Một số đặc trưng trong nhận thức luận của adorno

TRifeT HQC, S6 12 (319), THANG 12 - 2017 MOT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THdC LUAN CUA ADORNO Phgm Vdn Dining' ' Th^c sT, Vien Tri^ hpc, Vi^n Hin lam Khoa hpc xll hpi Vift Nam Email: duonglogic@yahoo.com Nh|n ng^y thing n5m 2017 Chap nh|in d5ng ngiy 25 thdng InSm 2017 Tom tdt: Theodor W.Adorno (1903 - 1969) la nhd tu tudng co vj tri quan trpng tnifimg phai Frankfiirt Ong dd ki thira nhthig tu tudng c6 gia trj phep bipn chung cua C.Mac, phep bipn chung cua Heghen cung nhu cac tu tudng cd gia tri khdc ciia cac nha triet hpc phuang Tdy hipn dai dl xay dyng nen mOt phep bi^n chdng mdi ma dng gpi Ik phep biin chiing phii dinh Nhgn thiic lugn cua dng mang tinh phe phan tdt cd nhDng gl dang ap ddt, kim hdm nh|n thdc cua ngudi, vd mang nhung d|c trung rieng: Tha nhdt, nhgn thdc lugn cua dng dupe xdy dyng tren nguyen ly phi ding nhat; tha hai, nhdn mgnh chu the hOu sinh cua nhan thdc; thu ba, nhdn manh den npi dung kinh nghipm ciia nhan thdc Td khoa: Theodor W.Adorno, phep phii dinh bipn chdng, nguyin 1^ phi ding nhat, chu thi hiiu sinh De xay dyng nen nhdn thde lugn cfla minh, Adomo dd tiip thu nhiing tu tudng eiia ngudi ding nghiep Horkheimer rdng nhgn thde lugn eua chfl nghTa l^ luc dau mang tinh khai sdng, song v i sau lgi mang tinh bdo thd vd dp ddt quan nipm chu quan cfla mOt s i ngudi vdo tu nhien cung nhu xa hOi Nhdn thuc ludn dd da gdp phdn hinh nen tri thde edng cy ma ngudi ta dflng d i thing tri ty nhien cflng nhu xd hOi, Iam tha hda ngudi Adomo cho rdng, nh|n thdc luan cfla chd nghia ly hinh thdnh nen tri thde edng cy vd di ngupc lgi tinh thdn khai sdng ban dau, bdi nhan thdc lugn dupe xay dyng torin nguyin ly ding 60 nhat va nhflng khiim khuylt mdi quan faO chu khdch the cua nd Trin tinh thdn phe phdn dd, Adomo da xay dyng nin nh|n thdc lugn cua minh vdi ba dde tnmg CO ban, la: Tha nhdt, nguyen l^phi dong nhdt Td vipe phi phdn co sd nh|n thuc luan cua ehd nghia ly la nguyin ly ddng nhdt (khai nipm dong nhdt vdi su vat), Adomo dd xay dyng nin nhgn thde luan eua minh dya tren nguyen ly phi ding nhdt Theo dng, nguyin Iy dong nhdt Id sy dp ddt chd quan y chi cua chd the lln khach the Vi vgy, d i xay dyng nhgn thdc Iu|n eda minh, dng da kiln quyit bdc bd nguyen ly PHAM VAN DirONG ddng nhdt Ong viit: "MOt ldn nfla chung tdi ggt bd sy ding nhdt v i mdt nguyin ly, sy tiiih tgi eda khdi niOm sl bi nhdn chun sy syp dd eua nguyin If ding nhdt Khi ma nhdng thuOc ti'nh cua mSi khdi niOm ehung ldm mat di sy khac bift cfla cdc thyc the thi mOt triit hpc tuypt doi sl khdng cdn gi d i hy vpng nfla" [2, to-.136] Sdu xa hon, Adomo cho rdng nguyin ly dong nhdt cfla ehu nghTa ly dd dan tdi sy dp ddt khai nipm, quan nipm eda chfl nghTa 1^ cho mpi ngudi, biin hp