TRIET HOC, S 12 (319), THANG 12 - 2017 MENH LENH TUYET DOI TRONG TRIET HQC DAO DUfC CUA IMNANUEL KANT Phan Th| Hien' ' Tiin sT, Tnrimg D^i hpc C6ng nghi?p Thyc phdm Tp Ho Chf Minh Email: hienphan98@yahoo.com Nh§n ngiy thing nSm 2017 Chdp nh§n dang agky 25 thing 11 nam 2017 Tom tat: M^nh Ipnh tuypt dii vdi tu each mpt nguydn tdc dgo diic, mpt quy lu^t phi biin ma qua do, ngudi f thdc vi bin ph|n minh phdi tiiyc hi^n dudi sy thuc tinh cua luong tam va dupe soi sdng bdi Ij- tri da dupe I.Kant dua "Phe phan ly tinh thyc hanh" cua dng Luan giai quan ni^m ciia I.Kant vi m§nh l^nh tuy^t doi, bdi viit nay, tac gia tgp trung vao npi dung: Con ngudi vdi tu each dich din cCia ngudi, ty vdi tu cdeh dudng din din mpnh l^nh tuy^t dii va dgo ddc vdi tu each quy tdc ciia ty Tir khda: Mpnh l$nh tuy$t doi, dgo diic, quy tdc dgo diic, ty do, quy tdc eda ty LKant (1724 - 1804), mpt diet gia va la nhd Khai sang kipt xudt ciia nin triit hpc can - hipn dgi, vdi nhi§u tu tudng cd y nghTa vach thdi dgi Khi nghien cdu hp thdng tri thdc sO eua Kant, ngudi ta khdng chi nggc nhien bdi sy hieu biet sdu rOng dudng nhu vupt khdi ranh gidi eho phep nh|n thdc cita mOt ngudi, md cdn danh cho dng sy tdn kinh, thdm chi cd chut kinh nggc v i dde hgnh "tinh khiet", "khdng mOt chut vdn dye eda cuOc sdng ddi thudng" Trong Phe phdn ly tinh th{ee hdnh (xudt bdn ndm 1788), Kant chu truang xay dung mOt khoa hpc - triit hpe v i dgo ddc to-en nin tdng thipn f, mOt quy lugt md qua do, eon ngudi y thuc v i b i n phgn minh phdi lam dudi sy thdc bdeh cua luong tam vd dupe soi sdng bdi 1^ toi Vdi Kant, mpi khoa hpc ehi cd gid tii vd mang f nghTa thyc thy nd hudng din ngudi va iam cho ngudi trd ndn edng chinh Do vgy, ngudi phai Id cdu canh Id muc dich eda chinh ngudi, chd khdng phdi la phuang tipn d i ngudi thda man muc dich cua minh Vi le do, vipe tim hiiu tu tudng cua Kant khdng chi cd y nghla quan trpng viec xac dinh vai trd ciia dng ddng chay tu nhan logi, ma cdn lam cho gid tri dao ddc cua dng dupe tda sangto:ongmpi hogt dOng sing ddi thudng Con ngvdi - dich d i n cua ngudi Con ngudi vdi tu each ddi tupng nghiSn ciru ciia triit hpc dd cd lich sd hdng ngdn nam Nhimg chi din Kant, mot khoa hpc triit hpc v i ngudi mdi thuc sy hoan hi, ngudi duac hiiu theo dung nghla eda td Bdi le, theo dng, ngudi khdng chi Id ddi tuong nhgn thuc ma edn Id ehd the nhgn thuc; ngudi la mOt sinh the nhung cao hon ea, la sinh the ed ly tri va vay, cd dgo dde, pham gia va luang tam, ngudi khdng thi dgt ngang hang vdi cdc vat pham; 53 M£NH LBNH T U Y E T D I TRONG TRifiT HQC D^O DU"C , ngudi Id myc tieu ciia chinh nd vd hai, tdi cdn phdi ldm gi?, vd thu ba, tdi cd vdy, cflng