Sinh kế của người dân tộc thiểu số thuộc diện tái định cư của tỉnh hòa bình trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so - 2018 SINH KE CUA NGITCXI DAN TOC THifiU S THUQC DIEN TAI DINH CU" CUA TINH HOA BINH TRONG BOI CANH BIEN DOI KHI HAU* ThS Nguyin Quang Tuan Vien Xa hoi hoc Tom tdt: Tinh Hoa Binh Id mot nhimg dia phuang chiu nhieu tdc dgng lan cua bien doi hdu nhu bdo, lu lut, sgt la ddt Bien doi hdu da eo dnh hu&ng rdt l&n den cuoc song cua ngu&i ddn, ddc Met la dong bdo dan toe thieu so Tru&e nhimg tdc dong cua bien doi hdu, Nhd nu&c vd tinh Hoa Binh da ban hdnh nhieu ehuong trinh, chinh sdch tdi dinh cu nhdm gidm thieu muc ton thuong tic thien tai doi v&i ede hg ddn vung dnh hu&ng Cdc chuang trinh tdi dinh cu mgt mdt bdo ve an todn tinh mgng cho ngu&i ddn tru&c nhimg thay doi cua th&i tiet nhung mat khdc cUng tgo nhimg thdch thuc viec on dinh vdphdt trien sinh ke cua hg gia dinh Bdi viet ndy nhdm phdn tich tinh hinh sinh ke cua ngu&i ddn tgc thieu so thugc dien tdi dinh cu cdc tdc dgng cua bien doi hdu gdy ra; thdo lugn ve mgt so vdn de ehinh sdch nhdm on dinh vd phdt trien sinh ke cho nguai ddn thugc dien tdi dinh cu, dgc biet Id nhihig ho ddn da tdi dinh eu tdc dgng cua biin doi hdu Tu khoa: Bien doi hdu, sinh ke tdi dinh cu, ddn toe thieu so, tinh Hda Binh Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/6/2018; ngdy gui phdn bien: 2/7/2018; ngdy duyet ddng: 8/8/2018 Dat van de Viet Nam la mdt nhimg qudc gia chiu anh hudng nang ne ciia thien tai va bien ddi hau (BDKH) nhu bao, lii lut, sat Id dat, ban han lam anh hudng rat ldn ddn sy an toan va sinh ke cua ngudi dan Theo Ban ehi dao Trung uong ve Phdng, chdng thien tai nam 2017, n a r a l thien tai da lara 264 ngudi chet hoac mat tich, pha huy 5.431 ngdi nha, hu hai them 364.997 ngdi nha khac cimg vdi 828.661ha dat san xuat ndng nghiep Bien ddi hau lam gia tang tinh de bi tdn thuang va cd the de dga ddi sdng va sinh ke ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn (ADB, 2011, tt 148) Dac biet, ddi vdi nhirng hd gia dinh ngheo va khdng ed dit, su thay ddi ciia hau da tac ddng den kinh te hd gia dinh, chu ydu d khia canh nhu cau lao ddng ndng nghiep va boat ddng kinh doanh tai dia phuang bi suy giam (Nguyen Cdng Thao va edng su, 2013, tr 49-53) ' Bai viet la ket qua cua de tai cap Ca sa nam 2018 ''Tiep can viec lam cua nguai ddn tdi dinli c Mi hdu: nghien cim trudng hap tm tinh Hoa Binh" tac gia lam Chii nhiem Nguyen Quang Tudn Duoi nhirng tac dpng cua BDKH, nhidu hp dan o noi bi anh huang bupc phai di doi tam thai hoac lau dai ii giam thiiu thiet hai, tri sinh k6, dam bao an toan tinh mang va cupc sang (UN Viet Nam va lOS, 2017, tr 6) Trong bdi canh do, Viet Nam da ban hanh nhik chuang truih, chinh sach lien quan tdi BDKH va di cu moi truang, co hoat dpng tai dinh cu (TDC) nhSm giam mUc dp anh huang tir thien tai ddn cupc sdng cua nguoi dan Cac chuang ninh TDC dupe xem la mpt tong nhiing chidn lupc chil dao vd thich itng vol BDKH ciia Chinh phit Viet Nam nhSm giam tac dpng va miic dp tdn thuang cua nguoi dan chiu anh huang (Dang Nguyen Anh va cpng su, 2016, tr 42) Hoa Binh la mpt tinh vimg Tay Bac cua Viet Nam Day la tinh midn mii c6 lucmg mua theo miia lan, ttong dia hmh ddi nui ddc cang lam tang nguy ca lu lut nuac song dang cao, lu quet va sat Id dit Trong nhiing nam gin day, Hoa Binh chiu rat nhieu thiet hai