Bài học lịch sử từ giá trị nhân văn trong tư tưởng phan bội châu

TRIET HOC, SO 12 (319), THANG 12 - 2017 BAI HOC LICH SU Tiir GIA TRI NHAN VAN TRONG TUTII6NG PHAN BOI CHAU Trinh Thi Kim Chi' ' Tiin sT, Tnrdng Djii hgc Khoa hpc XS hf i vk NbSn van Tp Hi Chf Minh Emaih trinhkimchi@gmail-com Nh|Ln ngiy 20 thdng nam 2017 Chdp nh§n dSng ngiy 25 thing 11 nam 2017 Tom tat: Gia trj nhdn van la mft nhdng gia trj d$c sdc va nii bdt tu tudng Phan Bfi Chau No khdng chi anh hudng to Ion dii vdi xa hgi Vift Nam cuii thi 1^ XIX - dau thi ky XX, ma cd y nghTa va la bai hpc ljch sd bo ich, thiit thyc dii vdi thyc tiin xa hpi Viet Nam hi^n Do la bai hpc lay Ipi (ch ciia nhan dan va dan tpe ldm myc ti8u tii cao; bai hpc di cao, phat huy hi?u qud vai trd eua nhan ti ngudi, eua nhan dan va bai hpc quan tam giao dye, phat triin, hoan thi?n ngudi, phyc vy ddc lye cho cdng cuOc dii mdi ddt nude va sy nghi?p xay dyng, bao v? To qudc hi^n Tir khoa: Tu tudng Phan Bpi Chdu, bai hpc lich su, gia trj nhdn vdn MOt nhihig nhd ehinh tri, nhd vdn hda va nha tu tudng ldn ciia Viet Nam giai dogn cudi the ky XIX - ddu the ky XX Id Phan Bdi Chau Ndi bat va xuyen suit tu tudng eua dng la gia trj nhdn vdn, ma cdt ldi la khat vpng va Iy tudng gidi phdng cho nhdn ddn vd ddn tpe Vidt Nam Vi thi, Phan B0i Chdu da dupe Hd Chi Minh coi la "bac anh himg, vi thien su, dang xa than vi ddc lap, dugc hai muoi trieu ngudi vdng nd le tdn siing" [13,tr.l72] Nhiing quan diem the hipn gid trj nhan van tu tudng Phan Bpi Chau duac hinh vd phdt trien khdng phdi mpt cdeh ngau nhiSn, md chinh Id su phdn anh nhihig ddc diim, yeu edu bdc thiet cvia xa hpi Vipt Nam vd boi ednh the gidi eudi the ky XDC - ddu thi ky XX Dd Id sy xdm lupc va nd dich eua chu nghla tu ban vdi nhdn ddn lao ddng d cdc nude chinh qudc va cdc nude thude dia; cdn la sy cai tri, dp bdc, bdc lot eua ehe dp thuc ddn phong kien ddi vdi ngudi ddn Viit Nam vd v|y, vdn d i gidnh lai quyen vd gia tri chdn chinh cfia ngudi, yeu cau gidi phdng ngudi, gidi phdng cac ddn tdc trSn thi gidi, eiing nhu gidi phdng nhdn ddn va dan tpe Viet Nam trd thdnh nhiing ddi hdi cdp thi8t Vdi tu each mpt hinh thdi y thde xd hOi, nhihig quan diem the hien gid tri nhan vdn tu tudng eda Phan Bpi Chau khdng ndy sinh tren mdnh ddt tring, ma nd Id sy tiep thu, ke thda nhdng tiin d i tu tudng trade dd Dd la long yeu nude, y ehi doe lap vd tu eudng ddn tdc, id tinh thdn dodn kit, CO kit eong dong vd long nhdn di, v/ tha, khoan dung thdm dupm tinh nhan vdn tmydn thing van hda Vipt Nam Dd cdn la quan diim ve dao ly ldm ngudi qua thuyet "Tam euang, ngU thudng", vdi cdc chudn mifc dgo due ca bdn eda ngudi eua Nho gido, cung