Chủ nghĩa xã hội hiện thực thế kỷ XX và bài học kinh nghiệm cho xây dựng chủ nghĩa xã hội thế kỷ XXI

TRifeTHOC, SO ^^.^„ - ,- CHU NGHiA XA HOI HIEN THUC THE KY XX VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO XAY DlfNG CHU NGHIA XA HOI THE KY XXI Le Thi Thanh Ha' ' Tiin sT, Vi§n Triit hgc, Hoc vien ChinhfriQuoc gia Ho Chi Minh Email: hatriethoc@gmail.com Nhin ngiy 28 thing nim 2017 ChSp nhan ding ngiy I thing nim 2017 Tom tat: Bdi viet lupc khao quan nifm cua cac nha sang Igp chu nghia Mde - Lenin vd tiin de thyc tien cdn thiet de thay thi chu nghTa tu ban bdng xa hOi mdi cao han la sir phat triin cua lyc lupng san xudt hi?n dai Va cung chinh sy phat triin ciia Iuc lugmg san xudt hien dai se la dieu kien, la co sd di cai tgo xa hOi cu, xay dyng xa hOi mdl cua giai cap cdng nhan Ddng thdi, bai viet chi nhiing lech lac nhdn thiic va van dyng ly luan chii nghTa xa hpi khoa hpe xay dimg chli nghia xa hOi liifn thuc thi ky XX Tren ca sd do, rut bai hpc kinh nghifm cho Viet Nam va cac nude xay dyng chu nghTa xa hpi the ky XXI Tft khoa: Bai hpc kinh nghiem, Chu nghTa xa hpi hifn thyc, the iif XX, thi ky XXI Quan nifm cua cac nha sang l^p chu n^iia Mac — Lenin ve chu nghia xd hOi Hpc thuydt ly luan vd chft nghia xd hpi cfta C.Mac da ludn ehftng tinh tdt yiu, su thay thi chft nghia tu bdn bdng chu nghia xa hOi khdng phdi bang sy phdn nO cdm tfnh ve dgo dftc, md nhu V.I.Ldnin chi ra: "Mac hoan todn dya vdo va ehi dya vao nhiing quy luat kinh te cua su van dpng cua xd hOi hifn dai ma kit ludn rdng xd hdi tu bdn ehii nghTa nhdt dinh se phai chuydn bidn xa hOi xd hOi chu ngMa" [6, tr.86] Ly luan ciia chft nghTa xa hOi khoa hpc cung cho rang, ea sd kinh td di thay the xa hdi ndy bdng xd hOi khac cao hon Id su phdt tridn cua luc lugng sdn xudt: "Khdng mOt hinh thdi xa hOi ndo dift vong trude tdt cd nhung lye lugng sdn xudt md hinh thai xd hOi tao dia ban cdn chua chfn mudi long bdn thdn xd hOi cu" [3, tr.15-16] Dieu ndy cd nghia Id, chu nghia xa hpi chi cd thd ddi trdn ca sd luc lupng san xudt da phdt triin tdi mfte trd thdnh mdu thudn khdng thd giai quyet dupe vdi quan he sdn xuat dd trd ndn loi thdi long xa hOi cu (xd hdi tu bdn) CMdc gpi ddy Id "tidn de thuc tien tuydt ddi cdn thidt, vi khdng cd nd thi tat ca se chi Id su ngheo ndn se trd phd bidn; md vdi su thiiu thdn lot thi dt se bat dau trd lai mOt cuOe dau tranh de gidnh nhung cdi can thidt, thd la ngudi ta lai khdng trdnh khdi roi vdo cung sy ti tifn trude day" [1, ti-.49] Noi edch khac, "su phdt trien dy cfta nhiing Iuc lugng sdn xudt", "sy tdn tai ed linh ehdt Uch su thi gidC" dy Id diiu kifn d i xay dung chu nghla xa hOi, khdc phue sy tha hoa ngudi, thue ddy du cho su phdt triin vdn cdn chua phdt tiidn, va nhiing quan hf sdn xudt mdi, cao hon, khdng bao gid xudt hifn nhftng diiu kidn tdn tgi vat chat cfta nhiing quan hf dd hien muc dfeh cao nhat eua lich sft Id su phat tridn ty vd todn difn cfta ngudi Bdn cgnh do, eung chfnh "sy phdt triin dy ciia nhiing lyc lupng sdn xudt" quy