thien tai (Hiru Trung, 2016), dac bidt la ccm bao sd nam 2007^ va mua lu nam 201?' Can cii vao miic dp rui ro thien tai, tmh Hoa Binh da xay dung Dd an bd tri, dn dinh dan cu sinh sdng quanh khu vuc cd nguy co cao vd sat Id va 111 quet viing hd Hoa Binh UN Viet Nam (2014, tr 14) ciing chi rSng, viec TDC cd thd tap nhimg ca hpi va ngudn sinh ki mdi, nang cao kha nang chong chiu, bao ve su an toan ciia ngudi dan, phong tranh thien tai, nhit la ddi vdi nhimg ngudi dan cd didu kidn kinh te tdt, nhung cung tao cac tdn thuong mdi dam bao sinh kd ddi vdi nhimg ngudi cd didu kidn kinh td khd khan va nhdm doi tupng dd bi tdn thuang nhu ngudi ngheo, ngudi dan tpc thieu sd (DTTS), ngudi gia, Mac du da cd nhihig nghien cuu vd tac dpng cua BDKH den sinh ke ciia ngudi dan, nhung cac nghien cim dac thil vd sinh ke cua ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu da BDKH cdn chua duoc phan tich chi tidt bdi day la cdng ddng ngudi bi tdn thuang nang nd thien tai, sit bien doi ciia thdi tidt va hp phai di chuyen ddn mdt noi d mdi Cau hdi dat la sinh ke hien ciia ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC dp BDKH didn nhu thd nap? Bai vidt gdp phto phan tich tinh hinh smh kd cua ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC BDKH, dac bidt la nhung ngudi DTTS da TDC theo md hinh tap trung Tir dd, mdt sd van dd lidn quan den chmh sach se dupe thap luan hudng tdi dam bao su dn dinh va phat tridn sinh ke cho ngudi DTTS thupc dien TDC ndi chung va dien da TDC ndi ridng cua tinh Hda Binh Phirong phap nghien ciiu Bai viet su dung dir lieu khao sat dinh luong va dinh tinh dupe tidn hanh nam 2016 Td chire Di cu Qudc te (lOM) tai Viet Nam thuc Men vdi su didu phdi va hpp tac ciia Vien Xa hdi hpc Nghidn ciru dupe thuc hien tai hai xa vimg long hd thuy didn Hda Binh la Tan Mai va Phuc San thupc huyen Mai Chau cd ngudi thupc dien TDC va ba khu TDC tap ttung ^ Can bao s6 nam 2007 lam nhi6u tuyin duimg hu hong vik tinh trang sat Icr dit nghiem trong, 14 nguoi bi cliSt va rk nhiiu ngucn bi thucmg (Due Pliucmg, 2007) ^ Nam 2017, tinh hinli mua lu da gay tliiet hai nang n6 v i nguai va tai san, 34 ngucri chet vA rak tich, trSn 180 cong trinh bl hong nang hoac thiet hai hoan toan (TrSn Thuang, 2017) Tgp chi Pan tdc hgc so 4- 2018 27^ thudc cae xa: Yen Nghiep (huyen Lac Son), Bao Hieu (huyen Yen Thuy), Ddng Tam (huyen Lae Thuy) dugc xay dung each noi d cu khoang 100km cho cac hd tu nguyen TDC tap trung cua hai xa tren Bang phuong phap lay m l u ngiu nhien, nhdra nghien cihi da phdng van bang bang hdi 406 ngudi dan la chii hd/dai dien hd gia dinh (274 hd thude dien TDC va 132 hd da TDC) Dae biet, tae gia da su dung phuang phap lgc sd lieu nhiing ngudi chu hd/dai dien chu hd la ngudi DTTS tham gia tra ldi bang hdi, gdm ed 368 ngudi thugc dien da dugc di ddi va hd chua dugc di ddi bdi eanh BDKH Ngoai ra, de thu thap dii lieu dinh tinh ve qua trinh TDC, 30 eudc phdng van sau (PVS) va 15 cugc thao luan nhdm (TLN) tap trung da duge thuc hien vcri dai dien hd TDC, hd cin TDC, lanh dao va can bd dia phuong, dai dien co quan ehinh quydn tmh vdi muc dich lam phong phu them cae thdng tin ehi tiet lien quan den chu de nghien cuu Khai quat ve dia ban nghi§n cihi Tan Mai va Phiic San la hai xa mien mii thudc huyen Mai Chau cua tinh Hda Binh vdi sd dan la 3.535 ngudi, dd xa Tan Mai cd 1.500 ngudi va xa Phiic San cd 