nhu quan diem "dgi tie dgi bi, chiing sinh binh ddng" ciia Phdt gido vd quan diim "di nhdn nhu ky" eiia dgo Gia td Phan BOi Chdu cho rang, xua nay, cac vi thdnh truyin d^o, tdng thong khdc nhau, BAI HQC H C H s i r T C GIA TRI NHANVAN ly lu|n khdc nhau, song xet v i npi dung, ngodi chd "nhan" ra, khdng cd dao ly gi khde Bgi tit dgi bi, chiing sinh binh ddng eua Ph|t Thich Ca; hay yeu ngudi nhu minh, xem thii nhu bgn ciia Chda Giesu eiing deu mang -^ nghia eda chd "nhdn" [Xem: 7, tr.37] Dd cdn Id tu tudng eua Tdn thu, Tdn vdn, tu tudng "dai ding" eua Khang Hdu Vi, tu tudng canh tan eua Luang Khdi Sidu, quan diem cdeh m ^ g , tiin bp "tam dan ehd nghia" ciia Tdn Trung Son Khdng nhdng the, Phan BOi Chdu cdn ehiu anh hudng vd tiip thu cd tinh than nhdn van ddc sdc tu tudng vd vdn hda phuang Tay - Id quan diim tiin bO vi xa hOi vd ngudi, nhu vdn d i bdn tinh, vai trd vd vi tri eua ngudi, tiin hda ludn vd vdn de nhdn quyin, ddn ehu, doe Igp, t{r do, binh ddng, bdc di ciia Platon, Aristole, RDescartes, F JBacon vd J.GHdite, eua ChDarwin, J.J.Rousseau vd eua Ch.L.Montesquieu Phan Bpi Chdu cung da tiep thu cdc hpc thuyet chinh tri - xS hdi eda Th.More, Ch.Fourier va Saint Simon - nhiing "ti td cioa chd nghia xa hdi d chau Au" [6, tr.l39] D§e bipt, nhiing quan diim thi hipn gid tri nhan van tu tudng eda Phan Bdi Chau dd bude ddu chiu dnh hudng tinh than nhdn vdn ciia chii nghia Mdc - Lenin, dd ed vdn de ca ban vd myc dich mang tinh nhdn van cao dpp Id vdn de gidi phdng eon ngudi, muu edu tu do, hgnh phue cho mgi ngudi Phan Bpi Chdu viet: "Chd nghia xa hdi Id mOt chd nghia muon cho tdt ca Iodi ngudi ai eiing dupe ty vd hanh phiic Myc dich eua chu nghia xd hOi tdm tdt chi cd bdy nhiSu thdi" [6, tr.l32] eho cdu hdi eon ngudi c6 vi tri vd vai trd gi thi gidi? C^n ngudi ed quan he nhu the ndo \&i trdi ddt, van vdt va vdi ngudi xd hpi? Td dd di tdi d i cao bdn chat, gid tri, nhan cdeh va quyin eua eon ngudi, khdng djnh "eon ngudi la gidng thdn linh d van v|t, md eiing ed the gpi la mOt v|t tdn tradng van vat" [6, tr.l82] De cao vai tro, gia trj eon ngudi, Phan Bpi Chdu khdng chi khdng djnh ngudi han hdn van vdt d bdn chat xd hOi, ma gdn liin bdn ehdt cao quy ay eua eon ngudi vdi nhung quan diem xd hdi tiin bd, nhu nhdn quyen, ddn quyen, quoc quyen, dOc l|p, ty do, dan ehu, birih dSng tiiieng lidng eda ngudi ndi chung, eda eon ngudi Vipt Nam, eua nhdn ddn vd ddn tpe Vipt Nam noi ridng Hai Id, quan diim nhan di, vi tha the hien d tinh yeu thuang ddng bdo, yeu quy vd ty hdo vd giong ndi, Td quie, long cdm thu gide Phdp sau sac vd tinh thdn vi tha, khoan dung vdi nhiing ke lam ldi vd vdi ca kd thd hp biet dn ndn, hdi