sdng Igti de hfldng phuc cudc ddi, nhae nhd gido ddn hay gang an nan den tdi, lap edng phue de dflpc hanh phflc mudn ddi Vdo dip ndy, nhflng saeh kinh da bi hdng dflde eha dao ddt thdnh tro Trong thfle hanh nghi le, cha dao xUc tro Iln dau cua nhflng ngfldi den dfl Vi the ngdy edn goi Id ngdy chiu tro Mdt nam, moi ngfldi phai chiu tro mdt Iln Ll diln tai nhd thd ehinh xfl, tfl 5'' din 6** sang va l?** den 19'' ehilu Dd ban edng viee den dau ngfl dan ciing bd tri di le vao thdi gian ndi trln, da sd ngfl din di ehiu tro vdo budi chilu tdi, di ehdi lfldi trd ve Tuy cdng viec ban biu nhflng ngfl din vin di dfl le tro nghiem tue, dilu dd phdn anh niem tin cfla hp vdo sflc manh cda Chfla, tin tfldng vao vile ed dflpe eude sdng tdt dep hdn Ddi sdng tinh thin cua ngfl dan lang chdi -Hid (13/2) Ngpe Sdn tap trung chu yeu d boat dgng tdn Vdi le la bat dau Tuin thdnh, tuan 11 giao, tin ngfldng Cudc song mflu sinb ndi song nflde gap nhilu rui ro, bat trac trgng trpng dai nhit ehfldng trinh phung vu ngudn ndi lfle cua nhdm ngfl dan ndy thip cua Giao hdi Le la dfldc diln tai nhd thd nln ngfl dan gfli gam flde mudn cua hp vdo chinh xfl, nham de nhae nhd tin vl vinh thing cfla ehfla Kitd Ld dflpe dflng cho 11 ndy sflc manh cfla Chua Id la ep, dieu kiln dia phfldng, ed ndi thay 5.2.1 Ton gido, tin ngudng Cae le tilt nam efla ngfl ddn ldng bang Id dfla hay cac loai la khae O Nggc Sdn, chai Ngpe Sdn dflpc trinh bay dfldi ddy gdp loai Id ddcic dung Idra phep budi 11 Id Id phin phdn dnh tdn giao, tin ngfldng cua hp dfla Trong budi 11, sau ldm phep ddi vdi eung nhfl ddi sdng tinh thin eua mpt ldng nhflng ehiee la, eha dao phdt eho moi ngfldi mdt la Ngfl dan thfldng treo ehiee la trfldc chdi Cdng giao thuy eU sdng mui thuyin de tranh nhflng dilu rdi ro, gap -LeTro (tUl3/l din trUde le Phuc sinh) may man trln sdng nflde Ddi vdi nhflng ngfl Ld ngdy khdi diu cho Mfla chay, le tro dan thude thi he thfl nhat vd thfl hai khdng dien vdo ngdy ed djnh nam md Idng rat tin tfldng vdo vile treo nhflng chile la phu thude vao ngdy le Phuc sinh Theo kinh trfldc mui thuyen se giup hp vflpt qua nhflng "Con ngUdi xudt thdn tU tro bui vd edng dilu khdng may man Dieu dfldc ngfl dan li se trd vi tro hui" Le Tro nhac nhd giao ddn ^ai: ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi ldn tudi, euge sdng nhd vl ngudn gde cua minh Theo dd, y nghia T;!iP CHf KHOA HOC V o l 04, No IS-3/2016 53 Phutmg thiic mUu sinh vi chat luong cuoc sdng cua ngUdan lang chai cong giao hien (nghien cilu trUcing hup tai lang Chai NgocSon, Kien An, H3i Phong) cua hp gap nhilu khd khan, trie trd hdn cde xdy dflng tfl sfl ddng gdp tdm eua cac giao thi he sau Trflde ddy, cudc sdng cua hg bap dan d e budi hanh le) vd tfl sfl dong g6p benh va dilu kien sdng thilu thon, lai ehfla eda d e giao dan ldng nhan dfldc