chinh la mye dich tdi h | u ciia tiii hy vpng cdi gi? Vdi vi^c d|t vdto-dldi cuOc ddi cho ba cau hdi Idn thuOc v i ba ITnh vyc: sing vd hogt ddngto-ongthdi kf hSo tdp Nhgn thdc, thye tiin va luan ly, Kant da cua cdc cuOc edch mgng, khoa hpc cd bude thye hien mpt bude dpt pha mdi md dong ehuyen minh, vuon len manh ml, tham ldi tu ve khoa hpe vu try va nhan ban nh|p vao nhiiu ITnh vyc, lam thay dii mpi Cd thi ndi, ngodi linh vyc khoa hpc ty mgt ciia ddi sing xa hOi, Kant nhan thdy vai nhien, van de dgo ddc Id mdi quan tdm dgc trd to Idn cua tri thde Theo dng, thieu tri biet triet hpc Khai sdng eiia Kant, nhu thdc khdng cd the trd nhd khoa hpc dng dd bdy td: "Hai diiu tran ngap tdm tu dupe Nhung bdn thdn khoa hpc cung chi la vdi sy nguong mp va kinh sa ludn ludn mdi phuang ti^n dem lgi cho ngudi nhieu m^ gia tdng m§i nhd din, dd id; Bdu tipn ich hon chd khdng phdi la dieu kipn du trdi day tren ddu tdi va quy lugt dgo ddc de lam cho ngudi sdng hgnh phdc Vi le d tdi" [4, tr.278] "Bdu trdi ddy sao" do, khoa hpe cung nhu triit hpc chi hiiu feh Id dii tupng d i ngudi nhdn thdc vd thda nd quan tam din van di ngudi, din mdn khat vpng tim kiim nhimg diiu xa Ig, tdn tgi ngudi, hudng nhiem vy chinh vdo mdi me, ddng thdi ciing Id Idi mdi gpi vide gidi dap nhiing thde mdc, nhung bdn ngudi hay diing cam sd dyng tri thdc cua khoSn, lo du, trdn trd eda ddi ngudi va cua minh de khdm phd, chinh phyc thi gidi bao ngudi ddi Vdi Kant, myc tidu eda tdt ea la, huyen nhipm va k^ dipu ay Nhung nhung thdnh tyu vdn hda ma ngudi hpc chinh "quy lugt dgo dde" khdi phdt td luat dupe la dng dyng nhiing tri thde va kinh ty nhien (natural law) vdi tu cdeh nhflng i ^ ^ m dd thu nh|n duoc vao thi gidi, nguydn tdc bdt biin, khach quan, chung eho nhung ddi tupng quan ti-png nhdt thi het thay Ioai ngudi, ghi sin trdi tim gidi md nhung tri thde cd thi dng dyng mdi Id dieu ddng tdn kinh, vi nd dem den dupe - dd la ngudi, chimg ndo eon niim hanh phdc vd sy Thi^n hdo ngudi cdn Id myc dich ty thdn cudi eiing Trong Phi phdn ly tinh thuc hdnh, vdi Vd, niu triit hpc chda dyng dd y cau hdi: "Tdi phdi lam ^ " , Kant da dua nipm ve sy thdng thdi hoan hdo, nd phdi dgo ly v i b i n phgn lam ngudi, tdc nghTa vy vach myc dieh toi cao cua eon ngudi v i hanh dOng phat xuat td su tdn trpng cdc quy phuoi^ di^n gia tri dgo ddc The ndn, tdc dgo ddc Quy tdc dgo ddc ddi hdi ngudi cdn din khoa hpc - triit hpc cung Id ngudi mpi sinh hoat cua cupe sdng d i vuon din sy thipn hdo, nghTa Id khoa hpc phdi eoi ngudi la edu ednh ty thdn, chd hflu ich phdi khai gpi vd ldm tda sdng khdng phdi la phuang tipn d i sd dyng tdy y, nhflng gid tq vdn hipn hflu nhung cd thi bi nghTa la