thdnh nhflng ngudi cd f thdc mdt chiiu Td dd, Adomo da xdy dyng nhgn thde lu|n cfla minh dya trin nguyin 1;^ phi ding nhdt, d d6 ludn nhdn mgnh din sy khdc biOt gifl:a sy v|t vd khdi nipm Sy khdng dong nhat gifla sy vgt va khai niOm, theo Adomo, mdi Id thyc tgi chan chinh eda nh|n thdc; nguyin 1;^ phi dong nhdt dd mdi Id co sd dflng ddn eda nh|n didc ludn Nlu nhu nh|n thdc lu|n eua chu nghTa ly chu truong nhan mgnh den sy ding nhdt sy khac bipt; thi ngupc lgi, Adomo chd tmong nhdn mgnh din sy khdc bi§t sy ding nhdt vd cho rdng chinh mdu thuan mdi la dOng lyc d i nhgn thdc cfla ngudi khdng ngimg phat trien Trong nhgn thdc lu|n eda minh, Adomo ddt tdm quan trpng cua nguyen I^ phi dong nhat lln vi tri hdng ddu Ong cho rdng, qud trinh nhgn thdc, nhflng khdi nipm phdi phdn dnh va ndm bdt nhflng thupe ti'nh, bdn chdt cfla sy vdt; song v i mdt nguyin tdc nhihig khdi niOm sl khdng bao gid phdn dnh dupe toan bp, trpn vpn ban chat cua sy v|t vao npi hdm cua nd Vi v|y, ngudi ta ludn ludn phai ty f thde ve sy chua ddy dd, chua trpn vpn cua khdi niOm de khdng ngimg hodn thipn tri thdc cua minh 6ng Igp lugn rdng, niu nh|n thdc xudt phdt td nguyin ly ding nhdt tiu ngudi ta ehl can nhgn thue mOt ldn Id da ndm bdt duac hodn todn bdn chat eda doi tupng va nhu vdy, qud trinh nhgn thdc sl diing lgi bdi khdng gj cdn phdi nh|n thdc sdu hon nfla "Nhdn thdc se mdt di vai trd cua nd vipe ndm bdt khdch thi mOt khdch thi dupe quy v i khai niOm ciia nd" [2, tr.l39] Ong cho rdng sieu hinh hpc cu dya tren sy ding nhdt tuypt doi gifla khm niem vd sy vat, dd ldm mdt di vai trd cua chd the; chd thi bi giam hdm sy sung bdi vd mdt di khd ndng nhgn thuc thyc su Ngupc lgi vdi nguyen ly ddng nhdt ciia chd nghia ly, Adomo ludn khdng djnh nguyin 1;? phi ddng nhdt gifla su v|t va khai niem cho rdng, khdi niOm Id sdn phdm eiia qua trinh nhdn thdc nhung nd khdng bao gid ding nhdt hodn toan vdi sy vat va qud trinh nhdn thdc khdi niOm cung ludn dupe phat trien 6ng viet: "Khdi nipm ve sy vgt khdng phai la mOt tri thdc hodn thipn; md su di sdu cua nhgn thdc ve doi tupng cd thi ddn tdi khai nipm sdu sde hon" [2, tr.l35] Adomo ciing ludn nhdn mgnh den nhiing thuOc tinh, tfnh chat eua ddi tupng md ngudi ta chua nh|n thdc duac, dng eho rdng d6 chfnh la phdn khdng d i i ^ nhdt gifla khai nipm vd sy vgt, ma dng gpi Id phdn phi khdi nipm dang "Idn trin" khdi khdi niOm Nlu theo chfl nghTa thyc chung hay chu nghia ly thi se chi cd mdt khai nipm eo quan hO vdi su vat nhdt (dd duoc nh|n thuc hodn todn); cdn theo nhan thdc lu|n cua Adomo sl cd hai bp phgn cung tdn tgi cung sy vat do: Mdt Id, nhflng thupe tmh cua sy vat da dugc phdn anh vdo khai nipm eua tu vd hai la, nhiing tfnh ehdt chua dupe tu phan anh vao khdi nipm Trong tu cua ngudi, hai 61 MOT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THtTC