cai Ba Id, quan diim gido dye, phdt trien todn dipn tri tup, nhdn edeh ngudi, ndng cao tinh thdn ddn tOc, ldng ydu nude eho ngudi dan Vipt Nam, nhdm ldm cho "dan tri md mang, ddn ldn m^nh, ddn quyin phdt d^t" [2, tr.l79] 6ng coi "gido dye la cdi khudn ddc ngudi Quan l^, binh linh cung td dd md Gido dye eiing la cdi goc d i gdy dyng nin chinh tri- Thui khda, hinh phdp, mpi sy diu dd md dinh" [2, tr.l84] Bdn Id, 1^ tudng gidi phdng ngudi, gidi phdng nhdn ddn vd ddn tOc Vipt Nam Tat ca diu xudt phdt td "nguin goc, tdn ehi dd la tinh thdn ddn tOc vd ldng yeu nude thuang ndi" [1, tr.ll4] eua Phan BOi Chau, vdi nhihig ddc diim noi b | t Id sy thing nhdt ch^t chd giiia vdn hda vd chinh tri, giua tinh dan tOc va tinh nhdn Ioai Gid trj nhdn vdn tu tudng Phan BOi' Chau Id ting hpp cdc quan diim thi hipn qua nhihig nOi dung ehu yiu nhu: MQI Id, quan diem de cao vai trd, dia vi vd gid tri ngudi tren phuang dipn thi gidi quan Vdi nhimg nOi dung vd ddc diim ddc vd nhan sinh quan, chinh tri - xa hOi; trd Idi sdc, nhihig quan diem thi hipn gid tri nhdn 26 TRINH THI KIM CHI vdn tu tudng eua Phan BOi Chdu khdng ehi ldm phong phii, sdu sde, sinh dOng npi dung tinh thdn vd gid tri nhdn vdn eda ddn tOc Viet Nam, md edn gdp phdn khdng dinh vai tro eda nhdn ddn, khai d|y niem tin vd sue manh eua nhdn dan, thdc tinh tinh thdn ddn tdc, khich lp ldng yeu nude, nung ndu ehi cam thu gide, hun due y ehi ehiin ddu nhdn ddn; Id dpng lye to ldn "co dOng tinh thdn edch m ^ g " [13, tr.l72] ciia quan chiing, dpng viSn va tap hpp qudn chdng dodn kit ddng ldn ddnh dudi giac Phap, gidnh lai dpe l|p, ty cho dan tOc Viet Nam Tuy nhien, dieu kien Hch sd quy dinh, ben c^inh nhihig gia tri nhan vdn tren, tu tudng eua Phan Boi Chdu vdn cdn nhiing hgn ehe nhdt dinh, nhu nOi dung tu tudng eua minh, dng van chiu anh hudng eiia Nho gido; chua thyc sy cd mOt the gidi quan khoa hpc de dua va ly giai mdt cdeh khoa hpe quan diim v i ngudi, ve each meing gidi phong ngudi, gidi phdng ddn tOc, eiing nhu mOt s i vdn d i khdc Phan Bpi Chdu cdn cd su ma h i viec xdc dinh luc luong ndng cdt eua each mang vd cdn cd sy dao ddng, thda hiep, cai luong chd truang va phuang phap ddu tranh cdeh mang Ong chu traong tan dat nude, bao ddng cdeh mang de gidi phdng ddn tOc, nhtmg cd luc dng lai xdc dinh "khdng edn phdi dung din bgo dpng dd mdu, chi dung each mang hda binh" [S, tr.233] M§c dd v|y, nhihig gia tri nhan van tudng Phan Bpi Chdu van la bai hpc lieh sd bd ieh khdng chi vdi xd hOi ViOt Nam cuoi thi ky XIX - ddu thi k^ XX, ma vdi viec phat huy nhan t i ngudi cdng cupe ddi mdi vd sy nghiOp xdy dyng, bdo vp To qude hipn Bdi hpc lich su thu nhdt rut td gid