hay hanh dpng bdng each ndo dd che khuat bdi cam eda nhihig dye vpng cho moi hanh dpng ay la sy dp dyng hay bi nhiing cdm quan thudng nghipm che nguydn tdc t i i eao, xem ngudi Id mOt md De ldm duoc dieu nay, triet hpc phdi sinh thi CO phdm gid vd ddi xd vdi hp nhu gidp ngudi gidi quyit dupe cdc vdn dd: chinh bdn than minh, khdng nhdn danh cd Thu nhdt, tdi ed thi biit dupre cai gi?; thu nhdn hay nhflng myc tieu bat xdng dh 54 PHAN TH} HlfiN thdp hode ehd d ^ nhdn phdm ngudi khdc Ton trpng quy ludt dgo dure eung Id tdn trpng nhdn tinh nai ehinh minh vd noi mpi ngudi Trong quan niOm ciia Kant, eon ngudi khdc vdi Ioai v|t d ehS, ngudi sd hiiu ly tri va vgy, hiiu rd diiu gi cdn phdi ldm vd diiu gi phai tranh, khdng duoc lam Diiu cd nghTa Id ly tri soi rpi, ldm nen nhan dire ngudi, chi cho ta thdy cd nhdn dd thuc sy cd tinh ngudi hay khdng va tinh i^udi cao hay thdp Hon nfla, eon ngudi cdn vdi tu each mOt chu thi nhgn thdc, nghla Id mpt chu thi bidt vdn dyng kha nang ly tri d i tu va phdn quyit d i khdng phy thuOc vdo cdm ndng vd thodt khdi gidi han, sy 10 thuOc va thing tri cua ban ndng Khi 1^ tri eon ngudi bi che khudt - dgo due vdng bdng, ngudi ehi hanh dpng theo ban ndng eda Iodi cdm thu, dupe thde bdeh bdi nhiing ham mudn, dye vpng eda ban than, khdng can quan tdm din nhiii^ h | u qud hdnh dOng cua minh tac dOng ddn ngudi khdc Nhung ly tfnh, theo Kant, ngoai ddc tfnh (sieu nghipm) ludn vuon den sy thipn hdo tuyOt ddi, nd cdn di theo dudng ddc thu vipe sd dyng thudng nghipm, tdc bi chi phoi, cuin hdt, ehi ngy cua nhihig diiu kipn, hodn ednh, bdi ngudi Id sdn phdm cua nhiing dieu kipn ty nhidn vd xd hOi nhat dinh O gde dO thudng nghipm, ly tinh hudng din cdi danh Ipi, hanh dpng theo b i n phgn, theo nhiing dieu kipn bdn ngodi, cdm tinh, cdt yiu d i thda mdn nhiing toan tinh hg e ^ eiia ca nhdn Mpi hdnh dOng thudng nghipm nhu thi, dd cd mang lgi kit qud tit, cung khdng thi dupre coi Id hdnh dOng dgo ddc, vi nd khdng din td sy thiOn tdm, thdnh f eda ban thdn chd thi hdnh dOng dii vdi dii tupng (con ngudi) dupe hudng din Trong l^ tinh sieu nghipm bdn tfnh ty nhien hudng din cdi sieu vidt (su Toan ndng vd ThiOn hdo ciia Thupng de tdi eao), nd chi quy tdc dgo ddc, tdc bdn phdn ngudi buOc phdi ldm dh trd ndn cdng chinh Dgo ddc ty nd ban bo ludt cho minh theo tiing gpi cua luong tdm, ma khdng phy thupe bdt cd diiu gi khac Vdi quan nipm dd, Phe phdn ly tinh thuan tdy, Kant cho rdng, mpt hanh dpng dupe gpi la dao ddc niu hdnh dOr^ dd khdi phdt toi long thdnh [Xem: 2,to:.194], cdi mang bdn tfnh thien ciia ngudi, nd dugc thue bdeh bdi chinh nhflng ddi hdi ben vd dupe mdc nhidn chdp nhgn (bdi dd Id ngudi thi phai hanh