LUAN C O A ADORNO ITnh vye ndy cd quan he mat thiet vdi Chung tgo nin mdu thuan cfla tu duy, va day chinh la dpng luc dh tu phdt tiiin Nhu v|y, nguyen ly phi ddng nhdt giup tu f thuc dupe rdng nhflng gi da nhgn thdc dupe van khiem khuyet, ehua ddy dd va nhipm vy cita tu la tiep tyc tien sau hon nfla d i ndm bdt nhflng thude tdih chua duoc phan dnh vao khai niem Trong do, nhflng khdi nilm, theo tmyin thdng cua ehd nghTa ly, dupe tu xem xdt cai doi Igp vdi nd la nhflng thupe tinh chua dupe phdn dnh nOi ham ciia chung Khi vupt bd khdi niem cfl, tu phdi phan anh dupe nhflng thuOc tinh mdi ma nhgn thde trude ddy chua phdn dnh duoc ehdng nOi hdm eda nhflng khdi nilm dd, cdn phdn ndm bin ngoai khdi niem cfl, chinh Id cai khdng ddng nhdt cua khai niem Nhu vgy, khdc vdi nhan thdc lugn cfla chu nghTa \f mang tfnh dp dgt vd ddng nhat hda, nhgn thdc lugn cua Adomo ludn ty y thdc ve nhiing khiim khuyet cfla tu duy, ludn quan tam va hudng den nhflng gi chua duac khai niem hda Theo Adomo, nguyin ly ding nhdt cua ehfl nghia ly la sy phan anh khdt vpng eye doan cua mOt tai^ lap xa hOi mudn dp ddt quan niem cua hp len toan bO xa hOi, vi thi nd dl nen va tude di khdt vpng nh|n thdc eua nhttng ngudi khdc Vd chinh nguyin 1^ dd dd Idm eho chu nghia ly di ngupc lgi tinh thdn khai sang cfla nd, biin nhflng tri thde, chdn Iy khoa hpc cdng cy d i cflng eo quyin lyc cho giai cdp tu sdn cdm quyin vd hp dflng nd dh dd nen vd dp ddt quan nipm cfla mlnh cho nhflng ngudi khac, lam tha hda eon ngudi Ong eung cho rdng, nguyin ly ding nhdt Id sy ky vpng thai qua cua chu nghTa ly v i sdc manh cfla tu Nd cflng chfnh Id gide mo hu Id sy bdp meo hiin thuc md chfl nghia ly khdng nhdn thdc the gidi hipn thyc tuih chinh thi phong phu vd toan dipn cua nd No thi hiin gide mo cua ehu nghia ly mudn ddng nhdt hoan toan khai niOm vdi sy vgt Song trin thuc ti, diiu la khdng thi thyc hipn duoc day, thyc chdt, nguyen If ddng nhat eua chu nghTa 1^ la mOt sy ne trdnh, khdng ddm ddi dipn vdi tinh vd cflng, vd t|n ciia thi gidi, vdi sy phong phu va da dang eda doi tupng nhgn thdc Nh|n thdc lu|n cua chit nghia ly da ding nhdt tuypt ddi tdt ca nhung ddi tupng da dgng vdo mOt khach the ma hp coi Id ddi tupng nhgn thdc cua hp Ddy Id mOt su khiim khuyit cdn phdi khdc phyc di trdnh sy dp ddt chfl quan 6ng nhdn mgnh: "Ban than sy vat thi khdng cd chut ndo Id sdn phdm cua tu duy, nd Id sy phi ding nhdt thdng qua sy ding nhdt" [2, tr.l89] Ong phe phdn chfl i^JiTa ly nd thu hep doi tuang nhgn thiic song, th|m chi ed vdi dii tupng nh|n thdc dd hi thu hep do, thi ngudi ta cflng khdng thi nhgn thdc dupe hodn toan dii tupn^ Chu nghia l^ dd khdng dam thira nhdn khdi niOm v i sy vat chi phdn dnh mOt phdn b ^ chdt sy vat vd van nhiing thuOc tfnh khdc chua nh|n thdc