sfl hd trp nao cua d e lflc Ifldng VI11 Thanh Quan Thay cua hg dao lang xa hdi nln hp tin tfldng tuyet ddi vdo chai Ngpe Sdn, ngdy lam le ed f nghia dfii v6i phep mdu efla Chfla (ehiee Id da dflpc lam giag dan Idng, bdi hp Id thdnh vien phip) Dieu ndy da an sdu vao suy nghi eda giao xfl dflpe binh dang nhfl cde giao ddn hg, tao sfl khac biet vdi the he thfl ba, thfl tfl khac Bin eanh dd, nhflng ngfldi dzii diln cho eua ldng - the he dd cd dieu kiln sdng tdt hdn Ban hdnh giao xfl Ban hdnh giao eua cac ho - Le Phuc sinh (to chUe vdo tudn thU cua dao khde, ea doan den lang ehdi hlu hit deu la nhflng cil dan trln bd Ngodi nhflng nghi 16 thdng dUdng lich ) diln tai Idng, nhflng ngfldi khach din du Phue sinh eo nghia Id sdng Iai Chinh le buoi 11 edn ed sfl giao lflu, tham hdi, gidp d8 thfldng dflde efl hanh vdo ngdy chfl nhat, dl ki ddi vdi ngfl dan Dieu ndy Idm tang niem tin niem vile Chua sdng lai sau bi gilt efla ngfl dan vao vi Thanh eua hp, vd tang co chit Dflpc xem la le quan trgng nhat kit cfla nhflng ngfldi eong giao nam cua ngfldi theo dao Thiln chfla Mfla Phue Sinh keo dai 50 ngdy, bat diu tfl thfl tfl - Le Cdu hon Ll Tro vd den thfl biy Tuan Thanh (mdt tuan Le d u hdn dien vdo thing 11, ddy Idle tnldc le Phue Sinh dflde gpi Id tuan Thanh) ehung eua ngfldi edng giao ddi vdi ngfldi thin Trong dip ndy, giao ddn phdi kilng an thit vdo da mat Vao dip le d u hdn, eha xfl den khu thfl sau cfla eae tuan thang Ddi vdi vflc lang md eda giao xfl de ldm le, gido dan ngfl ddn lang chdi Nggc Sdn, trfldc day ddng hfldng, hoa qua tai nhd thd va hddng sdng, mflu sinh linh dinh sdng nflde, thdi thdm, hoa tfldi tai lang mg ngfldi thdn de gian mfla le Phuc sinh khdng nhd ehinh tfldng nhd nhflng ngfldi da mat Ddi vdi mot xae nln vile kilng an thit it ddng Tfl sd gia dinh ngfl dan, day la dip di hg tddng trd thdnh hg dao, vile kilng ky va thfle nhd dng bd, td tiln, giao due eon chdu ve y hdnh le tai nhd thd da eo td chflc hdn va theo thflc cdi ngudn Nhan thfle vd tham gia le c^u dung cdc ngdy banh le tai nha thd xfl hon cda d e gia dinh ngfl dan rat khdc nhaa - Le Thdnh Quan Thdy hg dqo (29/6) Cd nhflng gia dinh tham gia deu dan nghi le Do Id 11 Thanh Phird, toan bd nam giao ndy nhflng eung ed nhflng gia dinh khong dan ldng chai Ngpe Sdn mang hg PhIrd hdnh le Sd di nhfl vay la vi cd nhilu gia finh vd Idm le kinh mflng Thdnh theo quy dinh cua khdng edn liln he vdl qui eu, mo md eua ong Giao hgi Trong 11 nay, hp dao ldng ehdi bd td tiln d diu hg cung khong xae dinh dU^c Ngpe Sdn thfle hdnh nghi le t?i thuyin nguyin, Khi hdi ve ngudn gde vd md ma eha ong, ngU ed mdi Ban hdnh Giao xfl, ca dodn Ban hanh dan eho biet, vi khdng ed dat chdn ngddi than giao thugc edc hg dao khae xfl din dfl nln trflde day phai ebon d ven sdng Chdi lildi Sau hanh II, hg dao lam khoang 10 