2.035 ngudi Phan ldn ngudi dan noi day la ngudi DTTS, do: dan tdc Mudng chidm ty le Idn nhat (vdi ty le tuong ung lan lugt d hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San la 53,4% va 61,8%), tidp den la dan tdc Dao (40,7% ddi vdi xa Tan Mai va 9,4% ddi vdi xa Phiic San), dan tdc Thai (21,5% d xa Phiic San), cdn lai la cac dan tdc khac (UN Viet Nam va lOS, 2017, tr 22) Thu nhap cua ngudi dan xa ehu yeu tu hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, ngu nghiep nhu trdng Iudng, danh bat ea, nudi ca Idng hd Hai xa n i m dgc theo long hd d viing ddi mii ndn chiu nhieu anh hudng eiia BDKH, dac bidt la sat Id dit vao mua mua Ty le hg ngheo d hai xa tuong doi cao, chiem 57% ddi vdi xa Tan Mai va 35% ddi vdi xa Phiic San Thue te khao sat ciing cho thay, hd ngheo ehiera 51,4%, can ngheo la 11,7% tdng sd 368 hd gia dinh DTTS theo tidu chi xet hg ngheo, can ngheo hien hanh cua Bd Lao ddng Thuong binh va Xa hdi Didu dd cho thiy, ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC BDKH phin ldn cd dieu kien kinh te khd khan va nhiing tae ddng ciia BDKH (nhu mua bao, lu lut, sat Id dat) cang khien hg roi vao hoan canh khd khan hon Trong nhiing nam qua, tinh Hda Binh da cd ke hoach di ddi ngudi dan d hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San theo hinh thiie TDC tap trung tai ba didm TDC d cac xa Yen Nghiep, Bao Hieu va Ddng Tara thudc cae huyen Lae Son, Yen Thuy va Lac Thuy Ba diem TDC la nhiing noi it chiu anh hudng cua BDKH hon so vdi hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San Trong hai dot td chiic TDC cho ngudi dan thugc hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San, da cd 60 hd dugc chuyen ddn didra TDC xa Yen Nghiep, 75 hg den xa Bao Hieu va 50 hd den xa Ddng Tam 28 Nguyen Quang Tuan Sinh ke dua vao hoat ddng nong nghiep Ngudi DTTS thugc dien TDC chu ydu sdng dua vao boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cdn Id thugc nhidu vao thien nhien va truydn thdng canh tac lau ddi"* Ndi each khac, cac ho gia dinh vin dai dien cho "hg kinh td tidu ndng"^ Didu dang ndi la su phan hda xa hoi theo nghd nghiep diln rit cham Kdt qua phan tich sd lieu cho thiy, phan ldn ngudi tra Idi lam nghd ndng, lam, ngu nghiep (chidm 83,9%) tdng sd 368 trudng hgp nhihig ngudi lam cac nghd phi ndng nghiep chidra ty Id rit nhd Dac biet, nhirng tac ddng ciia thien tai va qua frinh BDKH cang anh hudng xiu ddn sinh kd eiia ngudi dan ban Tinh rieng trudng hgp sat Id dit thien tai gay ra, phin ldn ngudi dan viing anh hudng thudc hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San eho bidt hg bi thidt hai rit nhidu: gidng cSy trdng bi hdng va giam nang suit (24,1%), hu hdng nha cua, dd diing gia dinh (22,2%), san phim ndng lam nghiep hi hdng (14,6%), dit san xuat bi mat va thu hep (14,1%), vat nudi bi dm, ch6t (6,6%) va nhiing thiet hai khac Ngudn thu nhap tir boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep (chu yeu lafrdngtrgt va ehan nudi) ciia ngudi DTTS thugc didn TDC cdn rat thap Phan tich sd lieu cho thay, tdng thu nhap binh quan frong 12 thang trudc thdi diem dieu tra tu boat ddng trdng trgt, chan nudi eiia ngudi DTTS thugc dien TDC khoang hon 19 trieu ddng (Mean = 19.191.000 ddng), tdng chi binh quan cho hoat ddng trdng trgt ehan nudi da gan trieu ddng (Mean = 7.705.000 ddng) So sanh giiia eac hg da TDC tai nai d radi cho thay, tdng thu