tri nhdn vdn eua Phan Bpi Chdu la bdi hQc Idy su tiin bd cm ngudi, lay /pi ich ciia nhdn ddn vd ddn t0c ldm m\ic tiiu cao nhdt cho cdng cuQC ddi mdi vd syt f dung, bdo v$ Td qude Trong suit cupe ddi ho^t dpng edch m^ng vd todn bO nOi dung tu tudng thi hi§n gid trj nhdn vdn eua minh, Phan BOi Chdu ludn Idy Ipi ich eua ngudi, Ipi ieh ciia nhdn ddn vd dan tOc ldm mye dich; diu xudt phdt td myc tieu cao cd Id \ i eon ngudi, vi nhdn ddn, tren tinh than dan tpe vd ngudn gde, tdn chi la d ldng yeu nude thuong ndi Phan BOi Chdu lo ldng cho nen dOc lap ciia dan tdc bi tude doat, khd dau ehu quyin eua ddt nude bi xdm pham, xdt xa cho nhdn phdm va quyin sdng eda dan ta hi chd dap Trong Vi^t Nam vong qudc sii, dng viit: "Khdng ^ dau bdng ngudi mdt nude, eiing khdng c6 gi dau bang ngudi bi mdt nude md ban vi$c nude!" [2, tr.31] Ong cdm phdn ldn an da tam thdm dpe va thu dogn tan bgo ciia thye ddn Phdp doi vdi nhdn d§n ta, rdng: "Td Phap "bao hO" nude ta din nay, chung chiem gid hit mpi quyin lai va muin lam sdng chet eiing dupe" [2, tr.l78], "chdng coi ngudi ddn nude ta nhu nd le; nd Id chua du, chiing coi nhu trdu ngya; trdu ngua chua du, chiing coi nhu bim dat, phdn tro Cdi gi ed the thda dupe long hp, tang them thu nh|p ve dat dai vd tdi nguySn cho hp, dd cd phdi hdng ngdy ep md chdng ta, hp eiing cd tay ldm, khdng chut ngan ngai" [5, tr.27l]; "Tlian 6i! Ngudi Vidt Nam khodng 30 ndm ehiu ndi nhiing thd doan dpe dc ciia ngudi Phdp nii^ chdng? Ngdy chung dang ngay md cdt nhu lam thjt cd Than di! Nude Viet Nam nhu thi cd le sdm muOn khdng cdn sdt mOt ming chdng?" [2, tr.47] Chinh v|y md dng "ngdy dem ndm lo nghi, ruOt gan trdm mdi hau nhu tan nat vi ddng bdo" [2, tr.254]; vd ludn tam nipm "vl ca ddng bdo md mim cdu h^nh phdc thi du cd hy sinh bdn than cung khdng tiic" [4, tr.73] Tiep thu, ke thda tinh thdn vi dan, \\ nude, thi hi^n tinh nhan vdn sdu sdc hrong 27 BAI HOC LJCH Sir Tir GIA TR| N H A N VAN , tmyin thing lich sd vd vdn hda Vipt Nam cdn, nhdn ddn mdt thi nude mdt" [3, d.68ndi chung, eiing nhu tu tudng eua 73] vd vdy, "van menh eda nude ta Phan BOi Chau ndi riSng, qua trinh dan ta ndm giu" [5, tr.271] vd "quydn binh Idnh dao cdeh mang Vipt Nam, nhat la eua nude ta Id eua chung todn ddn, nhan edng cude ddi mdi ddt nude hi^n Dang dan quyit dinh" [3, tr.367] Nhihig quan Cpng sdn Viet Nam ludn xdc dinh mpt edeh diim eda Phan Bdi Chdu thuc sy Id bai ro rang, nhdt qudn mue dich va sd menh cao hpe bo ieh ddi vdi edng eudc dii mdi vd sy ca eua minh Vdn ki?n Bgi hoi dgi biiu todn nghipp xay dyng, bdo ve Td quic hiOn qude ldn thii VI eda Dang viet: "Ddng ta Su nghipp doi mdi, phdt triin ddt nude khdng ed