dOng nhu thi, khdng thi khdc), chd khdng phai theo nhihig lu|t lp hay nhiing chudn myc bdn ngoai dupe dgt cdn bdn trdn nhflng toan tfnh Ipi lOc cfla cd nhdn Ly tinh thudng nghidm hdnh dOng theo chdm ngdn eiia long yeu chinh mlnh, nd khuydn ta hdy Idm theo bin ph|n Trong tradng hpp nay, y chi khdng ty mang Igi quy lugt cho chinh minh, md chi dua radupc "diiu lOnh" d i ldm theo quy ludt "sinh If" (sy ham muin) mOt edch khdn ngoan, hpp ly Va cham ngdn, tradng hpp ndy, khdng thi chda dyng dupe hinh thdc ban b i quy ludt phd biin, khdng chl khdng tgo dupe dOng co vi bdn phdn Trong " cham ngdn eiia ldng ySu chinh minh chi khuydn bdo ta; cdn quy lugt cua ludn \f ban mOnh lOnh cho ta " [4, tr.65] Con ngudi bao gid eiing hanh dOng vl mOt myc tidu Nhiing myc tieu, tdc cdu ednh, cflng c6 it m Id hai thd; Myc tieu d ngoai ta va myc tidu d noi ta Mye tidu d ngodi ta cd thi Id danh Ipi Cdn myc tieu d noi ta, cung gpi Id cdu canh noi minh la ban chdt tit lanh ngudi eiia ta 55 M S N H LENH TUYET DOI TRONG TRIET HQC D^O DtTC Vdi Kant, quy tdc dgo ddc ehinh la ldm theo mOnh l^nh tuyOt dii M^nh lOnh tuypt ddi khdng cd diiu kien, cd tfnh bat buOc tuyet dii, vi nd khdng dua vdo mOt myc dich ben ngodi ndo, nen khdng cd £ e u kipn Chdng hgn, mOt ngudi dupe coi Id tit, ngudi phdi tdt vd diiu kidn, tdt mpi hodn canh Vd, niu dgo due cd tfnh tuypt ddi, thi mOt hdnh dOng du dupe thyc hipn bdt cd hodn ednh nao di nfla vin cd the bi ddnh gia la "trai", mpt nd vi phgm quy tde dgo ddc Nhung tgi dgo ddc lgi Id nhung quy tdc mang tinh mpnh lenh tuyet dii? Kant quan niOm, tdt cd mpi thd hifn hfln, ehi cd ngudi cd gid tri tuy^ ddi, cdn mpi cdi khdc mudn cd gid tri deu phdi so vdi ngudi Con ngudi la chu the eda long tot, md long tdt cd gia toi ty nd, nin ngudi eung ed gia tri ty thdn Dieu dan tdi mOt nguyen tdc Id, ldm gj, phdi ddi xd vdi mpi ngudi nhu Id dich den, chu khdng phdi chi la phuong tien, vi ngudi vua Id khdi diim, vda Id dich den ctia ngudi Do vgy, mpi sinh hogt eua minh, theo Kant ngudi "hay hanh dOng cho cham ngdn ciia y chi ciia bgn luc ndo ciing ddng thdi cd thi cd gia toi nhu la nguyen tdc cua mdt su ban bd quy lugt phi biin" [4,to-.56].Nguyen tdc ddi hdi moi chd thi, hay cdn phdi hdnh dOng cho minh ddi xd vdi ngudi, dd Id noi minh hay ngudi khdc, mpi tradng hpp nhu Id myc dfeh ty tgi, chd khdng chi nhu phuang tipn phyc vy cho nhflng Ipi ich rieng tu, sy thich thu cd nhan, md edn phdi biit tdn ti-png, giup da hp vdi tmh thdn "yeu ngudi nhu yeu chinh muih" v|y Sy tude dogt phdm gid ngudi dudi bdt cu huih thue ndo cung Id tude dogt cdi quyin ldm ngudi chinh ddng cua eon ngudi, cho, nhdn pham vugt tren mpi gid tri khdc, nd ehi