nhap binh quan 12 thang trude thdi diera dieu tra tir boat dgng trdng frgt, ehan nudi eiia cac ho dan da TDC thap hon so vdi eac hg thudc dien TDC nhung ehua den noi TDC radi (Mean ^ 13.657.000 ddng so vdi Mean ^ 21.803.000 ddng) Cdn tdng chi binh quan 12 thang trudc thdi diem dieu tra eho boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cua ngudi dan thuoc dien TDC nhung chua TDC cao hon rit nhidu so vdi cac hg da TDC (Mean ^ 10.767.000 ddng so vdi Mean ^ 6.260.000 ddng) Dieu cho thiy, thu nhap tir boat ddng trdng trot, chan nudi cua ngudi dan thugc dien TDC cdn rit thip, dae biet nhiing hd da dugc TDC thap ban nhieu so vdi noi d cii ciia hg Didu duge ly giai ring, cae hd dan d nai d mdi dugc cip dit san xuit va dat d it hon, chat lugng dit lai khdng cao ndn da anh hudng r3t Idn den boat ddng san xuat, chan nudi ciia ngudi dan Dieu din den tdng thu tir frdng trgt ciing nhu chan nudi thip, chi phi lai eao hon Ddng thdi, chua cd he thdng xii ly chat thai tu chan nudi ciing gdp phan anh hudng ddn mdi trudng va dn dinh sinh ke cua ngudi dan: "'Ddt no hep nhu ndy thi nuoi dugc bao nhieu, gioi lam thi chi dugc vdi Truyen thdng canh tac lau dai duac higu la cac ho gia dinh chi san xuit vira dii an va hi^ii qua kinh tS khong cao Hp kinh te tieu nong la nhung ho lay san xuit nong nghiep lam ca sa kinh tk va kinh te ho da bat dau gan vai thj trucmg qua quan he mua ban dau ra, dau vao, k^ ca vay muon v i n voi mpt lupng nho va vcri cac hinh thitc tin dung khac Phuang thuc san xuit ciia ho chii yeu dya vao lao dpng ca th^, ky thuat thu cong va kinh nghiem co truyen, dai bp phan san pham san xuit d^ tieu diing tn^c tlSp nhim tri su siiUi ton cua gia dinh Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sti'4 - 2018 29_ Ngodi ra, khong the tinh dugc chdn nuoi vi he thong xu ly khong co, neu md chdn nuoi thi nhiem moi tru&ng luon" (TLN, nara, dan tdc Dao, 46 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Cac cugc phdng v i n dinh tinh ciing cho thiy, khu TDC cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi hon ve su an toan, giao thdng di lai nhung ngudi dan lai gap nhieu khd khan hon san xuat ndng nghiep dien tich dit san xuit dugc giao it hon, chat lugng dat ciing khdng bang noi d cii Cu the la: ''Mac dd xuong day (khu TDC mai) di lgi thudn tien han nhung ddt dai thi it han so v&i tren que (nai a cu)" (TLN, nam, dan tgc Dao, 47 tudi, xa tai dinh cu); va chat lugng dat rat kem gay khd khan viec trdng trgt: ''Noi chung, ddt & day todn dd Tren cd dd nhung co ddt doi vdn canh tdc dugc, a day ba be ban ben khong canh tde dugc gi Chung toi muon cay ciing khong co ddt md cay" (PVS, nil, dan tgc Dao, 30 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Mdt nhiing yeu to quan trgng vide dara bao sinh ke ben viing cua ngudi dan ndng thdn vimg DTTS la van de dat dai (dat d va dat ndng nghiep), dac biet ddi vdi cdng ddng DTTS tai dinh cu dang phu thugc rat ldn vao dat ndng nghiep (bao gdm dat san xuat ndng nghidp, dat lam nghiep va dat thiiy san) Chinh sach hd trg dat dai chung cho cac hd gia dinh thude dien TDC la dugc cap dat d vdi dien tich khoang 300 - 500m^/hd va dat ndng nghiep la 5.000ra^/hg Tuy nhien, viec hd trg dat van cdn it so vdi didn tich dat noi d cii va dieu da anh hudng nhieu den su phat trien kinh te ciia cac hd dan Ket qua phan tich cho thay, hau het ngudi dan da TDC tai noi