duoc Khai nipm vi sy v|t la sy ding nhdt sy khdc bipt chd khdng phai la sy ding nhdt tuyOt dii Chinh vi vgy, Adomo da ddt nhipm vy cho nhgn thdc lugn, la phai ndm bdt dupe nhflng thuOc tinh, nhflng tfnh chdt chua dupe phdn anh vao nOi ham khai nilm, la phai vupt bo nhflng khai nipm logic Thu hai, chu thi hOu sinh cua nhdn thiic Bin cgnh viOc phi phan nguyen 1^ ding nhdt cua chfl nghia 1;^, Adomo ciing PHAM VAN DUONG phe phdn hO hinh "chu - khdch thi" vdi tu each CO sd nhgn thdc ludn eda chfl nghia l;y 6ng eho rdng, h i hinh chda dyng nhflng khiim khuyit Sd dT nhu v|y Id vi, chfl nghTa ly da thuc hidn mOt sy truu tupng hda ve nhflng ddi tupng nhan thuc cflng nhu chu thi nhdn thuc Nhu vdy, chd nghla ly da tach tu duy, nh|n thdc khdi ngudi hdu sinh, thay vao Id mOt chfl thi nhdn thdc mang tinh 1^ tudng, cd thi dung thay nhung ngudi khdc nhdn thdc chdn ly vd dp dat chan ly dd cho mpi ngudi, la chd the dgi dien Chfnh diiu da lam cho nhgn thdc ludn cua ehd nghTa ly thieu di tinh chu thi dich thye Mdt khdc, chd thi nh|n thdc quy gidm tfnh da dgng cua doi tupng nhgn thde nhflng thuOc tinh giong nhau, cd thi so sdnh dupe vdi Cac ddi tupng da dgng dupe quy ve nhflng thude tfnh ma chd thi nhdn thdc eho Id bdn chdt, cdn tu thi tiip thu nhflng hien tupng nhu nhiing hien tupng dupe suy tudng O day, vile logi trd sy di bilt cfla ddi tupng la mOt khuyet tat nfla nhdn thdc lugn cua khoa hpc can dai ndi rieng vd nhan thuc lugn cua chfl nghTa ly ndi chung Viec chpn nhiing khdch the ly tudng, mac du cd nhflng hipu qud nhat dinh nghien cdu ddi tupng, nhung nhflng khai niem md nhdn thiix; mang lgi se bd sot nhihig thuOc tinh khdc biit cua Idp ddi tupng dd, nhdt la nhflng thuOc tinh khdng biiu hiin mOt cdeh rd rdng dii tupng nghiin cdu dupe chpn Theo Adomo, md hinh chu thi nhgn thdc mang tfnh dai diln vd doi tupng nh|n thdc nhu cdi dupe suy tudng Id hai khuyit tgt cua chu nghTa ly Nd thdm nhgp vdo mpi ITtoh ^ ^ ^^ *^ ^^* ^^^° ^ ^^ ^"9*^ thira nh|n nhu Id nhung chuan myc Day chfnh Id mdm mong, nguyen nhan dan din nhflng phdt triin lech Igc cua chfl nghia l^, bien chu nghTa If tix ly tinh khai sdng trd thdnh ly tinh cdng cy cfla giai cdp tu sdn cam quyen cung cd quyin lyc de dp ddt ngudi, lam tha hda eon ngudi Adomo phe phdn md lunh khdch - chd the mang tinh ly tudng cua chd nghia Iy la khdng tudng: "Su gid dinh mOt md hinh tuypt ddi vl khdch thi md nd cd thi cho phep tu thodt khdi chfl thi Id mdt diiu tudng" [2, tr.l35] Nhgn thue lugn cua chu nghTa ly da logi bd nhiing ddu dn ciia nhiing ngudi huu sinh, ddng thdi lay chu the trdu tupng lam tnmg tdm eda nhgn thdc lugn Ong phan dii vile ldy chfl the ndo dd de lam dgi dien cho nhflng chfl thi khdc, cho du chfl thi cd uu viit din dau chang nfla, thi van la mdt sai lam Ong viit: "Mdt chfl thd