mdt myc dich ndo khde Id ddu vd bao v£ dOc Idp, chd quyin, thdng nhdt va tranh vi hanh phue eua nhdn ddn" [8, tr.29] toan ven lanh thd d nude ta hien diln Chinh vi thi, Ddng ta xde dinh mpi chu "tinh hinh the gidi va nude tao tmong, dudng lii, chinh sdeh eda Dang va cd thdi co, thu|n lai vd khd khan, thu Nhd nude phdi ludn hudng tdi myc dieh thdch dan xen; d|t nhieu vdn de mdi, yeu nhat la "tdt ca vi ngudi, tdt cd vi tu edu mdi to ldn, phdc tap hon " Tren thi do, hanh phiic va sy phdt trien phong phu gi&i, nhu D^i hOi XII eua Dang da chi ro, vd todn diSn cho moi ngudi quan he nhiing nam tdi, tinh hinh se edn nhiiu hai hda giua ca nhan va cdng dong, giua xa dien biin phdc tap, nhung hda binh, dOe lap hOi vd tu nhien" [10, tr.lO] Tiep tye khang ddn tOc, ddn chu, hpp tde vd phdt trien vdn dinh vd phdt triin tu tudng do, Vdn kien la xu thi ldn Qud trinh todn edu hda vd hop Bgi hdi dgi bieu toan qude lan thU XI eua tdc quoc te tiSp tyc duoc ddy manh Cupe Ddng nhdn manh: "Todn bp hoat dOng eda cdeh mang khoa hpc - cdng nghp, dlie bi£t Dang phai xuat phat td lai ich vd nguyen Id cdng nghe thdng tin tiep tye phdt tridn vpng ciia nhdn dan" [11, tr.65] m^nh me, thuc day su phat trien nhay vpt tren nhieu linh vuc, tao cd thdi co vd Bdi hpc thd hai nit td gia tri nhdn vdn thach thdc dii vdi mpi quie gia "Tuih huih tu tudng eua Phan Bpi Chdu Id bai chinh tri - an ninh thi gidi thay dii nhanh hoc de eao va phdt huy vai tro eua eon chdng, diin biin rdt phdc tgp, khd Iudng, ngudi, eua nhdn ddn cdng cuOe ddi tinh trang xam pliEun ehd quyin quie gia, mdi vd su nghipp xdy dyng vd bdo vp tranh chap lanh thd vd tdi nguydn, xung ddt To quoc sdc tdc, tdn gido, can thipp va lat do, khiing Xuyen sudt cupe ddi vd tu tudng eua bd, chiin tranh cue bO, chiin tranh mang minh, Phan BOi Chdu ludn di eao vai trd, tidp tye dien gay gat d nhidu khu vuc " gid tri cao dep eua ngudi, ydu thuang, [12, tt.71] Canh tranh kinh ti, thuang m^, quy trpng eon ngudi Dde bidt, Phan Bdi h-anh gianh cdc nguin tdi nguyen, thi tnrdng Chdu khdng dimg lai d tinh ydu thuang, cdng nghO, nhdn lye chdt luong eao gida quy trpng vd dd cao eon ngudi mOt c ^ h eac nude edng gay gdt "Tranh chdp lanh chung ehung, trdu tuong, md thi hien mOt thi, chu quyen bien, ddo khu vyc vd each cy the, sinh dOng d tinh yeu thuang, trdn Bien Ddng tiip tyc dien gay gat, quy trpng vd quan diem de cao chinh phdc tap " [12, tr.73] O nude, su ngudi Viet Nam, de eao vai trd to ldn, ^ phdt trien kinh te - xa hOi nhihig ndm nghia quyet dinh eua nhdn dan Viet Nam qua da lam cho the va luc, sde manh tdng Phan BOi Chdu khang dinh: "Nude idy dan hpp eua ddt nude tdng len, uy tin qudc ti