d mdi (ehiera 97,5%) dugc cap dat ndng nghidp it ban nhidu so vdi noi d cii: chu yeu dugc cap dat ndng nghiep 5.000ra^/hd (97,5%) nhimg ngudi d noi d cii cd dien tich dat ndng nghiep binh quan dat khoang han l.OOOmVhd Thuc te hoan toan phii hgp vdi y kien eua ngudi dan dugc hdi: ''So v&i tru&c TDC, dien tich ddt sdn xudt nong nghiep dugc giao cua hg tdng hay gidm?" Kdt qua phan tieh sd lieu eho thay, cd 81,4% ngudi dan TDC duge hdi cho biet dien tich dat san xuat ndng nghiep dugc cap giam di so vdi nai d cii, ehi cd 9,3% cho rang tang len hoac khdng thay ddi Nhimg tac ddng ciia nen kinh te thi trudng da lam thay ddi ban chat kinh te - xa hgi cua ngudi ndng dan truyen thdng Tnrdc day, ngudi ndng dan tu trgt, chan nudi nhung hg vira tu san xuat ndng nghiep cho hd gia dinh minh vua lam thud va nhan tien cdng frong ndng nghiep (cho eac boat ddng nhu frdng mia, bdc mia, frdng keo, bdc keo ) cho cae hg cd quy md dat san xuat va dien tich cay trdng ldn (hay cdn ggi la chii trang trai/nong trai): "Bd di Idm them a day thu&ng Id di bdc mia, mia, keo, bdc keo" (TLN, nara, dan tdc Dao, 56 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Mdt diera dang chii y la tai nai d cii, ngoai san xuat ndng nghiep ngudi dan cdn duge hudng lgi radt sd ngudn tu sdng Da thdng qua danh bat ea, nudi ea d viing Idng hd, Tuy nhien, den nai d mdi, sinh ke dua vao sdng Da khong edn nua ndn ddi sdng ciia cac hg Nguyen Quang Turn dan trade Ida phu thuoc vao song Da gap nhiSu Icho khan hon "O tren que Ichong di lam tlii chiing toi xudng song bdt torn cd, Ichong duac nhieu thi it Tren ndy Ichong di Idm thue ngdy hdm khong co gi dn, cho nen vi ddy vdt vd han & que" (PVS, nu, dan toe Muong, 55 tu5i xa tai dinh cu) Dac biet, doi s6ng cua cac ho dan TDC kho khan ban nhieu so voi nguoi dan so tai van giit tap quan canh tac va san xuat nong nghiep a noi o cu, a noi a moi nguai dan so tai c6 nhirng hoat dong canh tac da dang va tao nang suit hon: " Bdi v&i ngucri ddn s& tai, thdm canh tren dien tich ddt thi bd thdm canh tdng v len Icy thuat chdm soc vd cham bon Idnh nghiem han, sdn luang cao han so v&i nguai da tdi dinh cu" (PVS, nam, dan toe Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu) Chinh vi (j noi miJi diju kien ikt san xuat han hep va kem chit luong nen rit nhiju nguoi dan TDC da quay lai noi o cii d^ tim kiem ngu6n sinh ke cho ho gia dinh thong qua hoat dpng san xujt nong nghiep, nhu Iudng va nuoi ca viing long h6: "Gia dinh nam ndo ciing ve que vi diit luong & Hdng ndm, cie den vu Id ve thu hoach J - tudn, thdm chi co nhd cit de a ddy vcri ong bd cdn bd me quay lai que de lam dn vcii thdng m&i ve Neu khdng dot & que thi hdu het cdc ho khong song duac & diem TDC m ndy" (PVS, Nam, dan tpc Dao, 39 tuoi, xa tai dinh cu) Trong do, diit san xuat cua nguai diin sd tai dupe danh gia tdt hon so vdi dat san xuat duac Clip cho cac hd dan TDC: "Nhin chung, chdt luang ddt sdn xudt cua nguoi ddn sa tai tdt hem khu ddt duac cdp ciia ngu&i dm TDC (PVS, nam, dan tdc Kinh, 34 tudi, ngudi dan sd tai) Ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu da cd ke hoach chuyen ddi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi nham phat trien kinh te hp gia dinh va dn dinh sinh ke nhung sd luang van cdn it (chiem 31,7%) Ngudi dan ciing cho biet, ly khdng thay ddi ke hoach san xuat mpt phan la chua co he thdng thiiy loi va lien