dinh 16 LE THI THANH HA tinh tat ydu cua vifc thu lieu ehe dg sd huu tu sdn Ddc tnmg eua chii nghTa eOng sdn khdng phdi Id xda bd chd dO sd htm ndi chung, ma la xda bd che dO sd hiiu tu sdn Nhung ehd dO sd hihi tu sdn, nhu CMde va Ph.Angghen ehi rd Tuyin ngdn eua Bdng Cgng sdn, "lai Id bidu hifn cudi cimg vd hodn bj nhdt cfta chi dO tu hftu, tftc la phuang thftc san xuat vd chidm hftu dya ti-dn CO sd nhihig d6i khdng giai cdp, tren ea sd nhiing ngudi ndy bdc lot nhftng ngudi kia" Vdy Id, xda bd ehd dO sd hiiu tu sdn, chu nghTa cpng san da xda bo chd dO tu hftu ndi chung, vd nhu vdy, chi dd ngudi bdc lot ngudi vd su ddi khdng giai cdp xd hdi bi xda bd tft ngudn gdc kinh te cfta nd Vi thi, nhu Ph.Angghen nhdn manh: "Thft tidu chi dp tu hiiu Id mdt cdeh ndi vdn tdt nhdt vd t6ng qudt nhdt vi vifc cdi tao toan bp che dO xa hOi; vide edi tgo ndy la ket qud tat ydu cua sy phdt trien edng nghidp Cho ndn, nhftng ngudi cpng sdn hodn todn dung dd vifc thft tidu chd dO tu hiiu thdnh ydu cau chii yeu ciia minh" [5, tr.452] Chi dO tu hftu dupe thay thd bdng chi dO so hiiu xd hOi, sd hftu cdng cOng, sd hftu chung, chd dO cdng hftu (cdc thudt ngft ndy ddu dugc CMac sft dyng L.T.T.H.) Kdt lu|n ndy dugc CMac nit khdng phdi bdng cdeh suy 1^ Idgic thuan tuy, rang phu dinh sd hihi tu nhdn sd Id cdi ddi lap vdi tu hftu, tftc Id cdng hiiu Trdi lgi, CMdc xudt phdt tft doi tugng chidm hihi dd hidu vd chu thd vd phuang thftc chidm hiiu Chidm hiiu mOt lyc lugng sdn xuat mang ti'nh xd hOi hda cao nhu mpt "tdn tgi ed tinh lich sft thd gidi" md chu nghTa tu bdn dd tgo chi cd thd thyc hidn dugc bdng mOt chu thd vdi tu cdeh xd hOi, tftc "tdt ca mgi cd nhdn", cdn phuang thftc thyc hidn sy chidm hihi "chi cd thi thyc hidn bdng su Iidn hgp" gifta cdc thdnh vidn xd hOi Cung chfnh viec phdt trien Iuc lugng sdn xudt dat tdi trinh dO cao da dan den su phdt tridn cua edng nghifp hien dai vd ddy ciu'nh Id CO sd ldm mdt di chd dO sd huu tu sdn Den mOt ehftng muc nhdt dinh, su tdn tai cfta giai cdp tu san khdng cdn tuang dung vdi su tdn tai cua xd hdi nua Nd khdng cdn kha nang tidp tue lam trdn vai trd giai cdp thong tri cfta minh Giai cap tu san tft cho la giai cap cdeh mgng trd thdnh giai cdp phdn dOng, can trd sy phdt tridn manh me hon niia cfta lue lugng sdn xudt Chd dp tu bdn chu nghTa se tat ydu bi thay the bdi mOt chd xd hOi cao hon, phu hgp vdi su phat trien cua Iuc lugng sdn xudt Vi vdy, "nhiing vu md giai cap tu sdn dd dftng dc danh dd che dp phong kien thi ngdy quay lai dap vdo chinh giai cdp tu sdn" [2, tr.605] Ngudi sft dung vu chinh la giai cap vd sdn, giai cap cdng nhan hien dgi Khdng dinh didu do, C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen vidt: "Giai cdp tu san khdng nhung dd ren nhiing vfl se gidt minh; nd tao nhftng ngudi sft dung vft ay ehdng lgi no, la nhiing cdng nhdn hidn dgi, nhiing ngudi vd sdn" [2, ti.605] Theo dd, giai cdp vd sdn, giai cdp eong nhdn hiin dgi se trd thdnh giai cdp thdng tri khdng phai chi vi dd Id giai cap bi dp bftc, boc lOt