lam gic" [6, tr.75]; "nude eudng thinh Id eda ddt nude cdng dupe nang cao, t£to nhd d nhdn dan , nhdn dan thi nude 28 TRINH THI KIM CHI nhiing tiin d i quan trpng de thye hipn nhiem vy xdy dyng vd bdo vd T i qude diiu kidn mdi "Kinh ti timg bude khdi tinh trang suy gidm, lay Igi dd tdng tradng, nhung van cdn nhiiu khd khdn, thdch thuc Kinh ti vT md i n dinh chua viing ehdc, ( ), ndng sudt, chdt lupng, hipu qua canh tranh kinh te thdp", "nguy co tyt h|u xa hon v i kinh t i so vdi cdc nude khu vyc vd trdn thi gidi, nguy co "dien biin hoa binh" eua the lye thu dich nham chdng pha nude ta; tinh trgng suy thodi ve tu tudng chinh tri, dao ddc, lii sdng, nhihig bieu hi6n "tu diln biin", "ty ehuyen hda" mOt bO phdn edn bO, ddng vien, cdng ehdc, vi6n ehdc vd quan liSu, tham nhiing, lang phi diin biin phue tap; khoang each giau - ngheo, phdn hda xd hpi cdng tdng, dao due xa hpi cd mat xudng cdp ddng lo ngai, lam gidm long tin eiia edn bO, d ^ g vien va nhan dan vdo D^ng vd Nha nude Bao ve chu quyin biin, ddo dung trude nhiiu khd khan, thdch thdc ldn" [12, tr.74-75] Tdt cd nhitng diiu ddi hoi Ddng, Nhd nude va nhdn dan ta phdi phdn ddu manh me hon nda nhdm phdt huy mpi ngudn luc eda ddt nude, quan trpng nhdt Id phdt huy cao dO vai trd ciia nhdn td ngudi, gdp phdn dua cdng cuOc doi mdi vd hdi nh|p quic ti din edng Tren nin tdng trayin thong tit dpp eua ddn tOc Viet Nam Id "trpng ddn", idy "dan la goc nude" vd td bdi hpc lich sd thiet thyc nit gid tri nhdn vdn eua Phan BOi Chau, suit tiin tiinh Idnh dao cdeh mang Vidt Nam, eiing nhu cdng cuOc dii mdi Dang ta ludn khdng dinh: "Sy nghipp each mang Id eda nhdn ddn, nhdn ddn va vi nhdn dan Chinh nhdn dan Id ngudi lam ndn nhihig thdng Ipi lich sd" [11, tr.65] Trdn tinh thdn ay, Ddng ta xdc dinh: Ldy viOc phdt huy nhdn to ngudi Id yiu t i ea bdn cho sy phat trien nhanh vd bin vihng vd ngudi la trung tdm ciia chiin lupc phdt triin, ddng thdi Id chd the phdt trien Bdi hpc thd ba rut td gid tri nhdn van tu tudng Phan Bdi Chdu Id bdi hge ve quan tdm gido due, ddo tgo, phdt triin vd hodn thien ngudi, phye vy cho cdng cuOc doi mdi ddt nude vd su nghiep xdy dyng, bdo ve Td qudc Trong euOc ddi vd tu tudng Phan Bpi Chdu, viec de eao vd phdt huy vai trd eon ngudi ludn gdn liin vdi viee ehdm lo cho dcri sdng eon ngudi vd quan tam gido dye, phdt trien i^udi ca ve the ehat lan tinh than, cd v i "dan trf' ldn "ddn khi" va "ddn quyen" Phan Bpi Chdu khdng dinh, muin tdn, each mang thi "ddn tri phai md mang, ddn phai ldn manh va dan quyen phdi phat dat" Vi the, quan dieni ve su quan tam phdt trien eon ngudi, ehdm lo cho ddi sdng eua nhdn ddn tu tudng Phan BOi Chdu cung Id mdt