hiiu hgn, nhu Husserl dd ndi rang nd la mOt phdn eda the gidi Bdn than nd da huy hogi edng vdi tinh tuang ddi, nd khdng the dupe sd dyng dl lam nin cho cai tuyet ddi" [1, tr.l5] Trong Hch sd triit hpc, tu sau Descartei^, ehd thi nh|n thdc cfla chfl nghTa ly la chu the cua tu vucft khdi tinh da tap eda ngudi di dam bao mang lgi ehan ly eho mpi ngudi: Sy trdu tupng hda ay ddng thdi la su quy giam ngudi vao thude tinh co ban cd the so sanh dupe gifla mpi ngudi - mOt diin hinh cfla thuylt ca gidi: "Tliuylt co gidi the hiOn qua su ep bupc ^ lam dui mfl chfl thi tfnh va tu trd cdi khdch quan, cdi md dung ddi lap vdi nd" [2,tor.17] Vipe chu nghTa ly quy nhflng ngudi hflu sinh cd n3ng lyc nh|n thdc khdc ve mOt ehu thi tu mang tinh dgi diln Id mOt sy dp ddt Ldm nhu v | y nd dd bdp chit sy da dgng, phong phd v i nhgn thdc cua eon 63 MQT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NH^N THlTC LUAN CUA ADORNO ngudi Khi dd, nhflng ngudi hflu sinh bi tach khdi thuc tiin va chi cdn each hpc lgi, thda nhin va sd dyng nhflng khai niem ma chd thi dgi diln da mang lgi Dieu da biin nhflng eon ngudi vdn hit sdc ndng dOng trd thdnh nhflng ke thy dOng hogt dpng thyc tiin, phai cdng nh|n chan ly eda ke khae Nhttng ngudi httu sinh dd hi ehu nghia ly biin thdnh nhfli^ ngirdi mdt chieu De khac phue nhflng hgn che hp hinh nh|n thdc lugn cua ehu nghTa Iy, Adomo da tiip thu tu tudng hit sue quy gia cua C.Mae v i pham trd thyc tien de xay dyng nhgn thde lugn cua minh Ong ddnh gid rat eao pham tru nay, vi "chinh d dd, eon ngudi cd diiu kiln dl khdm phd, nhgn thdc vd khdng ngung hoan thien ban than minh" [2, tr.3] Adomo khang dinh: "Tieu chudn thye tien la bat buOc ddi vdi mpi ly thuyet, nd la tieu chuan de cdp tiu thye cho ly thuyit" [2, ti-.143] Han the, Adomo ludn nhan mgnh den vai trd quan trpng cua ehu thd tinh qua trinh hogt dOng thyc tiin ndi ehung va nhdn thdc ndi rieng Ong khdng dinh: "Chd the tinh, ban than tu duac gidi thich khdng chi bdi bdn than nd ma cdn bdi thuc tien, bdi nhflng sy th|t xa hOi; nhung tfnh chd thi eua nhgn thde cho thdy nd khdng tdn tgi ngoai tu duy, ngodi chu thi tinh" [2, tr.l40] Chinh sy da dgng, da chiiu cua nh|n thdc mang ddu dn chu thi d nhflng gdc dp khdc mdi giup tri thuc nhan logi ve mpt van d i trd nen sdu sde va toan diln hon, tranh duoe sy phiin dien, mOt chieu cfla tri thuc Sy dOc dao cfla nhgn thdc duac thi hiOn qua nhflng chiiu cgnh khae ve hipn thyc mdi gidp tri thde eon ngudi ngdy cdng hoan thipn hon Diiu 64 quan trpng Id chfl thi tinh nh|n thde se gidp ngudi ta trdnh dupre vipe bi nhdi sp bdng nhflng tri thdc mOt chieu Md lunh nhgn thde eda chu nghTa ly vdi chu the dai dipn dd lam mdt di chd thi tinh, chinh vi vgy nd mang lai nhflng tii thdc mOt chiiu, don dilu va mang tfnh dp dgt Dl khdc phue nhflng