ndng nd nhat, ma vi Id giai cap each mang nhat, giai cap dai bidu cho sy phdt trien lyc lugng sdn xudt hidn dai Tdng kdt kinh nghiem lich su ddu tranh giai cap cua giai cap vd sdn va xet dia vi kinh te cfta giai cdp dd ndn san xudt hidn dai, CMdc da ket lugn rang, de di tdi mOt xa hpi khdng edn giai cap, giai edp vd sdn phdi trd thdnh giai cdp thing in va ndm lay quyen lyc nha nude dd thyc hifn sy thdng tri chfnh tri cua minh Ong viit: "Nhiing quan didm Iy lugn cua nhftng ngudi cOng sdn tuydt nhidn khdng dya trdn nhiing CHU NGHIA XA HOI HIEN THUC y nifm, nhftng nguydn ly mOt nhd cdi cdeh thd gidi ndo phat minh hay phdt hidn ra, nhftng nguydn ly dy chi Id bidu hifn khdi qudt nhung quan he thyc tai ciia-mOt cude ddu tranh giai cdp hidn ed, cfta mOt sy van dOng lich sft dang dien trude mat ehftng ta"[l,ft.6I5] Nhu vdy, nhiing dgc trung ca bdn ma CMdc vd Ph.Angghen vach ra, nhu dd ndu tren, tdn tai tirong mdi quan hf tdc dpng bifn ehftng vdi Trong dd, lyc lugng sdn xudt hidn dai la nen mong cua chft nghTa xd hOi, la "tiin di thuc tiin tuyet ddi cdn thiet" de xdy dung xa hOi xa hOi chu nghia, cdn chd dO cdng hiiu vd tu lifu sdn xudt va sy thing tri chinh tri ciia giai cap cdng nhdn hien dgi la diiu kien, Id ca sd kinh te chinh tri dh cdi tgo xa hOi cu, xay dyng xa hdi mdi, xa hOi khdng cdn giai cap, khdng dp bftc, bdc lOt, thye hifn sy phdt tridn toan didn cua ngudi trdn co sd lyc lugng sdn xudt phdt triin cao vd cua cdi xa hOi ddi ddo Chua cd dugc lyc lupng sdn xudt hidn dgi ldm nen mdng thi chd dO cdng hiiu vi tu lieu san xudt, su thdng tri chfnh tri cfta giai cap cdng nhdn hidn dai chua cd ca sd kinh td viing ehdc Co lye lugng sdn xudt hifn dgi md khdng thidt lap ehi dO cdng hiiu vd sy thdng trj eua giai cdp cdng nhan hifn dai thi du mudn ciing chi tdn tgi quy dao cua chu nghla tu bdn Nhiing ludn diem cdn cdt tren eung ehinh la co sd dinh hudng cho chu nghTa xa hpi tuang lai Mo hinh xd hpi x9 hoi chu nghia the ky XX - Nhung Ifch Igc nhdn thftc va vdn dung ly lu^n chu nghia xa hpi khoa hpc Nhiing ngudi xay dyng md hinh chu nghTa xd hpi hifn thyc thi ky XX n h ^ thftc chua thyc sy dung tinh tiidn cua chft nghTa Mdc - Lenin vd chft nghTa xa hOi khoa hgc ndn dd gian luge hda chft nghTa 18 Mdc - Ldnin thdnh nhftng cdng thftc gido dieu, xa rdi quan diim lieh sft - cy thi Vifc nhdn thftc khdng ddy du, gidn don ve ti'nh chat khd khdn, Idu dai vd phftc tgp cfta cdng cuOc xay dyng chft nghia x5 hOi, khidn hp da roi vao tudng, ddt chay giai doan, cho rdng chft nghia x5 hOi se thdnh cdng chua xdy dyng dugc lyc lugng sdn xudt hidn dgi; nhdn thftc va vdn dung khdng dftng mOt sd quy lugt khdch quan, nhdt Id quy ludt vd sy phft hgp cfta quan hf san xudt vdi trinh dO phdt tiidn cua lyc lugng san xudt; doi Igp tuyet ddi, may moc chu nghia xa hOi vdi chu nghTa tu ban, tft dd cd xu hudng phft dinh sgch tron chft nghTa tu bdn; xda bd ndn kinh td nhidu thdnh phdn tiong thdi ky qud dd; thdnh kidn vdi san xudt hdng hda, kinh t i thi trudng; eudng difu, td khuynh