quan den viec cap so dd de vay vdn dau tu cho hoat dpng chuyen doi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi: " Neu cd thuy lot thi chiing toi sdn sdng chuyen doi cdy trdng luon Ngodi ra, cdn cdp so cho chung toi de chung toi lay cdi de vay von chuyen ddi cdy tron^' (TLN, nam, dan tdc Dao, 50 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Sinh ke dira vao hoat dong phi ndng nghiep Ben canh boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, v4n dd tao viec lam phi ndng nghiep duac xem la mdt nhiing giai phap quan trpng viec diim bao sinh ke ciia ngudi diin duai tac ddng cua BDKH Ngoai nhiing boat ddng san xuJt ndng nghiep, ngudi DTTS tai dinh cir chu yeu lam cac cdng viec gan nha mang tinh chit lao dpng tu do, khdng yeu ciu trinh dp, chua qua dao tao va tra luang thip nhu thp xay, bdc vac, "Bd & day di Idm thim thu&ng Id di phu xdy, tru&c mdi ngdy lam duac 80.000 dong, bdy gi& thi duac lOO.O ddng/ngdy" (TLN, nam, diin tpc Dao, 56 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Cdn ddi vdi nhiing ngudi di lam an xa thi thudng lam cac cdng viec cdng ty, nha may nhung bp phan rat it: " Mot sd ngucri khdc thi di Idm cdng ty & Phii Ly, tinh Hd Nam" (PVS, nam, dan tgc Tgp chi Ddn toe hgc s6'4 - 2018 Mudng, 48 tudi, xa tai dinh eu) So sanh vdi ngudi dan sd tai (chii yeu la ngudi Kinh) frong boat dgng di lam an xa, nhin chung ngudi dan dan tdc thidu sd TDC ed sd lugng it hon: "Ngu&i dan s& tgi & day di Idm dn xa ciing nhieu, eung khodng tren 50% tuoi lao dong" (PVS, nara, dan tdc Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu) Ngoai cac cdng vide tten, da cd mdt sd hg tu md cua hang kinh doanh nhu eua hang tap hda, sua ebiia xe may nhung rat it: "CUng eo hg ngodi ndy m& cua hdng tgp hoa, edn sica chira CO eon trai bdc tu m& ciia hdng sita chita xe mdy" (PVS, nara, dan tdc Dao, 48 tudi, Trudng xdm TDC) Didu cho thiy sir thay ddi ve cau tnic nghe nghiep cua ngudi ndng dan tir hd thuan ndng sang kinh te hg vdi nhieu nghe khae nhau, nhung quafrinhthay ddi dien kha chara Dac biet, hdi vd y dinh chuydn ddi sang kinh doanh, dich vu thi rat it ngudi dan cd y dinh chuyen ddi Ket qua khao sat cho thay, ehi cd mdt bd phan rat nhd ngudi dan cd y dinh chuydn ddi sang kinh doanh, dich vu (1,6%) Ly dugc ngudi dan cho biet la thieu vdn dat dai chua dugc cap sd do: "Neu chiing em mudn phdt trien kinh doanh khong CO so cUng khong vay dugc" (PVS, nil, dan tdc Dao, 30 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Viec lam phi ndng nghiep la mgt frong nhiing ngudn thu nhap ehinh eiia ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC Qua trinh thi trudng hda, edng nghiep hda da cd nhiing tac ddng den ndn kinh td hd gia dinh, lam thay ddi nghe nghiep ciia cac vien frong hd gia dinh Dieu cd nghia rang, ngoai nhiing ngudi hg lam ndng nghiep, edn ed nhung vidn lara cac nghd khac, gdp phan cai thien kinh te hd gia dinh Mac dii da cd su chuyen bien ve vide lara phi ndng nghiep nhung didn van cdn cham, thu nhap cua hd DTTS thugc dien TDC cdn rat thap Ket qua phan tich cho thay, tdng thu binh quan tir boat dgng phi ndng nghidp (kinh doanh, budn ban) cua ngudi DTTS thude dien TDC 12 thang trudc tbdi diem dieu fra khoang ban trieu ddng/hg/thang (Mean ^ 3.355.000 ddng) frong chi binh quan/hg/thang khoang hon trieu ddng (Mean ^ LI 13.000 ddng) Ben canh dd, tdng thu nhap binh quan/hd 12 thang