dupe trao doi bdi nhdn pham Tudn thu mpnh Ipnh tuypt ddi cdn cd nghia Id, mSi ngudi diu cd quyen va can phdi cho phep ngudi khdc cd dupe quyin nhu thi vd tgo dieu kipn de hp thye hien quyen dd Ding thdi, mii ngudi diu cd quyin vd cdn phdi ngdn chdn nhiing ngudi khdc hdnh dOng trai vdi mpnh Ipnh tuypt doi chdng myc cd the Nhu thi, vdi Kant, nguyin tdc tdi hgu cua m?nh linh dgo due la tt/r Neu khdi^ cd ty thi mpi quy tdc dgo ddc chi Id tudng Ttf - dvdng den menh l|nh tuypt doi Vdi phuang cham ngudi la dich den ciia ngudi, Kant da xay dyng hp thing triit hpc dgo ddc hay hpc thuyit v i bin ph|n - cdi phdi Id tren co sd tdn trpng gia tri va quyin ngudi, khdng chap nhan mpi sy thda hipp hay tinh tuong dii dgo ddc Theo Kant, d dau md ty khdng ngy tri thi d do, khdng t i n tgi mOt mdi tradng dao ddc NghTa la, gia tri dgo ddc chi khd thi niu bdn ngudi cd sy hiOn hiiu eiia thipn y dupe ddt nen tren 1^ tri (rational good will) [Xem: 1, tr.45] - mOt Kant hoan toan khdng phu nh|n gia tri sy ty chpn lya ma khdng bi khudt phyc tiOn ich noi mii ngudi mang dinto-ongvipe bm bat cd dieu gj ngoai chfnh thien y dd Y sd dyng eho mOt myc dfeh nao do, nhung muon ty tr) (autonomous will) chi tudn theo ngudi cdn la mOt hiiu thi cd phdm gid mpnh Idnh cua chfnh nd Khdng cd the (gia tri chan thyc vd vd hgn), ndn khdng thi eudng bach mOt ngudi phdi (y) mudn cai hanh xd vdi hp nhu v|t hay nhu eong ey diiu ma ngudi dy khdng chpn lya [Xem: 1, 56 PHAN TH{ HlfiN tr.46-47] Rang, ngudi Id ehu thi sdng tgo, vd v|y, cimg Id ehu thi toi Song ty khdng cd nghTa la ngudi muon ldm gi thi ldm, khdng ed quyin sd dyng tu cua mmh d i thd tieu to^ cua ngudi khdc Nguyen tde ty va "ty ehd y chi" la CO sd di tdi nhflng thang b | c tiip theo cfla ddi song dgo ddc Tdt ea mpi thd diu trd ndn vd n g ^ a doi vdi eon ngudi, niu hp khdng cd ty Cd tu do, mpi hanh dOng cua ngudi mdi mang lgi gia trj thyc sy Chinh sy ty Id yiu to quyit dinh mOt viec ldm cua ta cd dupie gpi Id vipe lam dgo ddc hay khdng Ndi each khdc, d i ed mOt viee lam dao dde, ta cdn phdi y thuc minh lam vi su tit dpp eiia hdnh dOng, lam vi b i n phdn chd khdng vi bdt ed mOt yiu t i thudng nghipm ndo khdc Thyc vgy, hdnh dOng md bi dp bupc hay hi eudng bde thi ty nd da cho ta thdy r6 mOt sy vd luong tam ndo td phia sau rdi Nhu vgy, phdi cd ty mdi cd dgo ddc MOt hanh vi cho du dupe nhan danh bdi bdt ky ly gi, nhung neu khdng dupre thyc hien sy ty nguyen thi khdng thi dupe eoi la hanh vi dgo ddc O ddy, ty dupe Kant hieu khdng theo nghTa thdng thudng (thd ty bi chi phii bdi ngogi canh, bdi sdc ep cua du luan), hode dan thudn nhu ehung ta vdn hiiu ty Id suy nghT vd hdnh ddng tipn, hay trgng thai cd