van dd giai cdp vd dau tianh giai cdp, eho rang dau tranh giai cap Id dpng lyc nhdt dd phat trien xd hOi chua xdy dung dugc dOi ngu giai cap cdng nhdn hifn dgi - dgi difn cho lye lugng sdn xuat tidn tidn; sy lanh dgo ve mgt chinh tri cua giai cap cdng nhdn chua thyc sy dya trdn co sd kinh ti vftng chac; chua chu tigng diing mfte den xdy dyng ndn dan chft xa hpi chu nghia va ca ehd dd ddm bdo ddn chu, ndn thyc td, tinh trang chuydn quyen, dOc dodn, mdt dan chu diln khd phd bidn d cac nude xd hdi chft nghia hidn thyc NhGng sai ldm tren ddy khdng dugc sfta chfta kip thdi, tii thdi gian ddi da trd nguyen nhdn chfnh dua chii nghia xa hOi hidn thuc thi ky XX den tinh trgng tan rd hf thdng Dd eiing la bdi hgc vd vifc nhgn thftc vd vgn dyng khdng dung quan nifm cua cdc nhd kinh didn vd chu nghia xa hgi khoa hgc tdt sl phdi tia gia ddt thyc tiin Mat khac, sy sup dd ciia chft nghia xa hOi hidn thyc the ky XX cdn dnh hudng LE THI THANH HA cfta md hinh chft nghia xd hOi Lidn Xd vd Ddng Au Md hinh ndy dd bi tuydt ddi hda, coi nhu mOt trgng thdi Iy tudng khdng cdn bd sung, phdt tridn, thdm chi quan hd giua ede Dang ehju su dp d^t theo Iudng tu tudng quan didm Xdviit Vi vdy, nhung thft nghidm kinh ti thi trudng d Hunggari, Tifp Khdc va Nam Tu vdi md hinh ty quan da khdng dugc khuydn khich, cd vu sy tim tdi hudng di mdi sang tao md cdn bi phd phdn, coi dd Id ehu nghTa xet lgi, la tu ban chu nghTa, xa rdi chft nghia xd hOi chinh thdng Thyc te eho thdy, nhftng quan nidm mdi vd thdi ky qud dp ldn chft nghia xa hOi Chinh sdeh kinh le mdi (NEP) da dugc V.I.Ldnin xdc lap vd dugc thuc tidn kiim nghiem Id dftng ddn, nhu phdt trien kinh td hdng hda, dp dung co chd vd quy ludt thi trudng; tao nhung don bdy kinh ti dd gidi phdng lyc Iupng sdn xudt, kich thich sdn xuat vd tinh tich cue cfta ngudi lao dOng thdng qua Igi ich; sft dung nhiing thdnh tyu khoa hpc, ky thugt, cdng nghf, kinh nghifm qudn ly cfta chu nghia tu ban, sft dyng cdc chuydn gia tu sdn cd tdi phue vu lgi ich lau ddi cfta chu nghia xd hOi; xdy dyng vd phdt tridn nin ddn chu xa hOi chft nghia nhdm phdt huy nhiing sang kidn vi dgi cfta qudn ehftng nhan dan Tuy nhidn, sau V.I.Lenin mdt, md hinh NEP ddn bj thay thi bdi mpt quan nidm vd cdeh lam khac de xdy dung chft nghTa xa hdi hipn thyc Xtalin va Ddng Cdng sdn Lidn Xd dd thyc hidn xdy dung chft nghTa xa hpi bdng mOt md hinh khde md hinh chu nghta xa hOi kidu tdeh rdi lye lugng sdn xudt vdi quan he sdn xudt, khdng tap ti-ung phdt tridn lyc lugng sdn xuat ma tap trung vdo giai quyet vdn dd quan hf sdn xudt, ddc bidt la vdn d i sd hftu tu lifu sdn xudt Xac lap chd dO sd hihi ehu nghTa xd hdi chi vdi hai hinh thftc la sd hftu xd hOi (cdng hihi ve tu lieu sdn xudt, nhd nude la dgi difn) vd sd hiiu tap the: Cac hgp tdc xd, cac ndng trudng, ndng trang Cdc thdnh phan kinh t i khdng thupe ve hai hinh thftc sd hiiu ndy deu bi coi Id "phi xd hOi chii' nghTa" Nen kinh te dugc ddc tnmg bdi kinh ti hifn v$t vdi phuang thftc quan If Id kd hogch hda tap trung cao