hgn che hi hinh nhin thdc lu|n cfla ehu nghia ly, Adomo dd k i thira tu tudng cfla Husseri "Hiin tugng hgc", nhdn mgnh din mdi quan he khang khit httu ca gifla khach thi vd chd thi qua trinh nhgn thdc Theo dng, mdi quan hp dd hit sdc khdng khft; chd khdng phai Id mii quan he mdt chiiu khdch - chfl thi nhu md hlnh nhgn thdc ciia khoa hpc can dgi ndi riing vd chu nghla ly ndi chung "Ddi vdi Adomo, khong cd chd the ma khdng ndm mii quan h^ vdi khach thi, ciing khdng c6 khach thi md Ididng cd quan he vdi chd tiii - mOt khach thi Id mOt khdch till dang dupe nhgn thde - chu thi c6 mdi quan he m|t thiit vdi khach the, sy nhgn thdc mang ddu dn chfl the dupe danh dau bdi sy phy thuOc chat chl giiia chu the va khach tiii" [4, to-.108] Adomo nhdn mgnh rdng, "niu khach thi thiiu di tinh y hudng eda chii ihi tinh thi bdn than nhiing thuoc tfnh cfla khdch tiii tord nen vd nghia" [3,to:.509].Chi ti-ong mii quan hp khang khit ehu the mdi cd thi ndm bdt, nh|n thdc v i ^ i tupng mOt each sdu sdc vd dOc dao Theo dng, mii quan hp dd thi tfnh y hudng eda chu thi khdng don thudn dOc Idp vd khdeh quan vdi dii tupng nhu nh|n thdc ludn eda chd nghia ly Ong khdng dinh: "Mdt khach tiii trd tii^nh mOt khach thi cfla nhgn thde, khia cgnh vgt ly cfla no dupic tinh thdn hda td sy bdt ddu bdng edch chuydn vdo nhgn thdc PHAM VAN DUONG ludn, bang mOt sy quy dinh theo each phuang phap lugn nhd hipn tupng hpc eua Husseri" [2, tr.l92] Cung mOt khach thi nhung moi chfl tiii khac nhau, bdng tinh y hudng cua minh se nhgn thuc ddi tupng tiieo nhung chieu cgnh khdc Nhflng toi thdc cd dupe dd mang dam ddu dn cfla kinh nghiOm chd thi va tinh y hudng cfla y tilde Dieu dd gidp eho tri thdc ngudi bdt di cai nhin phiin dipn eua chd nghia ly Nhd ti'nh f hudng cua y thdc, chd the mdi ed khd ndng theo duoi nhflng khia cgnh khac cua ddi tupng, td do, moi chu thi mdi cd nhiing tii tilde dOc dao, khdc biet vi ddi tupng Vi vgy, khdi nipm cua cdc chu thi khac vl sy v|t, ngoai nhihig thuOc tinh chung nhdt, cdn chda dung nhttng tri tiidc dpe ddo, khae bipt, mang dau dn eda moi chu thi nhdn thdc Adomo ludn nhdn mgnh din mdi quan hO hun ca gifla ehu the va khach the nhgn thdc Theo Adomo, mSi sy vgt cd vd van cac mdi lidn h§ khac nhau, nhung khai niem v i su v|t chi phan dnh dupe nhung thuOc tinh bdn chdt mpt mii quan hp nhdt dinh vdi chu thi nhgn thdc md thdi Cho nen, moi chu the nhgn thdc, td quan he cua minh vdi ddi tupng nhgn thdc, bang kinh nghiOm dOc ddo eda minh sl cd nhirng tri thuc khac v l ddi tupng Chfnh dieu dd lam nin sy da dgng, phong phu vd toan dien cfla tri thdc ngudi Ngupc lgi, sy phong phu, da dgng va todn diOn cfla tri thdc se biin mdt niu nhdng tti thuc khdng cdn mang ddu dn, kinh nghiim sing dOng cua cdc chfl the khdc Vi vgy, md hinh nhdn thdc khdng gdn vdi