mdm d khu vflc nao, neu ehang may cd ngfldi than c6, mdi gia dinh ldng efl mdt ngfldi den ehlt ngfl dan tiln chdn luon d ria bd song, sau dfl eflng cac vi khdch mdi Kinh phi cua budi mgt thdi gian, md thfldng bi trdi di mat Do do, le ddcic trieh tfl quy eua hp dao (quy ddcic nhilu gia dinh khdng edn bilt rad ma 6ng 54 TRl/flNG OAI HOC HAI PHdNG td tien cua minh d dau de hdnh 11 Dly eung la hien tfldng chung eua nhflng nhdm thuy cU sdng: ngfldi ehet thfldng ehdn d bd sdng, bai su nln thfldng bi trdi rait md - Le Gidng Sinh (dim 24 vd ngdy 25/12) Ld le ldn nhit ddi vdi giao dan, kinh mflng ehda Gilsu ddi, dflpc tiln hdnh trgng thi tai nhd thd Day Id dip de gido din bdy td 16ng kinh trflde Chua Gilsu, tham gia sinh boat cdng ddng Trong dim Nden, trflde thfle hanh nghi 11 trgng the, khu vflc bin ngodi nhd thd dien boat ddng van nghe d e giao hp biiu diln Ngfl ddn ldng chdi Nggc Sdn ddac tham dfl vdo cac boat ddng Trong phan hgi cua dira Gidng sinb, vdi khdng thfl gian, thodi mdi, ngfl dan dflde thfldng thde eae bai hat, cdc dilu rada raang ddm tinh chit cdng ddng Dieu da tang co ket edng dong eua nhflng ngfldi theo dao Ben eanh dd, cdn cd efl dan ngoai dao den hfldng khdng eua dim Nden, tao nen khdng gian boa hdp chung, sfl giao lflu binh dang gifla d e phin efl din tham gia dim hdi Khdng eda le hdi mang lai cho ngfl din nhflng giay phflt hflng khdi tara quin di nhflng lo toan bdn be eude sdng Tuy nhiln, sd ehinh lich vl ddi sdng vat ehlt gifla ngfl dan va giao dan trln bd mfla le Giang sinh the hien rat rd rit Ddi vdi gido dan tren bd ndi ehung, Giang sinh Id dip dl mpi ngfldi bay td tinh d m vdi ngfldi than qua nhflng mdn qua vd ldi chue tot dep Mdi gia dinh trang tri cdy thdng Nden va tri em dflpc tang nhieu mdn qud fla thieh Ddi vdi ngfl ddn ldng chai Ngpe Sdn, Giang sinh khdng cd qud, tai thuyin hay nhd tam khdng trang tri eay thdng, ban ngdy ngfl ddn van di cheo thuyen vd den tdi mdi den nha thd Xfl de thara gia Thanh le va thfldng thflc cdc boat dgng sinh boat van hod cdng ddng tai dd Thanh niln ldng di dfl Nden vl mudn hdn, ngfldi ldn thfldng di dfl din gid vi hp phdi vl di nghi d l ngdy hdm sau di chdi Ifldi Cd the ndi, khdng 11 Giang sinh hdng nam Id radn qud tinb than ddi vdi ngfl dan Ben eanh nhflng le tilt trln day, mIt sd cfl dan lang edn tham gia d c bi tieh khic nhfl thim sUc, truyin ddu Vi^c tham vao d e le tilt nam va thflc hdnh eae bi tich eda ngfl dan tfl trfldc va sau dau thuyen ed dinh vd hinh thdnh hp d^o ed nhflng bien ddi d n ban La mdt hp dao Hdi ddng giao xfl Cflu Viln, vi?e banh 11 cua ngfl dan gan vdi cac ho^t ddng tai nhd thd va d e hp dao khac theo dung^'tio ludt, ed td chflc vd raang tinh cdng ddng Dilu ndi Iln tinh cd kit cdng cdng cfla ngfl ddn ehat ehe hdn trfldc cflng nhfl vile giao tiep, giao Iflu van boa vdi giao