dO, quydn quan ly thude ve Nhd nude Hinh thftc phan phoi binh qudn chu nghia, thidu quan tdm din lgi ich ngudi lao dOng da Idm trift tidu dpng lyc thftc ddy xd hOi phdt tridn Vd chfnh tri, chua xay dyng dugc ca che ddm bdo dan chu sinh hoat dang vd hoat dpng cua nhd nude nhu chi ddn cua V.I.Ldnin Thidu ddn chft dd ddn din cac td nan ldng phi, quan Iidu, tham nhiing, tha hda tiong bO mdy lanh dgo ddng, nhd nude, nhdt Id d cdp cao Chinh diiu da Idm cho nhdn dan bat binh, gidm siit long tin ddi vdi Dang, Nhd nude vd trd mdnh ddt tot cho eac thd lyc thu dich vdi chu nghia xd hOi triin khai chien luge "dien biin hda binh", phd hogi trdn linh vyc tu tudng, chinh tri, gieo cay cdc nhan td tu sdn phuang Tdy vdo he thdng Ddng, Nhd nude vd tiong xd hOi nhdm thuc hidn sy ty diln bidn, ty chuydn hda tu bdn Md hinh chft nghia xa hOi vdi co chi ki hoach hda tdp trung, quan Iidu bao edp (md hinh Xdvidt) dugc thyc hifn d Lidn Xd tiong sudt giai dogn tft V.I.Ldnin mdt ddn Lidn Xd tan (ndm 1991) cung dugc dp dung khd phd biin vd gan nhu tipn vpn d nhidu nude xd hpi chu nghia khac hf thdng ehu nghta xd hOi hifn thyc Sy If thuOc vao mdt khudn mau dd dan cdc nude xd hOi chu nghTa ddn tinh trang tri trf, sai lam vd khung hoang ttdm trgng Trong do, sy phat tridn nhu vu bdo eua cupe ednh mang khoa hpe - cdng nghf, nhdt Id tft nfta sau tiie ky XX, da lam bOc lp sy Igc CHU NGHIA XA HOI HlfiN THI/C hgu, bdt cdp nghidm trpng cfta ly ludn ehu nghia xa hOi hidn thuc theo md hinh Xdviit Bdi hpc kinh nghifm cho Vift Nam va cdc nude xdy dung chu nghia x3 hpi t h i ky XXI Ddu thd ky XXI, chft nghia tu ban dd cd nhftng sy didu chinh va thich nghi vdi didu kien lich sft mdi mOt cdeh nhanh chdng Chft nghia tu bdn da tan dung khd tiianh cdng nhung tuu cua cupe each mgng khoa hpc - cdng nghd hidn dai dc phdt tridn lyc lugng sdn xudt, tao nhung dieu kifn vdt chat khdch quan cho sy tdn tgi va tidp tye phat tridn ttong giai doan hifn Trong dd, sau he thdng xa hpi chii nghTa hien thuc theo md hinh Lidn Xd va Ddng Au sup dd, nhung nude xd hOi chii nghia lai da bude vdo cdng cuOc ddi mdi, cdi cdeh, md cfta vdi nhftng thdnh cdng nhdt dinh, song cho ddn nay, nhin chung vdn chua vugt dugc cac nude tu ban chft nghia ve sy phdt tridn lyc lupng san xuat, mfte tang nang suat lao dOng vd san xudt binh quan ddu ngudi Vi vdy, vifc xdy dung chu nghla xd hdi d cdc nude ttong the ky XXI cdn ndm viing bdi hpc kinh nghidm sau: Mot la, nhan thftc vd vdn dung sang tao nhung nguydn 1;^ co bdn ciia chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, dge bift Id quan nidm vd ehu nghTa xd hpi cfta cdc nhd kinh didn - phdt trien mgnh me lue lugng sdn xudt hiin dgi, van dyng diing ddn quy luat quan hp san xuat phu hgp vdi trinh dO phdt trien cua lyc lugng san xudt Khdng dugc ndng vOi, chu quan, ddt chay giai doan, nhu CMac da khdng djnh: "Sy phdt tridn cua nhung hinh thai kinh td - xd hOi id mOt qud trinh lieh sft - ty nhidn" vd "mOt xa hOi, cd dd phat hifn dugc quy lugt tu nhidn ciia sy vin dOng cua