nhiing bdi hpc cd ^ nghia lieh sd bd ich ddi vdi edng cupe ddi mdi va sy nghipp xdy dung, bdo ve ddt nude hipn Bdi Ig, tdt ca mpi hogt dpng ciia xd hdi va mpi qim ma xa hdi dat dupe, suy den cimg, diu ngudi vk vi ngudi Do v|y, mudn phdt huy co hipu qud vai trd eua ngudi, dua cdng cuOc doi mdi, hdi nhap quoc te tdi cdng, chung ta khdng thi khdng quan tdm den vipe ddo tao, phdt trien eon ngudi Kd tiiira trayin thing nhdn vdn eua ddn tOc noi chung vd quan diem quan tam gido dye, phdt triin va hodn thien ngudi gid tri nhdn vdn eua Phan BOi Chdu ndi rieng, chu traong, dudng ldi vd ehinh sdeh eua minh, Ddng ta ludn danh sy quan tam hang ddu eho vide dao tao va phat tridn toan dien ngudi Viet Nam, ca ve thi chdt lan tdm hin, ddng thdi ludn chdm lo phdt triin ddi sing ngudi Vipt Nam hdi hda cd ve ddi sdng v | t chdt lan ddi sdng tinh thdn Vdn kiin Bgi hgi dgi biiu todn qude ldn thU XI eua Dang viet: "Tdn trpng vd bdo vp quyin ngudi, gan quyen ngudi vdi quyin vd Ipi Ich ciia dan tOc, ddt 29 BAI HOC LICH s i r Ttr GlA TRI N H A N V A N nude vd quyen lam ehd eua nhdn dan Ket hpp va phdt huy ddy du vai trd eua xd hdi, gia dinh, nhd tradng, tdng t | p thi lao dOng, cdc dodn thi va cpng ding dan cu viec cham lo xdy dyng ngudi Viet Nam gidu long yeu nude, cd y thde lam chu, trdeh nhiem edng ddn; cd tri thde, sdc khde, lao dOng gidi; sing cd vdn hda, ngMa tinh; ed tinh thdn qudc ti ehdn ehinh" [11, tr.76] Tiep tyc phdt trien quan didm tren, Vdn kiin Bgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn th^ XII eda Dang da xdc dinh: "Xdy dyng nen vdn hda vd eon ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien, hudng den ehdn - thien - my, thdm nhudn tinh thdn dan tdc, nhdn van, ddn ehu vd khoa hpc" [12, tr.l26] Di thuc hipn tu tudng cd tinh chien lupc do, Dang ta chu traong: "Bdo ddm cdng bang, binh ddng ve quyin loi vd nghia vy cdng ddn; ket hop chat che, hpp ly phat trien ve kinh t i vd phat triin vi vdn hda, xa hOi, thyc hipn tien bp vd edng bdng xa hOi timg bude vd tCmg ehinh sdeh phdt triin; phdt trien hai hda ddi sing v|t chdt vd ddi sdng tinh thdn, khdng ngdng ndng eao ddi sdng eda mpi thdnh vien xd hOi " [11, tr.49]; ddng thdi, "tao mdi trudng va dieu kien de phat tri6n ve nhdn cdeh, dao due, tri tue, ndng lye sdng tgo, thi chdt, tam hdn, trdeh nhipm xd hOi, nghia vy cdng ddn, y thue tudn thu phdp lu|t" [12, tr.l27], "lam tdt edng tac gido due ehinh tri, tu tudng, trayin thing, ly tudng, dgo dde vd ldi sing" [11, tr.49] eho ngudi Viet Nam Dgc biOt, de phat trien todn dipn ngudi, dd cd nhiem vy phdt triin ngudn nhan luc chat Iupng eao, Ddng ta chu traong ddi mdi can bdn va todn di^n gido dye - dao