duoc khdng bi ke khdc giam cdm, md la tu vupt tren mpi cam gide thudng nghiem, thuOc 1;^ tmh sieu nghipm: "Ty la mOt y niem thudn toiy sidu nghiOm" [3, tr.861] Id vi^c ldm thudn toiy cua f chi Id ty thye hdnh cdc quy lu|t dgo ddc Tu f chi nghTa la thuc hdnh y chi khdng hi thuc bdeh bdi nhflng cdm nang dan din hdnh vi thu tinh Thyc ra, y chi ngudi ve cdn ban van dya tren cam ndng, nhung vi dupe soi sang bdi ly tri, nen nd khdng cdn la f chf ban ndng don thudn, ma la ty do, nghTa Id nhung cdm nang dd khdng thd bdt buOc ngudi phdi tuan theo; trdi Igi, ngudi cd khd ndng ty quyit, dOc l|p vdi nhung thdc bach hdn ndng eda Iodi vat Ty nhu v|y chi Id ty chd thi hdnh dOng ty dinh dogt, ty lya chpn dieu phdi lam Kant cho rdng, ty hodn toan tu minh quyit dinh, khdng bi chi phii bdi ty di hay tu Ipi, bdi tam tinh hay du lu|n Vi v|y, ty ciing ed nghTa Id dgo ddc Id bdn phdn - "cdi phdi Id" Nd la diiu IciOn giup ngudi f thdc vi pham gia eda minh de biit ton trpng minh vd tdn trpng ngudi khac, trdnh tinh trgng coi thudng, Igm dyng ngudi nhu phuong tipn cho myc dfeh tiin than Ddi song dgo ddc la tdt lanh vd hgnh phue Ndi each khdc, cuOc sing cfla moi ngudi chi dat din hgnh phue dich thyc sy thipn hdo, ddng hiin, d sy eho di ma khdng h i quan tdm din h^ qud mang lgi Hgnh phue la dieu tot lanh ciing muin hudng tdi, nhung neu la hanh phiic duoc ddt cdn ban tren sy vi ky cua nhflng toan tinh hpp hoi, thi theo Kant, nd chi thda man nhflng ham muin thdp hdn, dd la sy bdt luong, khdng the ti-d quy lugt thye hanh (quy lu|t dgo ddc) dupe Khi phe bmh nhiing hpe thuyit dgo ddc xdy dung tren thudng nghipm, Kant viit: "Cdm tinh rieng tu thfch hay khdng thfch cfla timg ngudi, tiiudng chi cho mSi ngudi biet ddu la hgnh phue eua minh, nhung noi ciing mOt ngudi, nhiing tinh cdm nao eiing thay dii theo hodn ednh vd nhu edu Nhu v|y, nhflng quy lugt xay dyng tren nhflng nguydn tae dd thi khdng thi gpi la quy lugt phi 57 M E N H L E N H T U Y E T D O I TRONG TRIET HQC DAO DlTC thdng" [2,to-.203-204].Quy lugt dgo ddc, xet trin phuang dien ly tri, la sy ty ciia y chi Khdng cd tu do, ngudi chi Id nd lp cho nhflng dieu kien, hodn ednh va hgnh phdc niu cd chi la hgnh phdc gid tgo, chiim hihi thd thiin, hp qud ciia su tude dogt - hgnh phiic sy dau khd, bat hgnh Bao dure - quy tdc cua tw Quy lu|t dgo ddc chi cho chdng ta bidt ngudi Id chu the tu Khdng cd dgo ddc sl khdng cd ty do, vi bdn phdn lam ngudi buOc moi ca nhan phdi hdnh dOng nhu the, chd khdng t h i khdc dupe Trong tradng hpp cd quyen lya chpn "cai phai lam", ca nhan ty the hipn nhu mpt sinh v | t biit ty minh suy nghT vd hdnh dOng Trong quan nipm dgo due ciia Kant, ty ludn thing nhdt vdi