nd, cung khdng thd ndo nhdy qua cac giai doan phdt tridn tu nhidn hay dung sdc Ifnh dd xda bd nhung giai doan 20 dd", mac dau no "cd thd nit ngdn vd ldm diu bdt dugc nhftng dau de" [4, ti.2I] Phdi khdng dinh rdng, mpt sd ludn diem cu thd cfta chft nghia Mde - Ldnin dau Id diing ddn, nhung gid ddy khdng cdn phii hgp nfta, ho^c dd bj thyc tien vugt qua Song, nhin chung chft nghia Mac - Lenin vd quan nidm vd chft nghia xd hOi, vd thdi ky qud dO Idn chu nghia xd hpi cua cdc nha kinh didn vin Id ly Iudn vd phuong phap ludn khoa hgc cho sy nh|in thftc, phan tich thdi dai ma khdng mOt hgc thuyet ndo co the thuc hidn dugc vai trd Mdt sd vdn de ly lugn vd chii nghia xd hOi vd thdi ky qua dO, dieu kifn lich sft ciing edn phai nhan thftc lai cho dung vdi tu tudng eua cac nhd kinh didn, lieh sft xdy dyng chft nghta xa hOi hifn thuc thd ky XX cung da chi nhieu van dd chung ta nhgn thftc chua dftng tinh than cua cdc nhd kinh dien Bdn canh dd, khoa hpc vd thyc tien ludn bidn ddi, phdt trien ndn ly luan chft nghia xd hOi cua chft nghia Mac - Ldnin cung cdn dugc bo sung, ddi mdi vd phdt trien diiu kifn hien nay, cdn trdnh loi tu chft quan, y lgi vao kinh didn, khdng chiu tim tdi, sdng tao, nhdm lam gifta vide trung thdnh vdi chu nghta Mac - Ldnin vd benh simg bdi ly ludn, rap khudn, kinh vifn, gido didu Hai la khdc phue Idi tu giao dieu vd md hinh chu nghta xa hOi hifn thyc thd k^ XX vd tidp tue phdt tridn ly luan vd md hinh chu nghia xa hgi tiii ky XXI Phdi khdng dinh rdng, ldi tu gido dieu vd md hinh chu nghia xa hOi hifn thuc tiii ky XX da dnh hudng din vide xdy dyng chu nghta xd hOi tiid ky XXI d cac nude xd hOi chii nghia lai din la rdt ldn Vi vdy, vifc thoat khdi tu gido didu vd van dd ndy ttong didu kifn hifn Id dieu khdng don gidn Ddi mdi tu Iy Iudn v i chft nghta xa hOi - nhu thuc td da diln cdng eupe ddi LE THI THANH HA mdi d Vidt Nam thyc sy la qud trinh Idu ddi Nhidu vdn de sau 30 ndm doi mdi vin cdn phdi tiep tyc Iam sang td Chdng hgn, vide chuydn tft ca ehe k i hoach hda tdp trung, quan Iidu bao cap sang co che th| trudng da diln hon 30 ndm nay, nhung nhidu vdn dd v i nhd nude vd thi trudng chua that ro rdng, vdn cdn tinh ttang ldn san, ca chi "xin - cho" cua thdi trude ddi mdi vin cdn tdn tai d nai ndy, nai khdc Do dd, dd xdy dung thdnh edng chft nghta xa hpi khdng chi ddi hdi mOt tu kham pha, sang tao, md cdn phdi cd mpt tinh thdn ttdch nhidm eao, phai co thai dO diing cam nhin thdng vao sy thgt, cd quyet tdm chinh tri cao nham vugt ldn nhiing quan nidm xo ciing, nhiing ldi tu gido dieu quen thuOc Ba Id, phan tieh xu thd tat ydu cfta thdi dai va tinh d^c thft cfta moi ddn tOc xdy dung chft nghta xd hdi Mdc dft md hinh chft nghta xa hOi d Lien Xd vd Ddng Au sup khidn chu nghta xd hOi thd gidi tgm lam vao thoai trdo ttong chu nghia tu ban van cdn tidm ndng phdt tridn, nhung nOi dung ehu ydu ciia thdi dgi ngdy Id sy qua dO tft chu nghta tu bdn ldn chft nghia xa hOi dugc md ddu bdng Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga Tft nam 