nhflng chu thi hflu sinh cua chfl nghTa ly sl ehi thu duoc nhttng tt-i thdc, khdi niOm hit sde phiin dipn vd nghio nan vi dii tupng Tha ba, ddu dn kinh nghiim cua chu the nhdn thae Do nhgn thue lugn cua Adomo duac xay dung trin nguyin ly phi ddng nhdt, ludn nhdn manh den sy khdng ddng nhdt, su khdc biet sy ddng nhat gitta sy vat vd khdi niem, vi vgy, dng dgc bilt nhdn mgnh din dau an kinh nghiem cua chu thi nh|n thuc Khi nghiin cdu phep bipn chung cua HIghen, Adomo da danh gia rdt eao vai tro quan trpng eua y niem qua trinh nhgn thde, la tinh chd dOng sang tgo eda y thuc Nhung niu chi dimg lai d day thi sl la khdng du, bdi chi la sy suy doan vd nd can duoc bd sung bdng ndi dung kinh nghiim cua chd thi nhgn thdc hogt dOng thyc tien Niu thiiu di nhflng npi dung kinh nghipm, eda chu the, khdi nilm se trd thdnh thd tuyet ddi khdng the tham nhdp dupe ddi vdi da so nhung ngudi hien thyc Adomo dgc bilt nhdn mgnh din vai tro va kinh nghiem cua chfl till vile hinh cac tri thdc Ong khang dinh tinh dOc dao, da dang va phong phu cua tri thde ludn gan lien vdi ehd thi ti'nh Ddi vdi dng, tat ca nhflng khai nilm, tri thdc dupe coi la tuyet ddi deu trdi nguoc vdi tinh thdn cfla phep bien chdng Do vay, nhiing khdi nilm logic, theo ong Id nhflng tri thuc nam ngoai thdi gian va niu nhgn thdc ngudi ta chi dflng lgi d khdi niem Idgie sl la khdng ddy du, ti'nh phi mau thuan eda chdi^ Trong nhgn thde ludn eo su phdt sinh vd giai quyet nhflng mdu thudn eda cac toi thuc Nhd nhiing mau thudn xudt hien nhgn thdc ma chfl thi nli|n thde tim each khac phyc va vupt qua dupe nhttng mau thuan do, de nh|n thuc sau hon ve ddi tuang Khdc phyc mau thuan bao gid cflng Id sy nhay vpt, la 65 MOT S DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THCTC LUAN CT)A ADORNO sy pha vo vd phu dinh khdi nilm cfl, ding thdi cung Id "sy ddi khdi niem mdi sau sdc vd todn dipn hon, Id dgt den sy khdng ding nhdt cua khai nipm" [2, tr.9] Sy nhay vpt ve chdt nhdn thdc diln chu thi dua mdt khai nipm mdi, nhiing tri thdc mdi mau thuan cua ly lu|n xudt phdt dupe gidi quyit vd vupt bd; ddi vdi qud trinh hogt dOng thyc tidn thi dd la vipe hinh thdnh mOt chinh the mdi cfla tri thdc mang tinh bao quat va toan dipn hon vai tu cdeh la sy phdt trien va ke thira nhttng tri thuc cu Ddu an kinh nghiOm ciia chfl the nh|n thde gdp phdn khdc phue tu mOt chiiu ciia ngudi Day cflng la Id mdt ly nfla gidi thfch tgi Adomo phe phan he hinh chd thi dgi dien cua chu nghia ly Trai vdi HIghen, Adomo khdng thua nhan dgt dupe chan iy tuyet ddi nhgn thdc Bdi, dng quan niem nhdn thdc la kit qua cua qua trinh hogt ddng thyc tien, ma dd nhirng chu the hflu sinh khdng ngimg khac phyc nhihig mau thuan gifla tu vd tin tgi, nhd tii thdc ngudi ngdy cdng sdu sdc va hoan thien hon Con dudng bidn chdng cua