bin ph|n - "cai phdi Id" Dgo dde khdng thi cd, niu thiiu vdng ty Dgo due ldy ty ldm co sd cua sy tin tgi, bdi s l Id vd nghTa, niu bin ph|n khdng cd tien de Id ndng lye ed the ty hanh dOng Tu thiiu dgo ddc se trd ty hoang da eda ddi sing bdn ndng cam thd - ddi sdng phi tinh ngudi Chinh quy ludt dgo ddc la sy ddm bdo ty cho tdt cd mpi ngudi hanh dOng vd ngdn c h ^ mpi sy vi pham quyen thidng lidng dd eua eon ngudi Nhung ty Id gj, niu khdng phai la sy chpn lya? Quy lugt dao ddc gidp ngudi lya chpn nhung didu cdn phai Iam Ndi cdeh khdc, chinh bin phgn giup ta y tilde v i sy ty va la ehu tiii ty do, bdi ta ed quyen Idm hode khdng lam, ldm theo sy mach bdo cua luong tam hay sy xui khien eda nhyc dye Kant viit; "Chinh quy lugt dgo due dupe ddt trade mdt ta vd dan ta tdi quan nipm ty do, xet nhu ty dupe biiu tupng nhu mgt nguyin tdc qiQfet dinh cho y chi ta, mpt nguyen tdc 58 khdng hi chi phoi bdi mpt diiu kiOn kha giac nao hit, nhung hoan toan dOc l | p vdi nhihig diiu ki#n kha giac" [2, ^.235] Vd, ta ldm vi bin phdn, lam vi f thde dupe dd Id trach nhipm bupc phdi lam thi ta nhdn thdy minh tu Kant coi nhgn thdc v i b i n phgn la ly tinh v i sy thye hanh dgo due Vdi Kant, nhd ly tinh, ngudi trd len cd dgo ddc, trd thdnh mdt chu thi ty Vd, dng hiiu, ly tinh la su suy luan, vupt len tren cai khd giac thdng thudng, la sy suy tu, ddnh gid todn bO mpi hogt ddng thudng nghipm eua ngudi, do nd la tieu chudn d i danh gid toan bp tu edch lam ngudi cua moi ed nhan va ciing la tidu chf quan trpng nhdt d i phan bipt sy khac gifla ngudi vdi Ioai v|t Nhung, nh|n thdc v i vu try, v i thyc chdt, cung chinh la nh|n thdc v i i^vdi vdi tu edch mdt thuc the dgo ddc Va, niu nhu tiong moi quan h? vdi the gidi, ly tinh ed nhipm vy tra ldi eho can hdi vd tfnh khd thi, ciing nhu gidi hgn ciia sy nhgn thdc, thi m i i quan h$ vdi ngudi, ly tinh phai trd thdnh '*tda an" de xem x^t, thdm dinh mpi hdnh vi thyc hdnh ede quy tdc dgo ddc, phdi trd ldi dupe cdu hdi: Ld ngudi, "Tdi cdn phdi ldm gi"? (day la nOi dung eda triit hpc thyc hdnh eda Kant) gdc dO ndy, Kant gpi ly tinh la ly tinh thyc hdnh (hay ly tfnh thyc hanh dgo ddc) Ly tfnh thyc hanh dgo ddc hay toiit hpc thyc hdnh khdng cd nghTa la tridt hpc can cd tfnh thye hanh, ma la khoa hpc ve edi thyc hdnh, tdc ve hdnh dOng cfla ngu£n; nd khdng dimg lgi d vipe md td cac hdnh dOng, ma di tim vd trinh bdy cdc nguyen tdc dau tidn, CO bdn eda hdnh dpng vd ehi cho ta thdy hdnh dOng cua cd nhdn dy cd hpp ly va phd hpp vdi nguyen tdc dgo ddc PHAN THI HIEN hay khdng Nhung, ly ti'nh vdi tu cdeh cdc quy ludt thyc hdnh se quy dinh f chf to^c tiep, khdng thdng qua trung gian tinh cdm vui sudng thudng tinh