dan trln bd sau hdn Nhd dd, edng ddng ngfl dan ldng chai da nhan dflde sfl quan tam giup dd eua gido ddn vd cfl dan trln bd Do v^y, thflc hdnh tin ngfldng cua ngfl dan khdng chi Id sfl cu the cua nilm tin tdn giao md edn chfla dflng nhu clu dflpc giao Iflu, chia si Cd thi thiy, thflc hdnh d e le tiet nam cfla ngfl ddn ldng chai Nggc Sdn ngodi vile thoa man nhu d u tinh than, tfl tin ngfldng cdn chfla dflng nhu d u giai quylt nhflng van de euge sdng Tren ed sd phan anh vd phan tich vl tdn gido, tin ngfldng cfla ngfl dan eho thiy ddi sdng tinh than efla ngfl dan mdi ehi t|p trung d ho?it ddng hdnh le tai nhd thd Qua boat ddng nay, ngfl ddn thoa man nhu d u dflpe gap gd, giao Iflu vdi nhflng ngfldi eung giao gidi Tfl sfl ed kit cda nhflng ngfldi dao, ngfl dan da dflde giao dan trln bd giup dd phin ndo khd khan vat ehat, rflt ngan bdt khoang each vdi efl din tren bd TAP CHl KHOA HQC V o l 04, No 15 - 3/2016 55 Phuong thifc mUu sinh va chat iudng cuoc song ciia ngUdan l^ng chai tong giao hien (nghien ci/u trU&ng hop tai iang Chai Ngoc Son, Kien An, HU Phong) Mot so ban luan ve phUtfng thuTc miTu sinh va chat lUtfng cuoc song ngif dan lang chai cong giao Qua nghiin cdu vd tim hiiu ve phfldng thflc mflu sinh vd ehlt Iflpng euge sdng qua ddi sdng vat ehlt va ddi sdng tinh than cua ldng chdi cdng giao Ngoc Sdn, Kien An, Hai Phdng eung vdi vile khdo sat thira mdt sd ldng chdi cing giao khae eo thi dfla mgt sd y kien sau day: trln bd Ngfl dan cflng chfla ed boat dgng van boa tinh thin nao mang dae trflng riing cua hg thu hut dflde sfl quan tim ehu f eua cgng ddng, xa hdi Ndm Id, nhu eau ve vat ehlt va tinh than eua ngfl din khdng dflde dam bao Do Id mgt cdng ddng yeu, trinh dd van hoa thap, von xa hdi ban chl, khdng cd tiem lfle kinh te, dieu kien ndi cu trfl kh6ng ddm bdo tao khoang d e h gifla ngfl din vdi efl ddn tren hb va tam li tfl ty, mae d m eho ngfl dan Mgt Id, phflPng thfle mflu sinh cda ngfl dan nhd le, danh bat theo kilu thfl cdng, san Nhfl vly, vdi phfldng thfle mflu sinh co phim danh bat dfldc it Sfl phan edng lao nhieu diera ban chl da anh hfldng khlng it dgng vd tiln hdnh cdc cdng vile trgng ldm din ehat Ifldng eupc sdng cfla ngfl dan Viec viee ehu yeu la gifla eae vien gia ngfl din tri cae hinh thflc mflu sinh nhil dinh, ehfla cd sfl kit hpp vdi nhflng ngfldi da phdn anh d trln Id khdng bilt tun kiem khac cgng dong, xa hdi Chinh vi vdy edng viee khde phu hdp hay hp da quen v6i ma kinh nghiim danh bat dflde tri theo vile ehdi Ifldi kiem an khd thieh flng vdi viec kieu cha truyen noi ldm khae Vdi thu nhap thap, nhan thdc va Hai Id, ngfl ddn thflc biln cdng viec ddnh ndi lflc yeu, ngfl ddn lang chai cdng giao co bat mdi trfldng sdng nfldc, dieu kien lao cuoc sdng khdng ddm bao chit lflpng Cac dgng khdng dflpc dam bao, sfl an toan ve tinh dich