nhgn thuc khdng kit tiiiic d chdn 1^ tuyOt ddi Vide chu nghTa ly ludn khang dinh rang ngudi hodn todn cd the nhgn thdc dupe chan ly tuyet dii, theo Adomo, la ho da ap dgt y chi cua minh, khai nilm eua minh lln dii tupng Ong khdng dinh: "Khdng cd sy vat nao cd the dupe nhgn thdc hoan todn; tri thdc cfla ngudi khdng bao gid c6 thi phan dnh duoc hodn toan ban chdt sy vdt" [2, tr.l4] Trong qua tiinh nhdn thdc nhttng chan ly cfl sl bi phu dinh bdng chan 1^ mdi sdu sdc vd toan diOn hon Vi thi gidi la vd ciing, vd tgn, nen nhgn thuc cua ngudi ngdy cdng 66 tilm c|n din bdn ehdt dd, eho nen khdng thi ddng nhdt khdi nilm vdi su vdt Tdm lai, ddi vdi Adomo, nhgn thuc la mpt qud trinh hogt dOng thye tiin ma ngudi khdng ngimg giai quyit cdc mau thudn gitta sy v|t vd khai nipm nhdm ndm bdt cai chua dupe khdi nilm hda Tu cung nhu nhgn thuc eda ngudi phai dya trin nguyin ly phi ddng nhdt, toanh sy dp dgt chfl quan, phdi ty y thde dupe su khiim khuyet, hgn chi eda bdn than nd de khdng ngdng hoan thien tri thdc Mdi chd the ngudi hogt dpng thuc tidn cfla minh sl cd nhung tri thdc dOc ddo khde vi ddi tupng Nhu vgy, mdi cd thi gdp phdn mang lgi su toan diln eda tri thde ngudi v i khai niem vd diiu dd sl tranh dupe sy don diOu mOt chiiu nh|n thdc Cdc khdi nilm ludn d qud trinh van dOng va phat trien nhd gidi quyet cdc mau thuan gitta khai nilm va phi khdi nipm troi^ nh|n thdc Viee giai quyet cac mau thuin dd hogt dOng thuc tiin eda ngudi se gdp phan md rOng ndi ham eda khai niem cu, ddng thdi iam cho qua tiinh nhgn thde ngudi eang tiin sau vdo nhgn thde ban chat ddi tupng hon Tdi lipu tham khao [ 11 Adomo (1993), Hegel three studies (Trasnlated by Shieny Weber Nicholsen with an introduction by Shierry Weber Nicholsen and Jeremy J.Shapio), The MET Press, Cambrige [2] Theodor W Adomo (1973), Negative Dialectics [3] Theodor W Adomo (1997), Subject and Object, (Trans E B Ashton), New YoricSeabmy Press In Arato and Gebbardt, eds The Essential Frankfiirt School Reader, New York: Continuum [4] Jonh Drabinsky (2008), Reconsidering Adomo, Klesis - Revuephilosophtque/ April 2008  ... hai la, nhiing tfnh ehdt chua dupe tu phan anh vao khdi nipm Trong tu cua ngudi, hai 61 MOT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THtTC LUAN C O A ADORNO ITnh vye ndy cd quan he mat thiet vdi Chung tgo nin mdu... | y nd dd bdp chit sy da dgng, phong phd v i nhgn thdc cua eon 63 MQT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NH^N THlTC LUAN CUA ADORNO ngudi Khi dd, nhflng ngudi hflu sinh bi tach khdi thuc tiin va chi cdn each... ddi tuang Khdc phyc mau thuan bao gid cflng Id sy nhay vpt, la 65 MOT S DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THCTC LUAN CT)A ADORNO sy pha vo vd phu dinh khdi nilm cfl, ding thdi cung Id "sy ddi khdi niem mdi