quy tien tit tidn luong, tien cdng va tir cac ngudn khae cua eac hd dan vin cdn rat thap, lan lugt la Mean ^ 15.928.000 ddng va 1.321.000 ddng Khao sat tai dia ban TDC eho thay, ngudi dan TDC gap rat nhidu khd khan frong tim kiem viec lam phi ndng nghiep, neu cd eiing thudng khdng dn dinh, tir dd anh hudng rat ldn den sinh ke eiia ca hg gia dinh: "Ca hgi viec Idm them du&i khu TDC thi vdn co, theo anh em co sice khoe thi vdn co viec Idm, nhien mang tinh chdt khong ben vimg" (PVS, nam, dan tdc Mudng, 48 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) UN Viet Nam (2014) ciing nhan dinh: cac chuang trinh TDC mgt mat giiip bao ve su an toan cua ngudi dan, phdng franh thidn tai, nhung mat khac qua ttinh cung gay nhiing khd khan nhat dinh nhu thieu cac dich vu, thidu vide lam, thidu ca hdi tao thu nhap Tuy nhien, ddi vdi mdi khu TDC Iai cd sir khac viec tidp can nhiing vide lara phi ndng nghiep (3 khu TDC Bao Hieu, dugc su giiip dd cua ngudi dan sd tai vd each 32 Nguyen Quang Tudn thiic va kinh nghiem lam an, gidi thieu viec lam nen nhitng ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu cd co hdi tim dupe viec lam cao hon: "Ngu&i ddn sa tai tgo dieu kien rdt nhieu ddi v&i nguai dm TBC Ho giiip ve cdng dn viec Idm, chia se kinh nghiem Idm dn, gi&i thiiu ngu&i ddn cd cau Idm viec din Idm viec tgi nhd mdy che bien go hogc di Idm cdng ve sdn xudt nong nghiep" (PVS, nam, dan tdc Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu) Dieu cho thiy, viec md rpng vdn xa hpi va mang ludi xa hdi cd vai trd rit quan trpng trpng tim kidm viec lam phi ndng cua ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu, tir dd ngudi dan cd the dn dinh sinh kg tdt hon Kit qua ciing tuong ddng vdi nghien cira ciia DaCosta va Turner (2006, tr 197), ADPC (2003) cho ring: TDC cd tac dung tang cudng mang ludi xa hdi dia phuang cho ngudi dan thdn hp lap mdt thdn mdi, dupe the hien qua su hd trp ciia gia dinh, hp hang, hang xdm, cac td chiic xa hpi va chinh quydn not d mdi Ket luin Ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC chii ydu sdng dua vao cac hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, BDKH anh hudng rit ldn den boat ddng san xuat cua ngudi dan, tir dd din den sinh kd cua cac hd dan bi de dpa Mdt bd phan nhd ngudi DTTS thupc dien TDC cd du dinh chuyen ddi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi, nhien nhiing khd khiin lien quan den dat dai, vdn dau tu, he thdng xu ly nudc tudi tieu, he thdng xir ly chat thai, chinh sach hd Ug gidng cay trdng va vat nudi cung nhu vay vdn dang la trd ngai ddi vdi hp Mac du Nha nudc da cd chuang trinh TDC cho cac hd dan trpng vung anh hudng nhung cac khu TDC d tinh Hoa Binh cdn han che ve dien tich va chat lupng dat san xuat, dieu da anh hudng ldn den phat trien sinh ke cua ngudi dan Ngoai cac hoat ddng sinh ke dua vao ndng nghiep, ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC va da TDC cdn tham gia nhChig hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, viec tiep can cac vice lam phi ndng cdn gap nhieu khd khan, dac biet la ddi vdi nhirng ngudi da TDC bdi mdt phan la cd it doanh nghiep boat ddng tren dia ban, phiin khac la nhan thuc ciia ngudi dan cung nhu mang ludi xa hdi tim kiem, gidi thieu viec lam vin cdn ban chd Ddng thdi, hinh dp chuyen mdn, tay nghe ciia ngudi dan cdn thip nen dii cd tham gia vao nhiing viec lam phi