vu ve giao due, y te, an, d, nhu clu tinh mang cua ngfl dan rit bIp benh Vdi tmh ehat thin d mfle dfldi tmng binh Dilu tao cua nhflng cdng vile ngd dan thflc biln anh khodng each vdl cfl ddn tren bd, ban ehe cfl hfldng nhieu tdi sflc khoe, dl mac eae benh vl hdi phdt triln vd ddi ddi cua ngfl dan xddng va dfldng hd hip, Ba Id, thu nhap tfl mflu sinh cfla ngfl dan thap, bIp binh theo eon nflde va may rdi Hlu nhd mpi chi phi gia dinh efla ngfl dan ehd vdo nhflng me tdm, d bat dflpc nln nhu d u sinh hoat euge sdng hdng chfla dflpc dam bdo Vile eho di hgc, kham chfla benh Ifle dm dau hay tham gia vao cac djch vu xa hdi khac ddi vdi ngfl dan Id mdt gdnh nang kinh tl Ket luan Hien nay, vdi phddng thfle mflu sinh nhd II, thd edng vd ngudn lpi song suy kilt lam eho ddi sdng vat ehat eua ngd dan Idng chai edng gido gap nhieu kho khan, cac nhu eau ve an, d va d e sinh boat khae khong dflde dam bdo Cudc sdng nghIo khd, tfl tflng da han chl ed hdi ddi ddi eda ngfl dan, tam h til ty mae edm lara ngfl dan ngai giao tiep, nhu cau vl tinh thin bi bd hep cic hoat dpng hdnh le tai nhd thd Bon Id, ddi sdng tinh thin eua ngfl dan cdn nghIo ndn Ngfl dan mdi tham gia boat dgng bdnh 11 tai nha thd cflng giao din tren Cdc dich vu vl gido due, y te ma ngU bd Id chfl ylu md chfla cd nhflng ddng gdp vdo din dflpe hfldng la sfl ho trp tfl phia cic boat ddng sinh hoat van hod eua efl dan chfldng trinh, dfl an, ed tinh chit thdi dilm, 56 TRUdNG OAI HOC H A I PHdNG ' khdng dddc tri thfldng xuyln Ngfl dan ehfla td lflc tim kiem dich vu vd tri dich ' vu de tfl edi thien chat Iflpng cupe sdng eua cdng ddng minh TAI LI|U THAM K H A O Bfli Xuan Dinh vd cdc tdc gia (2013), Hdnh trinh vi ldng Viit ci, NXB Van hod thdng tin Ha Ndi Sfl quan tam, giflp dd eua ehinh quyin Bui Xuan Dinh (2012), Cdc toe ngUdi d • dia phfldng da tao nhflng thudn Ipi nhit dinh Viit Nam NXB Thdi dai, TP Hd Chi Minh eho ngfl din Nhflng ngfl dan khdng phai Ngd Kim Doan (2004), Vdn hod ldng xd Id dan ehinh efl nln gap nhieu khd khan ve VietNam, NXB Van hod thdng tm, Hd Ndi I thfl tue hdnh ehinh tiln hdnh cac boat Vu Thi Hanh (2014), "Chit Iflpng ngu6n ' dpng hd trd eho ngfl dan ehuyen ddi phfldng nhan lflc vd phfldng thflc mflu sinh dan thflc mflu sinh chdi" Tap ehi Nghien eflu Ddng Nam A, Sfl gidp dd eua edc td chflc, ca nhan ddi sd 1(166) tr 69 - 77 vdi ngfl dan mang tinh chat thdi vu, chi giup Toa gidm mue Hai Phdng (2012), Lich hp giai quyet khd khan tam thdi, chfla tao nen eong gido gido phdn Hdi Phong ndm Nhdm bfldc chuyin biln manh rae vl edi thien ehat Thin - 2012, NXB Tdn giao Ha Npi Ifldng cudc sdng Mudn eho ngfl dan ed phfldng thflc mflu sinh dn dinh, bin vflng, Nguyen Lan (2006), TU dien TU vd NgU Viet Nam, NXB Tdng hdp phd chat Ifldng cudc sdng dflde cai thiln dang ks Hd Chi Minh cln cd chinh sdch