tao, coi "su m^nh nang cao ddn tri, phdt trien nguon nhdn lye, boi duong nhan tdi, gdp phdn quan trpng phdt triin ddt nude, xdy dung nen vdn hoa va eon ngudi Vi§t Nam" la su mpnh cao cd, vd coi "gido dye vd dao tgo eiing vdi khoa hpc vd cdng nghp 30 Id qudc sdeh hdng ddu" [11, tr.77] Dd chinh Id sy thi hipn sdng tao vd sinh ddng tu tudng "thdn ddn", '*trpng ddn", "an ddn" va "ddn la gde nude" trayen thing Uch sd vd vdn hda eua dan tOc Vipt Nam ndi chung, quan diim d i eao vai trd eda nhdn ddn, quan tdm den nhdn dan tu tudng Phan Bdi Chdu, eiing nhu quan diem, "eua dan", "do dan", "vi dan" tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ndi rieng cita Ddng sy n ^ e p each mgng nude ta Tdi Upu tham khao [I] Phan B§i Chau (2000), Todn tgp, t l , Nxb Thuan H6a, HuL [2] Phan Bgi ChSu (2000), Todn tgp, t.2, Nxb [3] Thuin H6a, Hu^ Phan BOi Chfiu (2000), Todn tap, t.3, Nxb [4] Thu|n Hda, H u l Phan B§i Chdu (2000), Todn tgp, t.4 Nxb [5] Thu§n Hda, Hue Phan B^i ChSu (2000), Todn t^, [6] T h u ^ H6a, Hui Phan Bpi ChSu (2000), Todn tgp, t.7, Nxb [7] Thu$n Hda, HaL Phan B^i ChSu (2000), Todn tgp, t.lO, Nxb [8] Thu|n Hda, H u l Dkag Cpng s ^ Vi^t Nam (1986), Van kiin Dgi t.5, Nxb hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thu VI, Nxb Chfnh [9] triQu6cgia,HdN0i D4ng COng sdn Vi$t Nam (1996), Van kiin Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc lan thi VIII, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, Hd NOi [10] Dang COng s^n Vift Nam (1998), VSn kiin Hpi nghi ldn thu ndm Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khoa VIII, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hk NOi [ I I ] Djbig COng sin Vi^t Nam (2011), Vdn kiin Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thii XI, Nxb Chfnh tii Quoc gia Ha NOi [12] D ^ g COng sdn ViOt Nam (2016), Vdn kiin Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thuXII, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha NOi [13] H i Chf Minh (2000), Todn tdp, t.2, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, Hd NO)- ... [2] Phan Bgi ChSu (2000), Todn tgp, t.2, Nxb [3] Thuin H6a, Hu^ Phan BOi Chfiu (2000), Todn tap, t.3, Nxb [4] Thu|n Hda, H u l Phan B§i Chdu (2000), Todn tgp, t.4 Nxb [5] Thu§n Hda, Hue Phan. .. tri nhdn vdn eua Phan Bpi Chdu la bdi hQc Idy su tiin bd cm ngudi, lay /pi ich ciia nhdn ddn vd ddn t0c ldm mic tiiu cao nhdt cho cdng cuQC ddi mdi vd syt f dung, bdo v$ Td qude Trong suit cupe... nude thuong ndi Phan BOi Chdu lo ldng cho nen dOc lap ciia dan tdc bi tude doat, khd dau ehu quyin eua ddt nude bi xdm pham, xdt xa cho nhdn phdm va quyin sdng eda dan ta hi chd dap Trong Vi^t Nam