ndng thi chu yeu vin lam cac cdng vide lao ddng gian don vdi miic thu nhap thap, khong dupe hudng cac che dp dai ngd lao ddng Do dd, sinh kS cua hd chua dupe dam bao TCr nhung kit qua nay, vin de dat dam bao sinh kd cho ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC la hd trp gidng cay trdng, vat nudi va vdn vay cho nhiing hd cd y dinh chuyen doi nham phat trien kinh te hd gia dinh; chinh sach cip them dat san xuit ndng nghiep cd chat luong la vd ciing can thiet va cin cd cac chuong trinh dao tao nghd, thu hut du an diu tu tten dia ban hoac viing lan can; thuc diy mang ludi xa hdi va nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi diin hoat ddng tim kidm, tao viec lam Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2018 Tai lifu tham khao ADB (2011), Nghien cim tde dgng bien doi hdu vd de xudt cdc gidi phdp thich ung & Dong bdng song Cim Long - Phdn A, Bao cao tdng ket ADPC (2003), The Role of Local Institutions in Reducing Vulnerability to Recurrent Natural Disasters and in Sustainable Livelihoods Development - Case study: Vie Nam, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Dang Nguydn Anh va cgng su (2016), Ddnh gid bdng chirng: Di cu, moi tru&ng vd bien doi hdu tgi Viet Nam, Td chiic Di cu Qudc td, Geneva Ban chi dao Trung uang ve Phong, chdng thien tai (2017), Bdo cdo Tong kit cong tdc phong chong thien tai ndm 2016 vd trim khai nhiem vu ndm 2017 DaCosta, E va Turner, S (2006), Negotiating changing livelihoods: The sampan dwellers of Tam Giang Lagoon, VietNam, Geoforura 38 (207), tt 190-206 Nguyen Cong Thao va Pham Thi Cam Van (2013), "Thich ung vdi bien ddi hau: Nhin tir gdc cdng ddng", Tgp ehi Nghien cuu Dia ly nhdn vdn, Sd 1,fr.45-53 Due Phugng (2007), "Con bao sd va nhung tara Idng nhan ai", tren trang http://vt^ww.baohoabinh.cora.vn/220/9513/Con-bao-so-5-va-nhung-tara-long-nhan-ai.htm truy cap 06/12/2007 Hiiu Trung (2016), "Hdi nghi tdng kdt cdng tac phdng chdng thien tai va tim kiem cuu nan",frenfranghttp://baohoabinh.com.vn/12/98495 truy cap 22/4/2016 Tran Thudng (2017), "Mua lu d Hda Binh: 34 ngudi chdt va mat tich, thiet hai ban 1.600 ty", tren trang hfrp://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/raoi-truong/mua-lu-o-hoa-binh-34nguoi-chet-va-mat-tich-thiet-hai-hon-l-600-tv-405771.html truy cap 19/10/2017 10 UN Viet Nara (2014), Di cu, tdi dinh cu vd bien doi hau tgi Viet Nam: Gidm nhe muc phai bdy tru&c hiem hga vd ton thuang tic hdu cue doan thong qua di cu tu vd di ddn theo dinh hu&ng Lien Hgp Qude tai Viet Nam, Ha Ndi 11 UN Viet Nam va Vien Xa hdi hgc (lOS) (2017), Tdi dinh cu boi cdnh bien doi moi tru&ng & tinh Hoa Binh, Viet Nam: Phdn tich qud trinh quyet dinh cua cdc hg gia dinh vd cdc kit qud cua chuang trinh tdi dinh eu  ... doi tam thai hoac lau dai ii giam thiiu thiet hai, tri sinh k6, dam bao an toan tinh mang va cupc sang (UN Viet Nam va lOS, 2017, tr 6) Trong bdi canh do, Viet Nam da ban hanh nhik chuang truih,... dn dinh dan cu sinh sdng quanh khu vuc cd nguy co cao vd sat Id va 111 quet viing hd Hoa Binh UN Viet Nam (2014, tr 14) ciing chi rSng, viec TDC cd thd tap nhimg ca hpi va ngudn sinh ki mdi, nang... ngudi gia, Mac du da cd nhihig nghien cuu vd tac dpng cua BDKH den sinh ke ciia ngudi dan, nhung cac nghien cim dac thil vd sinh ke cua ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu da BDKH cdn chua duoc phan tich