hdp li ddi vdi nhdra ngfl Nguyen Duy Thilu (2000), Con^ dong ngU dan chdi Ifldi sdng ddn d Viit Nam, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi, Bin eanh sfl hd trd vl vlt chit vd tinh Hd Ndi thin tfl ehinh quyen dia phfldng, cdc nhd hdo tdm, cac td ehfle, ea nhin, ngfl din can tfl ning cao nhan thfle, tfl tira kilra phflPng thfle mflu sinh phu hpp d l chuyen ddi nham dn dinh eupc sdng, tfl nang eao chat Ifldng cua sdng eua chinh minh, khdng dda dam trdng chd vao sfl trp giflp tfl bin ngodi Nguyen Duy Thilu (2003), "Cdc cdng ddng ngfl dan thuy cfl d vflng bien Vilt Nam", Tap ehi nghiin cflu Ddng Nam A sd 6, tr - 10 Nguyen Duy Thilu (2005), "Tim hiiu edng ddng ngfl dan thuy efl d Viet Nam", Tqp chi Ddn tpc hge so 1, tr 13 - 22 10 Hu^nh Khdi Vuih (2000), Phdt trien vdn hod eon ngUdi Viet Nam, Viln vdn hod, NXB Van hoa thdng tin, Hd Ndi TAP CHf KHOA HOC Vol 04, No 15 - 3/2016 57 Phuong thiic mUu smh va chat iuung cugc song cua ngu dan lang chai cong giSo hien (nghien cUu trUclng hop tai lang Chai NggcSim, Kien An, H3i Phong) THE LIVELIHOOD M E T H O D A N D THE CURRENT LIFE Q U A U T Y OF CATHOLIC FISHING VILLAGERS (A CASE STUDY IN NGOC SON FISHING VILLAGE IN KIEN A N , HAI PHONG) Abstracts There currentiy exists a group of Catholic fishermen residing by fishing in the river, with a craft method of fishing in small scope and limitations in their spiritual life; which consequently cause them numerous difficulties Lack of fully - equipped material life, and the cramped, poor spiritual life mainly presents at church ceremonies meanwhile medical service and education are not guaranteed and so on reflecting the low life quality of this fishermen group with no guarantee of social security Despite the help and support fi:om the non - governmental projects, organizations and individual donators, the quality of the fishermen's life has had no breakthrough improvement It is; hence, crucial to gain great attentions and help from local authorities, especially supporting policies, incentives for fishermen group to ensure their social security Keywords: fishermen, the life quality, livelihood method, Ngoc Son fishing village, Kien An, Hai Phong 58 TRl/dNG DAI HOC HAlPHdNG ... Hien nay, vdi phddng thfle mflu sinh nhd II, thd edng vd ngudn lpi song suy kilt lam eho ddi sdng vat ehat eua ngd dan Idng chai edng gido gap nhieu kho khan, cac nhu eau ve an, d va d e sinh. .. than, budn diu, lan thul, vdt phi lieu trln sdng Trong nha dflde bd tri eho de quin va Hien nay, phddng thflc mflu sinh eua ngfl ddn da ed nhflng bien d6i nhat dinh Bieu hien d c vlt dung sinh. .. thiic miru sinh vi chat luang cuoc song cfla ngu oan rang trior w»y ymu 11=11 no; (nghien tflu trirflng hop tai lang ChSI Ngoc Son, Kien An, HSi Phong) Lang chai cong giao Ngoc Sofn, Kien An, ngfl