1916, ttong tac phdm Vi mgt su biem hga chu nghia Mdc, V.LLdnin dd khdng djnh: "Tat cd cac dan tOc ddu se di len chft nghta xa hOi, Id diiu khdng ttanh khdi, nhung tdt ed cdc ddn tOc deu tidn ldn chu nghia xd hpi khdng phai mOt each hodn todn gidng nhau; mdi dan tOc se dua ddc diim cfta minh vao hinh thftc ndy hay hinh thftc khac cua che dp ddn chii, vdo logi ndy hay logi khdc cua chuydn chfnh vd san, vdo nhip dO hay nhip dp khdc cfta vifc cai tgo xd hOi chii nghta ddi vdi cac mgt khdc cua ddi sdng xd hOi" [6, tt.l60] Tien ldn chu nghTa xd hOi Id dudng tdt ydu, khach quan ttong lieh sft phdt tridn cfta nhdn logi Tuy nhidn, d giai doan hifn nay, tu tudng "cdc ddc diim ddn tOc", didu kifn ljch sft - xa hOi cy thd cfta moi dan tOc ttdn dudng di ldn chu nghTa xd hdi Id didu cdn phm dugc tinh den, bdi khdng thd cd mOt md hinh rgp khudn, nhdt ve dudng di Idn chu nghTa xa hpi thich hgp cho mpi qudc gia, mgi dan tdc Sy sup dd cfta chft nghta xd hOi hifn thyc theo md hinh Xdviet da cho chiing ta thdy diiu dd "Dac diem ndi bat ttong giai dogn hifn cua thdi dai Id cac nude vdi chd dp xa hOi vd tiinh dO phdt tridn khdc cimg thn tai, vfta hgp tdc vua ddu tranh, canh tranh gay gat vi lgi feh quoc gia, dan tpe CuOc ddu tranh cfta nhdn ddn cac nude vi hda binh, dOc lap dan tOc, dan chft, phat tridn vd tidn bO xa hOi du gap nhidu kho khan, thach thftc, nhung se cd nhiing bude tien mdi Theo quy lugt liin hda cua lich su, Iodi ngudi nhdt dinh se tiin tdi ehu nghia xd hor [7, tt.69] Dd Id didu ma Ddng ta da khdng dinh ttong Cucmg ITnh xdy dung ddt nude thdi ky qud lin ehii nghia xd hdi (Bd sung, phdt triin ndm 2011) Tai lifu tham khao [1] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tap, t.3, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hi NOi [2] C.Mic vi Ph.An^hen (1995), Todn tgp, t.4, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia Hi Npi 13] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tgp, L13, Nxb Chfnh trj Quic gia Hi Npi [4] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tgp, t.23, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia Hi Ngi [5] C.Mic vi Ph.Anghen (1980), Tuyin lap, t.l, NxbSvth|t,HiNoi [6] V.LLanin (1980), Todn tgp, t.26, Nxb Tiin bO, Mitxcorva [7] DingCOngsin Vi5tNam(2011), VdnkiinDgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thU XI, Nxb Chfnh tri Quic gia, Hi Ngi  ... hinh Xdviit Bdi hpc kinh nghifm cho Vift Nam va cdc nude xdy dung chu nghia x3 hpi t h i ky XXI Ddu thd ky XXI, chft nghia tu ban dd cd nhftng sy didu chinh va thich nghi vdi didu kien lich sft mdi... XXI cdn ndm viing bdi hpc kinh nghidm sau: Mot la, nhan thftc vd vdn dung sang tao nhung nguydn 1;^ co bdn ciia chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, dge bift Id quan nidm vd ehu nghTa xd hpi cfta cdc nhd kinh. .. thftc lai cho dung vdi tu tudng eua cac nhd kinh didn, lieh sft xdy dyng chft nghta xa hOi hifn thuc thd ky XX cung da chi nhieu van dd chung ta nhgn thftc chua dftng tinh than cua cdc nhd kinh dien