ciia cdm xdc Do dd, ly ti'nh thyc hdnh cao hon Iy tfnh thudn toiy (dd cdp din ndng lyc nhgn thiie) md qua dd, ngudi ty ban b i ludt cho chinh minh thdng qua tu y ehi - quy ludt dgo due Cdc quy ludt dgo ddc cd tfnh khudn mlu Id thude tuyOt dii mpi hanh vi cfla ngudi, khdng dua vao kinh nghiOm cam tfnh, ma cd tinh chdt tidn nghipm, tdc dua VM ly tri hdnh dOng Do v|y, quyet dinh bat cu viec ^ , ngudi phdi dung ly tri de xem xet hdnh dOng dy cd phu hpp hay khdng Nhu vgy, vdi phuong cham: Con ngudi Id cdu canh cfla ngudi, Kant dd xay dung hp thdng triet hpc dgo ddc lam nen tang de hudng tdi mOt the gidi dgi dong, thinh vupng vd hgnh phdc Va, bdng tinh thdn nhan dgo cao cd, Kant dgt trpng trach cho mpi thu triet hpc chan chfnh la phdi giai phdng ngudi khdi noi thdng khd, bat hgnh, ap bdc va le thuOc Bdi, theo dng, ngudi lp thuOc ngudi khae thi khdng cdn Id ngudi nfla, hp dd ty danh mat chinh minh vd trd thdnh nd lp cua ngudi khdc , ma nd lp la cai ac ldn nhdt ban chdt ngudi Con ngudi Id ehd thi cfla hanh dOng xa hOi, nd cflng la myc dich tdi cao ciia ty nhien, cho nin ngudi ed mue dich ty than, nghTa Id khdng mpt cd thi sd dyng nd nhu mOt phuong tiOn, niu khdng vi myc dich eda chfnh ngudi Ly toi vd ban thipn Id tieu chi vd Id phuong thdc d i gidp eon ngudi tod thdnh ngudi theo dung y nghia eua nd - Id mOt sinh thi dao dde, ludn vuon din sy todn hao eua tiii gidi hipn hfin Du rdng, theo Kant, bdn tinh vj ky ciing gidi hgn ciia tri thdc, ngudi khdng thi dgt dupe sy hodn hao tuyOt ddi, nhung eon ngudi vdn ed thi ddt myc tidu vd cd quyen hy vpng v i ddi song tot Idnh, hgnh phflc Khdo nghipm dgo ddc hpc cua Kant, chung tadang thda hudng gia tai phuong phap lugn chdt chl nhdt Kant da thiit l|p mpt nen tdng md tddd, ed the xdy dyng mOt thi gidi hda binh, ty vd hgnh phue Mlnh lOnh tuypt ddi eda Kant hudng mpi ngudi tdi hogt dOng cdng ddng, ddi hdi hp sdng phu hpp vdi ty nhien, tdn trpng minh va mpi ngudi trdn nen tdng cfla cdng \f vk sy th|t Tuy rdng, ngudi, vdi gidi hgn tri thdc khdng thi ndo dgt dupe sy dgo due todn hao, nhung van cd quyen hy vpng ve vile dy Trong niem hy vpng dy, mSi ca nhan hay tydat cham ngdn cho chinh minh, ding thdi hdy hdnh ddng cho nd bien mpt quy luat thyc hanh phi bien Ddy la trach nhiem khdng cfla rieng mOt cd nhdn, ma la cua toan xa hOi Todn bO triet hpc Kant, vi viy, chiia ddy tinh than nhan dgo, vdi myc dich dem lgi cho ngudi mOt each nhin mdi vi thi gidi va chinh ban than minh, dua ngudi tdi ty va hgnh phdc Tai li^u tham khao [I] Cf.William, S.Sahakian & Mabel L.Sahakian (1873), Ideas of the Great Philosophers, B & N Inc., New York [2] Trdn TliSi Dinh (2005), Triit hpc Kant, Nxb Vanh